= AL biological Cplants, animals, micro-organisms ete) and Physical CSoil, Water, air, sunlight ete-) Surroundmgs “around us create ouy environment: = ALL interacting organisms in an arca together with non-living Constituents Of the environment form an ecosystem: Types of Ecosystem -Natuzal Ecosystem = It exists in nature without any human interference: e Eq: Pond, River, Fovest - Antificial Erosystem =Made by humans their on wae ot Fe e Eq 2 Aquarium, Garden Biotic components. Lliving Component s] [Non- Living components] = All the living organism of a = Alicclimatic factors like rain, certain arca® Like plants, animals humidity , temperature inorganic humans, microbes ete Substances ike Oxygen, nitrogen ete: eeeeeeeeeeee Seecceeeeeeeeee | Producers Consumers Decomposers- ea= Organism which can prepare their own food from simple inorganic Substances like Carbon dioxide and water by using Suntight energy in the presence of Chlorophyll = Eq Green plants and certain blue-green algae = Those organisms which consume food prepared by producers are Called consurners- = Those animals which =Those animals which Those animals which cats only plants cat only other animals cat both plants and as food: animals: = Eq: Goat, Sheep, Deer, nel ete: Eq Lion, Tiger ete: SEq Mam, Dog, Crow ete Decomposers. = Micro: organism that break down the complex organic compounds present “in dead organism into simpler substances: = Eq Certain bacteria and Fungi food Chain = The flow of nutyients and energy from ont organism to another at different ‘trophic levels forms**a’ food Chain: = Food chain represents a Single unidirectional transfer of energy: = Food chain starts with producer:Plant Producer) 1 Grasshopper CHerbivore) 4 (Carnivore) | CTop carnivore) food Weh ap» eas Lig aft ie f@) a grassiand and (c) in a pond = Several Interconnected food chains forms a food web- = single food chain doesn't naturally Occur im an ecosystem:= The various steps in a food chain at which the transfer of food Cox energy) takes place are Called trophic levels: (Producer) ¢ Primary (Secondary Certiar consumer ) consumer ) consuntr) “LTrophic level 11 Trophic level INT Trophic level IV Trophic level — There are generally a greater number of individuals at thd lower tvophic levels ‘of an ecosystem , the greatest number is of producers ~The energy transfer is never (007: - Thus, esive trophic level recieves lessey ¢ach Si energy than previous resulting ma pyramid shape: Figure 15.2 « Trophic levels Ten Pex Cent Lavy a particular trophic level = Only 10 per cent of the energy enteyi orga t a for travdfer to the next higher Of S organisms is available trophic. level: Se —@- 17 lof lor a Plants ——> Deer ——> lion loot loy ITBi min = Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of a toxic chemical im the tissue of a’ particular organism: = It occurs in a Single organism over lifetime X Pesticides —> ( \ =~ ds \I N ee = Biomi ification refers to the merase in concentration of of harmful chemic&l ° subst oe in fhe body of |i ving organism at ‘cach trophic lee Of @ food chain: = It expands over different trophic levels: = Organism at the higher trophic levels have higher Concentration of such Chemicals e Eq: In the below case, man will have the highest arnount of pesticides, Pesticides Soil ——> Plants —» Herbivore ——> Man‘Ozone layer Depletion. = Oxone molecule is made up of 3 atoms of oxygen combined together C03) = Oxone layer protects the life on earth from harmful ultraviolet radiations coming "from sun: = Ultraviolet rays can cause skin cancer: How Ozone is formed : = Ozone is formed high up in the atmosphere by the action of ultraviolet radiation ‘on oxygen’ gas o, —*>0+0 0+0, 30, (Ozone) Reason of Oxone Depletion: = Chloroflurocarbon CCFC) is one of the major chemicals that deplete the ozone layer: CFC is found in’ coolant, fire extinguisher ete: “Effart to protect ° = In 1984, United Nations Environment Programme CUNEP) forged an agreement among its member countries “to freexe CFC prodliction:= Wastes that can be broken Wastes that can't be broken down down by biological Processes by biological Processes e Eq Vegetable waste, paper cups, Eg: Polythe bags , artificial rubber, ne Kuthad etc: 4 ete Managernent : Disposal Methods. = These ate landfills , incineration , composting 1 Sewage treatment , Tecycling ete Efforts on individual level. © Reduce, Reuse and Recycle = Proper waste disposal “methods should be followed: = Use of Clay made cups or paper cups over plastic cups © Cloth, jute? or paper cups Should be used