Here is a more detailed description of the Western blot technique: 1. Sample preparation: The first step in Western blotting is to prepare the sample containing the protein of interest. This could be a tissue extract, cell lysate, or a purified protein sample. 2. Protein separation by gel electrophoresis: The next step is to separate the proteins in the sample based on their size using gel electrophoresis. The most commonly used gels are polyacrylamide gels, which can separate proteins in the range of 9- 900 kDa.== Western Blot Technique. + GS The Western blot technique, also known as protein immunoblotting, is a widely used laboratory method for detecting and quantifying specific proteins in asample. The technique involves several steps, including protein separation by gel electrophoresis, protein transfer to a membrane, blocking of non-specific binding sites, incubation with a primary antibody specific to the target protein, washing to remove unbound primary antibody, incubation with a secondary antibody conjugated to an enzyme or fluorescent tag, and detection of the protein of interest using a substrate sr to Peer i ee ae ee eeGlucometer for Measuring Blood Sugar A glucometer, also Known as a blood glucose meter, is a medical device used to measure the concentration of glucose (sugar) in a person's blood. It is asmall handheld device that requires a tiny drop of blood, usually obtained by pricking a finger, to provide an accurate reading of blood glucose levels. Glucometers are commonly used by people with diabetes to monitor their blood glucose levels regularly. This allows them to manage their condition more effectively by adjusting their insulin dose, diet, and lifestyle accordingly. a += Rapid Rotavirus Stool Test. x 6 A rapid test for stool culture for rotavirus is a diagnostic test used to quickly detect the presence of rotavirus in a stool sample. Rotavirus is acommon cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children, and prompt diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent dehydration and other complications. The rapid test for stool culture for rotavirus typically involves collecting asmall sample of stool and placing it ona test strip or in a test cassette. The test strip or cassette contains antibodies that are specific to rotavirus, and if the virus is present td Cj oe Yo eet en ey) oto 2 Pe ew= Cell counter working principle. =e & A cell counter is a laboratory instrument used to count the number of cells present in a biological sample. The principle behind cell counting is based on the fact that different types of cells have different properties, such as size, shape, and refractive index, which can be used to distinguish them from each other. There are different types of cell counters available, but one of the most common types is the automated cell counter. This instrument uses image analysis technology to count cells ina sample. The working principle of an automated cell countgr involves several steps:SS Cell counter working principle. a 1. Sample preparation: The biological sample is first prepared by diluting it in a buffer solution to obtain a known concentration of cells. The sample is then placed ina counting chamber or cartridge, which is designed to hold a specific volume of the sample. 2. Image capture: Once the sample is loaded onto the counting chamber, the instrument captures an image of the cells using a microscope and a camera. 3. Image analysis: The captured image is then analyzed using image analysis software. The software identifies and separatesv individual cells based on their size. Send a message... S ChatGPT Mar 23 Version. Free Research Preview. ChatGPT may produce inaccurate information about people, places, or facts.Auto Blood Analysis. me Sy An automatic stained and screener is a technology used in medical laboratories to analyze blood samples and identify abnormal cells or other abnormalities. It involves the use of automated systems that can perform various types of staining and screening procedures on blood samples, which helps in detecting various diseases and disorders such as cancer, infections, and autoimmune disorders. The process starts by collecting a blood sample from the patient, which is then placed ona slide and ua using a special dye. The stained slideAuto Blood Analysis. using a special dye. The stained slide is then scanned by the automatic stained and screener machine, which uses image analysis techniques to identify abnormal cells and structures in the sample. The automatic stained and screener machine uses advanced algorithms to analyze the images and classify the cells based on their size, shape, and other characteristics. The machine can process large numbers of samples in a short period of time, which helps to speed up the diagnosis process and reduce errors associated with manual screening. NY ao= _ Southern Hybridization Technique -—+ coy Southern hybridization is a molecular biology technique that allows the detection and analysis of specific DNA sequences. It is named after its inventor, Sir Edwin Southern, andis a variation of the hybridization technique, which involves the annealing of two complementary nucleic acid strands. The Southern hybridization technique involves the following steps: 1. DNA Extraction: DNA is extracted from the cells or tissues of interest and is digested with restriction enzymes to generate fragments of various sizes.= _ Southern Hybridization Technique + 2. Gel Electrophoresis: The DNA fragments are separated based on their size using agarose gel electrophoresis. The gel is then treated with a denaturing solution, which breaks the double-stranded DNA into single strands. 3. Transfer: The single-stranded DNA fragments are transferred from the gel onto a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane using a process called "blotting". This step preserves the size and position of each DNA fragment. 4. Hybridization: The membrane is then incubated with a labeled DNA probe that is complementary to v Army wt ait tet ee Send a message... S Fein] aa VETO Neola lo TN produce inaccurate information about people, places, or facts.Plasma Exchange for Medical Conditions ao © Plasmapheresis, also known as plasma exchange, is a medical procedure that involves removing plasma (the liquid portion of the blood) from a patient's blood and replacing it with a substitute solution or donor plasma. This process is carried out through a medical device known as a plasmapheresis machine. The basic principle of plasmapheresis is to separate blood components by centrifugation or filtration, with plasma being the target component. The plasma is removed from the blood through a vein in the arm, circulated through a machine where it— Plasma Exchange for Medical — a ae Conditions circulated through a machine where it is separated from the other blood components, and then replaced with a substitute solution or donor plasma before being returned to the patient's bloodstream. Plasmapheresis can be used for various medical conditions, including: 1. Autoimmune disorders: Plasmapheresis can be used to remove harmful antibodies from the bloodstream of patients with autoimmune diseases such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, andlupus. 92. Neurological disorders:Plasma Exchange for Medical 4 Conditions 2. Neurological disorders: Plasmapheresis can be used to treat certain neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. . Blood disorders: Plasmapheresis can be used to treat certain blood disorders such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome. . Organ transplant: Plasmapheresis can be used in organ transplant patients to remove harmful antibodies that can cause rejection of the transplanted organ. 7 ee eoPlasma Exchange for Medical Conditions 4, urgan transplant: Plasmapneresis = + can be used in organ transplant patients to remove harmful antibodies that can cause rejection of the transplanted organ. The procedure for plasmapheresis typically takes several hours, and the number of treatments required varies depending on the condition being treated. The patient may experience mild side effects such as dizziness or lightheadedness during or after the procedure, but these usually resolve quickly. hb &Auto tissue processor. SF G An Automatic Tissue Processor is a laboratory equipment used in histology to process tissue samples for microscopic examination. The main principle of automatic tissue processing is to take tissue specimens and subject them toa series of chemical treatments to prepare them for embedding in paraffin wax and subsequent sectioning into thin slices for microscopic examination. The working of an automatic tissue processor involves several steps: 1. Fixation: The tissue sample is Liles placed in a fixative solution toAuto tissue processor. a used is formalin. . Dehydration: The tissue is then dehydrated in a series of graded alcohol solutions (usually ethanol) to remove water from the tissue. . Clearing: The tissue is then cleared by being immersed in a solvent such as xylene, which removes the alcohol and makes the tissue transparent. . Infiltration: The tissue is then infiltrated with molten paraffin wax, which replaces the xylene and fills the spaces within the tissue. The paraffin wax is allowed to solidify, effectively embedding the tissue. ad ee a ee 2)Auto tissue processor. 5. Embedding: The tissue- impregnated paraffin block is then trimmed to size and mounted onto a cassette. An automatic tissue processor automates these steps and manages the timing and sequence of each step. The tissue is placed in a basket or cassette and is transferred between a series of containers, each containing the appropriate solution. The processor uses vacuum and pressure to speed up the dehydration and clearing steps. A microprocessor controls the time and sequence of the different solutions. NY ae= Types of chromatography. + © Chromatography is a widely used separation technique that separates different components of a mixture based on their differential interaction with a stationary phase and a mobile phase. There are several types of chromatography, which are discussed below: 1. Liquid Chromatography (LC): This type of chromatography uses a liquid mobile phase to separate the components of a sample. The stationary phase is typically a solid material with a high surface area, such as silica or a polymer resin. 7 There are several subtypes of LC,Types of chromatography. + There are several subtypes of LC, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and ion exchange chromatography (IEC). . Gas Chromatography (GC): In this type of chromatography, a gaseous mobile phase is used to separate the components of a sample. The stationary phase is typically a solid material coated with a thin layer of liquid, such as a silicone oil or a polymer. GC is particularly useful for separating volatile organic compounds and is widely used in analytical chemistry.Types of chromatography. + . Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC): TLC is a simple and inexpensive type of chromatography that uses a thin layer of a stationary phase, such as silica gel or cellulose, ona flat surface. A liquid sample is applied to the stationary phase, and a solvent is used as the mobile phase to separate the components of the sample. TLC is commonly used in biochemistry and forensic science. . Paper Chromatography: In paper chromatography, a sheet of filter paper is used as the stationary phase, and a liquid sample is applied to the paper. A solvent is v meAnA ac tha mahila nhaca taTypes of chromatography. = applied to the paper. A solvent is used as the mobile phase to separate the components of the sample. Paper chromatography is commonly used in biochemistry and forensic science. . Affinity Chromatography: This type of chromatography separates biomolecules based on their specific interaction with a ligand immobilized on a stationary phase. For example, a protein of interest can be separated from a mixture of proteins by using a stationary phase with a ligand that specifically binds to the protein of TaKoig si = za a a eTTypes of chromatography. AF 6. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC): This type of chromatography uses a supercritical fluid, such as carbon dioxide, as the mobile phase. The stationary phase is typically a solid material with a high surface area, such as silica or a polymer resin. SFC is particularly useful for separating compounds with low volatility and high molecular weight. Overall, chromatography is a versatile technique with a wide range of applications in various fields, including chemistry, biology, and 1 medicine.PCR Procedure and Application a PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. It is a laboratory technique used to amplify (make many copies of) a specific DNA sequence. The PCR procedure involves three main steps: denaturation, annealing, and extension. 1. Denaturation: The first step of PCR is to denature (separate) the two strands of the DNA double helix by heating it to a high temperature (typically 94-96°C) for a few seconds. This breaks the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands together and creates single- stranded DNA templates. AO Rowe ett Ae ae AIA tePCR Procedure and Application a 2. Annealing: Once the DNA is denatured, the temperature is lowered to around 50-60°C, which allows the primers (short pieces of single-stranded DNA that are complementary to the target DNA sequence) to anneal (bind) to the complementary sequences on the template DNA strands. 3. Extension: After the primers are annealed, the temperature is raised to 72°C, which is the optimal temperature for the DNA polymerase enzyme to extend (synthesize) the new complementary DNA strands. The DNA polymerase enzyme adds | nitclantidac tn tha 2?’ and nf thaPCR Procedure and Application Se nucleotides to the 3’ end of the primers, extending the DNA sequence in the 5’ to 3’ direction. This process creates two new double-stranded DNA molecules that are identical to the original template DNA. The PCR procedure is repeated for many cycles, typically 20-40, resulting in an exponential increase in the number of copies of the target DNA sequence. The amplified DNA can then be visualized and analyzed using various techniques, such as gel electrophoresis or DNA sequencing. 7 PCR has many applications in variousPCR Procedure and Application + PCR has many applications in various fields, including: 1. Medical diagnosis: PCR is used to detect genetic diseases, infectious diseases, and cancer by amplifying and identifying specific DNA sequences associated with these conditions. 2. Forensic science: PCR is used to amplify and analyze DNA samples from crime scenes to identify suspects or victims. 3. Biotechnology: PCR is used to clone genes, create recombinant DNA, and produce large quantities of DNA for various purposes, such’ ac nana tharanyv ar nanatic= PCR Procedure and Application Si 2. Forensic science: PCR Is Used to amplify and analyze DNA samples from crime scenes to identify suspects or victims. 3. Biotechnology: PCR is used to clone genes, create recombinant DNA, and produce large quantities of DNA for various purposes, such as gene therapy or genetic engineering. 4. Environmental science: PCR is used to identify and quantify microorganisms in environmental samples, such as water or soil, for monitoring purposes. ig= Nephelometry measurement method. -+ Sy Nephelometry is a laboratory technique used to measure the concentration of particles in a liquid sample by detecting the amount of light scattered by the particles. The rate nephelometry method measures the rate of change of scattered light CoV lant -Mme-lNa-imdar-Ladal ace) e-|| amount of scattered light. In this method, a light source is directed at the liquid sample and a photodetector placed at an angle to the light source detects the amount of light scattered by the particles in the sample. As the particles move and interact with each other, they Rectal ad et eet SEY Ser re eo yee ee= Nephelometry measurement method. + sample. As the particles move and interact with each other, they scatter light in different directions, and the intensity of the scattered light changes over time. By measuring the rate of change of the scattered light over time, the concentration of the particles in the sample can be calculated. This method is particularly useful for measuring low concentrations of particles ina sample and is commonly used in clinical and environmental testing. tg= Rapid stool analysis test. a Sy A rapid test for stool analysis is a diagnostic test that can quickly detect certain substances or markers in a stool sample. These tests are often used to screen for various gastrointestinal conditions, such as infections, inflammation, and bleeding. The most common type of rapid stool test is a fecal occult blood test (FOBT), which looks for hidden blood in the stool. This test is often used to screen for colorectal cancer, as well as other conditions that can cause bleeding in the digestive tract. a2Rapid stool analysis test. To perform a FOBT, a small sample of stool is collected and placed ontoa special card or strip that contains a chemical reagent. If there is blood in the stool, the reagent will cause a color change or produce a visible line, indicating a positive result. Other types of rapid stool tests can detect specific bacteria or viruses that may be causing gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea or nausea. These tests often use immunological or molecular methods to identify the presence of the pathogen in the stool sample. Vv Overall, rapid stool tests are a usefulRapid stool analysis test. that may be causing gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea or nausea. These tests often use immunological or molecular methods to identify the presence of the pathogen in the stool sample. Overall, rapid stool tests are a useful tool for quickly screening for certain gastrointestinal conditions. However, they may not be as accurate as more comprehensive laboratory tests and may need to be followed up with additional testing to confirma diagnosis.Auto Vein Puncture = coy Automatic vein puncture refers to the use of a mechanical device to puncture the vein and collect blood samples for diagnostic purposes. The device typically uses a small needle and a vacuum-sealed tube, called an evacuated tube, to draw blood into the tube for testing. The process of automatic vein puncture typically involves the following steps: i. The healthcare provider selects the appropriate gauge needle for the patient's vein size. 0 2. The patient's arm is prepared byAuto Vein Puncture ap . The patient's arm is prepared by cleaning the area with an antiseptic solution. . The healthcare provider applies a tourniquet above the site where the needle will be inserted to restrict blood flow and make the vein more visible. . The healthcare provider inserts the needle into the vein using the mechanical device. . Once the needle is inserted, the vacuum-sealed evacuated tube is attached to the device and the vacuum is activated, drawing blood into the tube. . Once enough blood has beenAuto Vein Puncture + 6. Once enough blood has been collected, the tube is removed and the needle is withdrawn. 7. The healthcare provider appl pressure to the site to stop ar bleeding and covers the site \ sterile dressing. | | The use of evacuated tubes allov “) the collection of multiple blood Media samples from a single puncture + fal making the process more efficie and less painful for the patient. T. tubes are also color-coded according to the type of test that will be performed on the blood sample, alone esa CoM WU cael lata oro i te tests are ordered and performed.Auto Vein Puncture Se 6. Once enough blood has been collected, the tube is removed and the needle is withdrawn. 7. The healthcare provider applies pressure to the site to stop any bleeding and covers the site with a sterile dressing. The use of evacuated tubes allows for the collection of multiple blood samples from a single puncture site, making the process more efficient and less painful for the patient. The tubes are also color-coded according to the type of test that will be performed on the blood sample, which helps to ensure that the corregt tests are ordered and performed.Urinalysis Method + The multistory method of urine analysis is a diagnostic tool used to assess a person's kidney function by measuring the amount of creatinine, a waste product produced by muscle metabolism, in their urine. It is called the "multistory" method because it involves collecting multiple urine samples over a period of 24 hours. The procedure begins with the patient discarding their first morning urine sample and recording the time. From that moment, all subsequent urine produced over the next 24 hours should be collected in a special container provided by the healthcare, provider. The container may contain aUrinalysis Method SP container provided by the healthcare provider. The container may contain a preservative to prevent bacterial growth and maintain the integrity of the urine samples. HatEM ian) oXe)aeclaymaat- lade st patient follows specific instructions during the urine collection period. For Taal ol (ma dare should avoid excessive exercise, consume a normal amount of fluids, and avoid any food or drink Uarcvanate\ EUiccLermaal-y mT aT ara output. The urine samples should be kept cool during the collection period, either ina refrigerator or in a cooler with ice Packs.Platelet Separation Process a Sy Platelets can be separated from whole blood using a process called centrifugation. During centrifugation, whole blood is placed in a tube and spun at a high speed. This causes the heavier components, such as red blood cells and white blood cells, to settle to the bottom of the tube, while the lighter components, including platelets and plasma, remain in the upper portion of the tube. Once the separation is complete, the platelets can be collected and further processed for use in medical Vv treatments, such as transfusions or inPlatelet Separation Process the tube. Once the separation is complete, the platelets can be collected and further processed for use in medical treatments, such as transfusions or in the production of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for various therapeutic applications. There are also other methods of platelet separation, such as automated cell separators and filtration techniques, that are used in specialized clinical settings. og +Chemiluminescent Assay SF Sy Chemiluminescent assays are a type of biochemical test that utilizes chemical reactions to generate light, which can then be detected and measured. These assays are commonly used in clinical diagnostics, drug discovery, and environmental monitoring. The principle behind chemiluminescent assays is the use of a chemical reaction to excite a molecule into a higher energy state, which then emits light as it returns to its original state. This process can be triggered by enzymes, antigens, antibodies, or other molecules, Vv depending on the specific assayChemiluminescent Assay a being used. One of the advantages of chemiluminescent assays is their high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for the detection of low concentrations of analytes with minimal interference from other substances. They also have a wide dynamic range, making them useful for both quantitative and fe [UreV i e-\ahem-Ual-l\VSooe Common applications of chemiluminescent assays include the detection of biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and hormones in clinical samples, as well as the Vv measurement of environmentalUrine Dip Slide Culture oe Urine dip slide culture is a laboratory test used to detect the presence of bacteria or other microorganisms ina urine sample. The test involves taking aurine sample and placing it ona specially designed dip slide, which is coated with a nutrient agar or other culture medium that promotes the growth of bacteria. The dip slide is then incubated for a specified period of time, usually 24- 48 hours, to allow any bacteria present in the urine to grow and multiply on the slide. After the incubation period, the dip slide is examined underamicroscopeto (y determine the type and number ofUrine Dip Slide Culture incubation period, the dip slide is examined under a microscope to determine the type and number of bacteria present. The results of a urine dip slide culture can help doctors diagnose and treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) and other conditions that may affect the urinary system. If the test indicates the presence of bacteria, additional testing may be done to identify the specific type of bacteria and determine the most effective antibiotic treatment.