KURANG

HAND OUT BASIC
ENGLISH
BY ADE LUH FEBIOLA KRISTANTI_053
PENDIDIKAN GURU SEKOLAH DASAR
FAKULTAS ILMU PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA
Ade Luh Febiola Kristanti_053_2022B

CONTENTS
Part of speech........................................................................................................................................ 1
Singular-plural forms count-non count.................................................................................................. 3
Word order............................................................................................................................................ 5
Determiners........................................................................................................................................... 7
Reflexive and emphatic pronoun........................................................................................................... 9
Modals................................................................................................................................................... 12
Causative................................................................................................................................................ 16
Subjunctive............................................................................................................................................ 19
Tenses.................................................................................................................................................... 25
Passive voice.......................................................................................................................................... 33
Subject verb-agreement........................................................................................................................ 37
Gerund and infinitive............................................................................................................................. 38
Adjective clause and adjective phrase................................................................................................... 41
Noun clause........................................................................................................................................... 43
Adverb clause......................................................................................................................................... 45
Parallel structure.................................................................................................................................... 47
Conditional sentence............................................................................................................................. 49
Comparison............................................................................................................................................ 52
Ade Luh Febiola Kristanti_053_2022B

CHAPTER 1
PART OF SPEECH
In the composition of an English sentence there are 8 parts. They are called "parts of speech". Here is
the distribution.
no Part of Function Example words Example sentence

speech
1. Verb Action/state (to) be, have, do, I have two red pens.
like, work, sing, can,
must.
2. Thing/person I come from London.
Pen, dog, work,
Noun music, town,
teacher, London,
John.
3. Adjective Describes a noun a/an, the, 69, some, Let me tell you about my
good, big, red, well, interesting place to eat
interesting. dinner.
4. Adverb Describe a verb, Quickly, silently, Sofi can song clearly.
adjective/adverb well, badly, very,
really.
5. Pronoun Replace a noun Amir is friendly. He is my
I, You, he, she, some. friend.
6. Preposition Links a noun to another To, at, after, on, but. Please check the remote on
word the table.
7. Conjunction Joins And, but, when. I have pet. They are cat, dog,
clauses/sentence/word and rabbit.
8. Interjection Short exclamation, Oh!, ouch!, hi!, well Hi! How are you?
sometimes inserted into a
sentence
Example :
som book
I Have and pen
e s
pronou
verb adj noun conj noun
n
my cute and beautiful sister sings beautifully on the Stage

pronoun adj conj adj noun verb adv prep adj noun
1
By ade luh febiola kristanti 12/4/2022
But there are some words that can have more than 1 function, to analyze the form of part of speech we
must understand the meaning of a sentence. The following is an example of a word that can have 2
functions.
Word Part of speech Example

Noun My work is hard.
Work
Verb She work in elementary school.
Conjunction I can come to your house, but she can’t.
But
Preposition Everyone came but Marry
Adjective Is Cintya well ?
well Adverb I can speak English well.
Interjection Well! That’s Cheap!
Noun We ate in the afternoon.
Afternoon
Noun acting as adjective We had afternoon tea.
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CHAPTER 2
Singular-Plural Forms
Count-Noncount
Singular Plural
Boat Boats
House Houses
Cat Cats
River Rivers
A singular noun ending by-s is a plural.
Singular Plural
Bus Buses
Wish Wishes
Pitch Pitches
Box Boxes
A singular noun ending in s,x,z,ch,sh makes the plural by adding-es.
Singular Plural
Penny Pennies
Spy Spies
Baby Babies
City Cities
Daisy Daisies
A singular noun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by dropping the y and adding-ies
Irregular nouns
There are some irregular noun plurals. The most common ones are listed below
Singular Plural Singular Plural

Woman Women Loaf Loaves
Man Men Potato Potatoes
Child Children Tomato Tomatoes
Tooth Teeth Cactus Cacti
Foot Feet Focus Foci
Person People Fungus Fungi
Leaf Leaves Nucleus Nuclei
Mouse Mice Syllabus Syllabi/syllabuses
Goose Geese Analysis Analyses
Half Halves Diagnosis Diagnoses
Knife Knives Oasis Oases
Thesis Theses
Crisis
3 Crises
By ade luh febiola kristanti 12/4/2022 Criterion Criteria
Wife Wives
Life Lives
Elf Elves
Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.
Singular Plural
Sheep Sheep
Fish Fish
Deer Deer
Species Species
Aircraft Aircraft
Irregular verb/noun agreement

Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb.
Plural nouns used with a singular verb Sentence

News The news is at 7.00 a.m.
Athletics Athletics is good for young people.
Linguistics Linguistics is the study of language.
Darts Darts is a popular game in England.
Billiards Billiards is played all over the world.
Some nouns have fixed plural form and take a plural verb. They are not used in the singular, or they
have a different meaning in the singular. Nouns like this include: trousers, jeans, glasses, savings, thanks,
steps, stairs, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits, etc.
Plural noun with plural verb Sentence

Trousers My trousers are too tight.
Jeans Her jeans are black.
glasses Those glasses are his.
Exercises:
Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentence.
1. Anything (is/are) better than going to another movie tonight.

2. A pair of jeans (was/were) in the washing machine this morning.
3. The committee (has/have) already reached a decision.
4. The jury (is/are) trying to reach a decision.
5. Everybody who (has/have) a fever must go home immediately.
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CHAPTER 3
Word Order
Word order is the rules for arranging words to make perfect sentences.
The pattern is: S + Verb + Object + Adv of Manner + Adv of Place + Adv of Time
Example :
Our teacher spoke to us very rudely in the class yesterday.
S V O Manner Place Time
Notes :
A. Adverb of time, can be stored at the beginning of the sentence, can also be stored at the end of the
sentence.
o Yesterday I visited her.
o I visited her yesterday.
B. Adverb of place, always stored at the end of the sentence.
o I read a book in the library.
C. Adverb of manner, in intransitive verbs (verbs that do not want objects).
o I slept soundly.
o He studies hard.
D. Adverb of manner, in transitive verbs (verbs that want objects).
o He speaks English well.
o She sings a song melodiously.
Adverb of manner, with the ending -ly which is used with transitive verbs can be placed after the
subject or at the end.
o I had completely forgotten it.
o I had forgotten it completely.
E. Adverb of frequency, placed before the verb or after the auxiliary verb.
o I always come late.
o He always at home on Sunday.
Exercises:
1. The bills are folded in an origami style in a ______.
A. three-dimensionals frame
B. three-dimensional frame
C. three-dimensional-frame
D. three-frames dimensional
2. Those football matches will be ______ on television tonight.

A. internationally broadcasting
B. broadcasted international
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C. internationally broadcasted
D. broadcasting international
3. The Whitney Boomerang is the first ______ which exceeds all crash testing requirements.
A. two seater aircraft
B. two-seater aircraft
C. two seaters aircraft
D. two-sealers aircraft
4. There will be ______ in this town next two days.

A. an essential five days convention
B. an essential-five-day convention
C. an essential-five-days convention
D. essential five days convention
5. Not only ______ the best student in his school, but he also receives a scholarship.
A. Markus becomes
B. did Markus become
C. does Markus become
D. Markus becoming
6. She woke up ______ this morning because of studying hard in the previous night.
A. late
B. lately
C. lattest
D. later
7. Not only _____ a good thing; he did the right thing.
A. Did Sam do
B. Will Sam do
C. Sam did
D. Sam do
8. Thomas Alfa Edison invented _____.

A. electric lights
B. the electric lights
C. an electric lights
D. electric light
9. ______, Airlangga University has a well-respected medical school.

A. As university
B. As Public university
C. As the university
D. As a Public university
10. There are only 90 questions in this test, _____?
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A. did there
B. didn’t there
C. don’t there
D. aren’t there
CAHPTER 4
Determiners
Determiners are words such as the, my, this, some, twenty, each, any, which are used before nouns.
The countryside Some paper This old sofa

My father Five green chairs Each person
Determiners include the following common types:

Articles : a/an, the
Demonstrative : this, that, these, those
Possessives : my, your, his, her, its, our, their, x’s (possessive’s)
Quantifiers : (a) few, fewer, (a) little, many, much, more, most, some, any, etc.
Numbers : one, two, three, etc.
Here is a list of the determiners included in this Hand out. Many of them have individual entries
(a) Few, fewer,

Every Most That
fewest
(a) Little Half Much The
(an) other her my their
a/an his neither these
all its no This
any Jim’s, Anna’s, etc. One, two, three, etc. those
both least our What
each less several Which
either many some Whose
enough more such your
Sometimes we don’t use a determiner before the noun. We call this ‘zero determiner’.
Dogs love biscuits.
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What do determiners do?
Determiners have two main functions: referring and quantifying.
Referring
‘Referring’ means showing us who or what the noun is pointing to or talking about. The most common
types of determiners which we use for referring are articles, possessive and demonstratives:
A: where is the newspaper?
B: it id on the sofa. ( the means the noun refers to something the speaker and listener both
know or are familiar with)
A: have you seen my MP3 player anywhere?
B: yes. It is on the kitchen table. (my refers to something which belongs to the speaker, the
refers to something the speaker and listener can both identify because they both know or
shake knowledge about it.)
Quantifying
‘quantifying’ means showing how much of something there is, or how many:
Five people were arrested during an anti-war demonstration in London today.
There are some letters here for you. ( some means a non-specific, small number or quantity of
something.)
Do you have enough flour to make the bread. (enough means a quantity that is sufficient or
adequate for something).
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CHAPTER 5
Reflexive and Emphatic Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun
is used to express an action that is unconscious (reflex movement). also used to emphasize (to
emphasize) the meaning of the word.
Sub Pronouns Comp/Obj Possessive Possessive Reflective

Pronouns Adjective Pronouns Pronouns
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself/Yourselves
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Its Itself
Examples:
- When I was cutting bread, I cut myself.

- She looks at herself in the looking glass.
- I myself go to the office.
- He himself made the boat.
- He made the boat itself.
Exercises:
1. She would like to live in Indonesia, ______ it never snows.

A. when
B. where
C. that
D. which
2. The man is an engineer. His wife had a birthday party yesterday.
The best combination of the two sentences is ______.
A. The wife who is an engineer had a birthday party yesterday
B. The wife who had a birthday party yesterday is an engineer
C. The man whose wife had a birthday party yesterday is an engineer
D. The man whose wife is an engineer had a birthday party yesterday
3. Tari : Why do you admire Mother Teresa so much?

Susi : Don’t you know that she was the woman ______.
A. that she didn’t recognize me
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B. who dedicated her life to the poor
C. whom the governor met at the party
D. of which house was very expensive
4. A friend of mine ______ father is the manager of a company helped me to get a job.
A. whose
B. whom
C. which
D. who
5. Eko : “Which is your mother, Lily?”

Lily : “There she is; the one ______ is coming here.”
A. who
B. whom
C. which
D. whose
6. Mary introduced me to her former lecturer _____ she married after she had graduated.
A. of whom
B. whose
C. of which
D. whom
7. Angiosperms inhabit relatively diverse environments and may be found _____ higher plants can
survive.
A. There
B. Wherever
C. Somewhere
D. Then
8. _____ hardiness, daylilies can be cultivated particularly easily.

A. Their
B. Since their
C. It is their
D. Because of their
9. The spiral threads of a spider’s web have sticky substance on them _____ insects.
A. Traps
B. Trap its
C. Which traps
D. Which it traps
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10. The Good Earth, _____ is a novel set in China.
A. Which by Pearl Buck
B. Which was written by Pearl Buck
C. Was written by Pearl Buck
D. Pearl Buck being the one who wrote it
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CHAPTER 6
MODALS
Modal is an auxiliary verb or helping verb, consisting of: shall, should, will, would, can, could, may,
might, must, ought to, need, dare, and used to.
These words are placed before the verb (verb) or after the subject.
1. Modal Shall
Use for :
1) Expressing the future with the subject I or we
Ex: I shall leave for America tomorrow.
2) promise
Ex: You shall have a motorbike.
3) Threat
Ex: You shall be punished if you do that.
2. Modal Should
Use for:
1) The past form of shall, if it is in a clause
2) Contain the meaning "should" in the present tense
3) Contain the meaning "should" (suggestion)
o I said that I should leave.
o You should obey your parents.
o If you are tired, you should take a rest.
3. Modal Will
Use for:
1) Future form
Ex: I will go to Jakarta tomorrow.
2) promise
Ex: I will come to your house if it doesn’t rain.
3) Polite request
Ex: Will you open the window please!
4. Modal Would
Use for:
1) The past form of will if it is in a clause
ex :
o He says he will come.
o He said he would come.
2) Polite request
o Would you open the door, please?
3) Shows want if accompanied by like (would like = want)
o Would you like a cup of tea? = Do you want a cup of tea?
5. Modal Can
Has meaning:
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1) Ability in present form
Ex: I can speak English.
2) Permission
Ex: Can I go out?
6. Modal Could
Has Meaning:
1) The past form of can if it is in a clause.
ex: I said that I could go with you.
2) Ability in past time.
Ex: When I was young I could play tennis well.
3) Permission (finer permissions than can)
Ex: Could I borrow your pen?
7. Modal May
Has meaning:
1) Permission
Ex : May I go home now?
2) Possibility
Ex: He may came late.
8. Modal Might
Has meaning:
1) The past form of may if it is in a subordinate clause.
Ex: He said that he might go home.
2) Probability
Ex: She might be late
9. Modal Must
Has meaning:
1) Make imperative
Ex: You must study hard.
2) Make sure
Ex: Andi bought a new car, he must be rich.
10.Modal Need
Can be used:
1) As a regular verb
Ex: Do you need a new book?
2) As an auxiliary verb
Ex: Need to go to soon?
11.Modal PERFECT (Subject + Modal + Have + Verb 3 + Object etc.)
1) Ex:
I could have lifted the box just now.
It means an ability in the past that was not done.
2) Ex:
He might have gone by train early this morning.
It means a possibility in the past.
3) Ex:
It must have rained last night.
A conclusion or certainty in the past.
4) Ex:
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I would have returned your bicycle.
An unfulfilled wish.
5) Ex:
I should have given some money.
An unfulfilled necessity.
Exercises:
1. Look at this street, it is very muddy, it ______ have rained heavily last night.
A. will
B. would
C. could
D. must
2. The child ate up all the meal we had served. He ______ very hungry.
A. will have been
B. could have been
C. must have been
D. would have been
3. Alfred visited some countries in Asia, Europe and America. He bought luxurious things for his wife and
children. He ______ a lot of money.
A. could have
B. would have
C. ought have
D. must have had
4. Berta : “Can I have your report soon?”

Jono : “Sure, I ______ it before you go to the meeting.
A. will finished
B. will have finished
C. am going to finish
D. am finishing
5. Dina : Roni, that is the most popular book nowadays.

Roni : Oh yes. It must have been written by a distinguished professor.
From the dialogue we know that indeed a distinguished professor ______ that book.
A. wrote
B. would write
C. should write
D. planned to write
6. Mom and Dad just left for the airport twenty minutes ago, so they _____ there yet.
A. can’t have gotten
B. shouldn’t have gotten
C. had better have gotten
D. could have gotten
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7. Although research scientists had hoped that the new drug interferon _____ to be a cure for cancer, its
applications now appear to be more limited.
A. prove
B. had proven
C. would prove
D. will prove
8. Henry will not able to attend the meeting tonight because _____
A. he must to teach a class
B. he will be teaching a class
C. of he will teach a class
D. he will have teaching a class
9. The Theory of Continental Drift assumes that there _____ long-term climatic changes in many areas
during the past.
A. must have been
B. must be
C. must have
D. must
10. The man standing over there asked me whether he _____ the flowers from my garden.
A. took
B. might take
C. ought to take
D. would take
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CHAPTER 7
Causative
Used in sentences which contain the sense that the subject in this sentence does not do a job. There are
causative patterns that are active and some are passive. The verbs used in this pattern are have and get.
statement:
Have, has, and had in causative sentences are not auxiliary verbs but function as verbs which mean "to
order". Apart from have and its various forms, this type of causative sentence also sometimes uses make
or made.
pattern I : S + have/has/had + O [Person] + infinitive
Causative “have” in active sentence:
o I have someone clean my room.
o He had someone clean my room.
o She has him repair her car.
pattern II : S + have/has/had + O [Thing] + V3

Causative “have” in passive sentence:
o I have my room cleaned by someone.
o He had my room cleaned by someone.
o She has him to repair her car.
Pattern III : S + get + O [Person] + to infinitive

Causative “get” in active sentence:
o I get someone to clean my room.
o She got him to repair her car.
Pola IV : S + get + O [Thing] + V3

Causative “get” in passive sentence:
o I get my room cleaned by someone.
o She got her car repaired by him.
conclusion:
In its formation, the pattern of causative sentences with have or get in the passive form is the same, but
the active form is different.
Exercises:
1. Susi made Andi ______ his sandals before he went into her house.
A. takes off
B. take off
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C. took off
D. taken off
2. Ani : What a nice dress! Did you make it yourself?
Ati : Oh, I got it made.
The underlined sentence means ______.
A. Ati bought the dress
B. Ati made the dress herself
C. Ati had to make her dress
D. Someone made Ati’s dress
3. “Mahmud had the oil of his car changed yesterday” means ______.
A. “He changed the oil of his car”
B. “He had to change the oil of his car”
C. “Someone changed the oil of his car”
D. “He would have changed the oil of his car”
4. Dedi : “Arya, how do you inspect in our new criminals?”

Arya : “I had the special agent _______”
A. investigate
B. investigated
C. to investigate.
D. investigates
5. Agung : Send this letter today.

Secretary : Yes, Sir.
From the dialogue we know that Agung will have the letter ______.
A. deliver
B. delivered
C. to deliver
D. to be delivering
6. The old man wants to get his son _____ him to another city as he is not strong enough to do it by
himself.
A. Driven
B. Drive
C. To drive
D. To be driven
7. The manager was not able to finish this job by himself as he was too busy taking care other work, so
he asked me, his assistant, _____ the job.
A. Finish
B. To finish
C. Finished
D. Would finish
8. Arifa had his teacher phoned for he had got stomachache.
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It means that _____
A. Arifa called his teacher by himself
B. Arifa calls his own teacher via telephone.
C. Arifa made his teacher call him
D. Arifa asked someone else to call his teacher
9. Because the couple are too busy to prepare their wedding, they _____.
A. Have organized everything for their wedding party
B. Want to organize everything by themselves
C. Have the wedding organized
D. Want to organize their own wedding party
10. The owner of the shop let the beggar _____ in front of their shop.
A. Begged
B. To beg
C. To be begged
D. Beg
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CHAPTER 8
Subjunctive
The English subjunctive is a special, relatively rare verb form that expresses something desired or
imagined.
We use the subjunctive mainly when talking about events that are not certain to happen. For example,
we use the subjunctive when talking about events that somebody:
 Wants to happen
 Anticipates will happen
 Imagines happening
Base subjunctive
Form of base subjunctive
The form of the base subjunctive is extremely simple. For all verbs and all persons, the form is the base
of the verb, for example: be, have, do, go, sing, work.
The base subjunctive does not use any other forms (goes,sings,works).
This table shows the base subjunctive in all persons, using the verbs be, work, and sing as examples:
Base-subjunctive
be work Sing
Note
I be work Sing
You be work Sing That the subjunctive does not change at all
He, she, it be work Sing according to person (I, you, he, etc).
We be work Sing
You be work Sing
They be work Sing
Use of base subjunctive
In certain that clauses
The base subjunctive is typically used that clauses after two structures:
1. Suggest-verb (or noun) + that

 Advise, ask, command, demand, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, recommend,
request, suggest
 Command, demand, order, proposal, recommendation, request, suggestion
2. Advisable/anxious-adjective + that
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 Advisable, best, crucial, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary,
unthinkable, urgent, vital
 Adamant, anxious, determined, eager, keen
Look at these sentence which include examples of the above:
Main clause That clause
Suggest-verb With subjunctive
He Suggests that you Be Present at the meeting
The board Recommen that he join The company

d
He Requested That The car park not Be Locked at night
Suggest-noun With subjunctive
They made a Suggestion that We be Early.
He made a Proposal That The company Buy More land.
The president has order That The secretary resign Next month.
issued an
Advisable-adjective With subjunctive
It is advisable that She Rest For a week.
It was Essential That The army Advance Rapidly
After the landing, Vital that Every Not use A radio

it will be soldier
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Anxious-adjective With subjunctive
Tara is anxious that you return Soon.
They are keen That He not be Hurt.
We were determine that it remain Secret.

d
Notice above:
 The position of not when creating negation

 That the main clause can be any tense
Look at some more examples, which include that clauses in negative and continuous form:
 The judges order that he stay the execution.

 We have made a request that we not be disturbed.
 It is important that a car be waiting when we arrive.
 The manager was eager that his visitor see the new building.
 The board of directors recommended that he not be dismissed.
 Have you seen my suggestion that work hours be reduced?
Be after if
we sometimes use subjunctive be after if/whether, though this is rather formal, especially in British
English
If that be (not) The case I intend to the report the

matter.
Whether he be Prepared or not
Fixed expressions
Note the following fixed expressions with the subjunctive:
 Bless you!
 God bless America!
 God save the Queen.
 Long live the President!
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 Heaven forbid!
 Heaven help us!
Were-subjunctive
Form of were-subjunctive
Were-subjunctive
Note
Be That the subjunctive does not change according to person (I,
you, he, etc).
I were
You were
He, she, it were
We were
You were
They were
Use of were-subjunctive
In the following examples, you can see that we sometimes use the were-subjunctive (instead of was)
after:
 If
 As if
 Wish
 Suppose
Formal with were Informal with was
I would go if I were younger I would go if I was younger
If he were not so mean, he would buy one. If he wasn’t so mean, he would buy one.
I’d tell her if I were you. We don’t normally say “if I was you” even in
colloquial language.
It’s not as if I were ugly. It’s not as if I was ugly.
She acts as if she were the Queen. She acts as if she was the Queen.
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I wish I weren’t so slow! I wish I wasn’t so slow!
I wish the computer were working. I wish the computer was working.
Suppose she were here. What would you say? Suppose she was here. What would you say?
Exercises:
1. I wish that I … a doctor now.
a. am
b. was
c were
d. are
2. Diana acts as if she … a ghost.
a. see
b. had seen
c saw
d. would have
3. Jessy shops many expensive bags as though she … a lot of money now.
a. has
b. had
c. had had
d. have
4. Riana sings a song as though she … a singer.
a. is
b. was
c. were
d. would be
5. If only he … A year ago, he would pass the exam.
a. studies
b. studied
c. had studied
d. would study
6. Dina looked so shoked as though she … a gangster just now.
a. see
b. sees
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c. had seen
d. would see
7. If only I … in the USA since a year ago. I would have spoken English fluently.
a. am
b. was
c. had been
d. would be
8. I wish it … rain yesterday, but.
a. was
b. would rain
c. didn’t
d. were
9. I really love her, I wish I … her tonight.
a. can meet
b. could meet
c. had met
d. meet
10. She looks so happy as if she … the prize later.
a. got
b. had gotten
c. would get
d. gets
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CHAPTER 9
Tenses
Simple Present Tense
Sentence patterns: Subject + Infinitive (Verb1) + Object
To state:
1. Daily habits:
o I have breakfast at 7.00.
o I get up early in the morning.
2. Work that is often done.
o I always visit my grandmother.
o He often comes late.
3. General truth:
o The earth goes round the sun.
o The river Amazon flows into the Pacific Ocean.
4. A statement in the present moment:
o I love him.
o He likes coffee.
o John is a clever boy.
Notes:
If the verb in the present tense is joined by a third person singular subject → add an -s ending. There are
several rules in including the -s ending, namely:
1. For common verbs, add -s. example:
o Play >> plays
o Eat >> eats
o Run >> runs
2. For verbs that end in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z, and -o, add -es. Example:
o Catch >> catches
o Miss >> misses
o Fix >> fixes
o Go >> goes
3. For verbs that end in a consonant +y, replace -y with -ies. Example:
o Fly >> flies
o Cry >> cries
o Hurry >> hurries
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Some of the adverbs of time that are often used → every day, every week, today, tonight, this week, and
others.
Besides that, adverbs of frequency or adverbs that explain "how often", → often, always, generally,
usually, seldom, sometimes, and others.
Present Continuous Tense

Sentence pattern: Subject + Be (is/am/are) + [Verb1 + ing] + Object
o John is reading a book.
o I am watching a movie now.
o They are playing football.
To express an action that is taking place at the present time. Adverbs of time used → now, at present, at
this moment, and others. One feature of the continuous form is the use of the -ing ending in the verb.
There are rules for using -ing:
1. For most verbs, just add -ing. Example ::
o Watch >> watching
o Fly >> flying
o Eat >> eating
o Go >> going
2. For verbs that end in -e, remove -e before -ing. Example :
o Love >> loving
o Save >> saving
o Argue >> arguing
o Rise >> rising
3. For verbs that end in -ee, -e does not need to be omitted. Just add -ing. Example :
o Agree >> agreeing
o See >> seeing
4. For verbs that end with one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant before adding -ing.
Example :
o Sit >> sitting
o Run >> running
o Kidnap >> kidnapping
o Get >> getting
Some verbs are not used in the present continuous form:

1. Verbs of sense or verbs related to the senses. Examples see, hear, smell, notice, recognize.
2. Verbs of emotion or verbs related to emotion. Examples desire, refuse, forgive, wish, care, hate,
adore, like, dislike.
3. Verbs of thinking or verbs related to thought. Examples feel, realize, understand, know, mean,
suppose, believe, expect, remember, recollect, forget, trust, mind.
4. Verbs of possessing or verbs related to possession. Examples own, owe, belong, posses.
5. Other verbs, include seem, appear, contain, consist, keep, concern.
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Present Perfect Tense
Sentence pattern: Subject + Have/Has + Verb3 + Object
o My father has just gone home.
o Jerry has never eaten strawberries before.
o We have just finished watching the game.
To express an event that has been completed and the results of the work can be seen at the present
time.
Also used when we talk about an event that was started in the past and is still ongoing.
Frequently used Adverbs → for, since, today, recently, recently, already, just now, yet, so far, and others
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Sentence pattern: Subject + Have/has + Been + [Verb1 + ing] + Object
o I have been working on the paper for three hours.
o Sam has been waiting for you since this morning.
o We have been living in this town since 1997.
To express an event that was done in the past and is still ongoing.
Adverbs that are often used are: since, for.

Simple Past Tense
Sentence pattern: Subject + Verb2 + Object
o They went to the zoo.
o Jimmy ate all the apples on the bowl.
o I saw my uncle at the festival.
If the sentence does not use a verb, then the sentence pattern is:
Subject + Be (was/were) + Complements
o I was here last night.
o Ken was a football player before the accident.
o They were late this morning.
To express an event that happened in the past.

Adverb of time → last, ago, yesterday, just now, last year, two days ago, and others. Besides that, in
simple past tense sentences, the word used to is often used, to express a habit in the past that is now no
longer being carried out.
Example: When I was young I used to go to school on foot.
Past Continuous Tense
Sentence pattern: Subject + Be (was/were) + [Verb1 + ing] + Object
This sentence form is used to express:
1. Two events that happened in the past. One event was in progress while another occurred.
Example:
I was watching TV when he phoned me.
2. Two events that happened simultaneously in the past.
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Example:
While my father was reading a newspaper, my mother was cooking in the kitchen.
Past Perfect Tense

Sentence pattern: Subject + Had + Verb3 + Object
This sentence form is used to express two events that occurred in the past, where one event was
completed when the other event occurred.
o She had just come after he got there.
o I had finished my work when the letter came.
Commonly used adverbs → before, after, as soon as, just, already.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Sentence pattern: Subject + Had + Been + [Verb1 + ing] + Object
To state how long an event lasts before another event occurs.
o They had been playing foot ball for two hours when there was a terrible storm.
o I had been living in Bandung for three years when the war broke out.
compare:
o How long have you been waiting?
o How long had you been waiting when the bus finally came?
Simple Future Tense

Sentence pattern: Subject + Shall/Will + Verb1 + Object
Used when we talk about an event that will happen. Adverb of time → tomorrow, next week, next year,
soon, and others→ tomorrow, next week, next year, soon, etc.
o He will be here tonight.
o We shall (or we will) probably go to Los Angeles in June.
note: to be going to = will
compare:
o Do you think Tom will get the job?
o We are going to be late.
The conclusion is, the use of will may just be an estimate but to be going to will definitely be
implemented.
Future Continuous Tense

Sentence pattern: Subject + Shall/Will + Be + [Verb1 + ing] + Object
To express a plan that is certain to be implemented.
Don’t come to my house at 3 o’clock in the afternoon, because I’ll be playing tennis.
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Future Perfect Tense
Sentence pattern: Subject + Shall/Will + Have + Verb3 + Object
To express a plan that is certain to be completed at a certain time in the future.
X : May I borrow your book tomorrow?
Y : Sure. I’m sure I will have finished reading it by then
Another example:
o I will have bought a new car, when you come here again next week.
o By the time I come back from London, I hope Tina will have grown up.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Sentence pattern: Subject + Shall/Will + Be + [Verb1 + ing] + Object
Used when talking about how long an event lasts until a predetermined time in the future.
o Betty will have been playing tennis for 7 hours by the end of this day.
o The Brows will have been living in this new house for 18 months next September.
This following is an example of using tenses more simply.
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30
Exercises:
1. Sari ______ to school with her friends at 06.30 a.m. tomorrow.

A. walks
B. is going to walk
C. will be walking
D. will have walked
2. ______ discussed before the director proposed it.

A. The economic crisis had been
B. The economic crisis being
C. The economic crisis has already been
D. The economic crisis is already
3. She ______ at me when she saw me at the airport.

A. waves
B. waved
C. is waving
D. has waved
4. Berta : “Can I have your report soon?”

Jono : “Sure, I ______ it before you go to the meeting.
A. will finished
B. will have finished
C. am going to finish
D. am finishing
5. “When do you plan to get married?”

“After ______ school”.
A. I finish
B. I finished
C. I am finishing
D. I have been finished
6. Mother ______ the food by the time the children come home.
A. cooked
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B. will cook
C. has cooked
D. will have cooked
7. The children are watching TV now because they ______ their homework.
A. are doing
B. had done
C. have done
D. were doing
8. I ______ the street when it began to rain.

A. am walking down
B. have walked down
C. have been walking down
9. The team ______ along the river-bank when they, accidentally, found a big cave.
A. were walking
B. are walking
C. will walk
D. walked
10. Dian and Harris hardly ever join our class discussion, ______?
A. did they
B. didn’t they
C. don’t they
D. do they
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CHAPTER 10
Passive Voice
Passive Voice or Passive sentence is a sentence whose object of the active sentence becomes the
subject of the passive sentence.
Sentence pattern: Subject + to be + past participle
1. Simple Present:
active: He drinks a cup of coffee.
Passive: A cup of coffee is drunk (by him).
2. Simple Past:
Active: He drank a cup of coffee.
Passive: A cup of coffee was drunk (by him).
3. Simple Future:
Active: I will visit my grandmother.
Passive: My grandmother will be visited (by me).
4. Present Continuous:
Active: I am writing a letter.
Passive: A letter is being written (by me).
5. Present Perfect:
Active: I have done my homework.
Passive: My homework has been done (by me).
6. Present Perfect Continuous:
Active: I have been studying English.
Passive: English has been being studied (by me).
7. Modals: Subject + modals + be + V3
Active: I can finish my work on time.
Passive: My work can be finished on time (by me).
Examples of passive sentence in negative pattern:
1. He doesn’t clean his rooms. [active]
His rooms are not cleaned (by him). [passive]
2. I haven’t done my work. [by him]. [active]
My work has not been done by me. [passive]
Examples of passive sentences in a interrogative pattern :
1. Doesn’t she buy some foods? [active]
Aren’t some foods bought by her? [passive]
2. Did he sell his car? [active]
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Was his car sold by him? [passive]
If the active sentence consists of a main clause and a subordinate clause, the passive sentence can be in
the main clause or in the subordinate clause..
examples:
1. He says that Andi is a clever student [active]
2. It is said that Andi is a clever student [passive]
3. Andi is said to be a clever student [passive]
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35
Exercises:
1. ‘’The boys have been told the good news.” It means ______.
A. The good news was told to the boys.
B. Somebody has told the boys the good news.
C. The good news has been told by the boys.
D. The boys have told the good news.
2. The meeting was supposed to be held yesterday, but it has been ______ to next Thursday.
A. taken off
B. worn off
C. put off
D. called off
3. The proposal ______ discussed when I called the office this morning.
A. was being
B. been
C. being
D. have been
4. Black, red, and even bright pink diamonds _____

A. Occasionally to find
B. Occasionally found
C. Have occasionally been found
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D. Have occasionally found
5. Many books _____, but one of the best is “How to Win Friends and Influence People” by Dale
Carniegie.
A. Have written about success
B. Written about success
C. Have been written about success
D. About successful
6. _____ were first viewed through telescope by Galileo.

A. Jupiter has four moons
B. Jupiter’s four moons
C. Jupiter surrounded by four moons
D. Surrounded by four moons, Jupiter
7. In November of 1863, the city of Atlanta _____ during Sherman’s famous “March to the Sea”.
A. Was completely burned
B. Completely was burned
C. It was burned completely
D. Completely burned it
8. The Supreme Court does not hear a case unless _____, except those involving foreign ambassadors.
A. A trial
B. Already tried
C. It already trying
D. It has already been tried
9. _____ occasions for congratulations.

A. Birthdays that usually considered
B. Usually considering birthdays
C. Birthdays are usually considered
D. That considered birthdays usually
10. Electron storage rings………..;in investigations of the structure of materials.

A. They are used
B. That are used
C. Used
D. Are used
CHAPTER 11
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Subject Verb-agreement
Subject-verb agreement, also called “subject-verb concord” refers to matching the subject and verb of a
sentence in tense, aspect, and mood (abbreviated as TAM), which translates to number, person, and
gender.
English doesn’t use grammatical gender (expect for pronouns), and only the verb be changes based on
whether it’s first, second, or third person. That means most English subject-verb agreement is about
quantity : I the subject is singular, the verb must be singular, I the subject is plural, the verb must be
plural.
Even this can get confusing, though, because talking in the first-person singular (“ I climb the fence”)
uses the same verb format as talking in the first-person plural (“we climb the fence”). Aside from the
verb be, subject-verb agreement in English adapts verb to the third-person singular (“it climbs the
fence”)
Here’s a quick reminder of how to conjugate be in the singular and plural of each person:
singular Plural
First person (I) am (We) are
Second person (you) are (You) are
Third person (he/she/it) is (they) are
Exercises:
Underline the subject (or compound subject) and then identify the verb that agrees with it.
Everyone in the telecom focus group (has/have) experienced problems with cell phones.
1. Your friendship over the years and your support (has/have) meant a great deal to us.
2. Hamilton Family Center, a shelter for teenage runaways in San Francisco, (offers/offer) a wide
variety of services.
3. The main source of income for Trinidad (is/are) oil and pitch.
4. The chances of your being promoted (is/are) excellent.
5. There (was/were) a Pokémon card stuck to the refrigerator.
6. Neither the professor nor his assistants (was/were) able to solve the mystery of the eerie glow
in the laboratory.
7. Many hours at the driving range (has/have) led us to design golf balls with GPS locators in them.
8. Discovered in the soil of our city garden (was/were) a button dating from the Civil War dating
from the turn of the century.
9. Every year, during the midsummer festival, the smoke of village bonfires (fills/fill) the sky.
10. The story performers (was/were) surrounded by children and adults eager to see magical tales.
CHAPTER 12
38
Gerund and Infinitive
1. Gerund
Gerund is a verb as the subject/object/predicate/noun modifier of a clause and after a
preposition. There are many verb that must follow by gerund.
Acknowledge Admit Advise Anticipate Avoid Begin Celebrate

Discus
Celebrate Consider Continue Deny Dislike Endure
s
Enjoy Finish Forget Give Up Hate Help Practice
Prefer Recommended Regret Remember Start Stop Teach
Understand
Must followed by agent
Verb + agent + gerund
 Hear
 Watch
 See
Examples:
1) My friend hate working with him.

2) I just finished reading a book about flowers.
3) We heard him singing the song.
4) I saw the man walking on the sidewalk last night.
2. Infinitive
Infinitive is a verb that must be add to + verb as a subject/complement and after an adjective.
Afford Agree Appear Beg Choose Decide Expect

Fail Help * Hesitate Hope Learn Manage Mean
Offer Plan Prepare Pretend Promise Refuse Want
Would Would
Wish Would Like
Love Prefer
Examples:
1) I have something to do.

2) Do you need a man to help you?
3) John is happy to help Mary.
4) He came to see that he was wrong.
5) I don’t know how to thank you.
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Exercises:
1. Since Marlo is a presenter, he is used to ______ in front of the spectators.
A. speak
B. speaks
C. speaking
D. spoke
2. The environmental group hopes ______ the forest to its original condition by the end of the decade.
A. to restore
B. having restored
C. to be restored
D. to have been restored
3. ______ a new language can be very interesting.

A. Learn
B. Learned
C. Learning
D. To learning
4. At New Year’s Eve ______ continued until early in the morning.

A. to sing and to dance
B. they sing and dance
C. singing and dancing
D. song and dance
5. After attending the wedding party, Dona continued ______ the meal and having dinner with her
family.
A. heating
B. to heat
C. heat
D. heats
6. The new employees are furious ______ the news about their delaying salary.
A. receiving
B. received
C. to receive
D. receive
7. While ______ to buy the concert ticket, the man with the beard stole the young lady’s purse.
A. he queuing
B. he queues
C. queuing
D. queued
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8. We decided to stay home because Sita wasn’t very keen on ______ out in the rain.
A. go
B. goes
C. went
D. going
9. Response: I used to, but I resigned my membership.

The sentence that could generate the response indicated:
A. Won’t you belong to the English club?
B. Wouldn’t you have belonged to the English club?
C. Didn’t you use to belong to the English Club?
D. Wouldn’t you belong to the English club?
10. Henry Ford revolutionized production management by _____ into small steps on a moving line.
A. breaking down auto assembly
B. broken down auto assembly
C. he broke down auto assembly
D. auto assembly breaking down
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CHAPTER 13
Adjective Clause & Adjective Phrase
Adjective clauses are dependent clauses that give information about nouns. They allow you to combine
two sentences into one by using relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, where, when, which, that, and
why) as connectors.
WHO (used for people as subjects) My friend missed the lecture. + She borrowed Sam’s notes to review.
→ My friend who missed the lecture borrowed Sam’s notes to review.
WHOM (used for people as objects) The candidate won by a landslide. + Many people admire him. →
The candidate whom many people admire won by a landslide.
WHOSE (used to indicate possession) I admire Professor Brooks. + His books were stolen. → I admire
Professor Brooks, whose books were stolen.
THAT (use for people, place, and things introduces information necessary to explain a noun) I met a
man on the bus today. + He works at the World Bank. → The man that I met on the bus today
works at the World Bank.
WHICH (used for places, things introduces extra information about an already specific noun) My new
car needs very little gas. + It was a gift from my son. → My new car, which was a gift from my son,
needs very little gas. NOTE: When an adjective clause provides extra information, it is set off by
commas.
WHEN and WHERE (used to replace in which, on which, etc. not which) July 25 was sad for me. + I left
home on that day. → July 25, when I left home, was sad for me. I have always wanted to visit the
big house. + Julio lives in that house. → I have always wanted to visit the big house where Julio
lives.
WHY (usually introduces a noun clause) My cousin ran away. + I don’t know why. → I don’t know why
my cousin ran away.
Exercises:
Combine the following sentences into one using an adjective clause.
1. Students do well on tests if they are prepared beforehand. Some students are anxious.
2. A research paper on environmental problems received an award. I wrote the paper.
3. My driveway is in front of my house. I park four cars there.
4. The Industrial Revolution changed the way people make things. It began in England.
5. Recently, a large airplane had a serious accident. It was carrying too many passengers.
6. British Petroleum received criticism because of the oil spill in the Gulf. It is known as BP.
7. The dress was long, black, and beautiful. Mary wore it.
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8. On my vacation, I met a boy. My father disliked him.
9. Jacob is a student in my biology class. His father is the ambassador from Kenya. The class meets twice
a week.
Complete the following sentences with an adjective clause.
1. I’ll never forget the time when ______________________________________________
2. I gave up my seat on the bus to a woman whose ________________________________
3. The person whom __________________________________________ suddenly fainted.
4. Everyone criticized my opinion, which _______________________________________
5. Often, people who ____________________________________ end up being successful.
6. Many people find Maryland, where ___________________________________, exciting
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CHAPTER 14
Noun clause
Noun clauses include a subject and a verb but function as nouns. (adjective clauses and adverb clauses
function as adjectives and adverbs, respectively). Noun clauses are dependent clauses and cannot
function alone as a complete sentence. To work properly in English grammar, noun clauses must be part
of a larger sentence to form a complete thought. For example, in the sentence “ she liked that he was
always on time”, the noun clause “that he always on time” cannot stand alone.
We can replace a noun clause with a noun or a pronoun. Consider this sentence: “ did you hear what the
announcer said?” we can replace the noun phrase “what the announcer said” with “it” or “that”- as in, “
did you hear that?” noun clauses often include one of the “wh-“ words, such as “who”, “what, “when”,
“where”, and “why” and the related words “whatever”, “whenever”, and “whomever”. Other question
words such as “if”, ”how”, and “that” are also common in noun clauses.
4 types of noun clauses
Noun clauses are highly versatile. They can function as subject, objects of prepositions, direct objects,
indirect objects, and predicate nouns.
1. “I want to know what all the fuss is about”.“ what all the fuse is about”, is the noun clauses
and functions in the sentence as the direct object of verb “know”. The subject is the pronoun
“I”.
2. “she will listen to whatever you recommend”. In this sentence, “whatever you recommend” is
the noun clause and functions as a direct object.
3. “I hope we are going to wherever the source of the river is” in this sentence, “wherever the
source of the river is” is a noun clause that functions as the object of preposition “to”.
4. “the parachutist’s only flaw was that she balked when given the signal to jump”. The noun
clause “that she balked when given the signal to jump” functions in this sentence as a subject
complement.
Exercises:
Identifying Noun Clauses.
Underline the noun clause in each sentence.
Example: I know what the answer is.
1. Do you know who is the governor of Ohio?

2. Susan thinks that she will get the job at Martin's Store.
3. Whoever phoned us didn't let the phone ring long enough.
4. Andy promised that he'd be on time for the party.
5. Whether or not she should go camping worried Jane.
6. Mr. Sims mentioned that he'd be late for the meeting.
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7. Whoever sent us this letter should have signed his or her name.
8. Who your ancestors were makes no difference to me.
9. Mr. Barnes swore that he would tell the truth.
10. That anyone else could be doing the same experiments never occurred to him
45
CHAPTER 15
Adverb clause
An adverb clause is a dependent clause that describe a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. An adverb
clause tells when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under what conditions something happened.
We will not have school today because it snowed last night.

Until it stops raining, we will stay inside.
When your father gets here, we will go.
An adverb clause begins with a subordinating conjunction.

Some common (but not all) subordinating conjunction
After Even though That
Although How Though
As If Unless
As if In order that Until
As far as Once When
As long as Provided (that) Whenever
As soon as Rather than Where
As though Since Wherever
Because So long as Whether
Before So (that) While
Even if Than Why

Until it stops raining, we will stay inside.
When your father gets here, we will go.
 Commas with adverb clauses

When an adverb clause is at the beginning of the sentence, it is an introductory clause and needs a
comma separating it rom the independent clause. If the adverb clause comes after the independent
clause, the conjunction is enough to hold the two clauses together.
Because it snowed last night, we will not have school today.
 Locating adverb clauses
Adverb clauses modifying verbs can move around the sentence.
I missed the bus because my alarm didn’t go off. Because my alarm didn’t go off, I missed the
bus. (the dependent clause because my alarm didn’t go off modifies the verb missed. The
dependent clause is adverbial because it tells why you missed the bus).
Whenever it rains, my little sister loves to jump in the puddles. My little sister loves to jump in
the puddles whenever it rains. (the dependent clause whenever it rains modifies the verb
loves. The dependent clause is adverbial because it tells when your little sister jumps in the
puddles).
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Adverb clauses modifying adjectives or adverbs must come after the word modified.
Playing football is dangerous if you don’t have the right equipment.

We walked to class quickly as if we were going to be late.
 Elliptical adverb clauses have missing words that are understood.
When finished this building we be the tallest in the city.
When [it is] finished this building will be the tallest in the city.
Exercises:
Identify and underline the subordinate conjunctions. Remember: The subordinate conjunctions can be
at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.
1. While the cat's away, the mice will play.
2. A lie travels around the world while truth is putting her boots on.
3. Where there is love, I will be there.
4. Memory is deceptive because it is colored by today's events.
5. Never look down on anybody unless you're helping him up.
6. You have to kiss a lot of toads before you find a handsome prince.
7. Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect.
8. Life happens when you are making other plans.
9. As soon as you forbid something, you make it extraordinarily appealing.
10. Everything is funny as long as it's happening to somebody else.
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CHAPTER 16
Parallel structure
Parallel structure adds both clout and clarity to your writing. When you use parallel structure, you
increase the readability of your writing by creating word patterns readers can follow easily.
Parallel structure (also called parallelism) is the repetition of a chosen grammatical form within a
sentence. By making each compared item or idea in your sentence follow the same grammatical pattern,
you create a parallel construction.
Example:
Not Parallel:
Ellen likes hiking, the rodeo, and to take afternoon naps.
Parallel:
Ellen likes hiking, attending the rodeo, and taking afternoon naps.
OR
Ellen likes to hike, attend the rodeo, and take afternoon naps.
Using parallel structure
 With coordinating conjunctions
When you connect two or more clauses or phrases with a coordinating conjunction (for, and,
nor, but, or, yet, or so), use parallel structure.
Example:
Not Parallel:
My best friend took me dancing and to a show.
Parallel:
My best friend took me to a dance and a show.
 With correlative conjunctions
When you connect two clauses or phrases with a correlative conjunction (not only…but also,
either…or, neither…nor, if…then, etc.), use parallel structure.
Example:
Not Parallel:
My dog not only likes to play fetch, but also chase cars.
Parallel:
My dog not only likes to play fetch, but he also likes to chase cars.
OR
My dog likes not only to play fetch, but also to chase cars.
 With phrases or clauses of comparison
When you connect two clauses or phrases with a word of comparison, such as than or as, use
parallel structure.
Example:
Not Parallel:
I would rather pay for my education than financial aid.
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Parallel:
I would rather pay for my education than receive financial aid.
 With lists
When you are comparing items in a list, use parallel structure.
Example:
Not Parallel:
John Taylor Gatto criticizes public schools because they are compulsory, funded by the
government, and destroy students' humanity.
Parallel:
John Taylor Gatto criticizes public schools because they are compulsory, government
funded, and normalizing.
OR
John Taylor Gatto criticizes public schools because they require students to attend,
receive money from the government, and destroy students' humanity.
Exercises:
Read the following example sentences and revise any that do not use parallel structure. Remember that
there are many ways to revise a sentence to reflect parallel structure; if possible, rewrite each incorrect
sentence in more than one way.
Some helpful hints on how to revise sentences for parallel structure:
1. Figure out what parts of the sentence are being compared.
2. Decide whether they are parallel, i.e. arranged or constructed in the same way.
3. If they are not, make them parallel by making the grammatical construction the same in each part.
49
CHAPTER 17
Conditional Sentence
The modal will, would, can, and could often appear in conditional sentence. Usually conditional sentence
contain the word if. There are two types of conditionals: the real (factual and habitual) and the unreal
(contrary to fact or hypothetical). The real, or “future possible” as it is sometimes called, is used when
the speaker expresses an action or situation which usually occurs, or will occur if the circumstances in
the main clause are met.
Conditional sentence type
 Type 0
Conditional Sentence Type 0 or Zero conditional is a Conditional Sentence that is used to make a
conditional sentence that always occurs.
If + simple present, simple present
Example: if you mix yellow and blue, you get green.
 Type 1
Conditional sentence type 1, or future conditional to express that something can probably
happen in the future.
If + simple present, simple future
Example : if I have much money, I will buy your house.
 Type 2
Conditional sentence Type 2 or present conditional is a conditional that cannot happen now.
Note: all subject used were as a to be.
If + simple past, simple past future

Example: if we didn’t study, we could go out tonight.
 Type 3
Conditional Type 3 refers to conditions that were impossible in the past and possible outcomes
in the past. These sentences are completely unrealistic suppositions because it is too late to do
so now and the results are no longer possible.
If + past perfect, past future perfect
Example: if we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
Exercises:
Choose the correct answer.
1. If the students _____ late to submit the scholarship application to the board, they will not be listed as
candidates.
A. be
50
B. are
C. were
D. have
2. If your brother ______ here, he ______ us with this works.

A. is - would help
B. was - will help
C. were - will help
D. were - would help
3. Aldo : Did you attend the meeting last Monday?

Fery : I would if I had been invited.
The underlined utterance means ______.
A. Fery didn’t attend the meeting
B. Fery plans to attend the meeting
C. Fery knew about the meeting and he attended the meeting
D. Fery was not invited to the meeting but he came
4. You _____ the job if you were not late to the interview.
A. would get
B. would be gotten
C. would have gotten
D. would have been gotten
5. We would get the tickets, ______

A. Weren’t there so much rush at the cinema
B. Because there were so much rush at the cinema
C. There were not so much rush at the cinema
D. Although there were so much rush at the cinema
6. Fortunately you assisted to push the car. If you hadn’t helped him, he ______ with you.
A. will get angry
B. would have gotten angry
C. should angry
D. would get angry
7. If Rani were not busy at the moment, she would go out with me, said Maria.
From Maria’s utterance we know that Rani ______ with her.
A. goes
B. went
C. didn’t go
D. doesn’t go
51
8. ______ her shyness, she would have become a great teacher.
A. She had overcome
B. If had she overcome
C. If she overcame
D. If she would overcome
9. If we don’t hurry, the meeting ______ by the time we get there.
A. would have started
B. will have started
C. will be started
D. will start
10. If I had a lot of time, I would study German.

From this sentence we know that _____.
A. I have a lot of time, so I study German
B. I studied German because I had a lot of time
C. I want to study German because I have a lot of time
D. I would like to study German, but I don’t have much time
52
CHAPTER 18
Comparison
Comparations indicate degrees of difference with adjectives and adverbs, and may be equal or unequal.
1. Equal comparison
An equal comparation indicates that the two entities are (or are not, if negative) exactly the
same. The following rule generally applies to this type of comparation.
Subject + verb + as + adj/adv + as + noun/pronoun
Examples:
- My book is as interesting as yours.
- John sings as well as his sister.
- They are as lucky as we.
The same idea can also be conveyed in another way.
Subject + verb + the same + noun + as + noun/pronoun
Example:
- My house is the same height as his.
2. Unequal comparison
This type of comparative implies that the entities are comparable in a greater or lesser degree.
The following rules generally apply to this type of comparative.
1. Add -er to the adjective base of most one- and two-syllable

adjectives. (thick-thicker, cold-colder, quiet- quieter).
2. Use the form more + adjective for most three-syllable adjectives.
(more beautiful, more important, more believable).
3. Use the form more + adjective for adjectives ending in the following
shuffle: -ed, -fid, -ing, -ish, and -ous. (more hated, more useful, more
boring).
4. Double the final consonant of one-syllable adjectives which end a
single consonant (except w,x, and z) and are preceded by a single
vowel. (big-bigger, red-redder, hot-hotter)
5. When an adjective ends in a consonant + y, change they to I and add
er. (happy-happier, dry-drier)
Subject + verb + unequal comparation + than + noun/pronoun
Examples :
- Today is hotter than yesterday.
53
- John’s grades are higher than his sister’s.
- He speaks Spanish more fluently than I.
3. Illogical comparison
An illogical comparison is one in which unlike entities have been compared. Be sure that the
items being compared are the same. These forms can be divided into three categories:
possessive, that of, and those of.
Examples:
- John’s car runs better than Marry’s.
(Marry’s = Marry’s car )
- Classes in the university are more difficult then those in the college.
(those in = the classes in)
- My sewing machine is better than Jane’s.
(Jane’s = Jane’s sewing machine)
4. Irregular comparatives dan superlatives
A few adjectives and adverbs have irregular forms for the comparative and superlative.
Adjective/adverb Comparative Superlative

Farther Farthest
far
Further Furthest
little Less Least
Much
more most
Many
Good
Better Best
Well
Bad
worse
Badly Worst
Examples:
- I fell much better today than I did last week.
- He has less time now than he had before.
- This magazine is better than that one.
Exercises 1:
Supply the correct form of the adjectives and adverbs in parentheses. Let as and than be your clues. Add
any other words that may be necessary.
1. John and his friends left ……………..(soon) as the professor had finished his lecture.
2. His job is …………..(important) than his friend’s.
3. He plays the guitar…………..(well) as Andreas Segovia.
4. A new house is much…………..(expensive) than a older one.
5. Bill’s descriptions are……………..(colorful) than his wife’s.
Exercises 2:
Supply than, as, and from in each of the following sentence.
1. The Empire State Building is taller ……………. The statue of Liberty.
54
2. California is farther from New York ……………. Pennsylvania.
3. Sam wears the same shirt…………….. his teammates.
4. No animal is so big ……………… King Kong.
5. Dave paints much more realistically………………. His professor.
55
References
Lynn Stafford, Lawrence J, 2005. 400 Must Have Words For The TOEFL. United States, America. McGraw-
Hill Companies.
Rawdon Wyatt, 2007. Check Your English Vocabulary For TOEFL. Great Britain at Caligraving Ltd,
Thetford, Norfolk.
Lin Lougheed, 2004. How To Prepare For The TOEFL Essay Test Of English. Instructional Design
International, Inc :Canada.
Peterson, 2007. Master TOEFL Writing Skills. United States, America. Nelnet Company.
56

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HAND OUT BASIC

Ade Luh Febiola Kristanti_053_2022B

Singular-plural forms count-non count.................................................................................................. 3

Reflexive and emphatic pronoun........................................................................................................... 9

Gerund and infinitive............................................................................................................................. 38

Adjective clause and adjective phrase................................................................................................... 41

Ade Luh Febiola Kristanti_053_2022B

no Part of Function Example words Example sentence

my cute and beautiful sister sings beautifully on the Stage

Word Part of speech Example

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Irregular verb/noun agreement

Plural nouns used with a singular verb Sentence

Plural noun with plural verb Sentence

Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentence.

1. Anything (is/are) better than going to another movie tonight.

2. Those football matches will be ______ on television tonight.

4. There will be ______ in this town next two days.

8. Thomas Alfa Edison invented _____.

9. ______, Airlangga University has a well-respected medical school.

The countryside Some paper This old sofa

Determiners include the following common types:

(a) Few, fewer,

(a) Little Half Much The

(an) other her my their

a/an his neither these

all its no This

any Jim’s, Anna’s, etc. One, two, three, etc. those

both least our What

each less several Which

either many some Whose

enough more such your

Dogs love biscuits.

Determiners have two main functions: referring and quantifying.

A: where is the newspaper?

A: have you seen my MP3 player anywhere?

Five people were arrested during an anti-war demonstration in London today.

Sub Pronouns Comp/Obj Possessive Possessive Reflective

- When I was cutting bread, I cut myself.

1. She would like to live in Indonesia, ______ it never snows.

3. Tari : Why do you admire Mother Teresa so much?

5. Eko : “Which is your mother, Lily?”

8. _____ hardiness, daylilies can be cultivated particularly easily.

4. Berta : “Can I have your report soon?”

5. Dina : Roni, that is the most popular book nowadays.

pattern II : S + have/has/had + O [Thing] + V3

Pattern III : S + get + O [Person] + to infinitive

Pola IV : S + get + O [Thing] + V3

4. Dedi : “Arya, how do you inspect in our new criminals?”

5. Agung : Send this letter today.

8. Arifa had his teacher phoned for he had got stomachache.

Form of base subjunctive

Use of base subjunctive

In certain that clauses

1. Suggest-verb (or noun) + that

Look at these sentence which include examples of the above:

Main clause That clause

Suggest-verb With subjunctive

He Suggests that you Be Present at the meeting

The board Recommen that he join The company

He Requested That The car park not Be Locked at night

Main clause That clause

Suggest-noun With subjunctive