26 ‐ Gear Nomenclature & Simple Gear Trains

Monday, October 22, 2018 5:20 AM

Announcements
-

Objectives
- Introduce gear nomenclature
- Introduce simple gear trains calculations

Lesson
- Gear Nomenclature

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○ Pitch Circle/Line ‐‐ Line along which the teeth of two meshing gears make contact
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○ Addendum ‐‐ distance from Pitch Circle to top of gear teeth

○ Dedendum ‐‐ distance from Pitch Circle to bottom of gear teeth (= Addendum + Clearance)
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○ Clearance ‐‐ extra distance given so that gear teeth can properly mesh accounting for
manufacturing tolerance, wobble, and oil
○ Tooth Thickness ‐‐ thickness of tooth measured at Pitch Circle/Line
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○ Space Width ‐‐ distance between teeth measured at pitch circle ‐‐ slightly larger than tooth
thickness to prevent meshing gears from binding
○ Backlash ‐‐ clearance between mating teeth measured at and along the Pitch Circle/Line
 Tolerances make it impossible for the gears to perfectly mesh, so there must be a
small clearance between the tooth thickness and the space between teeth.
 As long as the gears run in the same direction, the position of both gears is known.
When the driving gear changes direction, it must travel the backlash distance in order
to engage the teeth of the gear it is driving. This can introduce errors when
attempting to control the position of a gear with a motor that does not have an
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 encoder.
 Antibacklash gears ‐‐ two gears on the same shaft that can be rotated next to each
other and then fixed to eliminate backlash.

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○ Pitch ‐‐ Tooth Thickness + Space Width measured along the Pitch Circle
○ Pitch Point ‐‐ point at which the gear teeth contact
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○ Line of Action ‐‐ line that intersections the Pitch Point and is tangent to the Base Circle
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○ Base Circle ‐‐ circle from which the Involute Geometry of the gear is derived
○ Involute Form ‐‐‐ Teeth geometry created by using tangent lines from a Base Circle
 Geometry only dependent on number of teeth (N), pressure angle (θ), and diametral
pitch (p )
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 A constant velocity output for a constant velocity input is robust to manufacturing

errors
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involute_gear

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 ○ Pressure Angle ‐‐ angle between line of action and velocity vector of teeth at pitch point
 Common pressure angles are 14.5°, 20°, and 25°

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 Smaller pressure angle ‐‐‐> lower backlash, smoother operation, less sensitivity to

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manufacturing errors

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 Larger pressure angle ‐‐‐> thicker teeth that can carry higher loads

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○ Gearset ‐‐ two gears that are meshed

 Pinion ‐‐ smaller gear inGearset
 Gear ‐‐ larger gear in Gearset
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○ Gear Train ‐‐ two or more gears connected together

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- Fundamental Law of Gearing

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○ Angular velocity ratio between the gears of a gearset remains constant throughout the
mesh
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○ Involute gear form sustains the fundamental law of gearing

○ Angular velocity 𝜔
 Rotational speed of a gear measured in 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 or 𝑑𝑒𝑔/𝑠 or 𝑅𝑃𝑀 ...
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 Counter‐clockwise is positive
 Clockwise is negative
 Use right hand rule if you forget + and ‐

○ Angular velocity ratio 𝑚

 Ratio of output to input angular velocity
𝜔
 𝑚 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ angular velocity ratio
𝜔
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 Gear 1 is twice the diameter of Gear 2

 If a motor is driving Gear 1…

► The angular velocity of the Gear 2 is twice (2x faster) of Gear 1
► The torque output of Gear 2 is half (2x lower) of Gear 1

○ Torque 𝜏
 Force applied to an object that causes the object to twist

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○ Torque ratio

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 Ratio of output to input torque
𝜔

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 𝑚 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ torque ratio inverse of 𝑚 "mechanical advantage"

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𝜔

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- Simple Gear Trains rs e
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○ A simple gear train is comprised of 2 or more gears connected together where no gear
shares a common shaft
○ Here is what we need to know before analyzing simple gear trains:
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𝑁 → # of teeth integer
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𝑑 → diameter of gear measured at pitch circle inches

𝜃 → pressure angle degrees

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𝑁 # teeth
𝑝 ⎯⎯ → diametral pitch ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → only used for U. S. Gears
𝑑 inch

𝜔 𝑑 𝑁
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𝑚 ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ → angular velocity ratio

𝜔 𝑑 𝑁
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 Note that there is a negative because gear 2 turns the opposite direction of gear 1.
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IN ORDER FOR 2 GEARS TO MESH, THEY MUST HAVE THE SAME PITCH 𝒑𝒅 & PRESSURE
ANGLE 𝜽 !!!

Example 1

Consider the following simple gear train. Find the missing parameters in the table
below:

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 What relationships do we know?
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𝑁 𝑁 𝜔 𝑑 𝑁
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𝑃 ⎯⎯ 𝑜𝑟 𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑜𝑟 𝑁 𝑑𝑃 & 𝑚 ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯

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𝑑 𝑃 𝜔 𝑑 𝑁

 Start by calculating 𝑃 of gear 1

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𝑁 30 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
𝑃 ⎯⎯ → 𝑃 ⎯⎯⎯ 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
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𝑑 6 𝑖𝑛

 All gears must have the same 𝑃 in order to mesh, so 𝑃 of gears 2 and 3 is also 5
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𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 5
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 All gears must have the same 𝜃 in order to mesh, so 𝜃 of gears 2 and 3 is also 20

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 20
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 Calculate N of gear 2

𝑁 𝑑 𝑃 → 𝑁 4 5 20 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ

 Calculate d of gear 3

𝑁 50
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯ → 𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 10 𝑖𝑛
𝑃 5
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  Now we can calculate 𝜔 of gear 2

𝑁 30
𝜔 ⎯⎯⎯𝜔 → 𝜔 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 10 15 𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑁 20

‐OR‐

𝑑 6
𝜔 ⎯⎯⎯𝜔 → 𝜔 ⎯⎯⎯ 10 15 𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑑 4

 Finally, we can calculate 𝜔 of gear 3

𝑁 20
𝜔 ⎯⎯⎯𝜔 → 𝜔 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 15 6 𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑁 50

‐OR‐

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𝑑 4
𝜔 ⎯⎯⎯𝜔 → 𝜔 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 15 6 𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑑 10

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 Let's take a look at 𝜔 of gear 3 again:

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𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
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𝜔 ⎯⎯⎯ 𝜔 ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ 𝜔 ⎯⎯⎯ 𝜔

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑

This is telling us that we can find 𝜔 without knowing 𝑑 , 𝑁 , or 𝜔 . This

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means that if we had a simple gear train with 100 gears, we could find 𝜔
without needing to know 𝑁 for gears 2 through 99. Just make sure that you
know whether your final 𝜔 is going to be positive or negative. Also, this only
works for simple gear trains.

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