TEST GLS 681

MANAGING GEOGRAPHY INFORMATION SYSTEM

1. SDLC is introduced after software crisis back in 1960 where the demand of software
engineering is highly due to rapidly advanced in computer processing capability and
hardware computer became much more powerful. Briefly explain all phases in SDLC
with related to any example in GIS applications.

There are seven phases in Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) with related
in GIS applications. First, planning. The planning stage is the phase where the
developer will plan for the upcoming project. It aids in the definition of issues and the
scope of any current system, as well as the aims of their new system. They will
allegedly discover problems before they hinder development by creating an effective
blueprint for the following development cycle. And assist them in obtaining the cash
and resources need to carry out their ideas. Perhaps most critically, the planning step
establishes the project timetable, which is critical if the development is for a commercial
product that must be delivered to the market by a specific date.

Second is define requirements. The goal of this stage is to define the exact needs
for the future software since all team members must understand the assignment and
be prepared to put each stakeholder's requirements into practice. A social networking
program, for example, would need the ability to connect with a buddy. A search function
may be required for an inventory program. A consumer desires a money-transaction-
related application. In this scenario, the requirements must be explicit, such as what
types of transactions will be performed, how they will be performed, in which currency
they will be performed, and so on.

The third step is to design and prototype. The design stage creates the foundation
for the development phases and can significantly minimize the time spent on the
subsequent SDLC stages. Teams collaborate to create an outline of:

• Architecture is used to establish programming languages, industry practices,

general design, and any usage templates.
• User interface to specify how the consumer interacts with the software
• The platforms on which the program will operate, such as Apple, Android, or
Windows
• Programming. Not simply programming languages, but also ways of issue
resolution and job completion in applications
Once done, the development manager will prepare a design document for future
reference across the SDLC.

The development stage is where developers write code and build the
application based on the previously designed documentation and specifications. A
small project may be created by a single developer, but a large project may be divided
and worked on by many teams. Many more activities are included in the coding
process, such as locating and correcting faults and bugs. Documentation can take the
form of a fast-guided tour of the application's fundamental functions, which appears at
the initial start. It may be video lessons for more difficult jobs. Written documentation
such as user manuals, troubleshooting guides, and FAQs assist users in resolving
problems or answering technical queries.

Next is testing phase. It must now be tested to ensure that there are no issues,
and that the end-user experience is not harmed at any moment. As a result, testing
should confirm that each function functions properly. Furthermore, the various
components of the application should be checked to ensure that they perform well
together. This can lead to increased consumer satisfaction and utilization rates.

After testing, the overall design for the software will be put together. Through
developer efforts, several modules or designs will be incorporated into the primary
source code, often by utilizing a training environment to find further faults or flaws. Not
only that, but the application will be made available to consumers throughout this time.
Many companies choose to automate the deployment step. This might be as
straightforward as a payment portal and a download link on the company's website. It
can also download software onto smartphones.

Finally comes the operation and maintenance phase. Developers must now
enter maintenance mode and take whatever action is necessary to fix problems
identified by end users. Users also discover bugs that were not discovered during
testing at this stage. These bugs must be fixed, which may require a new development
cycle. Models such as iterative development provide for additional features in future
releases in addition to bug fixes. This is the most important step in software
development. Each phase is a collection of actions that help the team develop the final
software product.
2. Explain the history development of GIS in Malaysia with namely few government
department. Although GIS has been introduced quite some time in Malaysia, the
growth of GIS is still far behind compared with other countries. Explain what are the
issues and challenges facing by GIS community in Malaysia.

The Survey and Mapping Department's decision in the mid-1980s to construct

a Digital Cadastral Database (DCDB) and a National Topographic Database lay the
groundwork for the development of GIS in this country. Several national and state
efforts have been launched in an effort to harness the power of GIS for improved
natural environmental resource management and macroeconomic planning. Among
these attempts was the Penang GIS, which was launched in 1992. This was the state's
first state-wide geographic information system. PEGIS is the acronym for its
implementation (Penang Geographic Information System). PEGIS was accepted in
August 1994 after successfully completing the Pilot Project objectives after two years
of careful execution and assessment. Malaysia has been working since 1992 to
develop national infrastructure for a specific land information system. A feasibility study
to determine the effectiveness of such a system was conducted by the Ministry of Land
and Cooperative Development. Among the early users of GIS apart from the Survey
and Mapping Department (JUPEM) and Malaysia Remote Sensing Center (MACRES)
are the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Forestry, the Department of
Geological Survey, the Department of Valuation and Property Services, Public Works
Economic Planning Department and Unit. The Department of Agriculture ventured into
GIS in 1992 by replacing an outdated minicomputer system with a high-performance
'client-server' system, which maintained a land and land use inquiry database. Among
its main GIS activities are the creation and maintenance of spatial and attribute
databases and the storage, processing, and management of this information for the
purpose of producing land use maps. The PC base system was upgraded to a
workstation base system in September 1995. In 1995, the Federal Territory
Development Division and Klang Valley Planning, Prime Minister's Department.

There are several issues and challenges faced by the GIS community in
Malaysia:

• Maps are slow to respond

The rate at which the map refreshes when you zoom in and out depends on
the speed of your Internet connection. If the internet speed is not stable, then
the connection of GIS software such as ArcGIS will be interrupted.
• Difficult to find data
 Most of the data on the GIS website requires payment if you want to get a big
amount of data. This makes it difficult for the community to find or conduct
research related to GIS software.
• Data inconsistencies

Unfortunately, GIS tools frequently include inconsistent, erroneous, or out-of-

date data. Spatial databases, on which GIS software is based, have many of
the same issues as any other sort of dataset. Inconsistency is caused by
varying conceptualization and classification, as well as more technical
concerns such as file management or data cleansing.

• Standardization is lacking.

There is no variability across datasets and the generated maps since GIS
techniques have evolved slowly over time. There are extremely flexible color
guidelines for geographic information, but their use is far from universal. There
is also a lot of variation in how things are depicted on the map, such as various
icons for the same characteristics.

• Area constraints

Because GIS data is restricted, firms and professionals must often specialize
in a narrower field. While GIS may be used to identify new prospects, the
breadth of these opportunities is often confined to a single city or county. Going
beyond that usually necessitates the use of a completely separate GIS
platform.
3. Big data is one of component in future GIS. Explain the concept of big data and in your
opinion is it possible to fully implemented in Malaysia.

Big Data is a new world phenomenon for information and knowledge management in
which large amounts of data sets have been collected and analysed for future use in
a variety of industries such as security, business, investing, advertising, health, and
others. In other words, combining algorithms, query processing, and spatiotemporal
data mining, the Big Data approach to GIS enables analysis and decision-making from
huge amounts of data.

For my opinion, it possible to fully implemented in Malaysia. Big Data is a new

dimension of global technology that is important for governments to prepare for major
technological advancements such as the Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4.0) and 5G
technologies. The government must use this technology to increase the efficacy of
government agencies, particularly in correctly implementing national policies to assure
government outcomes. In Malaysia, the government's Big Data strategy is comparable
to that of other developed nations in terms of beginning and implementing the country's
efforts to change the mindset of government employees and agencies toward the
concept of data openness. In addition, governments need to be bold enough to offer
the latest access technologies to researchers by making live data available, such as
through the application programming interface (API) protocol. This can help
researchers quickly develop strong analytics systems and accurately process data to
ensure data quality and reliability. Furthermore, it can also help the government in
harvesting data in real time and effectively give a new dimension to the government in
utilizing data.