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    13 views194 pages

    Part 1

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    Aws Abduljaleel

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    vesnas ond gas petne tems 2.2 Definitions ‘There isa commentary available for this Clause. ‘The following defiritions shall appiy inthis Standard, ‘Above-grade installation — installation of a pipeline above the surface ofthe ground on supports orn an embankment constaucte from earth or ther mater. Allowable stress ~ see Stres, allowable. ‘Ambient temperature — see Temperature, ambient. ‘Applicator — the company responsible forthe actual application ofthe coating ystems Sa ee snes — 0 res a ac suey — uve bale ‘Bond — a metalic connection that provides electrical continuity ‘Bond, interference — a metallic connection designed to contol electrical current interchange between metalic systems. Bottle ~ a gas-tight vessel that I completely fabricate from pipe with integral drawn, forged, or sun fend closures and tested in the manufacturer's plant. Bottle-type hold see Holder, bottle-type, Buckle ~ a clamond-shaped inward and outward deformation ofa pine wall caused by any ‘combination of bending, axa and torsional loads. ‘Buckle arrester — a device or element that acts to stop the advance of a propagating buckle Note: Dense phase refers tothe physical state of fs above thecal resure, incluting the supercritical {Cason — all forms and types of cas iron, including duce cast iron, Castiron, ductile ~ a cast ron in which the graphite present is substantially spheroidal or nodular in shape and the iron is essentially Fee from other forms of graphite, Note: Aso known a spheroid graphite or nodular cast ron. RUN nce tert, CCement-mortar ining ~ 2 mixture composed primary of cement, sand, and water, shop-applied on the internal surface of line pipe or ftings. pune 2005 2015694 Group nm mars ian as ipeine tens Class location — 2 geographical area classified according to Its approximate popuation density and ‘other characterstis that ae considered when designing and pressure testing pipng tobe located in the area, Class location assessment area — a geographical area that extends 200 m on both sides ofthe Moi 8 : 35 : ieso-z032 103 : ia : 1)" Forinteedte ple ute dete, he ex ron wal thes be ott oe et fer ove deter 2) Theleost nomi! wal thickness of threaded ppe having national ppe treads shal be os given in this Tble {for theeaded pipe the last nominal wel thicknes for threaded pipe hovin other than national pe threads (Continued) 98 (©2015 st croup Jane 205 D828 ion as bselne stems Table 4.5 (Concluded) Stl be not ss than tho speed for plan-nd pipe, ond the thickness unde he fast engoged thread {ased ypon nominal dimensions shal beat east 0.5 times the nominal tikes ofthe pe 3) Forerossings, se abo Table 410. 43.413 ‘Where extemal or internal coatings or inings of cement, plastic, or other materials are used on stel pipe, such coatings or ngs shal not be considered to aa strength. 4.3.12 Pressure design for components — General 43424 ‘Components shall be designed to withstand operating pressures and other specified loadings 4342.2 G There isa commentary available for this Clause. Except as alowed by Clause 43.123, the pressure design of components shal be as specified in the applicable component standard or specification. The pressure design of components for which no standard or specification i listed inthis Standard shall be 8) as specified in CSA B51 or the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section il oF 1b) approved by the company as being suitable for the pressures to which the components are to be subjected, based upon an engineering asessment that includes a review of technical data and Districal sevice records, 43.423 ‘Thereisa commentary available for this Clause Cylindrical portions of fabricated components, such as Scraper traps, prover pipes, and strainers, may be designed a specified for stalght pipe (see Causes 43.5 to 4.3.11), a asaze ‘The pressure rating of stel components other than flanges at temperatures up to 230°C shall be determined by multpving the eald working pressure rating bythe applicable temperature factor even for see pipe In Table 4.4, 43.125 ‘There isa commentary avalible for this Clause. ‘The pressure rating of flanges shall be In accordance withthe ratings provided inthe applicable manufacturing standard For temperatures up to 230°C, If the applicable manufacturing standard does not specitya flange rating, the maximum permissible flange rating shall be determined by multiplying the cold working pressure rating by the applicable temperature factor given for steel pipe In Table 4.4, Jane 2015 0201534 Gaup 99 Q weszas it and gos pipe systems 4.3.13 Pressure design for components — Closures 43.431 ‘There is a commentary avalabe for this Clause Except as allowed by Clause 4.13.2, the materials and design for closures shall be as specified in the [ASME Baller and Pressure Veste! Code, Section Vil Division 1. Components ited with closure shal be designed to ensure that pressure cannot be trapped in any area of the component, when the closure is ‘pened, due to the presence of internal devices or equipment. Components ited with a quick-openit ‘closure, such as a pg or scraper sending of receiving deve, shall be equipped with suitable isolation fnd venting equipment. Where practical the companent shall be equipped with a pressure indicating Interlocking devie 4) Any pig or seraper sending oreehing device shold oto be equipped with presureindcating device Separate rom the tap pressure venting connection. 2) Closures shoud be designed in consideration ofthe requirement of ASME Bier and Pressure Vesel Code, Section Vil, Dison 1, Non Mandatory Append 23) Forsour service, see Couse 16.42. 43.132 ‘The hu material may be dual certified as an ASME/ASTM material. The grade of the ASTM mater may be used when calculating the require thickness atthe bevel of the weld that wil on the hub to ‘the matching pie (see Figure 7.2) Note: An exomple ofthe dual-certied motels ASME SA350 U2 Class 1/ASTMA694 FB, 43.133 Crange-peel bul lugs and swages, fish tals, and flat closures shall nt be allowed. 4.3.14 Pressure design for components — Elbows Wrought steel welding elbows, factory made bends, ond transverse segments cut therefrom may be sed, provided thatthe ac length measured along the crotch isa least 25 mm for sizes NPS2to NPS. 35, and at least SO mm for sites NPS 4 and larger. Where applicable, allowances shall be made forthe installation of liners and the passage of interna inspection tools and pipline scrapers. 4.3.15 Pressure design for components —Tees and crosses Stee! buttwelding tees and crosses shal be acceptable forall ratios of branch pipe diameter to run pipe diameter, 4.3.16 Pressure design for components — Branch connections 43.161 Branch connections shall be made using tees and crosses, integrally reinferced extruded outlet headers, ‘or welded connections, subject tothe requirements of Clauses 43.17 to 43.20, except that mechanical fittings may be used for making hot taps on pipelines, provided that they are designed to withstand the ‘operating pressures ofthe pipeline and are suitable for the purpose. 100 ©2015 CSA cro une 2015 60248 tant gas ppetne stems 43.162 Consideration shall be given tothe design of branch connections to withstand al forces and moments to which they canbe subjected, Note:The design requirements in Clouse 3.3.17 t 4.3.20 oe minimum requiemnts for branch connections subjected to pressure: edlion, however, ores and moments ore sual applied tthe branch by such factors {2s thermal exponsion and contraction wreton, mass of pe, components, cover contents, and earth Settlement 4.3.17 Pressure design for components — Integrally reinforced extruded outlet headers Integral reinforced extruded outlet headers shall be acceptable forall ratos of branch poe dlameter ‘orun pipe diameter, provided that they comply with te following requirements: 8) Aneetruded outiet header shall be a header in which the extruded lie at the outlet has a height above the surface ofthe run that Is equal to or greater than the radius of curvature ofthe external contoured portion ofthe outlet, i.e, fh is equal to or greater than re fee Figure 4.2), 1b) These requirements shal not apply to any outlet in which additional noriategrated materials applied in the form of rings, pads, or saddles. These requirements shal apply only to cases where the ans ofthe outlet intersect, and is perpendicular to, the axis of the run. 1d) Tae nomenclature used herein and in Figuee 4.2 shall be as fliows ‘As = minimum required reinforcement area, mm? 1D = outside diameter of run pipe, mm a corroded/eroded inside diameter of run pipe, mm corroded/eroded inside diameter of extruded outlet, measured at the evel of the outside Surface of run pipe, mm 4 = outside diameter of branch pipe, mm corroded/eroded inside diameter of branch pipe, mm height ofthe extruded lip, min (this shall be equal to or greater than fa) = thigh ofthe reinforcement zone, mm = 0 JanT Fe = radius of curvature of external contoured portion of outlet measured inthe plane Containing the axes ofthe run and branch pipe, subject tothe limitation in ems eo), 1 = hnalfwidth of reinforcement zone, which i equal to Ds, mm Ty = nominal wal thickness of branch pipe, excluding corrosion/ersion allowance, mm To = corroded/eroded finished wal thickness of extruded outlet, measured ata height equal to ‘above the outside of run pipe, mn T= nominal wal thickness of run ppe, excluding corosionerosien allowance, mm = design wall thickness of branch pipe, excluding corrsion/eresion allawance, mm = design wal thickness of run pipe, excluding corosionerosion allowance, mm €} The radius of curvature shall be not less than 0.05 J, except that fr ranch pipe sits larger than 762:mm OD, it need not exceed 40 mm, June 2015 02015054 croup 101 928 4) The radius of curvature shal be not greater than 0.10 d plus 10 mm for branch pipe szes 219.1 mm 00 ot larger, and not greater than 30 mm for branch pipe sies smaller than 219.1 mm 0, 18) Where the external contoured portion contains more than one radius the radu of any are sector ‘of approsimstely 45° shall meet the equlrements of tems e) anf). 1h) Machining ral not be employed in order to meet the requirements of tems e) and? 1) The minimum required reinforcement area, Ay, shal be as determined using the following formula: Ag=K{t-* 0) ‘where K- = 1.00for d/0 ratios greater than 0.60, K = 01604 (2/3 x 4/0) for d/D ratios greater than 0.15, up to and including 0.60 K = 0.70%or 4/0 ratios equal to or less than 0.15 |) The reinforcement ara shall be equal to or greater than Anand shall be the sum of areas A, A, and As, which are as follows |) Axis ths area lying within the reinforcement zone resulting from any excess thickness avalabie in the run pipe wal, ie, Aix DalT,~t); 1) Aas ths area ving within the reinforcement zone resulting from any excess thickness avalaie in the branch pipe wall Le, Aa = 2s ~ tl ti) Asis ths area yng within the reinforcement zoe resulting from exces thickness availabe in the extruded outlet lip, Le, Ay = 2elTo~ To. 1K) Multiple outets shal be reinforced as specified In Clause 4.3.20, excep thatthe reinforcement area shal be as specified in item _ 43.18 Pressure design for components — Welded branch connections G There is a commentary available for this Clause. ‘Welded branch connections shall be designed as specified inthe following tems) tod, whichever is applicable, as given in Table 4.6. Where reinforcement is required, such connections shall also be ‘esigned as specfied in the following items e} and: here practical, smoothly contoured, wrought steel tes and crosses of proven design or integrally reinforced extruded outlet headers shall be used. Where iis not practical 9 use such tees, cesses, or Feaders, the reinforcement shall bea complete encirclement type (see Figure 4.3). \Where the encircling reinforcement is thicker than the run pipe wall and its ends are to be welded tothe run ape the ends shall be tapered toa thickness not in excess af two times the run pipe wall thickness, and continuous filet wes shall be made, Pads, partial saddles, and other types of| localizes enforcement shall not be allowed, 102 o201scsa cron sine 018 004s tlandga pine stems } Where the branch pipe diameter is such that a localize typeof reinforcement would extend round more than one-half ofthe circumference af the run pipe, one ofthe following shall be sed I} acompete encirclement type of reinforcement; il) a smoothly contoured wrought steel tee or cross of proven design; or i) an extruded outlet header 4) Relnforcements shall be designed as specified In Clauses 4.3.19 and 4.3.20, Table 4.6 Design of welded branch connections (Gee Clause 43.18) ‘Applicable Item in Clause 43.18 Ratio of nominal branch diameter to Ratio of design hoop stress _ominal run diameter tospecified minimum yield Less than 0.25 toless 0.50 or strength for therun pipe 0.25 than 0.50 greater ‘Under 02 3) ry 4, D2orgreater bho Ey} By * For gos pipelines where the ratio of design hoop stress to speed minimum yl strength for the rm pe I est than 25, any typeof enforcement tht ia specie in Cluses 43.19 and 8.320 maybe used. Note: “Nominal diameter” means the nominal sof the matching tng Jue 2015 02015034 Group 103 206215 tae gos tine seme Figure 4.2 Integrally reinforced extruded outlet headers (Gee Clause 43.17) 104 2015054 croup sane 2013 82.8 Ot and. gs pptne ystems Figure 4.3 Details for opeaings with complete encirclement types of reinforcement (Gee Clause 43.18) ptonal Lenght mo belated Sleeve spat Note: Since the li pressures entended on bath sides Not: Provide vent lente renforcement to reve (the pe undo the tee tte pine does nat pnade. leakage in the weld ning the branch and ran ies ‘eiforcement ‘and a provide venting during welding and heat ‘weotng operation. See Clouse 4.3.19] Not equied forte type Sodle and seve type Seale toe” * Stub welts shll be 05 shown i Figure 75 Jane 2015 ©2015 054 Gowp 105 sans it anégosppatine tems 4.3.19 Pressure design for components — Reinforcement of single openings ‘There fs commentary available for ths Clause, "where welded branch connections are made to pipe In the form ofa single connection, orn manifolds _35 a saris of connections (see Clause 4.3.20, the design shall be adequate to contro the stress levels ‘within safe lis. The fllowing Items 2) tok) provide design rules based upon the stress intensification ‘created bythe existence ofa hole in an otherwise symmetrical pipe, but donot take into account stresses induced by other loads such as those due to thermal effects, mass, and vibration; the overall ‘design shall take such stresses into account: 2) The reinforcement required for welded branch connections shall be determined bythe rule that ‘the metal area avaiable as reinforcement in the reinforcement zone [se item d)] shall be equa to ‘or greater than the minimum required reinforcement area spacified in tem b} and shown in Figure 4a, 1b) The minimum required relaforcement area shall be determined by using the following formula An= Dart, where ‘Ay = minimum requited reinforcement area, min? = length ofthe finshed openinginthe un pipe wal, measured paral o the ns ofthe run pipe, mm te = design wall thickness ofthe run pipe, mm ©) Except as limited by item e}, the area in the reinforcement zone available as reinforcement shall be ‘the sum of the cross-sectional area resting from any excess thickness avallable in the run pipe wall thickness, the cross-sectional area resulting from any excess thickness avalable inthe branch pipe wall thickness, and the cross-sectonal area of any added reinforcing metal, including weld meta 4) The reinforcement zone shall be a rectangle with dimensions as shown in Figure 4.4 ©) Where the reinforcement materials ar of lower strength than the run pipe, the applicable areas auailable 2s reinforcement shal be proportionately decreased; however, where the reinforcement ‘materials are of higher strength than the run pipe, such applicable areas shall not be altered. 1) The-ue of pod- and sadele-type reinforcements having strengths differing from those ofthe run pipe shall be limited to those reinforcing materials having welding qualities comparable to those of the run pipe, 8) Where reinforcements are used that cover the weld joining the branch and run pipes, a vent hole shall be provided in the reinforcement to reveal leakage and to provide venting uring welding and heat-ereatng operations. Vent holes shall be plugged during service to prevent crevice corrosion between the pipe and reinforcements; such plugging materials shall not be capable of sustaining pressure within the crevice. hy Ribs and gussets shall not be considered as contributing othe reinforcement of branch ‘connections 1) Branen pipes shall be attached by welds forthe ful thickness ofthe branch or run pipe wall plus 2 fillet weld (UW), a8 shown in Figure 7-5. The use of concave filet welds i preferred to minimize ‘comer stress concentrations. Pad and saddle reinforcements shall be attached as shown in Figure 7.4, Where fl filets ae not used, the edges ofthe reinforcement shall be relieved or ‘chamfered at approximately 45" to merge with the edge of the iets 1) Reinforcement pads and saddles shall be accurately ited tothe parts to whlch they ae attached. Figure 7. illustrates some acceptable forms of reinforcement. i) Branch pine connections attached at angles less than 85° to the run pipe are progressively weaker ‘as the ange is decreased, Such designs shall be given indvdual study and sufficient reinforcement 106 ©2015 634 coup use 2015 shall be provided to compensate forthe inherent weakness, Where enctcing ribs are used to Support the flat or re-entrant surfaces, their strengthening effects may be taken ino account. Note: Patil ib, taps, and gussets shuld not be used since tres concentrations new thelr ends can defeat thet renfrcng value reat Reinforcement of branch connections (Gee Clause 43.19) eee - ar a Si 2 Sibymnunenen or oe ol hin fxd reoemert mm foreman re AO? eval rotate agar yet A Pepa seit) iso © 2 Soames cenmpoe ne + Seater toara ope June 2015 ©2015 034 70 407 0245 ia ge iene te 4.3.20 Pressure design for components — Reinforcement of multiple openings Reinforcement of utile openings sal be subject tothe following provisions: 4)” Where two or more adjacent branch pipes are spaced between centres at less than 2 times thelr average outside diameter (0 that their effective areas of relnforcement overlap, the group of ‘openings shall be reinforced a seciied in Clauses 4.3.18 and & 3.19. The reinforcing metal shall be aided a a combined reinforcement, te strength of which shall beat least equal tothe combined strengths ofthe renfercements that would be required forthe separate openings Portions of cross-sections shall nat be considered to apply to more than one opening, oF be ‘evaluated more than once ina combined area b} Where possible, wnere more than two adjacent openings are to be provided witha combined reinforcement, the minimum dsance between centres of any two ofthese openings stall be equal to.at least 1.5 times their average outside diameter andthe area of reinforcement between them shall beat last 50% othe total require for these two openings en the cross-section being considered, ©) Where two adjacent openings, a5 described in item b) have aestance between centres ess than 11.33 times thelr average diameter, no creit for reinforcement shall be ven for any ofthe metal between such openings 48) Any numberof closely spaced acjacent openings, any arrangement, may be reinforced a ifthe lroup were treated as one opening ofa dameter enclosing all such openings. 444 Valve location and spacing ‘There isa commentary avaliable for ths Clause. Note: Fr provisions for sour servic ipenes, see Clause 169.23. 44a Isolating valves shall be installa for the purpose of isolating the pipeline for maintenance and for ‘response to operating emergencies. 442 Valves shall beat locations accessible to authorized personnel and protected from damage or tampering, and shall be suitably support to prevent cifferental settlement and movement ofthe attached piping 443 Except for multiphase pipelines, ofeld water pipelines, and gas pipelines, isolating valves shall be installed on lateral lines connected te mainlines. 444 Except as allowed by Clause 4,45, in determining the number and spacing of sectionaliing valves to be installed, f any, the company shall perform an engineering assessment that gives consideration to Felevant factors, suchas 5) the nature and amount of service fluid released due to repair and maintenance blowdowns, leaks, or ruptures b) the time to blowdown or drain cown an isolated section; 16} the effect on inhabitants in the area ofthe blowcdown gas release (eg, nuisance and any hazard resulting from prolonged blowdewns); 4) _cominuity of service; operating and maintenance flexbilty ofthe sytem; 108 2015094 Group jane 2015 1982.8 tnd pu pplne stems 4) future development within the valve spacing section inthe vicinity ofthe pipeline; and €@) significant conditions that could adversely affect the operation and security ofthe pipeline 448 In absence ofan engineering assesment conducted in accordance with Clause 4.44, the spacing of valves inthe pipeline shal be as given In Table 4.7, but may be adjusted by upto 25% based upon factors such as operational, maintenance, access, and system design considerations. Table 4.7 Valve spacing, kam (See Clause 445.) ‘Type or Maximum valve spacing, km pipeline Class ilocation Class 2 location Cl GeO 25 2 Hv NR 8 3 ve NR NR ir CO; NR 5 5 446 For HVP and carbon dioxide pipelines, sectionaliing valves shall be located outside cites, town, and villages, atthe transition from Class 1 to a higher class location AAT For HVP and carbon dioxide pipeline, in locations where a fllure would constitute an extrzordinary hazard sectionalzing valves shall be equipped for erate operation and the maximum spacing between such valves shal not exceed 15 km. Note: Estraordnary hazed can exist in ors Such os major Industral completes, commercio navigable waters ‘and densely populated areas. 448 For HVP and carbon dioxide pipelines, emergency connections to facitate depressuring or evacuating, ‘r both, an isolated section of pipeline shall be provided on both sides of, and adjacent to, sectlonalizing valves, The capacity of such connections shal be adequate for emergency conditions 449 For HVP and LvP pipelines, valves shall be stalled on both sides of major water crossings and st other locations appropriate forthe terrain in order to limit damage from accidental discharge, Notes: 1) Consideration shoud be aven tothe installation of check aves to provide automate lockage ofthe eine. 2), Amojor water eressing meonso water cosing tha inthe event of on uncontrolled product release poses ¢ ‘Sania isk to the public oF the environment fone 2015 © 2015 6s Group 109 weess a ga pine tes 44.10 Forgas pipelines, blowdown valves shall be located so thatthe sections of transmission ines between sectionalizing valves canbe blown down. Sizes and capacities of the connections for blowing down ‘transmission lines shall be such that under emergency condltions, the sections canbe rapidly blown down Locations of blowdown valves shal be such that the gas can be biown tothe atmasphere without undue hazard. 4.5 Selection and limitation of piping joints 4.5.1 Buttwelded joints 4514 ‘uttwelded joints shall be as specified In Clauses 7.2 to 7.1. ASAD Consideration shall be given to avoiding welding stresses that can result in damage to any cement mortar ning, 4513 ‘where pining containing partial: penetration welds required by design isto be installed, the stress and strain effects Inthe weld zone shal be considered for design, constuction, and operating conditions, and appropriate measures shall be taken, 4.5.2 Threaded joints “Threaded pipe-to-pipe and pipe-to-component joint shall not be used for 2) permanently buried inetallations, excep for auxiliary joints (such 35 drains, valve body bleeds, and Instrument taps) rectly nto components; ) pipe larger than 114.3 mm OD; ©) pipe larger than 60.3 mm OD with a maximum operating pressure greater than 35 MPa; or 4) ing in HVP or COs service, except for joins in instrument piping Notes: 4) Threaded joints shouldbe ovoid where crevice corason severe eeson, cyl lading, bending, or unusvo} loosing eandtions con ocur 2) Ferlinitaion for sour serve pipelines, sce ouse 163.5. 4.5.3 Sleeve, coupled, mechanical interference fit, and other patented joints 453.4 Sleeve, coupled, mechanical interference fi, and ather patented joints shall not be used in HVP and CO; pipeline systems. 453.2 sleeve, coupled, mechanical interference fit, and other patented Joins may be used in LP pipeline systems, provided that, where applicable 43) the materials are qualified as spectied in Clause 5.3; 5) a sample of the type of joint to be used has been proof tested under simulated service conditions Incorporating anticipated vibration, cyele operation, low temperature, thermal expansion and ‘other such conditions; and 110 ©2015 84 rou ane 2015 ©) adequate provision is made to prevent separation ofthe join as a result of longitudinal or lateral ‘movement that would exceed the capability of the Joining members, 4533 Mechanical interference fit joints may be used in gasp installed ina Class 1 location, systems, provided that such oits are 4.5.4 Additional requirements for mechanical interference fit joints Note: Fr limitations for sur serie pipelines, refer to Clouse 15102 4544 ‘Mechanical interference it Joining methods shall be as spected In Clause 7.1. ASAD Piping containing mechanical interference fit jonts shall not be installed above grade, ASAS Mechanical interference it joining methods shall be used only on electri. welded or seamless pipe Note: Wren ordering loner ppe that wil subsequently be subjected to plat deformation n preparation for ‘mechanical interference fining, designer hou consider supplementing the ple purchate speciation with ‘edadtonal requirements, ugh os te following: 2) vghter dimensional tolerances: 8b) duct testo inreased minimum elongation requirement for tensile tss: )_ limits on he inside ond cuside eight of the weld flash of eee welded pipe; ond 4) an upper init on yield strength, 4544 Designers shall take into consideration the tens, torsional, and compressive strengths of the ‘mechanical interference fit joint and the effect of torsional and bending loads onthe joint, 4SAS Piping containing mechanical interference fit joints shall not be subjected to service conditions that can adversely affect the performance of the joint. 4SAG Mechanical terference fit joints shall nat be used to jon similar pipe materials 4.6 Flexibility and stress analysis — General stress design 4.6.1 Applicability ‘The general stress design criteria for pipeline systems inthis Standard ae limited to elastic tress ‘analysis forthe design condition in Clause 4.2 and provide design specications for 2) design wal thickness; 1) maximum allowable temperature differential in restrained section; «}__ maximum allowable freely supported spans for anally estrained sections 42) minimum required feb in partly or fully unrsteined sections, fe) _ maximum allowable support spacings for stress design of unrestrained sections; and 4) maximum allowable cold sprung reactions an equipment attached to flexible piping. June 205 (©2015 c84 crop m1 4.6.2 Stress design of restrained and unrestrained portions of pipeline systems Due tothe fundamental diferences in leading conitions and structural behaviour for restrained portions cf pipeline systems and unrestrained portions not subject to substantial aa restrain, Gitferen Its for allowable longitudinal expansion stresses and analysis methods are necessary, and such mits and methods shall be as specified in Causes 47 and 48. Note: nhs Standart, “unrestrained means that the pipe obe fo stan olng its length and move lateral. pe that does rot meet both ofthe above requirements efered to as restrained” Typcly eng sralgh lengths of buried ppe and eboveground pie on closely spaced rgd supports oe cased as restore, whereas buried pipelines adjacent to bends or anchored end ops con be regarded os resto!ned or unresaine, depending on peciccreumstances 4.6.3 Discontinuity stresses “Theses: design criteria in this Standard are nat applicable to gross structural dlscontinutles such as ‘those thar ate present at small attachments and patial-penetation welds The designer shall provide protection against membrane, ratcheting, and fatigue flue fo discontinuity conditions, using sound engineering practices. Note: For hick oll components the equivalent mon dlometer pressure. desion formula aud tres its or ‘design bossd on stress anos rom the ASME Boer ond Pressure Vesel ade, Section Vl Dison 2, may be ve. 4.64 Supplemental stress design Supplemental structural limit erteria as described in Clause 4.3.1 shall be glen dus consideration for Installation, pressure testing, operation, monitoring, and maintenance, “The hoop stress wed in stress analyse for any location onthe pipeline system shal be calculated using the folowing formula where 5) = hoop stress, MPa P= design pressure, MPa 1D = outside diameter of pipe, mm fe pipe nominal wal thickness less allowances specified in Clause 43.10, mm Flexibility calculations shall be based upon the modulus of elasticity atthe lowest expected pipe temperature. For carbon and high-strength lwalloy steels for temperatures up te 230°C, the following values may be used: 23) 207 200 MPa forthe modulus of elasticity (&) 1) 1210-6" for the linear coefficient of thermal expansion (a); and ©) 03 for Poisson's ratio (Uy), 4,7 Flexibility and stress analysis — Stress design for restrained portions of pipeline systems Note: nthe flowing equations, compressive testes ave negative and tensile stresses re posive Inthe algebrae equation. 42 © 2015654 Croup Jane 2015 meats tangs pptine yates 4.7.1 Combined hoop and longitudinal stresses Uniess special design measures are implemented to ensure the stability ofthe pipeline, the hoop stress «ue to design pressure combined withthe net longitudinal stress due tothe combined elects of pipe temperature changes and intemal fui pressure shal e limited in accordance withthe folowing formule: 5y~5.s0.905xT Note: Tis formula does not oppy ifs postive, tension) where 5» = hoop stress due to design pressure, MPa, as determined using the formula given in Clause 4.6.5 5. = longitudinal compression stess, MPa, as determined using the following formula $= Wi-Falh-T) were v= Poissons ratio Fe + modulus of clatcty of steel, Pa linear coefficient of thermal expansion, “C-! Te_= maximum operating temperature, °C Ty = ambient temperature at tine of restraint °C = specified minimum yield strength, MPa T= temperature factor (see Clause 4.3.9) 4.7.2. Combined stresses for restrained spans 4724 For those portions of restrained pipelines that are freely spanning or supported above ground, the combined stress shal be limited in accordance with the fllowing formula Sy-S.45ee5e7 where 5x = hoop stress due to design pressure, MPa, a5 determined csing the formula given in Clause 46.5 51 = longitudinal compression stress, MPa, as determined using the formula given in Clause 4.7.1 y= absolute value of beam bending compression stresses resting from live and dead loads, MPa pected minimum yield strength, MPa temperature factor (see Clause 4.3.9) 2 ‘The maximum beam bending compressive stress shall be calculated using a beam column analysis oF ‘other acceptable method and the stablity of such fre spans shal be checked to ensure thatthe axial ‘compressive load due to pressure plus postive temperature efferent less than 0.8 ofthe elastic critical Bucking oad, ss 4.7.3 Anchors and restraints Expansion of partial restrained buried pipelines can cause unacceptable movement, stressor strain at points where such pipelines terminate, change direction, or change ste Uness such unacceptable die 2005 ©2015 034 croup 113 0238 it ond ge iene tes ‘movements are restrained by suitable anchors or ground restralnt, necessary fesbilty shall be provid, 4.8 Flexibility and stress analysis — Stress design for unrestrained portions of pipeline systems 48.1 Unrestrained portions of pipeline systems shall be designed to have sufficient fexbilty to prevent ‘thermal expansion and contraction from causing excessive stresses inthe piping material, excessive bending and unanual loads tls, on undesirable ores ad omens at points uf cunmeuton t lequifment, anchorage points, and guide points. 482 Where thermal expansion and contraction are expected to occur exbilty shal be provided by the use of bend, loops, or offset, or provision shal be made to absors thermal strains by expansion joints oF couplings ofthe sip joint or bellows type. Where expansion joints are used, anchors or ties of sufficient Strength and rgicity shal be installed to withstand end forces due to fluid pressure nd other eases, 483 The stresses due to thermal expansion for those portions of pipeline systems without axial restraint shall be combined in accordance with te fllowing formula: geasit? east where hermal expansion stress range, MPa Sy = 58" e rasan bering stress MPO 5; = M3

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