16

4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1, which is a map which shows two hot deserts in Southern Africa.

ANGOLA ZAMBIA
Zambezi
Okavango

ZIMBABWE
N
NAMIBIA
MOZAMBIQUE
BOTSWANA
Limpopo Tropic of
A FR I CA Capricorn
South Nosob
Atlantic Molopo
Ocean
SWAZILAND Indian
Ocean
Vaal

Orange
LESOTHO
cold prevailing
current wind
SOUTH
AFRICA Key
0 125 Kalahari Desert
km Namib Desert
Vaal river
country border

Fig. 4.1

(i) Tick the one statement which best describes the climate of a hot desert.

Tick (✓)
deserts have no seasons
every day the temperatures are above 35 °C
the annual precipitation is lower than 250 mm
there is never any precipitation
[1]

(ii) State one similarity and one difference between the location of the Kalahari Desert and
the location of the Namib Desert.

Similarity .............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Difference ...........................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

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(iii) Explain why deserts, such as the Kalahari, have a high diurnal (daily) range of
temperature.

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...........................................................................................................................................

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.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iv) Using evidence from Fig. 4.1 and your own knowledge, explain why the Namib Desert
does not receive much rainfall.

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(b) Study Fig. 4.2, which shows diagrams of two plants which grow in the desert.

Plant X Plant Y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
metres metres
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7
8
9

Fig. 4.2

(i) Identify three differences between plants X and Y.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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(ii) Explain how plants and wildlife are able to survive in a hot desert.

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.......................................................................................................................................[5]

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Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, which shows three different types of plate boundary.

plate plate

plate plate

Key
plate
direction of plate
plate movement

Fig. 3.1

(i) Which diagram, A, B or C, shows a conservative plate boundary?

........................ [1]

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(ii) Shield volcanoes are often formed on constructive (divergent) plate boundaries. Describe
two characteristics of a shield volcano.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Explain how the process of subduction causes volcanoes to form on destructive
(convergent) plate boundaries.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Explain what can be done to reduce the impacts of eruptions on people who live near
volcanoes.

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..................................................................................................................................... [4]

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(b) Study Fig. 3.2, which is a diagram of a volcano.

Fig. 3.2

(i) Use labelled arrows to show the following features in Fig. 3.2:

- crater

- main vent

- magma chamber [3]

(ii) Explain how volcanoes offer opportunities to the people who live close to them.

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Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, which shows information about flows through a drainage basin.

condensation
transpiration

precipitation

evaporation interception

soil
infiltration
X
rock
river Y percolation

Fig. 3.1

(i) What is meant by transpiration?

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why the amount of interception varies:

- from place to place

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

- at different times of the year.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Identify the processes which take place at X, Y and Z in Fig. 3.1.

X ........................................................................................................................................

Y ........................................................................................................................................

Z .................................................................................................................................. [3]

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(iv) Cawston Creek is a small river in Canada. On the outline map, Fig. 3.2 below, mark with
arrows and label the following:

- a source (label S)

- a confluence (label C)

- a tributary which is less than 1 km long (label T)

- the watershed (label W) [4]

Cawston Creek

Cawston Creek
drainage basin
river

0 1
km

Fig. 3.2

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(b) Study Figs. 3.3 and 3.4 (Insert), which are photographs showing two different rivers and their
valleys.

(i) Describe the similarities and differences between the rivers shown in Figs. 3.3 and 3.4.

...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain how rivers erode their valleys.

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© UCLES 2020 0460/12/O/N/20