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Introduction To Buck Converter
Introduction To Buck Converter
BUCK
CONVERTER
Introduction to Buck Converters
I N T R O D U C T I O N TO B U C K C O N V E R T E R S
down converter as it steps down the input voltage to a lower voltage level.
The output voltage is controlled by the duty cycle of the switch that is used
to chop the input voltage. The Buck Converter is widely used in various
circuits.
6. Audio amplifiers.
compact size, and cost-effectiveness, which make them ideal for use in a
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3. Smaller Size and Lighter Weight: Buck Converters are small in size
can only step down the input voltage and cannot step up the input
voltage.
and the output voltage is highly dependent on the input voltage and
load current.
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topologies are:
1. Basic Buck Converter: This is the most simple and commonly used
power losses. Both the MOSFET switches are controlled by the same
control signal.
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and inductors to reduce the ripple current and output voltage ripple,
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circuit is used to sense the inductor current and control the switching
sensing circuit to sense the output voltage and control the switching
Each topology has its advantages and disadvantages, and the selection of
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3. Diode: It is used to provide a path for the inductor current when the
5. Capacitor: It smooths out the output voltage and reduces the output
ripple.
converter.
critical for the efficient and stable operation of the buck converter.
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switch and the inductor. When the switch is closed, the inductor charges up
with the input voltage, and when the switch is opened, the inductor
During the switch closed interval, the inductor current ramps up linearly and
stores energy in the inductor. During the switch open interval, the inductor
voltage is equal to the input voltage plus the voltage drop across the load,
and the inductor current ramps down linearly, transferring energy to the
load.
voltage by filtering out the ripple caused by the inductor current. The buck
converter circuit can be controlled by varying the duty cycle of the switch
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Modes of Operation
Buck converters operate in two modes, continuous conduction mode
In CCM, the inductor current never drops to zero during the switching cycle.
The output voltage is regulated by adjusting the duty cycle of the switch,
In DCM, the inductor current drops to zero before the end of the switching
cycle, resulting in a pulsed output current. The duty cycle of the switch is
losses. However, it can produce higher output voltage ripple and requires a
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where the input voltage is too low for the system to operate properly.
stepping up and stepping down the input voltage. This makes it useful
powered applications.
Each type of DC-DC converter has its own advantages and disadvantages,
and the choice of which one to use depends on the specific requirements
of the application.
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efficiency.
applications.
suitable for high step-down ratios and provides good current limiting.
fed into the control loop to improve the transient response and
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of their simple topology, high efficiency, and low cost. The performance
converters are known for their high efficiency due to the absence of a
output voltage.
frequency.
component selection.
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switching action of the switch and the inductor current ripple. Proper
layout and shielding can help reduce EMI emissions and improve EMC.
Switching losses occur in the switch due to the turn-on and turn-off
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The switching frequency is the number of times the switch turns on and off
per second.
The inductor current is the change in current through the inductor during the
The inductor ripple current is the peak-to-peak ripple current through the
inductor.
The output voltage ripple is the peak-to-peak voltage variation at the output
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Note:
efficiency of the circuit. The power loss in the circuit can be calculated by
adding the power loss in the switch and the power loss in the diode.
where,
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where,
ensure the efficiency of the buck converter. The design parameters such as
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Input voltage: 12 V
Output voltage: 5 V
Inductor: 10 μH
Diode: 1N5817
MOSFET: IRF540N
= 1.22 A
= 0.072 V
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issues. Here are some PCB layout considerations for buck converters:
Keep the loop area as small as possible: The loop area formed by the
high-current traces, such as the input and output capacitors and the
on the PCB as per the design specifications and the placement should
IC.
Keep the traces short and wide: The traces carrying high-currents,
such as the power and ground traces, should be kept short and wide
Place the output filter components close to the load: The output
close to the load to minimize the parasitic inductance and reduce the
output ripple.
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Keep the high-current traces away from the sensitive traces: The
kept away from the sensitive traces, such as the feedback and control
placing the input and output capacitors close to the IC can help
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using a heat sink or thermal pad for the MOSFET, and choosing an
between components.
fan or heat sink. The choice of cooling method will depend on factors
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they are within the specified range. This can be done using a digital
multimeter or an oscilloscope.
and output voltage and current, and then using the following formula:
Ripple and noise measurements: The ripple and noise levels of the
help identify any issues with the filtering components and the layout.
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specified range.
temperature sensor. This can help identify any thermal issues and
help identify any issues with the layout and the filtering components.
Overall, testing and measurement techniques are critical for verifying the
specifications.
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Conclusion