A WORLD OF REGIONS
- Countries that have low income
Regionalism- a political process
characterized by economic policy
cooperation and coordination among
countries (Claudio, 2018).
Regionalization- concentration of
economic flow within region thereby
binding together the region’s economy
Region- product of political and economic
actors and even social movements
Regionalism is a process while regions
are not given or naturally created
NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE
- Rich-Poor Divide
- the socio-economic and political
division between the wealthy
developed countries known as the
North and the poorer developing
countries or the South
Global North
- the West and First World countries
- home of the G8 (Canada, France,
Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, USA,
and European Union)
- outermost regions (Australia, New
Zealand) and the Four Asian
Tigers (Hongkong, Singapore,
Taiwan, and South Korea)
- ¼ of the world population
- 4/5 of the income earned anywhere
in the world
- Owned 90% of the manufacturing
industries
Global South
- Latin America, Asia, Africa, and
Oceania
- Third-World Periphery
- Outside of Europe and North
America
- ¾ of the world population
- 1/5 of the world income
and often politically or culturally
marginalized
- “The use of the phrase Global
South marks a shift from a central
focus on development or cultural
difference toward an emphasis on
geopolitical relations of power.”
- Dados, 2012
Willy Brandt (1980s) – The Brandt Line
- To show growing income inequality
between countries
- Rich countries are above the line;
poor countries are below the line
- This theory is no longer considered
as valid since in today’s context
some of the world’s strongest
economies lie below the Brandt line
NIC- Newly Industrialized Country
RIC- Rich Industrialized Country
LCD- Least Developed Country
GLOBAL SOUTH VS. THIRD WORLD
- South-South Cooperation (SSC)-
a political and economical term
referring to the long-term goal of
pursuing world economic changes
that mutually benefit countries in
the Global South and lead to
greater solidarity among the
disadvantaged in the world system.
(Gray, 2016)
Global South
- used first in 1969 in a
contemporary political sense and
continued to appeal throughout the
second half 20th century
Third World (1952) - Brutal super-exploitation in Latin
America is worse compared to
- coined by Alfred Sauvy (French
other regions in the world
demographer, anthropologist, and
- Until now, some countries in the
economic historian)
region are still suffering and
- used because it is clearly
recovering from the brutal
differentiated First World (wealthy)
treatment as the result of
and Second World (communist
dictatorships
states) especially during the French
- Philippines’ situation to the colonial
Revolution which refers to the
era was much better compared to
French population
the experiences of Latin Americas
- countries that experiencing deep
poverty, inequality, and
underdevelopment; produce mainly
DIFFERENT WAVES OF
agrarian and mineral raw materials
GLOBALIZATION
from industrialized states

1. MILITARY WAVE
GLOBAL RELATIONS IN LATIN
- Happened around 15th to 16th
AMERICA
centuries
Latin America - Military invasion of the Americans
- Political and cultural annihilation of
- has small populations but endowed
the indigenous people
with rich natural resources
- Extremely brutal
- target for grand-scale pillage
(exploit) for capital accumulation by
2. ECONOMIC WAVE
Europe and the US
- Spanish and Portuguese colonies
- under control of either Spain or
were well established this time in
Portugal during the Colonial Era
the 19th century
- During the 19th century, the world
- Latin America was a basic source
capitalist system exploited the
of raw materials by the European
peonized peasants
countries
- The tillers, laborers, and
- Mainly related to the requirements
uneducated were subject to
of the European industrial
brutality by big agrarian landowners
revolution
- The natural resources like mines
- Natural resources in this period
were exploited by the developed
were exploited and workers were
countries
abused.
- The emigration of peasants from
- Infectious diseases were reduced,
the countryside in the in the 20th
communication, and transportation
century resulted to “modernization
were developed.
poverty” replacing rural poverty in
- STILL FELT AND VERY MUCH
Latin America
ALIVE
- A settlement of jerry-built shacks or
favelas emerged in the cities
- Polices has extra-legal authority to
arrest and torture people who go
against the government.
 3. CULTURAL WAVE
- Felt during 20th century
- Due to the nature of technological
changes, globalization affects the
cultural sphere of Latin America
- Computers and
telecommunications were now
made available and air travel has
become widespread
- The flow of merchandise and trade
is easier and accomplishing lots of
things
- Women has become increasingly
important in the workplace
- Communication was becoming
better

Negative impacts:
 A lot of raw materials were
produced and exported outside the
region resulting to higher income to
the detriment (damage) of the new
environment
 Native trees or crops were replaced
by other plants highly demanded by
the importing countries resulting to
soil erosion
 Increased consumption of the sea
products promoted expansion of
aquaculture resulting to reduction
the water quality

However, national culture of Latin America

still exists.