oe pe US) William Henry ‘Scott 1S) PPB areveo oe manta versie essTopi ie Eases ei sopee Tp SaaS n a of Cager 5 inion Get 1205) setae Ppa ‘Mate on the Coy aro iis ae Spa tS nc pawn 1 ak) Isa 71-2809 i) Contents Foren) i ‘he Wind “Banngsy» The Wn ing” » The ipne Pape The gw Wave Migsion They Pippin Language il oa Ory PART I The Visayas ee eet ising Ba as Fenn» Rt Cs» Sao» Banna Ving Reming Terms Come» iso ishing» Donte Anais» Coking Pet Nat» Dig on rig Ding gute fmankng« Woadaobng = Avie ® Ba ling ay ng ing ee ate Bde 38‘HAPTER & RELIGION m Sane Spas ss ie Se ir» Omen Slowmines The ee . The Alphabet + Laterabee Epics» Flore + Shs nstrasarnts a! Maa» Bnei ® Gs nd Cain ‘Broivonment © Heath ond Hygiene « Aiwents» Teatment Tntrong» Wi on Weer» Sowanship. Sons and Daggers © Spears = Mises » Difsoe Arms » Wovfre ‘open Cis o Ws» Sty ond Fs Sa Rang Info Pe Past pe Hes PART2 Mindanao and Luzon Caaey pute Dept» Epic Clin © Sgt ‘Kode = Drinking» Sal Sc» gon © The Apa» Woe “he Tagal's Wonk» Tecblogy » Trade * The Alphabet curren 12: TAGALOG SOCIETY AND RELIGION 27 Kap «Sua Sucre Land nd Pony» Maj» gon ‘Pampanga Caltire © Pempange Low * Lawauts © Pangasinan Clare ‘APTER 4: NORTHERN LUZON, ea “eft Cagayan Care Avcrwond 272 + Notes 277 © Bbllogrpica sey 282 SThography 2a * tndex 900 Foreword Wilitn Henry Scot (1921-1998), distinguished historian and em nentscholr, pats usin considerable debt withthe publication of Barges: Sven Cintry Php Cale avd Saat. By bringing wo the fore the patie inhabits ofthe archipelago who in colonial documents and say eve in histrial wt are relegated tothe backgyound, Scot ills an Sgregious lack, The book isan ethnography of sixcenth-centiry Pipe Jpoe commonities that anewers the quesion: What di the Spaniars tually say about the Flpino peope When they fst met them? ‘Scot ested his information to anave the question fom an extensve Iibliographi tase. A ijorchaer of hs xourees isthe historial doc nents published in ie collections The fir three are the colecons de oconeis ini (cllestons of unpublished documents, cited inthis Hone 18 CDIA, CDI, and CVD), published bythe Spanish government nin in 1825 with Martin Ferman Navarete's ve volumes and ttlng sixty vltmerty 1982 The fourth collection Brand Robertson's he Phijpeelionds, 1593-1898 BR, Hityve volumes transations into Engh The fi cllction isthe ongoing Histo dela Poin gustniona Sn. Nombre des de pins (HPAP) By Ico Red{guee wth volume 20 being ne most recent. In aon to dese published collections iwide array of ich other published and unpul Mave secounts, navigational Togs, eters. sermon books, catechism ports and diconaries ‘Disionares igure tnportanely i this book. tn the sete tere were bout milo tn shal ates and only a small nomber Imisionaries, Aware afthe aewtenbalancehetween their ura th Stihe nate population and the enormous challenge in teaching d ‘ates the Spanis language, the Spin mnlssionares decided o comm pate inthe Hcl langvages They alcufated hat icwas moc ecient fo them w lear dhe lal angusges tan to teach Spanish to the ent nay population. A consequence ofthe dedson was serious efforts toad th Prati of tots tad of teaching mionares the local anguages ‘Rong these tool ete Spaniarvernaula,vernacular-Sparisditona jex Some comprising more than seven hundred printed pages, thes “iedonaries nt ony fst hndeeds of lal words bu alo provide inthe losses samples of acta sage of Ue words. va way not pose or Ether sources, these dictionaries open for usa window to how things we perceived in fea categories The Sinche Samareo detionary gives th [ses of the moor for every diya the month; the Lisboa Biko eionary defines the pats ote backtrap loom the Méntrida Hiigayo tlictionary contains the most extensive glossary of seafaring terms. And the San enaventaraagaley ditonary ede ecographic da fond i howe of the necounte—detais of technology and industry, commer Contractsand interest rates head aking and pulerty es, mortar etal find sexe mores. Th elhnogsapy of sxtreni-century Philippines covers wide ge graphical termain, Due to the spread of avaiable sources and the chron ‘py of Spanish activites inthe east Yeas of colonization, the chapters the Vieyan islands comprise the most substantial portion of the boob Tom and Mindanao, however, also get proporsionate atenion dl can ff ofthe book proves rcy of wets outie ofthe Vis {he ina of Mnanao, the Cagayan Val, de Bikol pentasi, ant {errtoryof Fpl, ampanga,Pungsinan commonites. Scott had no {ova chaper on the Hos uti passing away prevented is completion, ‘an impresine rage of topics rete inthe book. Tae eco on ingen for insances dacumes physica! appearance, fod and fain Tres an commerce, religion, tera ad entertainment, cara thee, soial ongasizition, nd wart. Bren more impressive that Famge of topic isthe dre of detain wach the topics ate explored Under de eang of Visa pyscl appearance the Book deseibesan analyzes decorative dents, skull moulding, pens pins, ctcumsion, ea preing, a, lthing,jeeiy, and tatooing The treatment ofeach ite Poca a far asthe cocmentsaliow nthe ete of ttnoing, or example, Boe examines various aspect of the eitom such at who wore tattoos yh, when, and on which pars ofthe body they were applied who actualy applied thers whac were te regionalvatatons what Fs to heal they posed, Most important ofall, the author explain what tattoos meant Eeeey. If he information Sco gathered ogee in is hook representative otwhat the Spaniards said about the natives iis leaethat they said quite ‘That — tea, quite ator more than s normally ipposed. A cae ca be Ia thatthe Spaniards crefuly wok note of dete inthe native word {as to destroy or transform nase culture the more thorough. But preening from ther motives, the Spaniards collected data that 20% low to attempt a description ofthe natie wold. ‘Spanish documentary sources were prsivt ofthe colonial machinery. ‘They were wotten by Spaniards, for Spanish purpose such tang crangclition, oibutetaking. But 3s he shows in Cec én the ascent ‘stain and ter sop in Pipe stay, Scotch found way of etching “Teen glimpses of Flipines and dhe veactons to Spanish domination unintentional and merely ncdental othe purpose ofthe documenta” ‘And particularly inthis book, Scot took seriou aaable texts in the loc languages which despite dir Spanish provenance are ndigenowsin the mos asi sens. In them, dhe natives are the objects of study and of ‘oon intervention, Ye, they remain aubjecte aswell since iti they who ln de fist instance spoke the language the misionares used. The doco rents conserve the native languaging of che native worl. ‘Scot ventured to answer the question: What dd the Spaniards actually ‘eyabout the Fipino people when they fst met then? Using a wide 23) of rourees and 3 method conde fo gleaning information on mate inabitants, Scott ys out an anerer tothe question in a manner that eyralran intensely commited scholarship and a ual affecon for bisadopted people ose M. CRU, SpIntroduction ‘This book preseutsasiteentscentury Philippine ethnography ase ‘on contemporaneoss sources. Te docs aot amp to reconstruct that Soviey ly consideration of present Philippine scietics, or of fetares Telieved to be common to ll Ausuoncsan peoples. Nor docs it seck ‘Suri with neighboring cultures in Southeast Aa, ehoughe dhe raw ‘ra presented dll be fun to cholaa who might wis odo so, Rather itecck tn anwerthe question: What did the Spaniards actual say about the Flipino people when they Gxt met ther? Is hoped that the ance tothat question wil permit Flipino readers today to payavicatiows i 0 the land of their ancestors four centri go. History texts in ute de Pilippine school sem generally include chapter on pre ispanicsocietyand eulture dried om ie main sources tvalablen English nthe monumental Bair ant Roberson compendium fteansltions, Phe Phin lands 1493-1888: these ae AntonioP atta’ account ofthe Magellan voyage, Miguel de Laura's 1582 Rai, fe Peels 1680 efeadaes on cision Taw and religious practices, Pedro (Chirno’ 104 Rtas and chapter Sof Antonio de Morga's 1609 Suz Unortunatly, they also make we of two swentltl-centa forgeries ati ted to xteeudscentry Diego Povedano and nineteendverntury JoseIrtratuctis Maria Pavin, and misrepresent Pero A. Montecaro's 1907 Maragaras | preHipanie document" "To the authentic dacuments may be added four other eyewiness | accounts ofthe Magellan voyage anda dozen frm the other early Spanish | tsxpaditons: The 1526 Loayea expedition touched on the east coast of | Mindanao aud Alar de Saavedra vitedStrangani Island three timesin | Tae, Four accounts ce of tem running 10 4 hundred pages, have | survive from the Roy Liper de Villalobos expedition, which spent ight | ‘en motrin Saangan, Mindanao, eye, and Samar in 1542-1545, and “Gresmnavigated both Mindanao and Samar. From the Miguel Liper de Legazpi 1563 expediion which established the Spanish colony, come a detailed sixteen mont journal, separate reports of foal products and ‘intorn anda ream of isonaryand eongulstador correspondence. And from the next centr comes Francisco Alina unpublished fourvolume “ita deo das Tord Bayes, which isialuale both forts authors feserptons of material culture and hi atempt to reconsteuct pre: | Hispanic Visayan society by iteriewing the oldest resident. | ‘Mult information can also he gleaned through what 1 have called “eracis in the parchaent curtain” in an earirexay—“ehinks, 30 10 Spea, through which fleeting gleapses of Filipinos and their reactions to Spanish ‘dsnision may be seen. uitentonal nd mesely Incidental the rpe of the document (Scott 82,1) peace pact between Magellan’ § {urivors anda Toler in Psa for esau, indicates that it was ane lated by a Spanisapesking Makasarese slave sired from a royal Luzon tessel in Borneo, Court proceedings agains hacking Masi converts Include a description of « Muslim burial, and notarized testimonies by Tliping chiefs reveal tat few of them col ign tir names. Tagalog | sermons by friar minsonaris mention dees oerwise unknown reer to the numberof days ashe i expected to work for his maser, and inveigh ‘gaint the vanity of tooth fling and eyedrow sheving. ‘But by fr the richest sourees of information on Hlipino ethnography are the early seventecnvcentary Spanish dictionaries of Philip la [guages By their ery nature, diclonaries contain more information dan {ny ther sort of iterstire or docmentaton. Moscover, since thse inthe ‘Spi colaty were compiled by mlisionares forthe we of eter mision- asthe definitions may be incorrect bat they would note deliberately ‘disembling. The Sincher Sumareho dictionary gies the phases of the | ‘moon for every day ofthe month; the Lisboa Bitolano diconary defines the part ofthe barkstrap looms the Méntrida Hiligaynon dictionary con- taint the most extensive glowiry of seafaring terms, And the San Introduction ‘Buenaventura Tagalog dictionary iadudes ethnographic data found in hone of the accounts—letall of tecology and indus, commercial ‘ontractand inereat rate, head ang and puberty ite, ar bua ad Sos mores ‘Naturally, these sources must be wed erally. Dictionary definitions ae often Unalengy biel, and the absence of parieula tema may etc the ledcographr imitations rans than the nonexistence of the ‘oneept Comments on Flipine ethics and moral are hopelesly skewed typ Spanish ethnocentric andthe reactions of aliens exoght in the grip UF ealtre aack. On the other hand, misionary veports intended for European audiences are often distorted bythe desc to prevent comets from appearing like naked waages Reports to the king on products and indus suitable for caloalalexpleitaion are obviously more reliable than thowe recounting Filipino beligerence and weacery which might ‘acs congustador brutal. Information on tate religion Is especialy problematic Direct questions about God, cteaion, the Food, dhe human foal, heaven snd ell, regulary produced obliging answers contrary «0 “tual ult practices In this dhaography, therefore, all descriptions el be thsi on 2 sates fall the woneesavalable no data willbe presente tle they accond wit chat ayes Moreover, wi few exceptions they Ail be derived fom primary sources In thet original languages, not ‘eondary sources or wanslatons, ‘Regret, hese sources contain two sigaficant heanae—lack of sta tiie and fle to coner the whole archipelago, Vil tats are com pletely waning as well figures on produesion and csttbution which foul pernitan esate of Filipino ling standards before Ub imposition DF colonial burdens. Tagalog and Vian caltore can be reeonscted ffom documents and dcionaries, but there i litle information on the peuples of nother Lamon, and hone atallon the Mindanao and Sule Sultanate, hich he Spaniards nt wsitin the sisteenth centuryexcept foe military attacks shuld so be noted thatthe Philippines was nether isolated or unchanged dng the century, A Malaceam prince founded a new sla ‘steia Maguindanso, Brome eaablshed commercial andl politcal swith ‘Mania, and Hips themselves traveled asf a8 Burma and Timor as merchants or mercenaries. Butte many Spanish an Chinese innovations Of dhe last to. decides of the century cannot be considered part of tradiional Philippine culture, though tey quickly became reared as tick, Camote and com, for example, ie mills and daft anima, were all introduce! during 2 sng feteAmong surviving sixeeuth-entiry sources, there happen to be more ‘voluminous dita on Vigan clture chan on dhe rest ofthe Philippines ‘Sombined. The Spaniard wren the Viens ity yearsbefore theyreached Liinon and they recorded thelr ebxerations with dhe enthisasa of new discoveries Loare’s Reon was wrten in Doll, and Alina’s Hisera in Leyte and Samar, Mateo Sinchr's Vnayan dictionary writen in Dagan, Leyes dhe best ofthe ety Spanish lsicons and can be mapplemented bythe cowterporay Panay dionary of Alonso Méntida. Hower, this dheumentary concentration may be seen 2 fortuitous aeedent for our purposes, Vegan culture and laaguages are the most widely disperse in the archipelago, and Leyte and Samar are the islands farthest removed FRom dzet Aten contac tis therefore possible to regard the ciation portrayed these sures tsa kind of ate Philippine society and culture, “Thivaneen dseibution of data hae siggested the plan of thisbook. Part | deseries Visayan ere eight chapters on physical appearance, food and faring, tes and comocre, eigion, erature and entertainment Iatiral science, soil organtation, and warfare Part 2 surveys the rest of the archipelago from south tonort—Aindanao, Biko, Tagalog, Pampas, Pangasinan, floes, Igorot, and Cagayan, With the exception of Tagalog sie, these geetons contain oly bref notices dc eter toa paulo ‘data or because there i no ned to repeat feats aleady desrbed at Inortusion covery of an ancient beat i Buuaa, to a bastardized Philipine ers, ‘palangay” which has gained popular x now in ay Piippine language ney though ao sich word ie "he the Spaniards reached Laon, they found this word for boat also ‘ing une forthe salest politcal unitof Tagalog society. Pancisan far lan de Plscncin (158%, 239) deseribed i follows: "Tossa ere chiebofbaen peo sanyas unde nesandeven seth hyn tht Taps, barangay: And whats om {Sveti niger cen ae pret roe ‘gee be Mao hen they ce oil te head barney when Fesint anderen ody tttcerained ac one oleate song) {cami of pretrand trensves ilies” No doubi, dhe ancestors of the Taglogs reached the archipelago in ‘oats, bt eis hardly ely tha Tagalog communities could have rai {dine hei ducrete hota dentinesaesoscenturesand millenia. Bat the choice ofthe text, ad the explanation fort would have reinforced the perception of exch community bstoically distinct from aloes, and Tegitmized is captain's claim to personal allegiance. "Thete to meaningvof the word laengaycllatenton toto important craterities ofthe sxteethecentry Pppines not characteristic of te fmentethdependence on boats and highly men “Marangay” therefore not aa inappropriate ie fo sa Pi pine wcley and eat in the teenth extn. "With dhe excepto of parte populations inhabiting the interior moun tain ranges, ll ixteenscentury Pipinos lied on the seacoast oF the Inks of navigate lakes and steams. The ony means of tansportation vere boats there inno evidence of wheeled vehicles or drat animals length in part I-A afterword has en aed to examine the survival of Sxteenh-eentiry minorities, And 2 bbllographic essay locates and de- serie the books source, ‘The Word “Barangay” Barengey, o€ blag, was one of the rt itive words dhe Spaniards reamed in the Philippines, When Antonio Piaf, Magelin's Kalan ‘Srpedidonary ethnographer, went ashore wo parley with che ruler of Timasa, they st together faa bose drawn upon shore which Pgafta {(152Ib, 118) calle a tlongot. This word appears a ether falagey oF orange, with the same menning, in ll the major lnguages ofthe Pulp patente caries Spans dictionaries make It elear that mas pr ounce “hatngay, "not adanggy-" tale worth noting ha Piatt Fecorced the word ott a alongs ands dalghe, which, ofcourse, he would have pronounced the same since Ceian had no beso. Unfort | ‘tly dhs orthographic oy gave birth n 1976, wth dhe archaeological “Traers and valders frends and foecromed from one ide ofarier tthe ‘the by boat, fom sand to sand, and bewween iene ports the same ‘sand. Communities were connected, not separate, DY water: it war by rater that they exchanged foodstls, manfred wares, and foreign Import The eventsl clearing of of interior forests ad the opening of ‘ew land tthe plow and popuiaton expansion may be seen as an ema ‘Gpation from the laitatons of the older boat culture. But the new ‘ronomy ws dependent, and stil, on an overland road gjstem period lly interrupted by dhe desouetion of bridges across waterway ‘ce the arteries Filipino clue, chanelsfor the move ‘ood, and ideas, not obsaces ttt were people,Iratcion Taga tarangay waa group of people ued over byone dt. wy him ine owed logan nt toa mii province, thrnelves, This wt te even in dhe Mus sleanates in the south dl ‘tan ele dats bat hey in ten eed their own eoramuites. At Manila became the sex of colonial goverament, dhe word spre witht “Tagalog weaning to other par ofthe achipelag where it meant a Boat inthe lca languages. “The Spaniads etaiaed both the fem and the iesition as 2 conven jen means of collecting bute throngh barangay heads. It should be noted, hawever, that the word contiated mean the people, not the place, Up tothe end of de Spanish regime, tptinmal egbcersidentited ‘onsite parents not by their place of residence but as belonging tothe trrangay of Don Soandso, some member ofthe lca gentry OF eoue, Imembers ofthe sme bartgay wally Hed ithe sume place, but not recap they sometimes Yer ferent Laws and oocasoned jurisdic Sonal disputes between tute collectors. Recent the term has been {evived by the Philippine government to replace the colonial term Bari, ‘despite the irony ofthe mative wor’ orginal meang—a political un Toya to Joel bss, ‘Dre Word “Filipino” When Spanish expeditionary commander Ruy Lopez de Vilatobi sealed she Philippines in 1942, he named the stands of Leste and Samar ipa fter the young prince who would become King Philip Th, fom sich the later colony would be called Lar dar Mipins. The Spaniards Sled the noives of the archipelago indy, compounding Chisopher Golub’ wellknown erorof thieking he had reached the Orient dat {svthe Inder ~in dhe Canibenn, But when itwarecesy to distinguish the indios of the Philippine rom those of the Ameren, dey were called Filipinos. So Pedro China's 1OD4Ralen hat achapter on "The food and terms courtesy and gost manners ofthe lipinos” (Chino 100, 38). fd Juan Francico de San Antonio devotes a chapter ot his 1738 Cris to he letters, languages, and poltenes ofthe Papinas” San Antonio 1738, 10) wile Frantic Antolin aguesin 1789 tha "the ancent wealth ‘of the Philipines i meh Hike that mich dhe Tgoros have at present” {@stotin 1789, 279). In shore, the people of the Pilippines were calles Intction ior when they were practic thc om citare—or, 0p ita wm owe bo este dn ste saeco Cnty, pein in the colony Began to be ale po gnarl ten Spa orn Spain, ‘Sigetdon whch algal conc pe when speking Sys Plpinc born Spats ower tence eng cd apn by prc preening ean Aidt ofthe Ti Sl de Mr (19 18 ni pple eximats more otal ides Spaniard a pins to he folowing execs Fp ni, Eptesiipinn nd pasate cps Sn pna® alt how fran Ses goed hina ety toe wt he ests porotPip Vw Pea Vela 17 as ‘on (tones alae lipo eel ig he er che sateen. Af Rial (87 11) ido he Pialppne coma Inia, “reste Means and Malay we pty elf ores ton" whe yon eta natal oneness pate tepont peer anachroniay nyt cois Ts hy {Seed a Ssh hope tre nt Pins nae ips owe supe shove Hahope woul he Bento hea tense ered osm hn th A wie he pn colony pif de Spas nen yeas poy dy cent the Repco he Fine are reopened teal ow Ripe Connon pane, hon ended to xe people ‘he ances were eres aclu ato he Spash clon, tes Sho hy sot leone rel oat Pi ports Can Remlowasons neni ioctl Tertaig tat gros were nx lpn snd ny Min ec the tc a2 lanl wnpontion bys fesgn pone thee ance ated ‘Nor dcr he confit ed te Ages Neen Hel sypor ‘Meda ppl prep ae ein ts Parad inch eatin by Spans ee th ae born ne Hac a ow a ‘Sioa to ced pn Ce 1a, 7). Bat noe de how i sos try hog nent hae not nee ‘Siaredomthaveaicton’ ae pies sone chered ce, erm Ri lb wed intact ort othe nce te preset ipo i whe ‘ated nthe seiplge ne enh coy an wh poe Pip ine langage,Irion ‘The lipo People ‘Acco o he fate! novel study of Philippine populations, ther ‘were betwen oie and wo milion inhabitant i the srhipelago atthe Time of Spanish aévent® The Spaniards reeagazed them as one race of tmedim satures lack hat nd dark skin—thongh those dark enough 0 Ieee kayumange (brown) in Tagalog were exceptions rather than the § form, Init e somes etre to Hips in partie lind a bing aller ight enor tore miele than other, Dat these were lective comment hich rected ale jcgmentr ad the frcihat Spaniards themachesvanedgreatincompeaon and state. AS teal Tago dictionny sy of the wot nyamangs, "There are ome ihepeal he ike Father Domingo de Neca, and Faber Fray Anon {hey ell man se spoon (ltt sc] (nea de San Jose 1610, Ino). Others, they detuned pings by their langage the Vnsans by tek toon, and gander a rite. Ad they dit not Ince dese thy cated wor or napa (lacks Te aca that eget) der the brie of indo "Neyritos obviously belonged terns race from the wet of che Fpino peopl, though observed vaio in pgmentaon and sare Sones considers ntennarage with note Negrton Spaniards mere Moo'ncined to efr to Min Hlipinoe-Morow=at separate race Cnforenate eqaton of sce, language, and rela Which persists popular prejice cre toay Chest Filipinos frequent eer To 4 teaient Moro lange’ andthe Tao Mine fn Sl fol fecal hee anceors at Arba rahe than Flip cower The hing of Sin, howe ncn beter, Pip I edered tha hindi bjt ho tere convert olen should not be ened lke Moro Tnvaers and Freschers rom ented ealony. “The Spanurds als reopened the Chinese ax another race—ite the poles fetuecs they fond wee on the Tod watertont and Mana Enron Spanish fare to mendon any Chine tading clos, except frome dubious ference to Chines men and womens Vga, comer st 2 Supe, consilering thir sanguine interes in China a8 4 commer fhe nlonaytnget Ofcourse, ty would hae Bren tinable o recog tee any deeds of Ohne wo dred He oa spoke Pp Pine languages For hese eon, the Chinese wile wed in ier nly to mean people who ape Chines snd practiced Chinew cotome "hav ote been aerel tn he Spear fv ighlan nd ow land pins in» wate of atonal nity when they sve. But the Icon examples cited always involve independent wibes on the ne hand, at ‘jogated Filipinos onthe other. What the Spaniard di report om their real wat that armed confice and raiding were commonplace, If ot fulemic, in precolontal Philippine society. No daub this included high [Enltowland warfare, but as nt limited to it Awelbkown passage from Miguel de Loarea's 1582 Flac indleats hat enmieyeil pot prechide puta de “Thee aren tnd of ein hs and (ana who, gl heya al ene, seminar toe fc einen emit ites othe nce they ane ane anctec os [lou ieee thon the maine eat ito te fh eon engender ohn come nmr te he 08 Ne ste mtouthe eal con i rman (a, Scholl ars alo specelated on the origins of the Flipino people, “They ad o doubt thacthe Negritoswere the aboriginal inhabieantsol the land, bat were unable to account for the highlanders ia the interior, Pethaps—they speculated ey wer also aberigines who withdrew nthe face of later migrations or they may have been mixture of clad tad inched wes, or eve the desicndants of shipwrecked Chinese or panes seafarers But they were agreed thatthe loan! population came ‘rom Malayspeaking lands to the svt, and they accounted forthe ‘are of Pippin languages accordngl}—for example, Tagalogs fromm ‘Borne, Kepampangans tom Sunatra, or Vewans from Makasst. These Maly origins were bed on observed. sina between Malay and Philippine languages, smiles arising from the fat that both Maly ane allPlippine languages are members of the great Austronesian fal of Fanguages Maly was the wade language of Souteant Ait the ime, and ook ‘me ffom the Sumatran port of Melayu (now Djambi), once the seat of expansive political power, Speakers ofthis ajuage coud be found in all the tading ports inthe Philippines from Sarangani to Mails, ether profesional nerpretersormembersof the ling fules, When Magellan's Simatran slave spoke to the rler of Lima, himself native of the wading center of Butea, “the king vndertood him,” Pigaets (1246, 114 sid, “because in those parts the Kings now sore ngage han the other people” And because of Manis Bomean comections, Tagalog today has mone Malay loan word than any ofthe oer major Philippine languages Indeed, iscem dt the Mania elie were speaking MalayIttction Inteatution People, To dhese were added two peoples from nineteenth-century flk- Ihve—the Orang Danan in Sul an the Ten Dams of Borneo sd ue potchaned Panay alan from native Negros. ack of hex wave wat ied with point of ergin, credited wth tine caltral ats ae [cred nphysal detail Migrantof thetic waves walked drys into the archipelago together with Pleistocene mammals over land bridges Since sebmenged, but ter ones cate from Ching, Vietnam, Borneo, and {he Celeb in dagout canoer or planlebule boat The Prow Malas ca ied blowguns, bows and arrows the Northern Malays introduced Bronze neice terraces and the Southern Malays were blacks, weaver, and pots Java Man was powerfully muscled and haiy: Type A Indonesians, {allightatianed, a thinlipped and Southern Malays were toned. All {al ityas an imaginative nv comprehensive gest, But wae aio ‘awed by ite esdence, dubious methodology, and simple fants. ‘Since Beyer’ dy, fry yeas additional research have cist doubton. thigsythests Geologisteqeson the existence of te land bres archae- ‘logit cannot fi ihe nds into his etegories anthropologists demand ‘Sele remains to determine human stature: prehistorans ae persuaded tthe atquiy of trade contact in Southease As; and inguts beiewe that people speaking Philippine laguages were vig in the archipelago Thousands of year ago. Probably none of them would aecepe Beyer's ‘umption tha by examining ling populations you can detertmine what Find of tools their ancestors used, or that by examining tool you eat Getermine the ace ofthe nen who made them. Deyer ao gave litle ‘onsderation to te fact that cultures are dyaunic, oe sale, that dhey surate through change, adjustment, ianevaton, development, and hor roming, The theft that Filipinos in Maula eat Mona's hamburgers at dose in Bontoc do not does not require one more wave migration to ‘explain it Is probably safe tos that no antropologst accepts the Beyer ‘Wave Migration Theory today ‘owt pebinorans today only postulate two movements of people into the islands of Southeaw AB an the Pacific co account forthe present Populations, The fr hey call Austad, people whose surviving repre- taies ate generally characteiaed by very dark pigmentation. Pep. fine Negros are considered to be» specazedplyial variation of his Stock The second movement thought 1 hve began some Bve oF ab ‘howsand years ago, and to have largely displaced or aborbed the eathir Population, though whether reached the Philippines from the orth oF South ex question sl being debated with some feat. These people are noua t anthtepologits an Suthers Mongoloid and to laymen ache rcsgloun secon languayein the seen century. That no dnt ‘Fai was ong conssered to bea dei of Maly i 0 an act (ile ofthat ange “The word at wa al used ean peaple ofthe same phys asp spears, even i thy dt ot snk tat ange hele, ‘Rtn Epi Fenn Biante wed in 2 amos xy INahie he Jered the Fipino people from dee waves of Maly mi soning se ahipag. he hit wae thar, ltd te [eget hey fond the cos, But marie thet women: the x {ene one itt on sand ene he rogenios WE the preent lwtand population; and the third wave inode ‘Sumetatt was mot the ony moder ebnologt who proposed aries Tralee nigrtons to tecoun forte nan populations oF South ‘EStAZS nor mold he be the sn the neti coy, Oe Beye Sep wel sd to hae surpased then al wih the grandeur of wae when theory whch iow to every erate ip oxy? “The Beyer Wave Migration Theory “The welLknown theory was produced by Beyer, then hea ofthe Anthro pology Deparuivent of the Univeety of che Milipines, for the 19 aa, to expat the psc and elewral ations anong de Klipinoh people, The physical differences he atisbuted to genetic commingling ng a series of migrating peoples of uulke racial ype, and cultural “erences preanmed to be precolovisl—tke cools and weapons, fn ‘ropm and aprcltsre—he aesigned to these different waves tthe Ge) se etcnscoloyiea eldwors lad been done in the archipelago: twas Beye himself wo would ploncer that fed in T92 wi the discovery of Stone [Age ates in Novaliches, During the next cwenty years, he ssid vey Die an arfact recovered a one of the waves and placed the waves themeles ina chronological sequence fom primitive fo advanced. And {ince he ronsideved any silty between Philippine finds and hose hae chewhere in As to be evidence of migrations rather than care ntact te number wes steadily nlp. By 1969 hey had eeached {hee al count In Beyer’ wn trilogy, they were a floes First came te Java Man, and then the ite people"—Austraoid Saka Negtits nd Proto Malye-followed by two waves of Inonesians—Typ ‘Asta Type B-wth asaer wave of pans, who were suceeded otra Tpraeparte Northern al Souther Malay waves, and finaly dhe or BurialIntact notion isles of Hage, but yao and Tagalog are two different languages, nut unintligible, tn time, the mother tongue from which daughter dalecs and languages ate derived wl disappens,butlinguistseatheoret- aly reconstruct such extinct proclanguages by comparing the similares feaveen the living languages which are descend from ther, ‘These similarities are accounted for in to Waj—outzght borrowing fiom other languages, or inheritance fom a common ancestral sok, ‘Terms ae often borrowed to accompany new cla niroductons—tike Malay ud fr bore in Maoh and Tall, or Spanish cabal (cat i, Jako) in Tagalog, llocano, and Visayan. Or they may reflect the prestige in wich the donor lnguage is Held. So Malay Win (etl) wae take Torprincen”in Tagalog, wile dad and up ba replaced ae (ther) in many Philippine households today. Bit there woud be litle need to boro a word ike muta (je) which sppeas in may Austronesian fa guages Lingus seeking the relationsinp of sister languages therefore ‘Compara basic Yorabulay of coneeps ike sun and moon, oe sl hai, inf p and down, which would presimahly be common to any ian focit. From this exercise, they fe able to constueta fail wee which hows the relationship of the Languages belonging tothe fy Kind ‘of genealogy ‘Onan Atsuoncsian language tee produce by tis method, Pippine languages are found on the lowest branches, meaning to sa7 that Austonesian languages were being spoken in the archipelago eater tha, in places Ike che Malay Peninaila or dhe Paibe las By the time of Spanish advent, Austronesian speakers fad occupie the whole arch pelgo, abuorbing or displacing the sparse populations already present at their orginal tongue dversied into three main branches A northern branch included Enzon languages tke Hocano, Tbanag, ad those on the CCodiler. A southern branch incided almost al de languages spoken i Mindanao, A central ranch had proliferated most widely tietued not ‘nly Visayan Dall the Tanguages heaveen Pampanga and Butan, a ell 1s Taosug in Sul, In additon, 2 somPhilippine Austronesian language had emered with a boat people the Spaniards called Lata or Lay and liered Int the SamaBadjw languages. With this excepon, however, AUlPhilppine languages have more in common vith one another than any ‘one of them does with a language ouside the Philippines. This means hat the Flipinos the Spaniards met in the sxtenth century were speaking languages prosiaced within the archipelago, not intrcioced by separate gations from abroad? brown ace; tate a led Aone Rca thr deena ek tngages belonging to a uly The pyc pes which ‘Bile generation ot anopologts provided wih ong tit of aca SatracAt nue’ re now egies gence specaiaons whi Sovmal rage of rations ofthe larger movement, Moreover may those peopl hare conned ono om and ond pi isto {iment potas gation waves uta small roups of Stes aes {xuanay Al of Une wouk! have conebuted to local gene pool those no genes would not hve ead langage sor tonal technguest i is portant to nte thi these igang populations ae not consi cred hae been piel boogentos Tr sneats iat ones ‘Sten ave in tne Pps wis conslderbl ainsi a Bement, and fatal fete toogh tex aw possible to ently {Me aiferncesStleinent and lntermarige tall commnit sould ets uch genetic a wel those o any anges ms Jhito cue co be shaved bya lncreasing poron of te poplo Iecach generation Thr nbabitani of nae alley mit come ‘it ind of tan resemblance, an even to be teat by oie ‘Sr tacparate ace Convers anny such ciffernets are not gene Seances com oberon that wh pres det und ‘He, ounger generations te lle th the pre In thease ek ‘ery grate een develop elange ist toc ands do Taal bo tren whe pole barges wang bartot slong taboo runway tt Shtdren re ot bre ith i defo” Phippine Languages Phiipine languages belong 1 the Axstoneas langage fy ge gp of mate an a handel ngage sre om Madge UR cous af Ain the ws to Eas ad of the cn of Su ‘oetcnn theca Al thse ngengs ke hecolrso which he ‘fae dynam ots thecal amma pron ‘ions are Conta chogng, Whe nape common de thy ee reat iferene bea il sera each he seat speak lcs ie wn nue hey es {Duc an ent ay cannot weed each he, ey ons ‘oscars langnges hn fo example, Base nd Ranga aeInsodacon A Word about Orthography Spanish orthography confines ban and non Caan conve end aera oC pitta de Pippines appears both 2s Roane s Vay aan im won writen Vigan, snd Leger’ are was often spelled sreeet Ene Spanish alphabet ad noavor ng Father Chico mite Fee eter fom his Philippine aiphabed thus Dr. Monga pelied awa Seiaguns ad une m and g were pronounced ax esparate conionanis dana and of cil) came to be pronounced “anges” sae any thee Spanish inpromuncations have been accepted in see rilippve languages. Wawa (Pampanga) i& now spelled ad ‘resjunced anus bree, which weave pie "any Tagalog dictionaries, snow pronounced “barany- rence vhippine terms fon Spanish dictionaries, have repelled them in aardante wth normal Phiippne usage, Thus Thave changed € see ea km appropriate, snd gto gu epace «with wand with ee er Newel ane doled the got ng where necesary—as in cer tes fr mang Boa ve been able tote the problems aan road Fig ese inconstet even in the same lexicon, oF war tat nt some alee ave T where others have», and that +i sae mera vara of For Tagalog, however Ihave imply adopted the Conventional modern spelling PART ONECHAPTER 1 Physical Appearance Descriptions ofthe color of Filipinos hy Spaniards inthe sixteenth tury were often contador. For exaple, the fit Flipinos the paniands observe were Visayan from Homouhon, Lamsawa and Butuan td were described by the vistors as being of medium statre and dark Lnned, As for Pate, he called dhem alse (i Talia), meaning Siveskinned or tanned, and English corsair Thomas Cavendish called Cap landers tan Buc dhe most frequent designation was the color of naked quince” (Prey 1988, 42). ‘On de osher hand, Father Alina said he did not think they were realy at dak, though alot, ad thatthe naves of Leyte and Sauna were lighter than thos of Davao. Méntrida however defined Visayan mi st color abit asker than that natal tothe Visayas, tough not black Uke fi Ate (Negroes or Negrto) rom Cz, Jan dela sa eported that the tives were darker than the ina of Mexico, but a contemporaneous econ writen in Menico sd hey were light The subjecinity of these desciptons i indicnted not only by their oneadictons butalso by de fet hat sympatheticaccounts cela refer nFlipinos as ightainned. Ts the mates of Leyte in whowe homes"THE SANA dozen shipwrecked Spaniards spentseven months in 14 mere refeered ae ea ats giant hatin such accoontsthis colori coupled wh ihe spprsing actives Lorca sai he Visayas were eli good Maaeta nt very da, Chino ma the mee hing. ain the ese rae se tld they were not on ter and mate handsome tha ther Visayans bt aver and more spre. ‘Wawa ere generally ighter than men dc to occupations lke we inpnbichLept them lest expose tothe son parc, the aed (te ghcrcofeackiog datos were mid wo be aslight ss Earopenn ls a ae dave gis who danced naked wo entertain col vistors. Ci ‘Qeteere lua igh at ir and when men sipped, hey reveated «pale fren under thei Gating Beto agin with, Filipinos were notall the sme shade nor wer rat neces darker than Spaniards, ln any even Macolona conscious, Visayas therselves were unimpres or diferences, Their Iberian invaders were perceived not ‘putas mapas natural or ndped—ihat sated. A seat raya ae most distinctive feature of these foreigners was the ‘hat hie tech, a Feared wth sonkeys, dogs, and pi As t Faubane sald of dhe umes of persons who exposed 2 mouthful Marans td ect, these were ga sapkangnan lig (ike chow font eat)” (Sancher 17, 2549) ‘opme bp these eo apatite, Physical Aparonce i poeserved by habit hetel nut chewing “The mon impressive examples of Vaan density were is poldwoxk an ry were it go sal yo charge me Yor gold tet)?" sly, cover pres were tacksfhaped ei Ma hee overlap ike glen fi ele; (rifound headed they could be worked into neiate ligrecike designs |] sear to beadwork. OF couse, ths gldwork was considered al the more fecive if eaplayed om teeth polished bright red ot jet black calla gave them the appearance of poled ebony, and probab ite persetatre ete. Red ativan eggrvere tied cir een ofowers both ce and geal deep ran effet heightened isda wet ani Egtain Linas any Ont ETE ay and pty often pecimer he rn ecrre om seta Pune hegeeralcrn well wheter Soper in omer pang. The moaned worker, $ofeinnl vin gt pal forsee A the Sache lconay ‘hit toe pn, iy stot onus so cs ow mc Included both plating hel om by ele god sivets run through the toot, and acsual caps extending beyond the gum line also secre by pgs. Bonilwere gold ps inserted in holes riled wth an a Cle wa sally va chumbwallaped Feld thot had beefed wothe rface ofthe incts beforehand Hf they were simple pegs without head they looked like gold dots on ivory dice hen Med Sus wih the surface cfihe tooth, (Si Ai hog of Ban, bad three in each oot) Buti the ‘Soh dentry figures in the epic Iiteratare of Mindanao: a common image ithe fash of golden bilince when the hero opens his mouth to perk or stile A Tyieal pasage i the Maal Ulahingan describes haw is highlighted bythe blood fed ofa chew of betel nut Decorasie Dentsy italy had white teeth was widespread i “The idea that only wild a enph Fite owed iin Bursa sous At gi bases dane Aageace rome ding comet rg set ie ed ined th See ew ing song, ing, waa done eee ara cts nee wis emtines tenor a he 08h see Yeon ced opening the ace Hwee ety i ie aaron points bt te dae ees as a Fa cn and mines ive corecting or bv ren aent an tneredncon oto ye oto sgt fimo eo pe ethereal dierent ways Rel cheng ans eat em backs he splcaion a beset coat ee pete p “The rendme ma i. ‘endothe ped itheh Fite ca de isaac pater There lenothng yuan se epee bingo eroen [Noneed beau ‘rv hiaaing gered teh, ‘Wat teri oer rete singe [expe Mago 197,18, loPini Aparna ‘i ors paneer pid easing tts anfonig tte Ch tos i ice ie bee ic Stason een ene ae ee nyheter eel ee ‘rand arms he ‘ety al eran oo ee aos i amnesic mall eels lie won issn ce Shoe they wete applied only after « mara had performed in battle wif enenry Boxer Codex accurately por ‘were char an re ny acmson ey scolar y - a ee pcos wo tad aces apr gn ta ih ana ty pte ean se acts were tng ec pater It ene a ea arco eee scr cen tate inc Sth oe tw fin ae acer i, Rac atc nd jn sac pies wr wn oy Bvt sy Sato Sa he ee Tre eed ‘Srna ayn the ens i) ia a oyster on te ta as hcg a ec chr aly ed wd To ges socom tbe St nascent adam 07 Hiatal eattese men one te e to the wit for ' af tis Hm were hers toed oer exept under Fang ws pl enought seve satan ct eet mg porcelain jar from China this remons some men who were qualified a warriors Tatooing | “the Spaniaels called the Vsayans "Pintados” Because they werd punted that i atooed, Bath was the general term for tattoos—a "Barly Spanish descriptions give the impresion that hich Teistrue tat such furmente exited, sometimes le imported from ‘ala As, butt shard to believe any pre Hispanic dress code would tive dictated the hiding of those prestigious decorations 10 painfully cured, Ofcourse Fiipinos quick learned to adjust to colonial requite- ente—the Boner Codex shows 4 Tagalog wearing pontlona instead of Cating—but misionaies addressing Furopean auences ao wished to oid the impression that thelr converts were naked savages For example, nbs Hla published in Rome in 160, Jesuit Pedro Chino (1604, 18) a i er do comb, and then rubbed sot into OH quik added vo hisdexcrpton of Vs tating, “Not for his do they aaa rund Baw was bo che soot sind the stk, andthe Spanir go around naked... but are always and nal places ery Gecuspect and en ai drought the reson tatoos were permanent was because th trl to corer ther peraons with extreme modest aed decency.” How: Fay tne blood, (Not afew of them seo believed tatoos Wei yr, inter manvstrpt which his onder never published, he sid, Durned wth hot ron) The operation wes not performed alin 0 "Siting tut i ftalloents, ot even 3, often cased igh fever a ‘Semouaty infection and death, Hougor ngok was the healing pei ‘hon the wounds were sll wollen, and ifnfetion caused the designs Be muddied, they were called jus hata) Meet mea pels of wool Ars ed in medica eatery. Sa wee tide nh sited to fal tong Tend, hoe Te Sey to heey ona 4 Spartan elt. Sich co ears ae ely ejagand no dot sdsted nemesin Bate [en cwrmateest homes Men would be sow to challenge or antagn ‘Nagh wi such via sigs of ps ford “Tee tworksasdone by toil ath wwe pid for ise Hcy tracing tne designs on he Body th a inka rm Ber Ren kel them inthe abn wid anal sole wih 3m "The principal clang of he Geb anal tbe Vays he ating of stiches pen whch ampere ‘tenn arr gah de cee ep aviru wo hataoaph forslennoceanonthey have nn oos Un fr dey ke (an 10, tw. 13, ‘Stull Moulding [As mothers and wives ae wel awa, the skulls of nebors infants acre at they are continuoedy laid in dhe same position, thei He ae areata one side, Manip cateshave taken advantage oF thi scp ge thei he kl shape wich onforms he Paces of bentyl non Adal parts of Sumatra, women vse 1 eee aot ead to produce fia foreheads and aowes; dhe Melana of Reese yantdteir chilren co grow up "moored" and she Maha sme ernely reve binding wth a forehead board to dhe nob Hae ormjent Vingana considered Bread aces wi receding fre] ie aa nono hetidsome, ane ecmpresed heir babies’ sls tl posane of sks ofthis vort have been recovered rom burial tes i arr isndoque, Samar, Cebit, Bohol, Sogo, and Davao. The AF a an nara cplays te complet siletons juss they wer aoe nn Btn rave: wth esbape shu wih lack eet ed ae A acne sun af tent Philippine specinens reese Poin erable writin according to the amount wd location ofthe pe con ether between the forehead and the upper or lower pat of th 2iSpte has some had sonal sche oebeads bat were tt being a ore latened at both front and back and a few were asymm rane rune presare, However, were short and broad: one ee] eee pate index of 10—nesningit was fea eth and wily epi alt moulding was one wth a device called tanga a combi sett tin rods bound to aby foreliad by bandages fastened tom ‘Fan beniod: (hn Bklanoresed and offic plate or able calle sp aon one alle sap) Tis prevented the forward growth ft oa ned ieee ie backyarso dhat the head gre higher a th ont Pulte nth the deste tangad profile were called snangod bu Free back ofthe head wat ealled puyak. The opposite of tang eae a Father Sinches (1617, 878) commented, “ust a dere aa Yara Sinton (acc a there are tvengaand ondo*The wo vere iciit comment on te Vian atinde toward unmoued sk reser rightpacked or ovrstuffed-—Uke 2 hanchaek’s hemp Fig. Tattooed Visayan (rom the Boxer Caden)Penis Pins ‘Visgyan sien worea pa through thelr penis forthe greater silation of elvaoy paren The enor ated Spanish, Portuese Taian and English obnrers ake, and seandlied iionary clergy of all oder Mest ot them thought was eral sank—"Getainy a eves no man Nel ave vented” Joan Matin (1557, 401) si, “were not y even of the Dende nari ofthe pain beings rest which te rhs fle the peteng” he pin was ale ugk and vos iscrted in chilood: Caen rcmuvel one from the tenyearold son of a Capul chiefs. Tugbok ‘Gaulned by iatece and he asked to examine may order to del fis dabeielpencened dhe urinary canal and therefore Pad hole Tosatti, They wee stall ars of bras go, ry, of ead oF & Tite tbe afd dren ros the head of the penis to protide on both Tits Ta enough to receive decorations which ranged in ize rom pl ei cohol teem apace, to rwetesas ages de rowel of shorsem=n'a {pure But generally ey served fo anchor 1 kid of ing or cogs wit TRictere cated tle tne exe ofthe rings, onc or more were presed tm ke Finger ngs, behind the pits but the penis whecs bad opposed oles wm accommodate the eighuk. One dug up in Dumangas (lel), Alc Se sow inthe Baja Topas Coleco in Capa, hs eight knobby Trotunonm wih a inmetr of centimeter: Dut some were reported Thesiceent century to hae been centimeters ares witha weight of 280 om Tt, in ws, these ornaments required manipulation by the wot sc nets ol ot De tw lhe le OE wa Completely reed, a condition Vis teferred a Koumatatg SPORT Tatas or eines, Aiough thre mere en oC {Meron nd to eater to la choice, men preferred wo leave the pi seperate te orignal operation, bath to preventhe hole ror growing infeed to meid te dscomfirt of replacing i though runing he sk Sratealoustoreatons,(Urdanet told in Linga Bay that gine were Saye delowered by saves not ited wis gb and ska) "ae from tagbuk and sate, Martinez reported in Cdn, that "not fe from here they my others make se of anor device” He was pepe ‘cterrng tthe pes explanted beneath the sin by men in Surigao by Tagalog mountaineers east of Laguna de Bs. Offeoue, thse denees were of siliient uk 0 produce pain and dri bonds nd could cause cippling complications for both partner Phys Apearonce Toregn observers, including chronicler Juande Mena (1690, 68), there foveatributed their use van inordinate sexual appetite ‘Supsringticr rien rere vont tomas emis eran ac Gircumeision “The practice of cicumeision was widespread in the Visayas. evascalled fufand war technically supercson rather than ecurcsion shat, cit Iengiise above rather than eat around. OF the prepice was actly eamoved, te act was called il the same tenn used fr the cating of piece oft pig ea for dentition panos) The wcreumcise! were {alle ple an unripe frac or green youth, aterm which was alo polite ‘iphenian for the fetal parte The operation was peforned informally ith no partial ceremony, and was thought to serve hygienic purposes, Spanish nisionaries were quick o conclude thatthe custom had been, introduced by their Matin competitors, it probly had been in some fre but Vityans claimed that thelr custom was of indigenous origin predating any contact with lay—and odd elrcumclaed natives of Guat, erantycreomcision i too universal a pracce to require any Semitic ign it was pte by the ancient Artec in Mexico, and wl Agures in male iiston rites among African wibes at natve Australians, In the feventeenth century, however, dhe wor lam came tobe wed in Vien for cscuncion according to the Muslin rte, and agiam meant to ‘perform the ceremony Preerd Bars oth men anl women wore earrings, They had their ear pierced —men wih one oF to holes per lobe, while women wih three oF four—t0 ecommodate a variety of ornaments arings with or withont pendants were held by thin gold pins run ‘hrough the ear and fastened behind, bt eaplge required holes a widePhys Appearonie seo ad short hr x0 Viayans considered them a horn, and rong ine to excl sta Tagalog was “nalosan ka [You cose cropped, you} (ened 10372, 1), However, ill at—and in some places body air, too—was removed with weesers ora pie of clan shells, Bots soem and women had thei Uebrons shaved into thin aes likened wo a crescent moon, "Women took pride fa 4 great mass of hai, gathering up ankletength ‘genet into-a cignon as large asthe head $self, wth curls ower the ovrhesd, together with additional slices called pota cr tala which sree consider their rowing gory. Fora man io toh sich a hao was ‘emit offense, ut they were « hundy taget for other women: somolong nent to grab somebody by the locks, especally de cignon Flowers were Woaked for frageane, at well at sesame seed oi-also believed 0 Treourage fosusant growth-—oe a perfume ointment called alt, om ‘wre of many ingredient Dates, however, preferred the holder sent Frimammal excretion like amber, ce, oF musk. A Panay epic waxes {rca about Hiunaapnon’s permed grooming: x wo fingers or lobes distended into loops rough which a person oa ‘tek hth Thehotesyere wad inde eartlige,one above the other and ‘Rtben wore jewelry in all of them, The most common se for me {hicks tnger some hallo sod others of slid gol hes enough pol {hecarobe down uni te ing aewall touched he shouler.The sw hug salon ofthese huge gold ing hike that of the giving spar am lng Tom the ladies carvings, was part of cir aeacivencss. Among cee beads fonrl in the ito Baral cave in Lelak (Cotabato) ove wal ‘heceled with holes dough elongated easlobes for Hee-movig ngs “Tne bolesAggar or tnsk-weretade with copper need, The firs poesin dhe ates were nade soon ter bic while terest of Holes Delon the ccond yer A dickeotton tread waslooped through the bole to ep it fromm closing. After the wound Had healed, the thread TRplacea with series of graaly ticker brrnbco or hardwood splint limite hole was lange a he dreumferenceof the ite fnges. ‘hen sly extended othe desire ley inserting eaves gh role ‘op, apinglite io exert steady gene prestire otra fie disenved lobes fore os, theends could be trismed and the ‘edges mtured together to esl whole again. This operation ws calle hula ‘rai and yos most frequen requested ty won because when two o ‘hem got night dey would go for each one's cars et ‘Persona without pierce ears were elle ting. Those whose er secre natal ou short for sucel pier aed distending were i hescet permet ‘kt he mer by en, Sco restating sons ‘ings ks ae, Dig onthe sea re TNT, Noe 325-3, Hos Spanish obuevers were imprese withthe amount of tne aud cate viayans gave their Iai preoccupation which i sill echoed in ora Ierstres Dang Sumanga, the hero of lest Visjan epic. only manages tovrercame stsobors Princess Bubang Humasanu of Bool by threaten. Jingo come an personaly tar off her pana In the Mama eee of the CGanbateDavao border region, Tags wife combs her warsior hue Inn’ long hair before he ets out om his adventures, braiding nto ral kinds of knots In the Subanon eps a her's locks are oiled by his Ser and wound ito tight eoilewbich should notcome undone excep i the hands ofhissweetheast, and Chef Sandayo of Tubig Livan ges forth tbat rnd wi wo toy charms plied int his halr—owe For the enemy ad de other for che lates, Hailes usually differed between one eoramunity ud another a could go mand outoffasiion quickly lathe 152s, Vistansin Howon ben fd hae dow del wast, whe the King of Butuan wore hisat should Teng, el men om de const of Sarigan pale! theirs back into a knot thet mape of the neck, Inthe 15605, Cebuano were gaering i wp i ead twenty year ate, x kotor chgnon either on top of the hea ‘rat the back was the se al over the Visayas: Bat the al ad longa to ea Its a sign of deepest mourning, or & punishment ‘Only where Sprnih aflaence was greatest id Mlipinos cat thei hal short a change Father Alcina (1668, 1:89) considered part of "tami ‘heir ancient feoety with the gealenes ofthe Gospel.” Manila Mei 7“THE VSS Pryiead Appearance Clothing {oemalocasion,anantledength garment called saabsasbwas wor, with or sathout sleeves butopen down the rout lie a cloak Rajah Huteabon put ‘nak one t Magellan's request o take his ont of vantage to the ‘penis King "There seetns to have been no Viyan term forthe longsleved gowns depicted inthe Boxer Codex, wid ine Patado anes jus peeping om at the bottom (se fig. 2)—nor for tho tightseewed nics the Tagalog {alle bor. Perhaps this can be explained by the fct that these pletures tree painted vengyfiveyeare ater Spanish advent, However, thowgh {eferences from whatever source were and have rea made tosuch thes, thetetogalke gar could not hare been the ordinary Visayan costume. All oy datrwho hal dalingswith ary Spanish commanders were clothed fnly in tattoos and Cstings-Kolambsr of Limaeawa, Ava of Titan, Katina of Boo, and Tupas of cb, Barechested exposive wp Ue ele. meats was a mater of masculine pride, and even century Tater, men's {kes ad sll not caught on. Wing 1668, Fber Alea ai, iis ing Yaredaecnding to cost anderen fashions ad 9 sanding Th az gre mes eCxtng ‘Mecwta the Moran Tigh ane wrapped around instead Bot rere s0deh for ae ede on raceme {Reto sreseapn rang Tei hi Sey en menting ote ma hey ee Sea a caved soutm det ca, coon dee ated wit sik thread, sly smported pratt, and an elegunt soe] trove of elected! bers al salon, gata men Toned bot and oe "the Costing (shag) was 4 piece of cloth or B meters long an something less than a ncer wide i was herefore mat ager than th wor in Zaineles nd the Cagayan Valley, or by Cndilera mountaines Uh The ead angi dow ere ale anenmy—ampiin fot Pokaan wer rally corte. Binks an expensive one ‘i taeyer called gud and SH had enge of treed i Terie oe aiton, Escigs neve of the natural coor of the cla However, the ase of en ed perso ed am ete hey were] unified to wear dep rt one “To pu the Gating on one end was hel again the chest wile ove ea ped een te ea pallad up between the utorks and scape son he wae sve nen, tery binding the font Bap WES then alled wo hang dw te mpi the oer ed wae thea Towel eho de a Care oe ct oo the yay was longer ta hehe: wear oth of equ lng enaderad uous: The word std fora Gung Beggg on ound deliberate sgh of mourning preter pent he bg tobe spread ot coer he ene hippinny ober thought oft tom he aise knees Inti Necage ofa bulls men removed in he prey oftheir home Sincher (1017, 45) euatedyi the sentence, “Maghlig bs ‘haga Pate [Les pom ove Caring in rot the Phe ‘fesse worea banc or another length 9 doth ws eoshing swat put one on Uke a G-trng a amp yas simply 0 wrap aro the hipeed with ots ron nd notpased beeen he gs A doa, simply enna tanta oven ‘a natal ean Panay, dhe word heoag, meaning ay ai, war applied “Toe aay sed tho nico ac: hat common For ong outa oe volume angen cxeptoroenes woe ih he aes ste eld or xu hes or he her nd orgs tht it thers A es), “The tube set wascessed by Jun dea sain Cebu in 1505 flows “The thence wearane apiece f toe conde ck ons wih ere moat ao ake man pase xa with om thee ide, Sh maingabott he clothe ithe trl eh and tng ‘egosove banat with tightlouemet ofthe boyd are ted (a Te, 285). ‘Tis was the lambong and because ic could alo be fastened under the armpit or ner the thoulder, or even around the head, the Spaniards fale ica sao (smack or coat) rather thm saya (ki). The same term was ‘extended to inchude any garment allred to the body ike thesia (ce Sule) or snina (Chinese) a short jacket which exposed the m\eil— sind more, Father Sincher observed, when they raised their arm. This ‘inca could have originated in Indonesia or Malaya, since the Vsaans {lle all foreigners Sina before the coming ofthe Furopesns Unuilored clothes, however, bad no particular names. Pondong lady's ike the growth on aaa rks sailing Cclsnge whch were then given fever eur arocnd the waist tf to any short skit or louse sd some better ner made of imported chin illo i extend oer the shoulder ot head. To lead greater diguty 4) or calico were simply called bythe wae ofthe cloth isl, alas So, 100,Physiol Appronce ‘he wraparound akc the Tagalog calle ape was hardly considered a skirt. {tall Viens joe elle ithab (woven a oF kalng (ca) oF even Hutu (ch), Father Sincher (1617, 54) shared their aswament he fined! Bena 2 ge as ere ce in ony org ging 2 i ntuop, athe throat or aul sas, whence the wnistor pate par were called gishurlan ported textes inched fine “ite laoton Chinas thin red cotton ora Bornee adhere. ighqualy local sbacs or cotton sean woven with alternating coloredJewelry Both Visayan men and women wore casings ae earplugs, necklaces sunt eis of beads or gold sin, bracelets, rises anklet, and finger ‘ings tell x roche, clasp, ad gold sequins on dei cothes, besides tehich men wore arte and lgbands. These ornaments were made of Tonvise shel) mother opel, precious stones, giant cam sels (which the Spaniards sob for marie), and gold. Vegetable bers andl weeds ster alo used the poor for every wear and as part of male mourning Tana, But mest ofthis jewely was gold roan the day Magellan fist saw gold earings, aembands and spar decorations in Homonhoa, Spaniards ke teporting gold jewelry in tal ‘Stonishig quauses, They were struck not only by 16 aot and wide ‘ies, but by the act that Rappeared wo be pat of the normal ate ‘tperaons otherwise almost naked A Samar daa by the name of Tberin star rowed out toa Spanish vewel anchored in hie harbor in 1848 by arsine collar in gold: whlle wearing om his own person earings and ‘fina which Bernardo de fa Tose estimated fo be worth more than 3 ‘toma! pesos, and litle else. The pact of tis ispayisrellected in the ilustraonsof the wellappointed Filipinos in the Boxer God (see. 8) it's the only known aaneript fom the Phiippines to make we of pod leat ‘Such fete was pat ofthe buon heirloom wealth busied wih rank ing dats: As soon as Spanish soles dicovered this at Lup found Teceesary to ttc orer that liping graves smut not be opel except tn the presence of HlsMajest's owe iicere—sthat to make ure that he ing pot his due fifth. Move profesional grave robbers have since recon ‘ell smich of this ried trensure including pices which ertainly rank trough worsnoat exquisite, Goldwork which remained above grou, Foweve, apily disappeared se uppenclss fais quae ance property to meet new colonial demands (Pnot through outright rabery Nonetheless Father Alena a centory ler ofited the wedding of twelve year-old Visayan gl he thought war wearing no es han 25 pounds of god ‘Tuya jewer cane ina bewildering vatleyofforms and styles. Among car ornaments for exaple, hese were aia, te general term fr rng Sind plugs wor inthe lower hoe (amaen). Panika were often decorate with bar gramules of fisee n parte, pata was also the term for Thane finger hick gold ings which were pion tp to be fastened he fafobe ikea leer 0," Father Aina (2668 1) si, “without being ig. 3. Wealthy Filipinos (from the Boxer Codex)able w ace the opening once they were inserted." Panag bare were rae tol plug sometimes wheebsbaped with a gem set n the mile, eee evita were sanple loops, Palbad were more delicate roseten Pant by lies m the uppermost hole; dnalopang, if bape like a yelow “page bono. Keene keene was any penn dangng Irom at ex ine ng was asin ig worn in one ea only Ee ae form of teands, cokers, and collar, ranged om riehusnsto precogs stones nd go beads. Tiglwere kindof fruitand Teepe sciy tris sung tie beads, Carmlins were the most popular tart toney meat coor ead that varied i he from the dep red Posey alto the eight aad lay, oF dhe more stron: Bk Ci and other-gens from China were called aay ae ike oes at nore often tcngin between gol beads Thee go beadsineaded soe Sora mutandis, ong allow atin, and fancy finer fn aaesernules aed to ther surface Hee ny gold islands ia). Others eae aa Ue ie feta ike Job's ear, ike Hg rai of Tongan bo ike betel nuts "Engg morn around the neck, wns or ankles, inctoing the gol bands ones Hepa and bow the cates of thes legs, were called hake fa evr Rashas inched fnudnu braccets of gold or sve, bracelet eerie matin, aswell as those of allan pl which men ted around ae ao ale wih an oath eto remove thes wail dey bad Mrced sme ened one's dent Dalakand hremkarwere ether rateet area i actaleule—and gal were sell raccet so sw i Fee ne hand ws greased to dip them on oF of Ladies generally wore FeseSet i sulicent number toatract attention wih thei jagged eee nas the hour of dhe day when one’s bracelets lid own thts arm itone potted at the sm. Tine moat spectacle this Visayan inentony was the kama neu gold ean of such igh interlocked inks hardy looked ke trary Sta tut eather as slid and sinuous as golden sexpent. These Peat beh what are how called "gear bead” neclaces and multiple “Asopatoup” chains, They were also the most socal significant, an Jehu conta for community sanding not simply by thelr possesion Bethe number and quay aly could dip. cinta oop ike called gas When wove in her simplest form, hey were called Jae taf aqurespinragmk: oF i octagonal and with large round le aed qomnen, they were called sina, A single large kama pai wan called uy, but the long thin arr could reach meters andl sea geandy.o te ground even when doubled or wiped.” (CHAPTER 2 Food and Farming “The sape crops ofthe Vssane were rc, mile, tr, yn, and ana grown in dos ang), ld yr sag. Rice wows credit and war the prefered fod, Busince only afew places coud Serena ice te pode, ot spew shine te mow ‘temo fod for prt of he yar alo the yar fo part the peop Tider ce mpply war later een sore characte ofthe Spats colony Beet tite wa elected a se fromthe very beng A Fat Ai i, 018) ered ty er, he el yin no genet punts mde mich fee fc that Visas id no proce yeas smpplofsice and tateven dat with many aver ate rook rope eran scons Apart meswe the Sree tt ey mv wthed fo dieibte to el ferent tops the rls of bad Tatthe Hipnen ght ot hae oud pach antl yon itt parila barship nthe ir place, Adverse conditions di, of one, {ce fod ote or cw min 90 wrt ia pare wld sel Chen for fv nt wo tog inna a aaa Bove, Sach an“aie wiswes infu exchangerenabied dhe provide for the hen while how rae end maurhel to sod either x eso fer his a ea ate were not whom Of ach cite reteing ea ther, nares! prosperous | “errant stan ene eta ecniquswere ot desuupve—neeing ater eat ene and ea vale the peeled aaa been de secondary roth om abo vide aor inn vin moda eae Ue. The fate weet dance Ble wth tye dered, eeded Vieyan teva can hardy seater an fa Fors la i pst of norma etm can, wid ge wa len ae pene eed fence hele socked pe wong 0m fallen Beste they ere cay prey for unig dogs Spanish aco see BF ey os produced larger adit corm ea ere oes tha te orginal spetmensinvediced rom Mei, Teer Peo eatonent wich ws able oct a pase Va veo ened it al pron of one JE Rice Farming ox pry inthe dew centany, Vpn cle ie ume i a Ferenc of tated tat in pod elds wth standing dno onan ee dozens of terms for ce ciation sae atin tient vrei, but nt 9 word abut weer on an a ey pane ord sented that wa gon 2 ee aes aeote ezaplamed to swamp the Nox fers whee] rea een crowned, lates they planed dy ie lide ‘filet aural datnge Titer ested in asin eatin Sent apaners and lowtnders on the cont, the former exchang ane ree eed sc and poster om te les. From Ca, Leg 1 tas oa or eet the motne ad highands ofthe othe ‘Guido (acs Soto Mayon cea. 807, 157) and eventually ane] saan uy wese these ina est quay of He, and om he 23 fine oreuetel cannot sp fom coming down the ver fom the] ii” iid 20 Me dang eile for close atoon to the weather Beds had veto btspning ie eed rs. Vigan: reset sano em the appearance of stars the sing diet ant ne doweragt plans and the songs Because fraying Pen ring exposure to monsoon winds, the bes time for beginning dhe agviculearal "vas no: the sxe on all ands and ecass. Magellan wat ark or ‘lp by Rajah Kolambu of Linares in harvest inte Marl Berard de ha Torre harvested some Filipinos’ rie under arms on the southern ‘rst of Mindanao in Octobe, ahd Lagu eported that Panaynon were Iwwesing in October and November Peripe crops were grown Sree 8 eri elo: Migus de Loarea gave a fourmmonth schedule for preparing Frilens beginning in June—that x when the leas fee appeared ‘shih rol ray en aed in ete. ‘valle swidden fad was, forall practical pusposs, unlimited: a century after Spas advent, Alcan (1668, 8:79) could sil write, "Re fing lan, here there is no difference Between mine and thine Feeney 50 great, so eatensive, nd almost all places 20 good.” Famers simply droves stake inthe grond or et some branches ff a tee to etablih ther chim. This claim did not incite ownership ofthe land, however, but only of de erope grown om it But not only crops cull be Irene, trided, of sold. So could a fl Feld of sanding grain—for fxample, “yo ako daganihansningabentaa aa (Help me harvest his ‘ee T have bought (Sanchez 1617, 24}, Two farmers might work Feld jncommon (along) and al eds were worked by exchange labor (ala), antng or harvesting each one's eld in arn, tne ower Feeding all he overs Most widens were made in secondary growth where carer ones had been flowed unglayan or hatahabun), oF even Has ears Held with the died stalks sll stnding (doin), Balesube, Aalsoas, kana, and Figen all meant the procee of clearing aff the undergo inclding, pmo sas throng bamboo oF vines, hay or haya, to hack off Shue and sal plane a the ot. “oad wast Chop down fillgrown tees. Bat not all ees were cut ‘down to clear a aidden, Soune were Tet sanding with thelr branches termed wall ones to serve at poles for climbing vegetibles, large ones beens they were too boron fo fll—and yor ita wt ek those tranches along the edges of «iden dat would shade the crops. All his Aebris (dont OF dopad) was yathered into large piles elles njong for arming when dry, though piece of wood lage enovgh toe wef were ragged off obeyed. The dima came wih the actu fing ald) the sede was then ksngin, rey to he planted an elated a 3 ‘el, ma (or bun Ce ‘Al his work would be alopped if it was einconered tha dere was a Imound of a teemites' nest ag), or some evil portent Hike a blinkotge ayFad and Faring soo which the Viayans const snnatral ease they id, t made ae nd Once the ed war ready fr panting omens wee Sin acre wie aa ies Aled sae Hels brbeo post called dung or fbn: only the rae ting beg ge A vow men strode across the field punch ea ee cagoanen fle hut or ned arhick Heed ts Iva theshed an needed y being amped neo uk Ing hoon hy mee meat flo pe agi esl, agro pied srg wth he hands bs sh pated at toch sed eomeret em cha mnt orbs os tom owing nth 2 Oa hs ape and sceary which else Ge of hunger, lesing the others toate, Aer threbing, waa them ne il hr ore ene Se swe deh J ienowed, mild with moar and pet, then winnowed gain I en eco egger tee ofeqpng and Spec hte ew wa, emp ag asa) his Fat an ee an mace wee fer planted along the pin white rice cooked without condiments or seasoning whic the Spar ae dcpiingon te ype sisal and weeding required Hr re 1 cl moiqute ecu, a Fuhr CoM mae eeelhre des during de season (dl, ge, Mla. | ener than a Moro meal [Alcina 1058, 82). Tc ould sho be pounded Fora anekshad be prota om bi wi tat, ad J tine rt), anderen is honey agate eae teen cul be ehen ngs a ofa. cnn repre cnn Kant IN yuk As a for ere real aru ce teh ence stot eng, apy ered end Sar i i uaner ame nthe in betecn close J Second on tose tn portance and etem was mit (aw) which ae ata pfs ano aru adobe ow of oh inne as von he man cop wih ie not ein grown tall Kae rong tie a Neem wove ght to make 4 sonny beating bug and une rice, oul grow poorer ah i a ad ranch anche Ee mets led etled more bn an spend oes. thd the feat a a a ee manic aya ecfrcvhen hegre aving ed so hr they weve eam only ponding oy eng ge peer of mb lath or (tw a plated ad ac a re ta ce Tron ice dangingsccrom owen moe on tough win etioned i Cab. Thera oar 2 oe ain oS} by Sutin, lpi Gon) wav ao eaten npc fie. grew wil, a al age sen ‘or stomping. Thr they could be led dough and stung a neclaces. BI whether Ao accmpnied by wit reigns tabs or tice das fe or millet ws the pref fod ont crops were actly Ue most 1 ate ema continent and ep away fom res common Vian pe Mente; ata ours enter the house thers, they believed the ree ett pala wi very Kor grains In some places hey even amped ene et al during hares, et the Hee deevense—e they sid—Dy] ve emg angry Becante the house had no been Ht 9 it alone TRIN de tnly done by won, a pen cold oon hem ee ARE ald be bat for wana eeapers Even where taste es se fs hn tobe bon yx wean aly cating mula nding wer, and had re abldshaped ete Ka ced fermen on rehonr afte oy tone the hare I, ey, vais pas bo allo is ns 9 He cel fr seven dyer snap, hss faecal bt Mls Tere were nay aes in (168,818) Fa a ig rsa tbe etn ech tne ihe coumed seventh cating hoc, “akin of yllowish gab 1 ty pun, sg the nts ning ih #0 fal tiny might hae been mised wi er" Tass prom ae re i FE for example ota epi place in Vion ew refecel by extene vocabulary fo pars oife women ordinarily creed arouad with them, or Bong. an even Shaler one for eating threads or betel note Gren eas were separte (0 fe poundel and toasted as pip a the rest were sunned od stored “Gives jn field granarie called hurd or alng sanding on 2 ee stomp, or under the house in fendaong, «Kind of hoge baker of woven Rot Crops Among their many root crops, or tbers, the one the Viayans consid re mont ntstous vas a (Ceti), which required most wi, ven yTanyas —___ Pan and Forming | : | ses anldatagesof growth Apaywere the leaves wrapped around other food Tor onan lo were edible leaves cooked on coals dl dagmaywas an old | Teak angina gb too yong o harvest 90 dey ad oft children, "Rng aan, meaning Let him ply, he'll growing” (Sinche 1617, 257)" ‘Yin (Diner were the nce widespread root crop, groin both wi and Joneat in our or five diferent species with dozens of varies, The | out common was wt (Dalat) we aol was D. lf, species sa | ‘Bite tro the tui lle babe whieh grew on the stern and were | ‘Shoked amd eaten rather dan theroot fll Bu ike the English wor Jom maaan applied Toosel ta any baky edie root Sane (1017, 549) ‘tard many Semareio terme with "a oot,a Hand of ws” aod defied ‘Reituplyas"aneuibie root,” Meni (16874, 422) called ia camote, eeSroteccuomon species" in Hgaynon just as American often cl wet potatoes “yams | "The domeatc varieties wete planted in har sil to0 poor force a too dy far taro, sles pene wid ast planting ack pole [Sse into the ground alongside each plant for de tem to cl, Just fenportant ay ony domes aver was the wild yn called oto fab whem aot wel eed, ax canst wo the tse, intoxicating orev olson be treated by being cut n ies, poured cl Peake pefeably in sll rates in wooden tay and squeezed et by] Faun, Due was the age in this process when it could be eaten € thong sl wes or pnalgang, al ry but twas kept wt became | hr ies buggesand 20 waa tubors nan who inated on hang cal anda) which hie os arabes bt came sf pat Gralingiemacroitiom Sip Aenea These werccommercal rot ported othe Philippines ren Makasar packaged in letes: Slogli’ssrvvorsinterepted boat ned with tera ut of Baan Bananas -Anuunber odiferentbananssand plantain (coking bar) boled like rice or yams when still unripe, were alo a tuple food crop. Spaniards fey paved the fr and vay oF ga band Joan Maines {Hes7 408) shapiodied over thei asin vate, tum, “Thee can bono | Aue at they are the very fst wich oper nine ster eat he ‘Morel ued catin their, bec diey gave hen the mare mas? Ie Smads tne 9 oe F expecially the fragrant litle ones called todlng Binal, “adyfingers’— gh ike tem, probably not spanked wih Ganamon or Sansed ‘ah Bat herent hey were rd 0 wey an hat ee peri thoi ager coment way ll acy, ado provided ra “staple of diet. mile Visayan Forming Terms Sotsendh-century Visyan farmers new nei knew neither the plow nor the ‘arabaoand the rather puny plows which became sve inthe next ‘uy would bave been of lie use ln awiddens anyway, becawe of Steerer ers aes oes a ies 0 | ‘Sago Aokos To Git the sil by any method | esac sg ot wn nd ot ue aie be ec Brag, Petegemmer abt acne tn eae cute sia Racca ere inmate elm eri orca ee at A rte haere eile nd Sey peep Se es Se rcmacinaimateace| fae SSESTE aan oramsnin ne ‘A reddish sediment (unaz) collected on the bottoms, leaving the lighten} along To transfer a whote plant, inchuting the roots with soit Jae fla lating on the surface to be skimmed off and dicatded. ThE pg a Tour fammpox nat) was boiled into «pte which cou be sunned died, Sar “ops: wine eld oon crop ox ae in fe Sonar et nef Sitermg emma un ee rer ae aintaplerwhere twarprenediniomeuisiomake Hide Tainger homies Topanermeting whe Ria oct nyCamote The camo, or act potato (ome bls), was native to topiea Amrrica und stot to be conte with he common potato, Sat ‘bs had spread tothe ands of Polynesia and 3 far sou a Nor Zealand ner de name dame bore the aa of the Bute Me Reto ata-The Spins bong ito the Plippines aa date Sic cannot be determined cause af» confision of term—hat eran aatecndveenuny Spaniards called all Paiippine root crop The probe wasthat when the Hera sated thee marine expe sine the itech cea, Bd no word fore bers, Ti on Rov erop dey new were soqeabes ke radishes ae mipe—indes {he Spank wont for turnip, na ws wa fr oot in general. Te Povengoese, in tn i not know what to call the yams they found the ‘sega of Sone cating, ans they called dem ingemis he Joes! word for seu” Devaar of the aero Cokambor himself led the sweet Boaters he found in Santo Domingo "iames" However explorers Wo rem after him son learned the nae Taino word, butt nd ate in Stic the te wor ama which ws spaniel as come Hoth won ‘Mbsequently became a conmemient wy #0 Fete 10 ru crops for whit Thuneta reported “busta in Guam and Pavan, for instance, al eds sae word in Tire to refer to gum kindof am, The pep epedin ceived “bo ov hrc tsar amen Can a] Teed the same combination, “battsx a fares” ike a refrain all “Tong he const of Samar Lyte and Bobo, ven interchanging the a sfordsin the mme sentence (Aen 85, 48451), Lara (198, 296) Yiayansatesome ou ike the Suto Domingo ataasthe ell emotes Milan de ia (1365, 256) retereed to some oot sos te He ‘ae they cll orpiza, amet and camoter "Oropin” is presumably Bape eo Ban pronince of Cochabamba nthe Ates, whee tno, not sweet porate, are ll gO. ppg the mest ity pe of Spann eal from Acapulco The conn ord tae way oe Mica equaent comet The ig Sioarien af Pipe Langues, dating re the eal weventcei “ory. avy wed emt ast Spanish wor, ot 82 bono, Tagg Sr¥mpan one Sanches defined falghongas evan kindof ele ro Sr eamote"and Meng (19, 2) dened igang cose ih Fond nd Forming de leaves In Bik, Marcos de Lisoa (1628, 28) called whi "big brow Gomots,” and afar “le white eamoter like testicles.” The San Buenaventura Spanish Tagalog dictionary equates cannotes with ab, nam, fags and ubi and dhe unpublished mansxcriptdctonary of Franesco Blane de Sun José defines aging "one wid eatoter and bates "the fu of the eamote they cll gubi The historian therefore cannot tll whether eanly Spanish explocers~Dasmaiine in Nueva Visi 159, fovexample, or Qirante n Benguct in 1623—reportig "eamotes” were felerring to sweet potatoes or same other root cops. ‘On the astumplion thatthe "btstas” and "camoel” reported in 1565 vere atially New World awect potatoes, kis soaneimes been suggested that they lst have been brought over bythe Villiobee expedition of 1548. erwell known chat Vllalehow'sstarsng ctewnien edt rom food fn Sarangan Island, bat what they planted was corm, not camotes—and it fk not grow. Whats more likely tht camotes were inodice ike corm fd cacao ae new erp the Benefit of dhe colony oul alter Manila was fsablhed sit capta. A relerence by English corm Thomas Cave in 1558 suggestive in this connection. He sti that while snchoved ff ‘CapatIsland (he was hoping to intercept che Mania alleon), “one ofthe ‘hil Caiques brought us pata rootes, which they cll eamotse (Prety 1588, 40). These were probably real camotes, nce fe seems ‘walikely thatthe Fipin chieftain would have applied the alien name to Tn any event, whenever and however they were introduced, both the ford and the plant were widespread inthe Viegas in Alcina’ day. He [probably gave what was the Ia word about eamotes it 168 acy “ sansa Hunting ‘Visyant hunted with dogs and nets, The dogs were called a, the hunters mangongeyan and those who could predict whether the dog would be good hunter by examining the was a bith were snyam. Good dogs“THEVA Fond and Faring vere highly valued, and had tobe garded against poison or witchcraft hing ‘Yinen thet other or a sibling fhe same liter de ratan collar wat} Juan det ee, ike an i mourn, wil they wo peep gome were aed in de hou, where they were pampered an Ftd mass robbed noses wih thee Toe equlent of iuinge-snd are them oat tthe foeston ter shoul To ie ei Mean Signy wes thought io increae dei bravery, (lo hong to mal Te Baa oe croeoie oth o a Dot's ash grown in fal cele ae a pac hunter) Wisyan doe were sal tt erie [puck cough to auld soars ks ad eee enough grab ove tn ‘Mfet ree y the anble and hangon wt ee hunter aie ‘Mon fing Ws tone close inshore, x dere was ile incenie for a eee cha oroc ino aswong nt (tengo ing o lr the eo oe ag evo to ree nnd A nts tapas tivouph batching age pric wat often ane tug, becnuse acho of ih could be seen Goes flat). | Shimmering in the moonight, or because they could be arated t0 apenas were a caught pits (ang) or desl raps (at torches in the oats wie Sar animals were ah wth snares ballin genera “There warsvarey of nets, Pggbod were dragnet cin shallow vate, qian ke ar wi cnn and lun Gated tothe palo the Abeer ck yeah brace ln) 1 a oe at dangeen: apo he atx fee he ner nh aca om, Lge ae ating ne ro hh, wea tiggered bya ine wechelf Sines thought as a recent intocton i is though there was AO i lalean dough pwd. Thy asa tla) se, except od ad noted sinker. ao south betaine sterent hegi AaaSie were 5 meters aeons ork omalderbl eatery ct Rom te rear oes sete were aso ral aati or as UD den were as prond of ach sill a thy were of thei hunting le Baring a ed machine Sanding ob wo stu were nes woven like Joos oth Hine ones were fr catching ny pon Poe eet the lnm fn tha og skin he i he were net wit he wes me an were Fae a rng to poe ancl we vat, Pong a whats nowadnye ced alwfooma age eae aa eee ten tigre se analy lou urcomered et lowered ya sinpl deni mounted ona raf Pade To Ging ldenay hf medy mow ts eight ln he ge of ry or fy bot go Ce Cinco ka blag: And ofa tat song te sore which cag leaping into the at ccape ahermen Fa ne ep "nga kan blak [Cakes wang longi, Kwa a raacous activity acompanied by much hianiy Bho waa sates LOT, 2-2 ee hao tac tee to tc bse ‘ate aye out man) day, sleeping i Hs calle akg and ounding sem se 7 pi "here was quite a varie of way fetching fa, Rivers were dammed fo tad faint nets or taps; for this, wens or corral (hi) ere “onsructed slong 250 meters The 08, bark or berries of more Wan Asonen dierent tees called bin general were aqucered nto the ater stu the fs, Rattn bask traps io) wee etn crels hook and ine cated rondo war also used as wel at harpoons made ia diferent | slertalat ori aio wed for huang) which were barbed like an Strobe sap, eropronge fork; apa, el rident with Wee oF In the sctcondh centr, Viaigan waters tery eee wid i Fh am upstream to spate in Inland streams, abit samp nd thik sawyer, ose othe aueficeo breathe, and even climbed uponta the foots af mangrove tres Large ones competed with ihernen by attacking their neu, and mote oraclous onesie barracuda aetilly endangered thefihermen themselves Fahwere caghtin nets trap ad coral st the fnowh of rivers or dammedup streams, sared wilh hook and line, oF tpenred with harpoons p aeaenty ir ives could no perform bor lke weaving o pounding Trt ofthe hunters Gre catch wae offered up ona reestump alae ‘Ranwan, the mountalnedveling spit. The rest was caved home ss tne hunters back by cumple over hs forehead, ate shared ‘Sth I as never sold or peered, though it night be exchat ‘omay All aninas whe es was considered it fos human eonsumy omar example,decr or eve at—were referred to a aly, pi"THe sna Food ond Forni nore pin nd ne ener nfo cating deg the ante econ, These ‘harpoons were thrown with a line attached to the boat, andy “Aotearoa Ue in a HO qu ‘sans evident id not hunt in slicent quand to tract Spanish Cooking ‘isan cooking was done on hy kala stove, or tree tans (gong) ‘n an cen hearth, Besides Mintandsteck, there were three other tae oral methods of lap making by icon: by paling a band xan ee a a ie consumpsen bat am fr ccf $n rh rote ait Sek dren pega the growed Nl “tering Since der and wld hogs were slo called babuy, domestic PH he cinder by rubbing a kaeahaped pice of bamboo along another fee dsnguated os song Dilerent ands bad thes own Wed ged with tinder and held horizontal wid the for or by rotating wer STaehictded 120 tes of dor 240 ks of porkom butcher tering] ooden rd Between the palms, dilike, aginst « wonden boa “They foraged betes lige houses and kept the ground clean of FB tye cinder mas ether fine wood shavings or he Hinde fz of various or ere panned in neatly woodlands with dheir ers cipped fol | pains anaes AA State foods were boiled: though tuber, bananas, andl Nesy eaves oF “pew en raise in de howe, where twas reported to be clang a ste were ako roasted in hot cols Vian wee requenty ed in ee i ne the melee hte ta land th meat nd hee barbed ke en uppers dager besine—the hewr—icnever set oot the BME Seamed in ection of haenboo were al Kinds of fod—parawn genera “Theke was lu eatin every house ep ier af ras and fa chet ci i ice flor with grated coconut and ot i broken ow aterwards aul be caught ung enough wo re, made a8 eve Better MONA yen thir eindialap. Gran was also parched In dry pots Tounchoi days ere pronsed withaspecalldertocomeand go AH Ghose died were ses an rt pts iene tobe pulerved to mie pleased, and pt muonkee a ace 8 watchdogs ogre no} ning Aig ce wo stretch limited spl: lamar wasany sch misng with lle, Epproaching sangers | frpiom, beans or ute i sede were cllected for spose, hing cet oe Spanith explores obsered onl ew on the cos ll fee picked om under tees whee they hal een dropped by hal Suma sa in eb Dut they were common in Mindaao and aes Firs afer digesting che Mesh ‘eontactth Mims the souh—for example they were aed fr ‘Seafiod not ony fish but ees, sls, squid, crabs, mollusks, res, tithe Seminaa sands between Pasay and Mindoro, which the Spa nl ture eggr—mere the main sure of Visxyan protein sd wan pre ‘Eula han de Cans (Gont Islands) because they were popuisted Will ferred go mae. Wild game was considered atypical masculine food and goat that had been teed Tons to bred wi Iie peters by women. Altmest wa forbiiden pregnant women —and a ha a al iredced ate nthe cen ind ak tense aby sara wee bevel wim nad oto trot Chin and Menz, with few bal Brough tom Spx IOPOMH. err mother's womb dae pregnancy. Pah were preserved ad theme” {fp novices sre eing or pt open ante before ning 98 sce of te carsbao noteworthy. Thatta noted ara Sal Kt Jaw ferme fh pane of teat brine go, dengan ania surprising, but ha oon reports isting atral SOWCA oom yer high ired ole dishes of minced meso, Yona animale not see, as Menton waa of 504 pense ne any Lind of cer snd sconingrl pungent and su Fo enor loin staman wearing shorn ede fe ew supplement a and aly die ‘Miho tdon mate of bude horn sor or hte romps. The be "Hoey waa an important fod, indicate by dhe frequent mention aa ound wit feral Laon fom Bikol co he Hocos, in allo hid ates connected with ic Seasons were designated bythe lowering of incertae nowngor enon, butin the Visayan as kara ces and plants whove nectar fed the beesikeKatparasan trv famtary see ues hsbee But uhether it Toamed the Veayan hills o* 0% MB. March when the paras rattan wes in oom. Wind and rain could Domestic Animals Seafood was the main source of protein the Vista de but pigs a"TE sts Bite Rang teazoy the Blows, ne yphoonsthebeesthemseles Ball Nut seep eomntapetation, Comer vas belied hat for aa inthe ees wana ag of ul yearn come Si ee th eur for any vain undertaking or re AUR nagood year encouldexpet find any 9h see epetiion ering whic dey would ep in de forest, die TSB mould trees and ball the honey to preven etl mats the ito he rec pai, anda chewed together with ite ppersine, omichnbatborowedenante The mci {proseqnentspnkied wi Tine ade from shells wrapped ate and EP covet into a qu whieh producers hooded pit. Is Vaya, thet | fev ong (iterally uit) th tel vine was cal ays owas er hic Hang wv xen so ogee faced qt chew ian mana whence he dw ala ed sare Ste yrs it contained of made fo confections and ces Fn a rime t toeved to teen Te peparon, exchange and sing of elf mae et iienoar | ppt socal act among Visyane. en cued the neersary igre rena e wapperf coon eves were ileus et ih them nile bakes or pues eat sae sets of 1 a i Pee ictinsmunber ot ierent sae sme stl, and chs become bal ith ater, an essen se ad in nama coco; [sti bre hn any dco or un For hoe: a era tc nal may woes ce wsto ree ole lo fer betel nt ayo wo entered hs hase wr an a re ate wih ie er, omit pling ey. onal ity the were prepared andre a emg ie ange coconut amd fm valable meta days oF hones by fan of whe wchal—sen handed were deeptied, “Guagters othe lady hese, epending on the scl sting ofthe esx make cane mar, they otsined 20 unreiel fle The Pay ce of Hoatapnon clinics wilh 3 skyenotine a onan Span pn wp, aa fron of bet it eng pepe an seve inka men) a de hc ln ese ora on for. Apa nor as adn uch of ms os a of cna bar Pee ne Eras ane kn Soom see mised wal ore ther ara orn, Bet nt a ged in mane me eign one of anne of acs or its called dom curlers quid partially chewed ape) wat a ac of itation a Ce et ata gen afewsharpionsover thea one in respons oa man's candesine request wavan acceptance of ne ease mae by pong he whi ances 0 clone, an open ian. Foo lca uke incl waer, in oul Bong palin were exten ct oe with a hyo vine planted a tut icy viene the np wena ata ie Be, Howe, nero nut fom wi palms were se when SP a 0 cooees igh ce Ststry—nich 2 somone wich was a atta pa a al een ee ttayo hehe er oman You cheving for the fs ine wally sled ges he chat en i ohn for eas ere bet ansesonea Pied ysl or ono rot, ad even yung ay’ chew ax se eames sre incr chos Ue in of per tc fa Shatner Say appa aan ee concn once dastn ws tom i Deore Dats Daghulwa yong thatthe aword tsa rape the oo ct cid wt in bla ws ca oa Bore, Bak naga po dapano pen (Chi, oie ae ees nate nl Breatias Inthe seo feeding workers BY: you know "esa 198,29) (tinge lor grompabor, the meat and fh were pale fa mound cal ‘ede ceri, anil fy tunis or ncighborhoods In ral eats and Aes nomen food wate cml adm nal qs ea hn fr tak and wine (ittons said "drink not ea"), and it ‘Sidret gon form to lace mouth of sreaychewed ood in fps mouth Disting and Drinking | One of he fst things tae Spaniards eared about the Visayas that ‘hey were good drinkers Magellan had no sooner landed on Homonon, wo‘rie SANS Fond and Baring AE grcting by marl ropagion wo the econ of aloe vegtton [Gis tne such Sint Pac gece ipreson sty fe San ov tes thre Tat vs ny Magelan teed Fray hah wal ian Oeirand nde Pl oes wach ee ered snare (ioe na 1) ‘when people fom nearby Sulit presented isn wth ajar of wl Tales recorded a wrtar—that i rok, dhe MelayArabic word fo i ‘Het uo in Lipase, Pgs drank from the se exp a6 Re [olan and his ansiat,Farige de Malaea, gos drunk he Was vpvetu) and few dye later, dhe focal harvests delayed while Kola Ru his Bedher Av slept if hangoves. In Cebu, Piguet drank p ‘ter ude nga ni, straight from the jr wit reed saws togeter wi is Humabon, but in Quiptfhe excused himself afer one draught he jah Katana ad hs companions ned off whole jar wtbou ea anyeing "Tne Spaniards therefore called Visayan social occasions éaconala] inet, Laatea (1582 116) commented, however, "i's good they etangy when drunk, ad Father Chirino (108,79) lee awe ‘Ste tothe Bolas abit to carry her Liquor abarwen Koco (000 baa, temper oF mediate) wa the | wot wow tark ox devoted to produce the beverage The decocon | erhuher ple vo al invlune mised wth an egal vohmeof fresh Foney and Ito ferment natal wo become samo, song quar foray Fer Sach Unie re toa ks Ike pangs it was come by en gathered rod he, all Sele tog ate mil ooo a tnt even vai Sine beney {tr av imporae item in the Vajan de Sabarawan wax produced {etre guamity to market~and ts produc and consumpon were [toute Scene by Span tte demas or ane wo tes rweba amongustac one fhe be eae party compte int te gato sy honey bape oe ang maton dehy nn become conte inthe ene ba Feeeeenegite etre torte re ney doit lett ‘telectberdoe teeta reo obey et cH. ins Sagres ice ws xtsted wth asp onesman pees Alon springy pleas peed over sre samp and kept unc up and ox | Stowe bod sad foot pda, wl with the ther hand the eane wes Tht tobe squcaed et the leu. The jue wo oie, preteraby itr eutivon bony tat held a much a 15 ir to bal voune. (or Spanah consumption, it bled down to tick syrup.) Twas then ‘Trl anda sal bundle of kabsraan bark as ade a eso An col, ew stored in Chinexe porcine i avulale dT ferment a age a tor Kang ‘Vnyant dif not make vor ial. ven after dhe introduction of the Chince sugar mile one wth vo alts ested togethers earned yacanbaootien sgar ma for sal othe who coal ford ton inane the main efor agareane. Thee wav aso den as ‘one {nd ered asa subuitoe for mother mk when necenry. Varebes of ‘Enc en wl for pressing were eaten fond or snacks, ad invariably ‘sed tonistorsupon sea Sag for fatance, worth ete re, a watt hard an ros forthe Vaan press—though these sane soctternie were desieble when srg betwen te rollers of te Giese ail “there were hsclly five kinds of Vagan alcoholic beverages afar, int or lang, pongo anda. Tuba was ce sap of pai eh Jrtuentednatuely afew hours and soured quickly Kabra vesnney fermented with a 8nd of beiled bark. Itus oF Kiang Tagarcane wine, hich improve wid ging Panga was ice wine o bet ‘tccis toy, fermented wth yest, bat bal also be brewed from the tehalike metal elle patent by Spaniards And alas any of thea EEterages ne Into hare guor: Ala was drunk Som cups, but th (her th red strane ro the porcelain jr in which hey were b Srnec, Panga! was required forall formal or ceremonial oceasons. | “Tuba. Nip ets was made fom the sap of wd tees, and usualy suchgdhened an given a red color—by the addon of gro ‘ings lear Bu tba made fom coconat palms was consis ‘etter and was therefore a profitable tem of tae. Distilled sto alas euld be teumported as far asthe ol, Wnegat, or mute themscires, bi Fought auch beter price ‘ “Taba apperarented the trcexorese hired to ten them, and where soil wes Enbratte, whole inde beeame coconut plantations wiht Pang asi vas the mash of cooked rice, already leavened with aay, ich was placed in the jt to proce the iid pangs. Tas let stand eyPad at Farming uni icbecame strong and sour and wis drunk with the ation of wate Drinking Btiquetie iia ar was sind, the adion of more bas eas drunk throng eed sus alle eur Rola dea fro dhe jr with ot aod [tthin bamboo open at dhe borom aud eh a finger hole near the top ‘hich waasubrmergedin the pangs untitled, and then wiravn wi The finger bate closed to reste voenum to retain its contents. The lettin the drained jr ws called oo. Pang! drinking began with formalisy and ceremony, The jars wer placed in long row down the mide of the oor. Then the master off ‘fremont after invoking the divat (eit) ao drink fst, invited the (Gusto drinkin turn inating which guest and which ja Constang necking the contents of the ars ax the deiaking went on (4 proceduc alle "heating" fd, he won clon drinkers oad cera amount tt water, They were then required to dsiak as much pangan a the wate they added These elections were amie smi Increasing anes and chal lenges an Rally te aging of daar, kindof sng in whieh onc maa trod be vce by sogh fnsngy—bal, as Loarea noted, wa expt TCahowne resentment Inthe end, sme of he past mightbe "bough" thav inthe host compensated by Fling an emptied jar with raw ce. cept for tight sche who sfered poor health an cary de ie, Vigan id not dik sone, nor appear drunk pub. Diiking fos done in anal rnp or in sail qathenngs where men ad women st Be oppose sider tte om, tony prey ws wleome toi ffomen drank tore moderaey than ten and were expected W rte thee menflk ou, sep off ry seating por, Bat nen weve proud tbelreapaciy Father lens ha Sumac parishioner wow achr Spits ona bet nor Milpinos wih the same latent ould wae den, unter hoy mach tye and fanons oil dat eyed te Iepusion of donning tice Ker rah from the il with one breath Prutent dake, however, pared beforehand by “ning the bell with fol ike lng the cooking pr with omnana ene (aonginanigan gua sin Kanan (Sanches 1617, 62). Drinking equi gan with al exhoting some perton, or dna otk the first dink. Gana ws to propos ost o somebody’ heal unl ofthe opposite ean saa was &taa in which the cap el UPoper ai brohees and mag id ws for wo to drink ogee om the Die he to babes tiga the ne breast. Amen oor = {ts might py one of is maw vaals by presenting hisewn cp fer he fodtakenafovsipr ae, Samsun anyfoodiaken wi he wine (hat it plo, like te plate of pork TajahKolunn cared wh Pata {idtab, 18), reported, Weooka cp wi every mouth” A had Fntctia been a Vanya, he would have mewured politely with each pec, “Tari digo {By your leaves” Drinking war commonly called pogempong convertion; and neither Bivree desi, fly oi, nor commveny decom were acored tito i For eh eon, Spaniard often abt Hipino sent to Invert thr ocepation oan overinlgence nie. Bat lcnn (1658, 483) amend the atom more relly lak ak or asin vas anthing made wth a ill—for exp, a sccampaga sapagoita peturne—and makilaesacontimed drenkag The al aan) was made of lowe rng) and wo Chine sate (von, ew, oka, The tong wa cae onc the top oft lice on tpt te toong. Teste condense on the upper vat eon {oom sl! ped af len pine «soy wooden Ha | Stupended in ihe middle of the tong, whence the Isgid flowed oi gh blo tae adn) a ugh the sie | | Their or ovo were the soungestad bes and inthe case fn hhadthe qualfiesofbrandy. Thiswasclled datey, pure or irstls. tea eth etcem for both wine and gol. (A Tagalog dictionary (1613, 60] ‘Sy 'Metphoricaly, 24 haat song, fms wtb fie.) ana hot wed su ase for aa, though Pata though tasted tlled nce mine in Palawan, Law was to mix, dite, of “Shera any ofthese hquor ad wae a common practi Watered wi so hn called omfg 0 was the child of 2 ined mangCHAPTER 8 ‘Trades and Commerce ayans who practiced wades ke Bacay, oat log, pal akin pean inthe ene of being compensated fr spec entitfncaccemstyin te see of spordng thence the tefeion Marke ort ace ed eves were bn mo raison capenty and ter wes wove der ove enh. K appeal te tes tener belonged to forming Tay, icin acne sen near of the da ds Ba here were et ho aaa cd th crafl ne expert shpwright or onl wees or the psucer of export texles who were te le ender employes of dats caps Trades to, were all a tere pairs ad linet merchant, apecaly ‘how vl Pee toma wen, vented st cargo space, a aed Log atic cm stand wo land caying goon bok cietonn, Ironssorking Blacksmiths were pondy—or, more accurately, jada uta, wot ersin on, to disinguah hea from other esmen lke goldsit mmaicrcgpenters and boat bilder ll of whom were call pansy Siting was considered the noblest profesion, probably because ony te rales dasha the means to import the rw materi. If they were Fueed the ulimate source ofall metal ool, inluding he sede xm: fo bolon, Ley would have exercied effective control ener Vaya meas Stproducton Ax Faber Aci (1058, 8105) mi tice that no oteaion among the Via more potable tha thi, ad 0 tate at honored and ated among them, since te retest cies re the Tron lif had actually been produce in the Phiipines in alent eclogite ncing Vigan raves ad lag oral ste productafiron ekingand refining. But to extratthe mea fom the oe Ty pimive method yery dic, and the tamsporation of the tre Thustingencely more economia io wade local are prods fo rateable cas von fataabl, and twos avaiable stent by te dricenth Scntabong Sarawak, and Song rare were delivering big Chinese cal rons and pig ion det By the sixteenth centr, ion was aso being produced in Sulawesi tut war elo rare and valuable dat wen the Santa Bina dal Paola noun in Sagi in 1525, the natives borne her to recover the ail. In the Visas those Chinese earons rained he tru source: thy were dllerately broken upto nippy loca forges The bellows ofthe forge (ashe) were two Upright cinders Cast) shontameterhigh,hlloyed otal ree trunk, wi pistons amit) Figed with chicken feathers setsoatocollapeon here stoke They tet aernaey raved and lowered by te acksnih'sappentie (masa) to proce a steady draft. Both cyiers had a bao outlet nea the thitom which led to common Howe recep (lm which concen trated thei dra toa charcoal ire, The snl nda) waa piece of iTonsetin hey woodes black, andthe mith stols weve + woanded Sone nau al aston hn lo), pir of tongs, a2 eoriment of ordinary bois for cting te redo met The most important oa manufactured epi or retmperc bythe ‘acksnith vaste boo, Dolo or day was he ordinary. one: a a eer one for wondeiting ak or bn, one wth 3 ed ade fr ireefng or calating; and pone with a shor blade ad Tong handle fo be pres under the arm or aging the gous with te footw leave bod hand efor sipping rattan, Te blade hal tang for halting io thewooden handle, and was held firm wth resncussapanda ingofratan