Boomerang - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Boomerang

Boomerang

A boomerang (/buːməræŋ/) is a thrown tool typically constructed

with aerofoil sections and designed to spin about an axis
perpendicular to the direction of its flight. A returning boomerang
is designed to return to the thrower, while a non-returning
boomerang is designed as a weapon to be thrown straight and is
traditionally used by some Aboriginal Australians for hunting.

Historically, boomerangs have been used for hunting, sport, and

entertainment and are made in various shapes and sizes to suit
different purposes. Although considered an Australian icon,[1]
ancient boomerangs have also been discovered elsewhere in Africa, A modern, plywood, returning
the Americas, and Eurasia.[2][3][4][5] boomerang

Description
A boomerang is a throwing stick with aerodynamic properties,
traditionally made of wood, but also of bone, horn, tusks and even
iron. Modern boomerangs used for sport may be made from
plywood or plastics such as ABS, polypropylene, phenolic paper,
or carbon fibre-reinforced plastics.

Boomerangs come in many shapes and sizes depending on their

geographic or tribal origins and intended function, including the
traditional Australian type, the cross-stick, the pinwheel, the
tumble-stick, the Boomabird, and other less common types.

Boomerangs return to the thrower, distinguishing them from Types of boomerangs in

throwing sticks Australia before European
contact
▪ Returning boomerangs fly, and are examples of
the earliest heavier-than-air human-made flight. A
returning boomerang has two or more aerofoil section wings arranged so that
when spinning they create unbalanced aerodynamic forces that curve its path
into an ellipse, returning to its point of origin when thrown correctly. Their typical
L-shape makes them the most recognisable form of boomerang. Although used
primarily for leisure or recreation, returning boomerangs are also used to decoy
birds of prey, thrown above the long grass to frighten game birds into flight and
into waiting nets. Non-traditional, modern, competition boomerangs come in
many shapes, sizes and materials.
▪ Throwing sticks, valari, or kylies, are primarily used as weapons. They lack the
aerofoil sections, are generally heavier and designed to travel as straight and
forcefully as possible to the target to bring down game. The Tamil valari variant,
of ancient origin and mentioned in the Tamil Sangam literature "Purananuru",
was one of these. The usual form of the Valari is two limbs set at an angle; one
thin and tapering, the other rounded as a handle. Valaris come in many shapes

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and sizes. They are usually made of cast iron cast from moulds. Some may have
wooden limbs tipped with iron or with lethally sharpened edges or with special
double-edged and razor-sharp daggers known as kattari.

Etymology
The origin of the term is uncertain. One source asserts that the term entered the language in 1827, adapted
from an extinct Aboriginal language of New South Wales, Australia, but mentions a variant, wo-mur-rang,
which it dates to 1798.[6] The first recorded encounter with a boomerang by Europeans was at Farm Cove
(Port Jackson), in December 1804, when a weapon was witnessed during a tribal skirmish:[7]

... the white spectators were justly astonished at the dexterity and incredible force with which
a bent, edged waddy resembling slightly a Turkish scimytar, was thrown by Bungary, a native
distinguished by his remarkable courtesy. The weapon, thrown at 20 or 30 yards [18 or 27 m]
distance, twirled round in the air with astonishing velocity, and alighting on the right arm of
one of his opponents, actually rebounded to a distance not less than 70 or 80 yards [64 or
73 m], leaving a horrible contusion behind, and exciting universal admiration.

— Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (1804)[7]

David Collins listed "Wo-mur-rāng" as one of eight Aboriginal "Names of clubs" in 1798.[8] but was
probably referring to the woomera, which is actually a spear-thrower. An anonymous 1790 manuscript on
Aboriginal languages of New South Wales reported "Boo-mer-rit" as "the Scimiter".[9]

In 1822, it was described in detail and recorded as a "bou-mar-rang" in the language of the Turuwal
people (a sub-group of the Darug) of the Georges River near Port Jackson. The Turawal used other words
for their hunting sticks but used "boomerang" to refer to a returning throw-stick.[10]

History
Boomerangs were,
historically, used as hunting
weapons, percussive
musical instruments, battle
clubs, fire-starters, decoys
for hunting waterfowl, and
as recreational play toys.
The smallest boomerang
may be less than 10 cm
Various types of boomerangs
Australian Aboriginal (3.9 in) from tip to tip, and
from Australia, India, and
boomerangs the largest over 180 cm
Africa. A proposed evolution
(71 in) in length.[11] Tribal process from malga to
boomerangs may be boomerang is drawn on the
inscribed or painted with designs meaningful to their makers. Most upper side, while hatchet to
boomerangs seen today are of the tourist or competition sort, and boomerang is on the right.
are almost invariably of the returning type.

Depictions of boomerangs being thrown at animals, such as kangaroos, appear in some of the oldest rock
art in the world, the Indigenous Australian rock art of the Kimberley region, which is potentially up to
50,000 years old.[12] Stencils and paintings of boomerangs also appear in the rock art of West Papua,
including on Bird's Head Peninsula and Kaimana, likely dating to the Last Glacial Maximum, when lower

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sea levels led to cultural continuity between Papua and Arnhem Land in Northern Australia.[13] The
oldest surviving Australian Aboriginal boomerangs come from a cache found in a peat bog in the Wyrie
Swamp of South Australia and date to 10,000 BC.

Although traditionally thought of as Australian, boomerangs have been found also in ancient Europe,
Egypt, and North America. There is evidence of the use of non-returning boomerangs by the Native
Americans of California and Arizona, and inhabitants of South India for killing birds and rabbits.[2] Some
boomerangs were not thrown at all, but were used in hand to hand combat by Indigenous Australians.[14]
Ancient Egyptian examples, however, have been recovered, and experiments have shown that they
functioned as returning boomerangs.[3] Hunting sticks discovered in Europe seem to have formed part of
the Stone Age arsenal of weapons.[4] One boomerang that was discovered in Obłazowa Cave in the
Carpathian Mountains in Poland was made of mammoth's tusk and is believed, based on AMS dating of
objects found with it, to be about 30,000 years old.[5][15][16] In the Netherlands, boomerangs have been
found in Vlaardingen and Velsen from the first century BC. King Tutankhamun, the famous pharaoh of
ancient Egypt, who died over 3,300 years ago, owned a collection of boomerangs of both the straight
flying (hunting) and returning variety.[4]

No one knows for sure how the returning boomerang was invented,
but some modern boomerang makers speculate that it developed
from the flattened throwing stick, still used by Aboriginal
Australians and other indigenous peoples around the world,
including the Navajo in North America. A hunting boomerang is
delicately balanced and much harder to make than a returning one.
The curving flight characteristic of returning boomerangs was
probably first noticed by early hunters trying to "tune" their
throwing sticks to fly straight.[4]
4 boomerangs of the tomb of
It is thought by some that the shape and elliptical flight path of the
Pharaoh Tutankhamun
returning boomerang makes it useful for hunting birds and small
(1336–1326 BC). These
animals, or that noise generated by the movement of the hardwood boomerangs could
boomerang through the air, or, by a skilled thrower, lightly clipping not return to their launcher due
leaves of a tree whose branches house birds, would help scare the to their curvature, unlike other
birds towards the thrower. It is further supposed by some that this boomerangs found in the tomb.
was used to frighten flocks or groups of birds into nets that were
usually strung up between trees or thrown by hidden hunters.[17] In
southeastern Australia, it is claimed that boomerangs were made to hover over a flock of ducks; mistaking
it for a hawk, the ducks would dive away, toward hunters armed with nets or clubs.[1]

Traditionally, most boomerangs used by Aboriginal groups in Australia were non-returning. These
weapons, sometimes called "throwsticks" or "kylies", were used for hunting a variety of prey, from
kangaroos to parrots; at a range of about 100 m (330 ft), a 2 kg (4.4 lb) non-returning boomerang could
inflict mortal injury to a large animal.[1] A throwstick thrown nearly horizontally may fly in a nearly
straight path and could fell a kangaroo on impact to the legs or knees, while the long-necked emu could be
killed by a blow to the neck. Hooked non-returning boomerangs, known as "beaked kylies", used in
northern Central Australia, have been claimed to kill multiple birds when thrown into a dense flock.
Throwsticks are used as multi-purpose tools by today's Aboriginal peoples, and besides throwing could be
wielded as clubs, used for digging, used to start friction fires, and are sonorous when two are struck
together.

Recent evidence also suggests that boomerangs were used as war weapons.[18]

Modern use

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Today, boomerangs are

Aboriginal man with
boomerang, Yuendumu, 2018
maximum-time-aloft event) often under 25 g (0.88 oz).
mostly used for recreation.
There are different types of
throwing contests: accuracy
of return; Aussie round;
trick catch; maximum time
aloft; fast catch; and
endurance (see below). The
modern sport boomerang
(often referred to as a
'boom' or 'rang') is made of Sport boomerangs
Finnish birch plywood,
hardwood, plastic or
composite materials and comes in many different shapes and
colours. Most sport boomerangs typically weigh less than 100 g
(3.5 oz), with MTA boomerangs (boomerangs used for the

Boomerangs have also been suggested as an alternative to clay pigeons in shotgun sports, where the flight
of the boomerang better mimics the flight of a bird offering a more challenging target.[19]

The modern boomerang is often computer-aided designed with precision airfoils. The number of "wings"
is often more than 2 as more lift is provided by 3 or 4 wings than by 2.[20][21] Among the latest inventions
is a round-shaped boomerang, which has a different look but using the same returning principle as
traditional boomerangs.[22] This allows for safer catch for players.

In 1992, German astronaut Ulf Merbold performed an experiment aboard Spacelab that established that
boomerangs function in zero gravity as they do on Earth. French Astronaut Jean-François Clervoy aboard
Mir repeated this in 1997.[23] In 2008, Japanese astronaut Takao Doi again repeated the experiment on
board the International Space Station.[24][25]

Beginning in the later part of the twentieth century, there has been
a bloom in the independent creation of unusually designed art
boomerangs. These often have little or no resemblance to the
traditional historical ones and on first sight some of these objects
may not look like boomerangs at all. The use of modern thin
plywoods and synthetic plastics have greatly contributed to their
success. Designs are very diverse and can range from animal
inspired forms, humorous themes, complex calligraphic and
symbolic shapes, to the purely abstract. Painted surfaces are Boomerangs for sale at the
similarly richly diverse. Some boomerangs made primarily as art 2005 Melbourne Show
objects do not have the required aerodynamic properties to return.

Aerodynamics
A returning boomerang is a rotating wing. It consists of two or more arms, or wings, connected at an
angle; each wing is shaped as an airfoil section. Although it is not a requirement that a boomerang be in
its traditional shape, it is usually flat.

Boomerangs can be made for right- or left-handed throwers. The difference between right and left is
subtle, the planform is the same but the leading edges of the aerofoil sections are reversed. A right-handed
boomerang makes a counter-clockwise, circular flight to the left while a left-handed boomerang flies
clockwise to the right. Most sport boomerangs weigh between 70 and 110 g (2.5 and 3.9 oz), have a

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250–300 mm (9.8–11.8 in) wingspan, and a 20–40 m (66–131 ft) range.

A falling boomerang starts spinning, and most then fall in a spiral. When the boomerang is thrown with
high spin, a boomerang flies in a curved rather than a straight line. When thrown correctly, a boomerang
returns to its starting point. As the wing rotates and the boomerang moves through the air, the airflow over
the wings creates lift on both "wings". However, during one-half of each blade's rotation, it sees a higher
airspeed, because the rotation tip speed and the forward speed add, and when it is in the other half of the
rotation, the tip speed subtracts from the forward speed. Thus if thrown nearly upright, each blade
generates more lift at the top than the bottom.[26] While it might be expected that this would cause the
boomerang to tilt around the axis of travel, because the boomerang has significant angular momentum, the
gyroscopic precession causes the plane of rotation to tilt about an axis that is 90 degrees to the direction
of flight, causing it to turn.[26] When thrown in the horizontal plane, as with a Frisbee, instead of in the
vertical, the same gyroscopic precession will cause the boomerang to fly violently, straight up into the air
and then crash.

Fast Catch boomerangs usually have three or more symmetrical wings (seen from above), whereas a Long
Distance boomerang is most often shaped similar to a question mark.[27] Maximum Time Aloft
boomerangs mostly have one wing considerably longer than the other. This feature, along with carefully
executed bends and twists in the wings help to set up an "auto-rotation" effect to maximise the
boomerang's hover time in descending from the highest point in its flight.

Some boomerangs have turbulators — bumps or pits on the top surface that act to increase the lift as
boundary layer transition activators (to keep attached turbulent flow instead of laminar separation).

Throwing technique
Boomerangs are generally thrown in unobstructed, open spaces at least twice as large as the range of the
boomerang. The flight direction to the left or right depends upon the design of the boomerang itself, not
the thrower. A right-handed or left-handed boomerang can be thrown with either hand, but throwing a
boomerang with the non-matching hand requires a throwing motion that many throwers find awkward.
The following technique applies to a right-handed boomerang; the directions are mirrored for a left-
handed boomerang. Different boomerang designs have different flight characteristics and are suitable for
different conditions. The accuracy of the throw depends on understanding the weight and aerodynamics of
that particular boomerang, and the strength, consistency and direction of the wind; from this, the thrower
chooses the angle of tilt, the angle against the wind, the elevation of the trajectory, the degree of spin and
the strength of the throw. A great deal of trial and error is required to perfect the throw over time.[28]

A properly thrown boomerang will travel out parallel to the ground, sometimes climbing gently, perform a
graceful, anti-clockwise, circular or tear-drop shaped arc, flatten out and return in a hovering motion,
coming in from the left or spiralling in from behind. Ideally, the hover will allow a practiced catcher to
clamp their hands shut horizontally on the boomerang from above and below, sandwiching the centre
between their hands.

The grip used depends on size and shape; smaller boomerangs are held between finger and thumb at one
end, while larger, heavier or wider boomerangs need one or two fingers wrapped over the top edge in
order to induce a spin. The aerofoil-shaped section must face the inside of the thrower, and the flatter side
outwards. It is usually inclined outwards, from a nearly vertical position to 20° or 30°; the stronger the
wind, the closer to vertical. The elbow of the boomerang can point forwards or backwards, or it can be
gripped for throwing; it just needs to start spinning on the required inclination, in the desired direction,
with the right force.

The boomerang is aimed to the right of the oncoming wind; the exact angle depends on the strength of the
wind and the boomerang itself. Left-handed boomerangs are thrown to the left of the wind and will fly a

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clockwise flight path. The trajectory is either parallel to the ground or slightly upwards. The boomerang
can return without the aid of any wind, but even very slight winds must be taken into account however
calm they might seem. Little or no wind is preferable for an accurate throw, light winds up to 3–5 knots
(6–9 km/h; 3–6 mph) are manageable with skill. If the wind is strong enough to fly a kite, then it may be
too strong unless a skilled thrower is using a boomerang designed for stability in stronger winds. Gusty
days are a great challenge, and the thrower must be keenly aware of the ebb and flow of the wind strength,
finding appropriate lulls in the gusts to launch their boomerang.[29][30][31]

Competitions and records

A world record achievement was made on 3 June 2007 by Tim Boomerang
Lendrum in Aussie Round. Lendrum scored 96 out of 100, giving
him a national record as well as an equal world record throwing an
"AYR" made by expert boomerang maker Adam Carroll.

In international competition, a world cup is held every second

year.[32] As of 2017, teams from Germany and the United States
dominated international competition. The individual World
Champion title was won in 2000, 2002, 2004, 2012, and 2016 by
Swiss thrower Manuel Schütz. In 1992, 1998, 2006, and 2008
Fridolin Frost from Germany won the title.

The team competitions of 2012 and 2014 were won by

Boomergang (an international team). World champions were Aerodynamic returning
Germany in 2012 and Japan in 2014 for the first time.
boomerang
Boomergang was formed by individuals from several countries,
including the Colombian Alejandro Palacio. In 2016 USA became First played Ancient
team world champion. Characteristics
Contact No
Mixed-sex No
Competition disciplines
Type Throwing
Modern boomerang tournaments usually involve some or all of sport
the events listed below[33][34] In all disciplines the boomerang Equipment Boomerang
must travel at least 20 metres (66 ft) from the thrower. Throwing Presence
takes place individually. The thrower stands at the centre of
Country Australia
concentric rings marked on an open field.
or region
Events include: Olympic No
World Games 1989
▪ Aussie Round: considered by many to be the (invitational)
ultimate test of boomeranging skills. The
boomerang should ideally cross the 50-metre (160 ft) circle and come right back
to the centre. Each thrower has five attempts. Points are awarded for distance,
accuracy and the catch.
▪ Accuracy: points are awarded according to how close the boomerang lands to
the centre of the rings. The thrower must not touch the boomerang after it has
been thrown. Each thrower has five attempts. In major competitions there are
two accuracy disciplines: Accuracy 100 and Accuracy 50.
▪ Endurance: points are awarded for the number of catches achieved in 5 minutes.
▪ Fast Catch: the time taken to throw and catch the boomerang five times. The
winner has the fastest timed catches.

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▪ Trick Catch/Doubling: points are awarded for trick catches behind the back,
between the feet, and so on. In Doubling, the thrower has to throw two
boomerangs at the same time and catch them in sequence in a special way.
▪ Consecutive Catch: points are awarded for the number of catches achieved
before the boomerang is dropped. The event is not timed.
▪ MTA 100 (Maximal Time Aloft, 100 metres (328 ft)): points are awarded for the
length of time spent by the boomerang in the air. The field is normally a circle
measuring 100 m. An alternative to this discipline, without the 100 m restriction
is called MTA unlimited.
▪ Long Distance: the boomerang is thrown from the middle point of a 40-metre
(130 ft) baseline. The furthest distance travelled by the boomerang away from
the baseline is measured. On returning, the boomerang must cross the baseline
again but does not have to be caught. A special section is dedicated to LD below.
▪ Juggling: as with Consecutive Catch, only with two boomerangs. At any given
time one boomerang must be in the air.

World records

As of September 2017

Sport boomerang world records

Discipline Result Name Year Tournament

Accuracy 100 99 points Alex Opri 2007 Viareggio

Aussie Round 99 points Fridolin Frost 2007 Viareggio

Endurance 81 catches Manuel Schütz 2005 Milan

Fast Catch 14.07 s Manuel Schütz 2017 Besançon

Trick Catch/Doubling 533 points Manuel Schütz 2009 Bordeaux

Consecutive Catch 2251 catches Haruki Taketomi 2009 Japan

MTA 100 139.10 s Nick Citoli 2010 Rome

MTA unlimited 380.59 s Billy Brazelton 2010 Rome

Long Distance 238 m Manuel Schütz 1999 Kloten

Guinness World Record – Smallest Returning Boomerang

Non-discipline record: Smallest Returning Boomerang: Sadir Kattan of Australia in 1997 with 48 mm
(1.9 in) long and 46 mm (1.8 in) wide. This tiny boomerang flew the required 20 m (66 ft), before
returning to the accuracy circles on 22 March 1997 at the Australian National Championships.[35]

Guinness World Record – Longest Throw of Any Object by a

Human
A boomerang was used to set a Guinness World Record with a throw of 427.2 m (1,402 ft) by David
Schummy on 15 March 2005 at Murarrie Recreation Ground, Australia.[36] This broke the record set by

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Erin Hemmings who threw an Aerobie 406.3 m (1,333 ft) on 14 July 2003 at Fort Funston, San
Francisco.[37]

Long-distance versions
Long-distance boomerang throwers aim to have the boomerang go the furthest possible distance while
returning close to the throwing point. In competition the boomerang must intersect an imaginary surface
defined as an infinite vertical projection of a 40 m (130 ft) line centred on the thrower. Outside of
competitions, the definition is not so strict, and throwers may be happy simply not to walk too far to
recover the boomerang.

General properties
Long-distance boomerangs are optimised to have minimal drag while still having enough lift to fly and
return. For this reason, they have a very narrow throwing window, which discourages many beginners
from continuing with this discipline. For the same reason, the quality of manufactured long-distance
boomerangs is often difficult to determine.

Today's long-distance boomerangs have almost all an S or ? – question mark shape and have a beveled
edge on both sides (the bevel on the bottom side is sometimes called an undercut). This is to minimise
drag and lower the lift. Lift must be low because the boomerang is thrown with an almost total layover
(flat). Long-distance boomerangs are most frequently made of composite material, mainly fibre glass
epoxy composites.

Flight path
The projection of the flight path of long-distance boomerang on the ground resembles a water drop. For
older types of long-distance boomerangs (all types of so-called big hooks), the first and last third of the
flight path are very low, while the middle third is a fast climb followed by a fast descent. Nowadays,
boomerangs are made in a way that their whole flight path is almost planar with a constant climb during
the first half of the trajectory and then a rather constant descent during the second half.

From theoretical point of view, distance boomerangs are interesting also for the following reason: for
achieving a different behaviour during different flight phases, the ratio of the rotation frequency to the
forward velocity has a U-shaped function, i.e., its derivative crosses 0. Practically, it means that the
boomerang being at the furthest point has a very low forward velocity. The kinetic energy of the forward
component is then stored in the potential energy. This is not true for other types of boomerangs, where the
loss of kinetic energy is non-reversible (the MTAs also store kinetic energy in potential energy during the
first half of the flight, but then the potential energy is lost directly by the drag).

Related terms
In Noongar language, kylie is a flat curved piece of wood similar in appearance to a boomerang that is
thrown when hunting for birds and animals.[38] "Kylie" is one of the Aboriginal words for the hunting
stick used in warfare and for hunting animals.[39] Instead of following curved flight paths, kylies fly in
straight lines from the throwers. They are typically much larger than boomerangs, and can travel very long
distances; due to their size and hook shapes, they can cripple or kill an animal or human opponent. The
word is perhaps an English corruption of a word meaning "boomerang" taken from one of the Western
Desert languages, for example, the Warlpiri word "karli".

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Cultural references
Trademarks of Australian companies using the boomerang as a symbol, emblem or logo proliferate,
usually removed from Aboriginal context and symbolising "returning"[40] or to distinguish an Australian
brand.[41] Early examples included Bain's White Ant Exterminator (1896); Webendorfer Bros. explosives
(1898); E. A. Adams Foods (1920); and by the (still current) Boomerang Cigarette Papers Pty. Ltd.[42]

"Aboriginalia", including the boomerang, as symbols of Australia dates from the late 1940s and early
1950s and was in widespread use by a largely European arts, crafts and design community.[43] By the
1960s, the Australian tourism industry extended it to the very branding of Australia,[44] particularly to
overseas and domestic tourists as souvenirs and gifts and thus Aboriginal culture. At the very time when
Aboriginal people and culture were subject to policies that removed them from their traditional lands and
sought to assimilate them (physiologically and culturally) into mainstream white Australian culture,
causing the Stolen Generations,[45] Aboriginalia found an ironically "nostalgic", entry point into
Australian popular culture at important social locations: holiday resorts and in Australian domestic
interiors. In the 21st century, souvenir objects depicting Aboriginal peoples, symbolism and motifs
including the boomerang, from the 1940s–1970s, regarded as kitsch and sold largely to tourists in the first
instance, became highly sought after by both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal collectors and has captured
the imagination of Aboriginal artists and cultural commentators.[46][41]

See also
▪ List of premodern combat weapons
▪ List of martial arts weapons
▪ Australian Aboriginal artefacts
▪ Batarang
▪ Bat'leth
▪ Captain Boomerang
▪ Chakram
▪ CAC Boomerang, a World War II fighter-plane
▪ Flying wing, tailess boomerang shaped aircraft
▪ Frisbee
▪ Googie, boomerang-shaped architecture
▪ Shuriken
▪ Throwing stick
▪ Valari
▪ Melee weapon

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Boomerang - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang

Further reading
▪ Boomerang (http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/boomerang.aspx)
(Encyclopedia.com)
▪ "Meanings and origins of Australian words and idioms: B" (https://slll.cass.anu.ed
u.au/centres/andc/meanings-origins/b). ANU School of Literature, Languages and
Linguistics. 19 October 2017.
▪ Nishiyama, Yutaka, Why do boomerangs come back? (http://ijpam.eu/contents/2
012-78-3/5/5.pdf), Int. J. of Pure and Appl. Math. 78(3), 335–347, 2012.
▪ Valde-Nowak et al. (1987). "Upper Palaeolithic boomerang made of a mammoth
tusk in south Poland". Nature 329: 436–438 (1 October 1987);
doi:10.1038/329436a0 (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v329/n6138/abs/3
29436a0.html).
▪ Nylah Lee (20 August 2023). "Did Australia's boomerangs pave the way for
flight?" (https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230818-did-australias-boomerangs
-pave-the-way-for-flight). BBC Travel.

External links
▪ International Federation of Boomerang Associations (http://www.ifba-online.com
/)
▪ "Unspinning the boomerang" (https://plus.maths.org/content/unspinning-boomer
ang). plus.maths.org. 1 January 1999.
▪ Boomerang aerodynamics: an online dissertation (http://www.boomerangs.com/a
erodynamics.html)
▪ Explanation of the origin of the word 'Boomerang' (http://www.boomerang.org.au
/articles/article-what-is-a-boomerang.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20090208042945/http://www.boomerang.org.au/articles/article-what-is-a-boo
merang.html) 8 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
▪ How to Throw a Boomerang (https://web.archive.org/web/20120425162139/htt
p://www.boomerangs.com/boomerang-info41.html)
▪ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Boomerang" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_
Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Boomerang). Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boomerang&oldid=1182408807"

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