Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research ISSN NO: 0022-1945

THE SUITABILITY OF CRUSHED OVER BURNT BRICKS AS COARSE

AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE
*
RATHLAVATH SHIVA KUMAR, **KASI REKHA
*
MTech student, Dept of CIVIL, AVN Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, TS, India.
**
Professor & HOD, Dept of CIVIL, AVN Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, TS,
India.
ABSTRACT:
Concrete is a combination of Cement, Natural sand, and Aggregates. Cement
is a binding property and a mixture of several chemical compounds. Aggregates
are granites which are indigenous rocks which are excessively available. Natural
sand is river sand which is declining day by day and its utilization is increasing day
by day. Because of this reason it is very important to find an alternative for this
problem. Dismantled RCC structure produce heavy concrete waste and crushed
over burnt bricks are a waste. This is abundantly available and usually dumped in
the earth’s crust, due to which fertility of the soil decrease and land becomes
useless, to avoid this kind of problems concrete waste can be reused in the concrete
and can be used in construction. Concrete waste can be partially replaced as coarse
aggregate in construction. Based upon the requirement we can change the % of CA
replaced by COBB (crushed over burnt bricks) so that the construction becomes
economical, we can also use 100% COBB as CA for concrete walls used as
partisan walls as there will be no loads on the structure.
Keywords: COBB, CA, RCC, soil.
1. INTRODUCTION: large quantity of construction materials,
land requirements & the site. For large
Urbanization growth rate in India is very
construction, concrete is preferred as it
high due to industrialization. Growth rate
has longer life, low maintenance cost &
of India is reaching 9% of GDP. Rapid
better performance. For achieving GDP
infrastructure development requires a
rate, smaller structures are demolished &

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Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research
new towers are constructed. Protection of
environment is a basic factor which is
directly connected with the survival of
the human race. Parameters like
environmental consciousness, protection
of natural resources, sustainable
development, play an important role in
modern requirements of construction
works. Due to modernization, demolished
materials are dumped on land & not used
for any purpose. Such situations affect the
fertility of land. As per report of Hindu
online of March 2007, India generates
23.75 million tons demolition waste
annually. As per report of Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Delhi,
in India, 48million tons solid waste is
produced out of which 14.5 million ton
waste is produced from the construction
waste sector, out of which only 3% waste
is used for embankment.
Out of the total construction
demolition waste, 40% is of concrete ,
30% ceramics, 5% plastics, 10% wood,
5%metal, & 10% other mixtures. As
reported by global insight, growth in
Volume XIV, Issue XI, November/2022
ISSN NO: 0022-1945
global construction sector predicts an
increase in construction spending of 4800
billion US dollars in 2013. These figures
indicate a tremendous growth in the
construction sector, almost 1.5 times in 5
Years. For production of concrete, 70-
75% aggregates are required. Out of this
60-67% is of coarse aggregate & 33-40%
is of fine aggregate. As per recent
research by the Fredonia group, it is
forecast that the global demand for
construction aggregates may exceed 26
billion tons by 2012.
Leading this demand is the
maximum user China 25%, Europe 12%
& USA 10%, India is also in top 10 users.
From environmental point of view, for
production of natural aggregates of 1 ton,
emissions of 0.0046 million ton of carbon
exist whereas for 1 ton recycled
aggregate produced only 0.0024 million
ton carbon is produced. Considering the
global consumption of 10 billion
tons/year of aggregate for concrete
production, the carbon footprint can be
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Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research ISSN NO: 0022-1945

determined for the natural aggregate as providing an economic value for the
well as for the recycled aggregate. waste material.

The use of recycled aggregate To study the utilization of demolished

generally increases the drying shrinkage and construction waste as a replacement
creep & porosity to water & decreases the of natural coarse aggregate.
compression strength of concrete
To study the physical properties of
compared to that of natural aggregate
demolished and construction waste
concrete. It is nearly 10-30% as per
aggregate by conducting experimental
replacement of aggregate. Recycling
work.
reduces the cost (LCC) by about 34-41%
& CO2 emission (LCCO2) by about 23- To development of alternate low cost and

28% for dumping at public / private environment suitable building materials

disposal facilities. from industrial wastes in an economical

way.
Objective of the project
Importance must be given to cheap and
The experiment was carried out to
locally available building materials and
overcome the problems created due to
hence it is necessary to check and utilize
huge requirement of the raw material for
the suitable waste products to replace
manufacturing of conventional building
some of the coarse aggregate.
material and also to minimize hazards
caused by industrial waste on the Dismantling Of the Material

environment, some other objectives are : The concrete from the dismantled

To use the demolished and construction buildings are taken and by using hammer

waste aggregate in the new concrete as we break the concrete blocks into 20mm

the recycled COBB aggregate reduces the size aggregates as we do this manually

environmental pollution as well as we get irregular shapes and hence after

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Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research ISSN NO: 0022-1945

preparing of the recycled aggregate we  He observed flexural, compressive

need to sieve the material through IS and split tensile strength of COBB
20mm sieve and hence we get the is found to be lower than natural
required size of the aggregate. aggregates

2. LITERATURE SURVEY  The strength of the COBB was

improved by water and acid
1 Recycled coarse aggregates - Sudhir -
treatments.
p patil
 Among HNo3,H2So4 results of
 The slump value of the normal
HNo3 were close to natural
concrete is observed to be less than
aggregates.
recycled one.
3. Characterization Of Recycled
 The compressive strength of
Aggregate Construction And
concrete containing 50% COBB has
Demolition Waste For Concrete
strength close to normal concrete.
Production - M. Martin Morals
 Strength is high during initial stages
 In this journal he gives importance
and reduces in later stage.
to the shape and size of the
 Due to lack of treatment process for aggregates.
COBB adequate strength is not
 The ceramic material and mortar
achieved.
adhering to natural aggregates
2. Experimental Study On Recycled directly affected physical and
Aggregate Concrete - G. Murali mechanical properties of COBB.

 In this paper he have considered the  Chemical composition of COBB

treatment of COBB before recycling was weakest as it contains lot of
sulphates and chlorides.

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Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research ISSN NO: 0022-1945

 Quality of COBB was improved by requirements of the structure as per

blending it with natural aggregates the finding of test results

4 Recycled construction and demolition  Various tests conducted on RAC are

waste as aggregate for structural found to be satisfactory as per IS
concrete - Ashraf M. Wagih 2386

 Properties such as absorption and  Due to the use of recycled aggregate

abrasion were lower than the in construction, energy and cost of
required transportation of NA and excavation
is saved.
 Fully replacement of natural
aggregates by COBB led less 3. METHODOLOGY
workability and decrease in strength
PREPARATION OF CUBE
 This is overcome by using super SPECIMENS
plasticizers.
The proportion and material for making
 Replacing 25 – 50 % of NCA with these test specimens are from the same
COBB god results are achieved. concrete used in the field.

 Using silica fume as admixture MIXING

performance of COBB is enhanced
Mix the concrete either by hand or in a
as it acts as interfacial zone between
laboratory batch mixer.
old and new mortar
HAND MIXING
5 Use Of Recycled Aggregate Concrete -
Mr. Tushar R Sonawane 1. Mix the cement and fine aggregate
on a water tight none-absorbent
 Use of recycled aggregate up to
platform until the mixture is
30% does not affect the functional

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Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research ISSN NO: 0022-1945

thoroughly blended and is of CURING

uniform color
The test specimens are stored in moist air
2. Add the coarse aggregate and mix for 24 hours and after this period the
with cement and fine aggregate specimens are marked and removed from
until the coarse aggregate is the molds and kept submerged in clear
uniformly distributed throughout fresh water until taken out prior to test.
the batch
PRECAUTIONS
3. Add water and mix it until the
The water for curing should be tested
concrete appears to be
every 7days and the temperature of water
homogeneous and of the desired
must be at 27+-2oC.
consistency
PROCEDURE
SAMPLING
1. Remove the specimen from water
1. Clean the mounds and apply oil
after specified curing time and wipe
2. Fill the concrete in the molds in out excess water from the surface.
layers approximately 5cm thick
2. Take the dimension of the specimen
3. Compact each layer with not less to the nearest 0.2m
than 35strokes per layer using a
3. Clean the bearing surface of the
tamping rod (steel bar 16mm
testing machine
diameter and 60cm long, bullet
pointed at lower end) 4. Place the specimen in the machine
in such a manner that the load shall
4. Level the top surface and smoothen
be applied to the opposite sides of
it with a trowel
the cube cast.

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Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research ISSN NO: 0022-1945

5. Align the specimen centrally on the

30 14 Days Strength
base plate of the machine. 20
10
6. Rotate the movable portion gently 0 14 Days
100% 25% CA 75% 100% Strength
by hand so that it touches the top CA + 75% COBB + COBB
COBB 25% CA
surface of the specimen.

7. Apply the load gradually without Fig.2.14 Days strength of different

shock and continuously at the rate proportions of concrete

of 140kg/cm2/minute till the

specimen fails
28 Days Strength
30
20
8. Record the maximum load and note
10
28 days
any unusual features in the type of 0

failure.

20 7 Days Strength Fig.3.28 Days strength of different

15 proportions of concrete
10
7 Days Workability Test
5 Strength

0 Slump cone test

100%
25 %
CACOBB
50%+ 70%
CA +75
CA
50%
% COBB
COBB+ 100%
25% CA
COBB
The Slump test was performed on
Fig.1.7 Days strength of different the recycled aggregates concrete to check
proportions of concrete the workability of it at different
replacements viz. 25 %, 75 %, 100% and
the following results were obtained,
according to which it can be concluded
that with the increase in % of recycled

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Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research ISSN NO: 0022-1945

aggregates from 0 to 100 % , workability that with the increase in % of recycled

decreases. The results obtained for Slump aggregates from 0 to 100 % , workability
test are shown below in graphs. similar. Theoretical maximum value of
compaction factor can be 0.96 to 1.0. The
15
Slump value (mm)

results obtained for compaction factor test

10
are shown below in figure.
5

0 0.88

Compaction factor (%)

0% 50% 75% 100%
0.86
% of COBB
0.84
0.82

Fig.4. Slump test results 0.8

0.78
0.76
The above figure shows the slump 0% 50% 75% 100%
results. It was observed that, the slumps
% of COBB
decreased as the COBB content were
increased in the mix. It was suitable for Fig.5. Compacting factor test

Low Workability mixes used for The above figure shows the results of the
foundations with light reinforcement. compacting factor. The results show that,
Roads vibrated by hand operated the compacting factor similar as the
machines. recycled aggregates content was

Compacting Factor increased.

The compaction factor test was CONCLUSION

performed on the recycled concrete to Concrete is a combination of

check the work ability of it at different Cement, Natural sand, and Aggregates.
replacements viz. 50 % , 75 % , 100% Cement is a binding property and a
and the following results were obtained, mixture of several chemical compounds.
according to which it can be concluded Aggregates are granites which are

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Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research
indigenous rocks which are excessively
available. Natural sand is river sand which
is declining day by day and its utilization
is increasing day by day. Because of this
reason it is very important to find an
alternative for this problem.
Dismantled RCC structure produce
heavy concrete waste and brick waste are
a waste. This is abundantly available and
usually dumped in the earth’s crust, due to
which fertility of the soil decrease and
land becomes useless, to avoid this kind of
problems concrete waste can be reused in
the concrete and can be used
construction.
Waste can be partially replaced as
coarse aggregate in construction. Based
upon the requirement we can change the
% of CA replaced by COBB so that the
construction becomes economical, we can
also use 100% COBB as CA for concrete
walls used as partisan walls as there will
be no loads on the structure.
Demolished aggregate is collected
from site and then this aggregate is broken
into 20mm size coarse aggregate and then
different parameters have to be evaluated
Volume XIV, Issue XI, November/2022
ISSN NO: 0022-1945
such as specific gravity, sieve analysis for
natural sand as. Other parameters like
water absorption test, fineness of cement
are evaluated for aggregates and cement.
These all parameters are required in order
to obtain mix design of concrete moulds.
When mix design is evaluated as per IS
code, concrete moulds are prepared and
compressive strength of them is known for
every 7, 14, and 28days.
With every 100%, 75%, 50%, and
25% replacement of COBB with CA,
compressive strength has to be evolved,
in and comparative studies have to be made
between conventional concrete and
partially replaced concrete.
Conclusions
1. Various tests conducted on COBB
are compared with Indian code and the
results are satisfactory and hence these
can be used as aggregates
2. Due to use of COBB in construction
energy, cost of transportation are saved.
3. Up to 25% replacing of COBB we
get satisfactory strength
4. Production cost decreases
remarkably
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Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research ISSN NO: 0022-1945

5. Due to lack of treatment of COBB Engineering Research & Technology

adequate strength is not archived but by (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue 1, January- 2013
applying some treatment processes we
[3] Recycling concrete-the present state
can further improve the strength of the
and future perspective-Koji Sakai,
COBB
Kagawa University, Japan, 20 November
6. Water absorption of COBB is Less
2009.
when compared with conventional
aggregate. [4] Performance Evaluation Of Recycled

Future Scope Aggregate Used In Concrete -

Further we can still investigate International Journal of Engineering

whether the increase in the strength of Research and Applications (IJERA) Vol.

concrete is decreasing or increasing 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012.

because as we are using COBB due to [5] Assessment of recycled concrete-

presents of some chemical impurities there Journal of Engineering Research and
may be a chance of decrease in the Studies JERS/Vol.II/ Issue I/January-
strength suddenly so by further March 2011 .
investigation we can find the faults and
[6] Recycled Concrete as Aggregate for
hence we can find out some treatment for
Structural Concrete Production: Mirjana
that in the initial stage and hence this type
Malešev, Vlastimir Radonjanin and
of mix can be feasible in the future.
Snežana Marinković
REFERANCES
[1] ACES Workshop Innovative [7] Yang, K.H.; Chung, H.S.; Ashour, A.
Materials and Techniques in Concrete Influence of type and replacement level
Construction Corfu, October 10-12, 2010 of recycled aggregates on concrete
properties. ACI Mater. J. 2008, 3, 289-
[2] Use Of Recycled Aggregate In
296.
Concrete -International Journal of

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Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research ISSN NO: 0022-1945

[8] Recycling of Demolished Concrete

and Masonry; Hansen, T.C., Ed.; Taylor
and Francis: Oxfordshire, UK, 1992; p.
316.

[9] RILEM Recommendation:

Specifications for concrete with recycled
aggregates. Mater. Struct. 1994, 27, 557-
559.

[10] Poon, C.S.; Azhar, S.; Kou, S.C.

Recycled aggregates for concrete
applications. In Proceeding of the
Materials Science and Technology in
Engineering Conference—Now, New and
Next, Hong Kong, China, 15–17 January
2003; p. 16.

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