nce of Light | Interfere ERPOSITION PRINCIPLE J no | a i isplacement of a particle of @ medium acted Upon b 0 caused (0 the particle by According to this pri none i more waves ‘simultaneously is the vector sum Of the in vidual dis] lacements or more w waves respectively. Then the Tet»; and yp be the displacements jlacement of the particle is given by [ eye a y =nty Joes these waves. of a particle ‘caused by the two resultant dis Positive sign is used if both the waves acting on the particle are in the same phase and negative sign is used if both the waves acting on the particle are out of phase. sition principle can also be stated * . es travelling in a’region superimpose Upon each it any instant is the vector sum of the displacement other, then a new wave is t of the individual waves a as follows : ‘When two or more wav formed whose displacement at at that instant. 3.01, INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT _ ‘The redistribution of light energy due to the is called interference of Tight. ‘When two adjacent sources of light emit continuous waves of the same amplitude, same wavelength ane pooner or a constant phase difference, then the distribution of the. light energy gets modified. he | points, where the crest (or trough) of one wave falls on the crest (or trough) of the second wave, then the amplitude of the resultant wave increases and hence the intensity (or energy) of light at those points becomes maximum, This is called constructive interference of light. But at the points, where the ee Lee ie ne of second wave, the amplitude of the resultant wave becomes ‘zero ce the intensity of light becomes mini is i i ae of ligt es minimum (zero). This is called destructive interference of Thus, the distribution of light energy i 4 z gets modified iti i i ohn nem i ealedinerference of light ied due to the superposition of light waves and this The law of conservation of energy holds i good in the phe ir : Phenomenon of interference. In interference, energy is redistributed so that the light energy missi e , ergy missing at one poi ae takes place) appeateat afiother point (where constructive eaiasdes eee interior ' ' urs). 84 superposition of light waves emitted by two sources of light85 _ Ge CONERENT SOURCES fon crference, we remit have ten Kat moarces whieh emit Baht waves of same po prodvce ngth wand enmmr phar cn chowld have a cometant phan difervnen, Such anurces are called wey the anmwer ie Ne Phe waver ever estes Can tere Independent comneet of Rant be eaheryy aera tee deena norco hae. ee pany. cease pnwee oifferenee, fie beenase set ered OY och coeciteed sion of The veneer, whieh ate Billign In nuinher An excitedt ator emits: seme of the order 10" hee Therefore, the maven ented hy tet inuiapendent semen of } gen wit howe a definite Pane telationship omty foe 10 * vee and Rance the interference patterns formed pe thoac waves Wl Haat Foren 10 * see. Se, the waver coming fen these independent sources will Fe itercat phase relationship and comequently the interference patters will be chiftedd to. seme Thee changes in the positions of mations and minima of intennity of light will occur wt c accand. Since these changes are too fast and cannot be detected by human aye, 5 00 torn will be observed dve to the waves emitted by two independent senrces of light ‘rhe eoherent xources can be obtained experimentally by the following methods > Young's double slit experi In this experiment, light from a source 6 allowed ter fall on Ging two very fine holes in it. These two fine holes act as coherent sources. @) Ley mirror. A narrow source of light and its virtual image by reflection from the murrce Wil’ SGX as Coherent sources. ) Fresne!'s double mirror, Two virtual images produce by reflection will act as coberent sources Presnel’s cout ) Fresnel’ Biprism, Two virtual images produced by refraction will act a* coherent sources. “303. CONDITIONS FOR SUSTAINED INTERFERENCE, 6- eee ‘To produce a sustained interference of light, the following conditions must be fulfilled be coherent. Twg sources are said to be coherent if they emit continuous ‘and are always in phase with each other or have & enol a ees place mcs i 0 gncetorence Pm 1. The two sources should waves of same amplinde, same wavelength 2 phase difference. ‘Coherent sources can be obtained either by (f) a source and its virtual image or (i) the two virtual of the seme source. «2. Two sources should be very narrow, The two sources should be so narrow’that only the waves of “# sngie wavelength arg emitted. It means the wo sources should be monochromatic. If broad sources "att used, then we do not get the interference pattern but there will be general Mumination, It is because | Lhroad source is equivalent to large number of narrow sources lying side by side, Each set of narrow ‘sources will produce an interference pattern of its own which will overlap ome another ia such a Wa ‘tat we will get no interference pattern but @ gencral illumination. 4. Distance between the two sources should be very small, so that the path difference Bence the ‘waves on reaching @ point is not lary nthe two sources and the semgen should be large, This | he fringe ely. met 344. PHASE DIFFERENCE AND PATH DIFFERENCE We know, if the path difference between two waves is A, then the phase difference an. +. For a path difference x, phase difference, o= tyfe ee ‘The experimental devices for the production of two interfering beams of light from the same source is studied under two main hends : of wavefront, In this method, wavefront is divided into two parts by the phenomenon of refraction OF Wiffraction in such way that after traversing different optical paths they Sr auy reunite at a small angle to produce interference bands. In all such cases, as limited portion of the wavefront are employed so diffraction effeets arc always there. Inthe ease of Young's double sli experiment, light is allowed to fall on two closely spaced holes and the two beams emanating from the holes interfere. In such experiments it is very essential to employ cither a point source or a line source Lloyd's mirrors, Fresne!'s biprism ete. are the examples, 2. Division of Amplitude. In this case the amplitude of the incoming wave is divided into two or more paris By partial reflection and refraction and thereby we get two or more beams. These beams arg then made to interfere. For example, if a plane wave falls on a thin film then the wave reflected from the upper surface interferes with the wave reflected from the lower surface. In this-case it is not | essential to employ a point source or a narrow line source. Michelson’s interferometer and Newton’ Tings are cxamples of this class. 406. ANALYTICAL TREATMENT OF INTE] Consider monochromatic source of light S, which iluminates two slits S; and S, equidistant from S, These two slits S and S, act as coherent sources, ——~|~~---~ Let a be the amplitude of the waves'emitted by=—-| 1 -—~ the two coherent sources and 6 be the phase difference between the two waves reaching the point | P (Fig. 1). The two waves emitted by S, and S, are represented by 21 = een ~() 4 ra "yy = asin (wt +8) ex(2) According to the principle of superposition, resultant displacement is given by Y =¥, +¥2 = asin wt +a sin (wt + 4) = asin wt +a sin wt cosd + a coset sind =a sin wt (1 + cos d) + a cos wt sind ~6) Put a(1+cosd) =Recosé : (4) . ) y = Rsinet cos@ + R cos wt sin@-—~ = Rin (wt + 6) 6) which is the equation of $.H.M. of amplitude R. Thus, the resultant wave is also a S.H. wave of amplitude R and has phase difference 0 with the fis! wave. ~ + asind =Rsin@qurenfenence of Light 87 ‘Amplitude of the Resultant Wave squaring and adding (4) and (5), we get . 2 2, * p?sin?O+R? cos’ = a? sin 5 + a” (1+ cosd + 2.cosd) a 2 R? = 2a” + 2a* cos = 2a” (1 + cosd) = 2a? 2.008? o RP = 40? coe Since intensity of light at a point is defined as the square of the amplitude (R) of the wave 1=R? = 4% cos? AT) it may be noted that if two superimposing waves have different amplitudes, then eqn. (7) can be written as: 1 = a? +b? + 2ab cosd = ly +p +2VG f; cosd -@) I = Ipgy if 5 = Oand I = Ipin if 3 = Special Cases 1, When phase difference, 5 = 0, 27, 47, or 6 =p (2n) or path diff, x -dxpe-n Then I = 4a” (maximum) ~-@) ‘Thus, constructive interference occurs ifthe path difference is an integral multiple of 1. (Condition for constructive interference) 2.When 6 = x, 3m, 50. or S=(p +i)x : Hence path difference, x =A xgptna=@+03 ‘ Then 1 =0(minimum) (10) Hence, destructive interference occurs if the path di is odd 2 . siffersnce between two waves is od« ET EO Be oe an Se ultiple of 5. 4— PHASE DIFFERENCE —> * Energy distribution. The variation of Fig. 2 intensity of light with the phase difference of ‘wo interfering waves is shown in Fig. 2. ; Note. It may be noted that the law of conservation of energy holds good in the interference. Th\ 4isappearance of energy at destructive interference appears at the constructive interference. tio 25 : 9. Determine the ratio of __ Example 1. Two coherent sources emit light waves of intensity rat intensities of interference maxima and minima. (K.U. 2000 (S)) I, _ 25 Solution. ae ition. Here 7 = g ' | Since intensity « (Amplitude)”Inrerfenence of Light . avi 25) Ratio of amplitudes of waves, 7 = ino Bas We know, 1 = att ad + 2a) a2 cos d Tyyay 412 4 a? +t 2a ry ( cos 8 =1) = tay and 1 nin =O + a3 — 2tyay (cod = ~1) = @ nay, 2 eT 2 saa 5 2 3 rae a - 4 : ahs 27 4/9 1 Sra, Br 92 or Tmax ?4min = 16:1 3.07. YOUNG’S DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT One of the first demonstration of the intererference of light waves was given by Young—an English physicist in 1801. We have learnt that two essential conditions to obtain an interference phenomenon are : (a) Two sources should be coherent and (b) Two coherent sources must be placed close to each other as the wavelength of light is ver small. Young placed a monochromatic source (S) of light in front of a narrow slit Sy and arranged tw very narrow slits S, and S, close to each other in front of slit Sp (Fig. 3). Slits $, and S, are equidistam from So, so the spherical wavefronts emitted by slit Sp reach the slits S, and S, in equal time. Thes wavefronts after arriving at S, and S, spread out of these slits. Thus the emerging waves are of the sam amplitude and wavelength and are in phase. Hence slits $, and S> behave as coherent sources. Th wavefronts emitted by coherent sources S, and’S, superpose and give rise to interference. When thes wavefronts are received on the screen, interference fringes are scen as shown in Fig. 3. The point MINIMA (DARK) MAXIMA (BRIGHT) MINIMA (DARK) MAXIMA (BRIGHT) SCREEN MINIMA (DARK)the destructive interference takes place, we get A rh ti Inet’ SPrsined on the sercen is calcd interference paneree 7 ne Pater® Of mese dark and Oright ‘young had used sun light as source of light and circular slits in his experiment qheory of the Experiment ® eae qwminates the slits S; and Sj. The waves coor .d by slits S, and S are the part of the wavefront, so these waves have the flequency ‘and the same phase. Hence = ‘tand Sz behave as two coherent $---So|__ 7 * t the slit through which the light passes and Pi mitt same same slits $1 sources Sereen. “Serpendiculat “travelling along S,O and S,0 have travelled qual distances. Hence they will arrive at O (thase and interfere constructively to make O the centre of a bright fringe or maxima. "To locate the positions of the maxima and minima on both sides of O, consider any point P at a — x from O (Fig. 4). Join S,P and S,P. Now draw S,N normal on S2P. Then the path difference Interference takes place on the f we consider a point O on the ir bisector of S,Sz, the waves SCREEN Pig 4 between SP and S,P, S,N = S,P—S,P. 2 Now from AS;PL, (S;P)?_ = (S,L)? + (LP)? = D? + ( -3) Bois ae elt Sb «oer 2 : or (S2P)? = D? + ( +3) (S2P)?— (iP)? = D? + & + or (S,P—S,P) (S2P + SP) = 2xd : : 2ud 7 Soa po GP-SP) = BPS SP Since the distance of screen from slits S; and S2 is very large, so S,P = SiP = Bed _ xd +: Path difference, (S,P—S1P) = 3S = 3 @ Maxima or Bright fringes. If the path difference (S,P—S,P) = xd/D is an integral multiple of 4, nthe point P will be the position of bright fringe or maxima. That is for bright fringe, 22 = pa or a 2aD : 1) Eqn. (1) gives the positions of different bright fringes. a p = 0,x = 0,ie,, the central fringe at O will be bright . yl p= Lx = 22 (Position of first bright fringe w.rt. point ©)y bo Interference of Ligh) j i p= 2.x, = 2B (Position of second bright fringe w.r1. point 0) d It Po Pan pip (Position of pth bright fringe w.r.t. point O) y+ 1)AD u p= @ +a, = EEDA ___ Cosition of (p + 1)th bright fring w.r-t. poin ‘The distance between two successive bright fringes is called fringe width and is given by L : 4D B= a1 -% 7 a or p=? (ii) Minima or Dark fringes. If the path difference (S,P—S,P) = xd/D is an odd multiple of, then the point P will be the position of dark fringes or minima. ‘Thus for dark fringes, 2 a+nh or x= EDAD Eqn. (3) gives the positions of different dark fringes. It p =0,x, = ae (Position of first dark fring wat. point It p=iy= 2p (Position of second dark fringe w-r+. point ir p=2% = ap (Position of third dark fringe w.r.t. point If P=Piky Ce enee (Position of pth dark fringe w.r-t. point If P=@+Dixpe1= exaiD (Position of (p + 1)th dark fringe w.r.t. point | The distance between two successive dark fringes is called fringe width (8) of the dark frin which is given by. Qp+3AD_ (p+)AD B= x41 = 2d 2d th or p -42 4 Bt From eqns. (2) and (4), it is evident that the fringe width of bright fringe and dark fringe is| same. If we know the value of “D” and “d” then the measurement of the fringe width (B) gives a di determination of the wavelength of light. Example 2. straight and narrow parallel slits 3 mm apart are illuminated wit monochromatic source cm). Fringes are obtained at a distance of 30 cm from! slits. Find the width of the fringes. Solution. Here d =3mm =0-3em A =5:9x 1075 cm D=30cm ~ p=?oe arenference of Light °1 using We get em) x (30 em) m Foot B= 59x 104 em Example 3, Distance between the.txo slits is 0-1 gim and the width of the fringes formed on screen pbs im. Ieehe distince between the sercen and the slits is {-2 metres, calculate the wavelength of light Solution. Here, d = 0-1mm = 107m D=12m B = 6mm =6x 103m | a=? . Pap _ bad Using Bo a or aakt 3 19-4 we get a = SA 51077 m = 50004 2