Consider fluid flow through a pipe with cross- sectional area A ((Figure)). The mass in a small volume of length x of the pipe is equal to the density times the volume, orm = pV = pAz. maT SMitsl=-m Wa CCMS Cn — a = /i@ = a = a (PV) = 4 (PAa) = pat = pAv. The continuity equation from Fluid Mechanics FS) Uae | a MoCo Ole LA} has to equal the mass flow rate out of the vol- ume, pin AinYin = PoutAoutVout- eee AM Cee MR N mete tn) the density times the volume, m = pV = pAg. The ESR CIR UR UR CaN komt a Now consider a sound wave moving through a parcel of air. A parcel of air is a small volume of air with imaginary boundaries ((Figure)). The density, temperature, and velocity on one side of the volume of the fluid are given as p, T, v, and on the other side areSound wave eee Wet ROO ee M tes i kus ACU Cetus momen tC] Oren MNS Cn nltte The continuity equation states that the mass flow rate entering the volume is equal to the Titec) mt lale Mame) Olt ete) pAv = (p+ dp)A(v + dv). This equation can be simplified, noting that the area cancels and considering that the multipli- cation of two infinitesimals is approximately equal to zero: dp(dv) ~ 0, pu = (p+dp)(v+ dv) pv = pvu-+ p(dv) + (dp)v + (dp) (dv) ere een) Co Xt The net force on the volume of fluid ((Figure)) equals the sum of the forces on the left face and the right face:Fret pdy dz — (p+ dp)dy dz pdy dz — pdydz — dpdydz = dp dy dz ma = —dpdydz. Sound wave ee ee RC Men cele ge Roy CORUM Ree Rooke te ott MATS ei Rut ece greece) The acceleration is the force divided by the mass and the mass is equal to the density times the volume, m = pV = pdz dydz. We Lath} ma = —dpdydz CPCs Ch 2 OS ny 27. an (02) nn: 2 do (pdz) aa dp ae én = (az) dt = ao pudv = —dp.From the continuity equation pdv = —vdp, we obtain pudy = —dp (-vdp)v = oH - / dp a Consider a sound wave moving through air. During the process of compression and expan- sion of the gas, no heat is added or removed Scola UB) Wo coleK Saka To Mole added or removed from the system is known as an adiabatic system. Adiabatic processes are covered in detail in The First Law of Thermodynamics, but for now it is sufficient to say that for an adiabatic process, pV” = constant, where p is the pressure, Vis the volume, and gamma (7) is a constant that depends on the gas. For air, y = 1.40. The density equals the number of moles times the molar mass divided by the volume, so the vol- id Pamala ume is equal to V = moles and the molar mass are constant and can be absorbed into the constant ra 5 eSxcoae vn amr ireR mCi ete a rithm of both sides yields Inp — ylnp = constant. Differentiating with respect to the density, the equation becomesInp—ylnp = constant a (Inp—yInp) = & (constant) ad og _ Dip Pp u C2 ap ie If the air can be considered an ideal gas, we can use the ideal gas law: pV = nkT= 7, RT ra ia p= | i —Pie Here M is the molar mass of air: dp yp _ Wm) _ RT oP 2 D va | dp Since the speed of sound is equal to v = V a , the speed is equal to /y RT D= Wm Note that the velocity is faster at higher tem- peratures and slower for heavier gases. For air, ee eee Ue R= 8:30 = PAR CUO) To = 20°C(T = 293K), the speed of sound is v = 343 m/s.