February 1, 2023

Gender equality for Brazil

Evening Baccalaureate
Grade: 2°
Group: B
Subject: English
 Federal Republic of Brazil

-Official language: Portuguese

-Territory: Brazil covers an area of 8,514,877 km² (3,287,597 sq mi) -Geographic

Position: Brazil is located in the central-eastern part of the continent, and by far the
largest portion of it lies south of the equator.
-Population: More than 212 million people

Males: 105.10 million (49.11%)

Females: 108.89 million (50.89%)

-Government and Politics: The Brazilian government is a federal representative

democratic republic with a presidential system. Under this system, the president is
both head of state and head of government. Various political parties are represented
throughout the government and its executive branch. Brazil's administrative
organization includes the federal government, states, federal districts, and municipal
governments. This article focuses on the federal government, also known as União,
which is divided into 3 branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.

-Economy: Brazil is one of the world's largest mining, agricultural, and

manufacturing countries and has a strong and fast-growing service sector. It is a
producer and exporter of large quantities of steel, automobiles, electronics, and raw
materials, including large quantities of minerals such as iron, tin, bauxite (aluminum
ore), manganese, gold, quartz, diamonds, and other precious stones. Brazil is the

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world's main source of coffee, oranges, and cassava, as well as a major producer of
sugar, soybeans and red meat; however, the relative importance of Brazilian
agriculture had declined since the mid-20th century, when the country began to
urbanize rapidly to optimize and develop its mining, industrial, and hydroelectric
potential. In particular, the city of São Paulo has become one of the world's largest
industrial and commercial centers.
-Culture: Local Indian, African, and Portuguese cultures combine to form the modern
Brazilian lifestyle. Portuguese culture has so far dominated these influences. The
Brazilians obtained from her their language, their main religion, and most of their
customs. The Indian population is now statistically small, but the Tupi Guarani
language spoken by many Brazilian Indians continues to influence Brazilian
Portuguese; another Indian contribution to Brazilian culture is most evident in the
Amazon basin. The African influence on the Brazilian way of life is strongest in the
coastal region between the northeast and Rio de Janeiro; these include traditional
food, religion, music, and popular dances, especially the samba. Commercial and
cultural imports from Europe and North America often compete with and influence
Brazilian cultural exports, which critics say threatens the country's cultural identity.
Despite many social and economic problems, Brazilians remain vibrant and creative
in their celebrations and art forms.

Definitions:
-Equality: According to the rae, equality is defined as a context or situation in which
people have the same rights and equal opportunities in some aspect or general level.

-Equity: According to the "definition.of" website, equity is a positive law discourse.

The word equity comes from the Latin word "Equitas". Thus, equity is characterized
by the use of impartiality to recognize the rights of all, and the use of parity to be fair.
On the other hand, fairness adapts the rule to a particular situation to make it fairer.

-Norms: The Cambridge dictionary and the "Economipedia" website defines that the
concept of norms can be synonymous with the concept of law, norms are generally
understood as a set of laws or regulations that govern a common matter. It is also
often used to define laws that affect an area, such as municipal regulations.

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The Brazilian Constitution establishes that women and men have the same rights in
terms of citizenship, and have the right, under conditions of equality, to vote, stand in
elections, and hold positions in public administration.

-Laws: The dictionary.com site defines that in the matter of law, the law is defined as
a precept always dictated by a competent authority. This text has the purpose of
demanding or prohibiting something in line with justice and for the good of society as
a whole.
In Latin America and the Caribbean, structural barriers and cultures based on
patriarchal models persist, with consequences such as women's unequal access to
various public spheres.
In this context, quotas are a positive step that recognizes inequality and the need for
temporary measures to accelerate women's political participation. Similarly, the
regional debate has gone a step further and offers a broader goal than increasing the
number of women in Congress: equality. Unlike a quota, it is not a temporary
measure, but a goal, a principle of a permanent order of political activity.

-Laws related to gender equality:

1. Law 13,257 of March 8, 2016
2. Law 13,363
3. Law 13,370
4. Law 13,436
5. Legislative Decree No. 172
6. Law 13,509
7. Law 13,717
8. Law 13,769
9. Constitutional Amendment 103
10. Law 13,982
11. Law 7,853
12. Law 8.921
13. Law 9,799
14. Law 10,421
15. Law 11,304

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 16. Decree 6122/07
17. Decree no. 6,690
18. Constitutional Amendment No. 72
19. Law 12,812
20. Complementary Law No. 150

-Gender inequality: Accordion to IGL Global, gender inequality is a legal, cultural,

or social situation in which gender determines different opportunities and rights for
women and men, characterized by unequal access to or benefit from culturally and
socially defined stereotypical role rights and assumptions.

Topics:

-Femicides: In the first half of 2022, 699 femicides were registered in Brazil, an
increase of 3.25% compared to the same period last year, which corresponds to an
average of 3.8 homicides per day, according to a study published by the Brazilian
Forum of Public Security.
The number of femicides is the highest registered in the first half of the year since
2019 in Brazil when this NGO began to measure it, even though the total number of
homicides has decreased in the same period.
São Paulo, the most populous state in Brazil with about 46 million inhabitants and
considered one of the most violent, is one of the areas of the country that has seen a
dramatic drop in the number of murders of women from 179 victims in 2020 to 136
last year (-24%).
After Bahia, Pernambuco, Ceará, and Rio de Janeiro are the states with the highest
number of murders of women. According to the report, many murders of women are
not identified as such, so the number of women killed in homicides must be higher.
Its authors claim that the document documented more incidents of violence than
those revealed by the regional security secretaries. According to the Network of
Security Observatories, ex-partners or couples are responsible for 58% of the
murders of women and 66% of bullying.

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-Sexual harassment: Every minute nine women are victims of violence in Brazil.
Every hour, 536 women are physically assaulted. As if 1 in 4 Brazilians experienced
violence in the last 12 months. It's like when you finish reading that sentence,
another woman is being harassed. In Brazil, violence against women is sensitive, as
Human Rights Watch (HRW) has observed.
It is no coincidence that Brazil has the worst results in the #PasóEnLaU study on
sexual harassment and violence in universities. Of the six universities consulted for
this transnational investigation, only one responded and pointed out the existence of
a protocol for the protection, prevention, and punishment of these cases. The others
passed inertly.
Girls continue to be the most affected. Four girls are raped every hour in this South
American giant. In total, there were 39.1 cases of sexual violence per 100,000
inhabitants, 4.2 percent more than in 2020.
Yearbook data from official sources analyzed over 15 years by the Brazilian Public
Safety Forum shows that at least 35,735 girls under the age of 14 were abused last
year in Brazil, most of them relatives or acquaintances," people of trust". In this
group, girls were the ones that had the greatest impact with 88.2%.
“If we take into account children and young people from 0 to 13 years of age, who
are automatically classified as vulnerable, we represent 61.3% of the total number of
victims, with a very high concentration in the group from 5 to 9 years of age, which
represents 19.1% of the number of victims. The 10-year-old victims were
concentrated between 13 and 31.7%,” the report emphasized. Among the main
consequences associated with victims of sexual violence, the year highlights, among
others, unwanted pregnancy, physical damage, and the transmission of sexually
transmitted diseases, as well as psychological trauma, eating disorders, the
tendency to use drug or alcohol abuse, and the risk of suicide.
Violence against minors and young people also increased in the country in 2021,
with 2,555 murders registered in the country, 21.3% more than in 2020, according to
the study.

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-Racism: Since the election of the current head of state, the black population of
Brazil has survived an increase in violence, while black organizations and
movements condemn that racism has practically become "state policy".

In the last four years, the cases and examples of this cruelty have been numerous:
the death of Joao Alberto Silveira Freitas, assassinated in November 2020 by the
guards of the Carrefour supermarket in the port of Alregry; The impunity preserved in
the case of the murder of Mariel Franco in Rio -de -zhanero in March 2018 or the
murder of Moses Mugie Kabagambe, a refugee of Congolese origin, until his death at
the end of January 2022 in Rio Dezaneiro, When he went to claim payment of his
salary at the restaurant where he worked. And more recently, in May 2022, 25 people
were murdered in Vila Cruzeiro, a marginal and predominantly Afro-descendant
neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro. In addition to the cases of violence denounced by
social movements, President Bolsonaro has also contributed greatly to the
normalization of racist discourse. In 2017, he said that people of African descent "do
nothing." In the first three years of the Bolsonaro government, from 2019 to 2020,
there were 94 racist statements by state officials, many of whom were the presidents
themselves. These figures come from a survey conducted by the Terra de Diretes
NGO.
-Gender difference: Brazil ranks 78th out of 144 countries that measure gender
equality. The data is part of the 2022 Sustainable Development Goals Gender Index
compiled by Equal Measures 2030, a global report analyzing the progress of
countries toward the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda for the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). ). With a score of 66.4, Brazil follows countries like
Uruguay (31), Argentina (44), Chile (49), and Paraguay (74). In the previous edition
of the ranking, in 2019, the country ranked 77th. According to the document, the
Covid-19 pandemic has further accentuated global gender inequality. The publication
points out that less than a quarter of countries are moving rapidly toward gender
equality, while a third is not moving or moving in the wrong direction.
The study made six recommendations to accelerate progress toward gender equality,
including legal reforms and the adoption of favorable policies. The document also

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includes references to creating youth leadership groups, closing the gender data
gap, investing in public services and social infrastructure, investing in creating
spaces and supporting feminist organizations and movements, as well as such as
promoting the empowerment and empowerment of girls. young people.

-Forced marriage: Child marriage is often widely accepted by society in Brazil,

where many women seek distinctively. According to the members of the International
Plan, the Federal University of Brazil provided for the Płuma Fund.

The marriage of children in Brazil: Brazil is the fourth country in the world with
many marriages of 15 girls aged 15 or living with partners. 877,000 women between
the ages of 20 and 24 confessed to having married at 15, according to the 2010
Brazilian government census. Brazilians can legally marry from the age of 16, as
long as they have the consent of their parents. An age that can be reduced in certain
circumstances, such as pregnancy.

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-Bibliographie:

-Brasil ocupa posición 78 en ránking sobre igualdad de género. (2022, 8 marzo).

Agência Brasil.
https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/es/geral/noticia/2022-03/brasil-registra-el-puesto-78-
en-ranking-sobre-igualdad-de-genero
-Más del 60 % de las violaciones en Brasil son a menores de 14 años. (2023, 30
enero). SWI swissinfo.ch.
https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/brasil-abuso-infantil_m%C3%A1s-del-60---de-las-violac
iones-en-brasil-son-a-menores-de-14-a%C3%B1os/47710446
-Europa Press. (2015, 15 julio). El matrimonio infantil en Brasil, vía de escape de
abusos domésticos. notimerica.com.
https://www.notimerica.com/sociedad/noticia-matrimonio-infantil-brasil-via-escape-ab
usos-domesticos-20150714225045.html
-Disminuye la brecha de género en Brasil. (2022b, agosto 25). Datosmacro.com.
https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/indice-brecha-genero-global/brasil
-El racismo también mata en Brasil | Nueva Sociedad. (2020, 16 junio). Nueva
Sociedad | Democracia y política en América Latina.
https://nuso.org/articulo/el-racismo-tambien-mata-en-brasil/
-Disminuye la brecha de género en Brasil. (2022, 25 agosto). Datosmacro.com.
https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/indice-brecha-genero-global/brasil
-Tráfico y explotación sexual en Brasil. (2020, 25 junio). ONG Manos Unidas.
https://www.manosunidas.org/observatorio/derechos-mujer/trafico-explotacion-sexual
-brasil

-La dimensión del acoso y la violencia sexual en Brasil. (2019, 23 mayo).

#PasóEnLaU.
https://pasoenlau.distintaslatitudes.net/la-dimension-del-acoso-y-la-violencia-sexual-
en-brasil/
-Bazán, C. (2022, 16 diciembre). Brasil registra casi cuatro feminicidios diarios
durante el primer semestre de 2022. EFEMINISTA.
https://efeminista.com/brasil-feminicidios-primer-semestre-2022/

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-Baena, M. (2022, 10 marzo). Una violación cada diez minutos y un feminicidio cada
siete horas: ser mujer en Brasil. EFEMINISTA.
https://efeminista.com/brasil-violacion-feminicidio-mujer/
-What is Gender Inequality | IGI Global. (s. f.).
https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/gender-inequality/11929
-Definition of law. (s. f.). En www.dictionary.com.
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/law
-Trujillo, E. (2022, 24 noviembre). Normativa. Economipedia
https://economipedia.com/definiciones/normativa.html
-Cambridge Dictionary. (2023b, Enero 25). regulation meaning: 1. an official rule or
the act of controlling something: 2. according to the rules or the usual. . .. Learn
more. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/regulation
-Equidad. (2019, 11 marzo). Significados.
https://www.significados.com/equidad/
-Definición de igualdad - Definicion.de. (s. f.). Definición.de.
https://definicion.de/igualdad/

-Pariona, A. (2019, 10 abril). What Type of Government Does Brazil Have?

WorldAtlas.https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-type-of-government-does-brazil-
have.html
-Brazil demographics 2021 - StatisticsTimes.com. (s. f.).
https://statisticstimes.com/demographics/country/brazil-demographics.php
-Brazil | -History, Map, Culture, Population, & Facts. (2023, 16 January).
Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Brazil/Cultural-life
-Brazil. (2021, 10 February).Geography.
https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/geography/countries/article/brazil
By: Mora Mejía Ricardo Emiliano and Olalde Hernandez Diego.

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