Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beam with Partially Replaced Recycled Aggregate ‘Tasnia AHMED', Masruf HASAN’, Fazla RABBY!, Md, SHAHJALAL! and Md, Jo- hidul ISLAM" "Mittary stute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh casniaGce,mistae.bd; nacemo#eemail coms fazlarabbyl128gnail.con? shahjalaléce-mist.ae-bd; mysslanéce.mist-ac-ba "Corresponding Author Abstract. The demolition of many concrete structures worldwide produces sub- antal waste, posing a significant environmental concem. Using this waste as reoyeled agregate (RA) in fesh concrete can give a fesile slution to this problem. However, the inclusion of RA in conerete has challenges, expecially in designing the shear capacity of beams. Therefore, this study investigates the ef fet of RA replacement percentage onthe shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams, Three variation of RA replacement percentages (0%, 30%, and S0%) are considered to conduct the study. The shear capacity ofthe berms has been tested Using four-point loading test after 56 days of easing, According to the test re sult the shear eapacty ofthe beam improves for 30% replacement of RA by about 6% 10 35%, which i significant, Futer addition of RA causes a reduction fof shear capacity Replacing the natural aggregate with RA allows the beam to withstand more load against stain than the control concrete, indicating improved Aveily in the beam, The maximam improvement in duetity is found witha 30% replacement ofthe RA, Keywords: Reinforced Concrete Beam, Shear Capacity, Reeyced Agregate, ‘Shea Span, Faire Patter 1 Introduction In parallel with the worl’ expanding population, both new infrastructure construction and the breakdown of existing infrastructure are rising. The United States Fnvironmen- tal Protection Ageney (1] estimates that in the US inthe year 2012-13, cement eonerte accounted for around 67% of constuction and demolition waste (CDW) production. By 2025, i is predicted that th environmental effets of landfiling CDW will rise by 20%, which would be reduced by 33% i 50% of waste could be recycled by 2025 [2] Reusing waste conerete as recycled aggregate (RA) to replace natural aggregate (NA) ‘an reduce the consumption of virgin materials and lower the construction industry's ‘arbor footprintwm Concrete beams primarily sustain the shear force imposed on a structure. Recycled ‘aggregate (RA) can be used to construct beams to improve concrete shear capacity. Additionally, the long-term strength development of RA concrete is more favorable than that of NA because of its internal curing and self-healing properties [3, 4]. Ina study by Arabiyat, etal. [5] the experimental scar eapacity of RA beams increased as the RA replacement levels decreased. Despite having similar eracking patterns as NC ‘beams, RA showed weak shear strength for beams compared to beams made of natural ‘aggregates, as found by Wardch and Ghorbel [6]. In the case of the beams with no trunsverse reinforcement, the influence of RA is nearly insignificant for less than 25% substitution, as summarized by Etxeberria, et al. [7]. The authors suggested that reduc- ing the water-to-cement ratio is necessary to avoid a reduction inthe shear strength of RA beams, Choi, et al, [8] discovered thatthe shear strength of RA beams was lower than NA beams, especially in smaller aid ratios. However, the authors observed thatthe ‘decrease was less pronounced in concrete with more RA replacement. The shear strength of full-seale beams with 100% RA was examined by Arezoumandi, et al. [9]. ‘They found that even though the shear strength was 12% lesser, the load vs, deflection ‘characteristics and failure mode of the bears were similar to those with no RA. Using ‘untreated RA in beams decreased shear capacity as tated by Katkhuda and Shatarat [10]. The authors disclosed thatthe load-deflection characteristics and crack pattern of ‘beams with NA, RA and treated RA are identically formed. However, using treated RA in beams resulted ina slight increase in shear capacity, regardless ofthe shear span-to- dept ratio. CCholostiakow, et al. [11] found that the shear behavior of the beam is influenced by the depth variation, even when the same shear-span-to-depth ratio is maintained, Diag- ‘onal tension caused failure in all tested beams, inereasing crack spacing in decper spec- mens. Kim, etal, [12] showed that increasing the effective depth ofthe specimen led ‘ton increase in maximum shear force and a decrease in maximoum shearstess, regard less ofthe type or ratio of aggregate. Al-Rousaa and Issa [13] concluded thatthe depth ‘ofthe beam affets the principal cracking angle, ultimate load, and interface bond stress ‘of strengthened bears, CCitical shear crack is directly related to sliding and opening behavior, as demon: strated by Kim, etal. [14]. The RA replacement ratio significantly influences the ag- _aregate interlock effect, as stated by Xizo, tal [15]. They observed that the interlock action reduces as the RA replacement percentage increases. Etxeberta, etal. [7] con- ‘cluded that aggregate interlock effect and bond behavior between RA concrete and re- inforcement function properly in reinforced concrete beams, even with large RA per- centages. This study investigates the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures, including ‘compressive strength and splitting tensile strength, to assess their structural integrity ‘and the shear capacity of beam samples without stiups. Overall, recycled ageregate promotes sustainable development, environmental stewardship, and economic growth, ‘creating a more resilient and sustainable future. Implementing such practices can effec- tively reduce waste, conserve resources, and foster the development of environmentally responsible infastructure,won 2 Experimental Program 21 Materials The study uses locally available Seven Rings Gold (CEM-I) cement complying with ASTM C150 [16] standards, Compressive strength at 3, 7, and 28 days are 21,5 MPa, 28.2 MPa, and 35.9 MPa, respectively, with a specific gravity of 3.21, Sylhet sand is used, whieh is the most commonly used sand in Bangladesh. Stone chips ate obtained from Bholage well-graded. For sourcing the recycled aggregate (RA), wastes from a demolished nj a8 natural coarse aggregate (NA) ranging from 2.37 mm to 25 mm, ‘building have been used. The properties of the aggregates are shown in Table 1, 60 ‘graded stool bars with yield stress and ultimate stress of 454 MPa and 617 MPa, respec- tively, are used as reinforcement in preparing beams. ‘Table . Physical properties oF aguregates. Varabios NCA RCA Sand Fineness Modulus 70 Tar 25 Bulk Specific Gravity (OD) 283 231 2.62 Absorption Capacity 4) 07 4 95 22 Mix Design ‘The percentage of NA replaced by RA has been varied to analyze its effect on the shear behavior of beams. 0%, 30% and 50% RA replacement has been considered for prepar- ing mix designs with water-to cement (wie) ratio of 0.35, which is given in Table 2. A set retarding superplasticizer admixture MasterPolyheed 8395 is used, The addition of RA improves the concrete mix's slump value, as seen in Table 2. Reference concrete ‘with no RA shows a minimum slump value between all three combinations. Table 2. Mix proportion of materials for 1 concrete, Combe RA Water Cement NARA Sand Adraimare Sump ‘ation e) GR) ag) Gag) th) end) NRO 435127 =) 1700 188 NR 3014875425 901-328 6001700203 NRSO 50 M875 4256356 600700213 23° Samples and Test Procedures ‘Thirty-six cylindrical samples corresponding to 100 mm in diameter and 200 mm in height are formed as per ASTM C3 [17]. These cylinders are tested for compressive strength and spit tensile strength at 28 and 56 days, Six (6) different beams of 150 mm, and 300 mm depth having 950 mm length and 100 mm width have been prepared for each mix to determine the effect of RA and depth on the shear capacity ofthe beam, 2 10mm}, 2-12mmé bars for beams of 150 mm depth and 2-10mm6, 3-12mm) bars forwr ‘beams of 300 mm depth have been used in this study, Fig. I shows the cross-section of the beams, ‘After 56 days of curing, the beam specimens are examined under four-point bend- ing employing» 1000 kN Universal Testing Machine (UTM) in accordance with ASTM. 1D 7264 [18] guidelines. The beams are loaded at a displacement rate of 0.15 mrv‘min ‘until they fai. A linear variable displacement transducer (LVDT) was installed a the mid-span of the beams to monitor the deflection, The test setup is presented in Fig, 2 2h 4 fea it = ace Ole eee eel eee eel Fig. 1. Beam eros-section, Fig. 2. Test setup (point bending). 3 Mechanical Properties ASTM C39 [19] standard was used to evaluate the compressive strength of al the con~ rote mixes at 56 days, After 56 days, the compressive strength inereases by 10.34% ‘with 2 30% replacement of RA initially. With further replacement (50%) of RCA, strength drops by 14.55% due to the old adhered mortar to the RA. The split tensile test ‘of eylindrical specimens is carried out following ASTM C496 [20]. The tensile strength reduces with the increase in RA percentage, 4.0% and 8.1% for 30% and 50% RA con tent, respectively, after 56 days. Test results are shown in Fig. 3. * a s o ssdys = FP Bs6 ays rp” Esa zg Paz { TEx ‘ E 300 foo i of a ae Nase so NGO NR ig. 3. Test result: (a) Compressive strength (b)Spliting tensile strengthwr 4 Shear Behavior 4.1 Load-Displacement Characteristics Deflection a the middle of the beam from LVDT data is used to find the relationship between load and deflection, The load-deflection curve can be divided into three seg- ments. The first segment is up to the peak load, then the rapid drop part, and finally, the part up to the faire of the beam. For the various percentage of RA used in the ‘concrete, the relationship between load and deflection is shown in Fig 4, For the beams with 150 mm and 300 mm depth, the first segment of the curve has a similar slope for 30% and 50% RA content. But 0% RA content has a curve with a milder slope com- pared to the other two RA variations, The second segment has a sharp drop forall three RRA variations, and the third segment is elongated for 30% RA only. But the 0% and 50% RA content has a short third segment which signifies the beam with 30% RA has more ductility compared to 0% and SO% RA. 0 NRoiso 300 ye 00 7 oNBSe 30 AA Tai Nesiso 3° gue NRSO-0 go Zw fw Fo 2» rs ° ° re rr Ome OF Detetin (om) Deflectin mm) o O) ig. 4 Load-deflecton ofthe beam (2) 150mm depth (b) 300mm depth ‘As found from the 4-point bending test, in the ease of both 150 mm and 300 mm depth ‘beams, NR3O (NA 70%, RA 30%) shows the highest load carrying capacity. When 30% RA is incorporated, the peak load inereases from 17% to 22%; however, itreduces When further RA is used. This is because more adhered mortat within the aggregates is the weakest point that starts the eracking [7]. Peak load for 50% RA in 150 mm and 300 mm depth beams reduces by 4% and 11%, respectively, compared to when 30% RA is used, Nonetheless, they have 10% and 18% higher loading capacities than the reference beams. Hence, RA improves the load eartying capacity of beams. Deflection ‘against the peak load increases when 30% RA is used but reduces for 50% RA replace- rent, as shown in Fig. 4(b), The deflection measured atthe peak load for 0°, 30%, ‘and 50% RA was respectively 3.17 mm, 337 mm, 3.09 mm for 150 mm depth beams ‘and 2.43 mm, 2.46 mm, 2.31 mim for 300 mm depth beams 42 Shear Characteristics ‘Shear strength is measured by calculating the stress corresponding to the appearance of the first diagonal or shear erack. Shear eapacity improves for 30% RA replacement, ‘which is about 16 to 17%, as shown in Rig. 5(a). Further replacement of RA (50%) causes # reduction in shear capacity by 14% in the 150 mm depth beam. Even thou 50% RA reduees shear capacity to 30% RA content in the 300 mm depth beam, it iswom (6% higher than the control beam. Due to the rough texture of RA, they ereatea stronger ‘aggregate interlock effect which helps to improve the shear strength of concrete with RA (21) ‘Toughness is measured by calculating the area underneath the load-deflection curve up fo 80% ofthe peak load, and ductility is measured by dividing the deflection at peak load by the deflection atthe frst crack load. These are inversely proportional to the ‘beam depths, as seen in Fig, $(b) and S(c). 50% RA in 150 mm depth beams have the highest ductility of 17.2 mm/min, 90% higher than the reference beam, Up to 63% re ‘duction in ductility is seen in 300 mi depth beams. On the other hand, up to & 4% increment in toughness is noticed for higher beam depth. Though RA increases tough- ness by 42 to 45% in 150 mm dept, it decreases by 13 to 29% in 300 mm depth beams, z° To Ew eyo z° 10 4 eT 0 ay Fc Eis Bo ze Ew qo po 2s zo Zo Zo 222 888 & B ges &€ £22 388 boa 2D3 2555 FE Boe Fig. 5. Beam test results (a) Shear free, (b) Toughness, (e) Duty 43° Failure Pattern ‘The beam specimens were tested after 56 days of casting. Because no shear reinforce- ment was provided, the beams frst deflected under the bending moment with Few flex= ural cracks and experienced shear failure, While loading, initially, fine vertical flexural ‘racks propagated in the non-shear zone, Subsequently, asthe Toad increased, cracks appeared in the shear zone, as indicated in Fig. 6, Slanted shear cracks appeared adja cent to the supports. Then, it grew and expanded toward the point of loading with fur- ther loading. Despite shear cracks being visible on both ends ofthe beams close to the supports, the failure of the beams was caused by a crack on one side, o_ BH ol ARE oL_ HEAR a Fig. 6 Failure pattem ofthe beams under 4-point bending lod (a) NRO-150, (6) NRO-300, (€) 1NR3O0-150, (6) NR3O-200, () NRS0-1S0, (D NRS0-300.5 wis Conclusion ‘The following conclusions are drawn based on the test conducted for the beams. il Partial replacement of RA improves the shear capacity of beams by 6% to 35%, where the optimum percentage of RA is 30%. 50% RA replacement re- duces shear capacity, although the result is higher than pure concrete. ‘The compressive strength of concrete shows significant improvement for 30% RA and declines for further addition of RA. 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