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Glossary of Literary Terms
Aesthetics: The branch of philosophy that studies expressed in the existentialism of writers such as
the beautiful in nature and art, including how Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus.
beauty is recognized in a work of art and how Antagonist: A character in fiction who stands in op-
people respond to it. In literature, the aesthetic position or rivalry to the protagonist. In William
approach can be distinguished from the moral Shakespeare’s Hamlet (pr. c. 1600-1601, pb.
or utilitarian approach; it was most fully embod- 1603), for example, King Claudius is the antago-
ied in the movement known as aestheticism in nist of Hamlet.
the late nineteenth century. Anthropomorphism: The ascription of human
Alienation: The German dramatist Bertolt Brecht characteristics and feelings to animals, inani-
developed the theory of alienation in his epic mate objects, or gods. The gods of Homer’s ep-
theater. Brecht sought to create an audience ics are anthropomorphic, for example. Anthro-
that was intellectually alert rather than emotion- pomorphism occurs in beast fables, such as
ally involved in a play by using alienating tech- George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945). The term
niques such as minimizing the illusion of reality “pathetic fallacy” carries the same meaning:
onstage and interrupting the action with songs Natural objects are invested with human feel-
and visual aids. ings. See also Pathetic fallacy.
Allegory: A literary mode in which characters in a Antihero: A modern fictional figure who tries to de-
narrative personify abstract ideas or qualities fine himself and establish his or her own codes,
and so give a second level of meaning to the or a protagonist who simply lacks traditional he-
work, in addition to the surface narrative. Two roic qualities, such as Jim Dixon in Kingsley
famous examples of allegor y are Edmund Amis’s Lucky Jim (1954).
Spenser’s The Faerie Queene (1590, 1596) and Aphorism: A short, concise statement that states an
John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678). For opinion, precept, or general truth, such as Alex-
modern examples, see the stories and novels of ander Pope’s “Hope springs eternal in the hu-
Franz Kafka. man breast.”
Alliteration: A poetic technique in which conso- Apostrophe: A direct address to a person (usually
nant repetition is focused at the beginning of absent), inanimate entity, or abstract quality.
syllables, as in “Large mannered motions of his Archetype: The term was used by psychologist Carl
mythy mind.” Alliteration is used when the poet Jung to describe what he called “primordial im-
wishes to focus on the details of a sequence of ages” that exist in the “collective unconscious”
words and to show the relationships between of humankind and are manifested in myths, reli-
words in a line. gion, literature, and dreams. Now used broadly
Angry young men: The term used to describe a in literary criticism to refer to character types,
group of English novelists and playwrights in the motifs, images, symbols, and plot patterns re-
1950’s and 1960’s, whose work stridently at- curring in many different literary forms and
tacked what it saw as the outmoded political and works. The embodiment of archetypes in a work
social structures (particularly the class struc- of literature can make a powerful impression on
ture) of post-World War II Britain. John Os- the reader.
borne’s play Look Back in Anger (pr. 1956, pb. Aristotelian unities: A set of rules for proper dra-
1957) and Kingsley Amis’s Lucky Jim (1954) are matic construction formulated by Italian and
typical examples. French critics during the Renaissance, pur-
Angst: A pervasive feeling of anxiety and depres- ported to be derived from the De poetica (c. 334-
sion often associated with the moral and spiri- 323 b.c.e.; Poetics, 1705) of Aristotle. According
tual uncertainties of the twentieth century, as to the “three unities,” a play should have no
2849
Glossary of Literary Terms
scenes irrelevant to the main action, should not Blank verse: A term for unrhymed iambic pentam-
cover a period of more than twenty-four hours, eter, blank verse first appeared in drama in
and should not occur in more than one place or Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville’s Gorbo-
locale. In fact, Aristotle insists only on unity of duc, performed in 1561, and later became the
action in a tragedy. standard form of Elizabethan drama. It has also
Assonance: A term for the association of words with commonly been used in long narrative or philo-
identical vowel sounds but different conso- sophical poems, such as John Milton’s Paradise
nants: “stars,” “arms,” and “park,” for example, Lost (1667, 1674).
all contain identical a (and ar) sounds. Bourgeois novel: A novel in which the values,
Auto sacramental: A Renaissance development of the preoccupations, and the accoutrements of
the medieval open-air Corpus Christi pageant in middle-class or bourgeois life are given particu-
Spain. A dramatic, allegorical depiction of a sin- lar prominence. The heyday of the genre was
ful soul wavering and transgressing until the in- the nineteenth century, when novelists as varied
tervention of Divine Grace restores order. Dur- as Jane Austen, Honoré de Balzac, and Anthony
ing a period of prohibition of all secular drama Trollope both criticized and unreflectingly trans-
in Spain, from 1598 to 1600, even Lope de Vega mitted the assumptions of the rising middle
Carpio adopted this form. class.
Autobiography: A form of nonfiction writing in Burlesque: A work that, by imitating attitudes,
which the author narrates events of his or her styles, institutions, and people, aims to amuse.
own life. Autobiography differs from memoir in Burlesque differs from satire in that it aims to
that the latter focuses on prominent people the ridicule simply for the sake of amusement
author has known and great events that he or rather than for political or social change.
she has witnessed, rather than on his or her own
life. Capa y espada: Spanish for “cloak and sword,” a
term referring to the Spanish theater of the six-
Ballad: Popular ballads are songs or verse that tell teenth and seventeenth centuries dealing with
dramatic, usually impersonal, tales. Supernatu- love and intrigue among the aristocracy. The
ral events, courage, and love are frequent greatest practitioners were Lope de Vega Carpio
themes, but any experience that appeals to ordi- and Pedro Calderón de la Barca. The term
nary people is acceptable material. Literary bal- comedia de ingenio is also used.
lads—narrative poems based on the popular Catharsis: A term from Aristotle’s De poetica (c. 334-
ballads—have frequently been in vogue in En- 323 b.c.e.; Poetics, 1705) referring to the purga-
glish literature, particularly during the Roman- tion of the emotions of pity and fear in the spec-
tic period. One of the most famous is Samuel tator aroused by the actions of the tragic hero.
Taylor Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner The meaning and the operation of the concept
(1798). have been a source of great, and unresolved,
Baroque: The term was first used in the eighteenth critical debate.
century to describe an elaborate and grandiose Celtic romance: Gaelic Celts invaded Ireland in
type of architecture. It is now also used to refer about 350 b.c.e.; their epic stories and romances
to certain stylistic features of Metaphysical po- date from this period until about a.d. 450. The
etry, particularly the poetry of Richard Crashaw. romances are marked by a strong sense of the
The term can also refer to post-Renaissance lit- Otherworld and of supernatural happenings.
erature, 1580-1680. The Celtic romance tradition influenced the po-
Bildungsroman: Sometimes called the “novel of etry of William Butler Yeats.
education” or “apprenticeship novel,” the bil- Celtic Twilight: Sometimes used synonymously
dungsroman focuses on the growth of a young with the term Irish Renaissance, which was a
protagonist who is learning about the world and movement beginning in the late nineteenth
finding his or her place in life; a typical example century that attempted to build a national litera-
is James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ture by drawing on Ireland’s literary and cul-
Man (serial, 1914-1915; book, 1916). tural history. The term, however, which is taken
2850
Glossary of Literary Terms
from a book by William Butler Yeats titled The cally arises from the recognition of some incon-
Celtic Twilight (1893), sometimes has a negative gruity of speech, action, or character develop-
connotation. It is used to refer to some early ment. The comic range extends from coarse,
volumes by Yeats, which have been called self- physical humor (called low comedy) to a more
indulgent. The poet Algernon Charles Swin- subtle, intellectual humor (called high comedy).
burne said that the Celtic Twilight manner “puts Comedy of manners: A form of comedy that arose
fever and fancy in the place of reason and imagi- during the seventeenth century, dealing with
nation.” the intrigues (particularly the amorous in-
Chamber plays: Refers to four plays written in 1907 trigues) of sophisticated, witty members of the
by the Swedish dramatist August Strindberg. upper classes. The appeal of these plays is pri-
The plays are modeled on the form of chamber marily intellectual, depending on quick-witted
music, consisting of motif and variations, to dialogue and clever language. For examples,
evoke a mood or atmosphere (in these cases, a see the plays of Restoration dramatists William
very somber one). There is no protagonist but a Congreve, Sir George Etherege, and William
small group of equally important characters. Wycherley. See also Restoration comedy/drama.
Character: A personage appearing in any literary Commedia dell’arte: Dramatic comedy performed
or dramatic work. Characters can be presented by troupes of professional actors that became
with the depth and complexity of real people popular in the mid-sixteenth century in Italy.
(sometimes called “round” characters) or as styl- The troupes were rather small, consisting of per-
ized functions of the plot (“flat” characters). haps a dozen actors who performed stock roles
Chorus: Originally a group of singers and dancers in mask and improvised on skeletal scenarios.
in religious festivals, the chorus evolved into the The tradition of the commedia, or masked com-
dramatic element that reflected the opinions edy, was influential into the seventeenth century
of the masses or commented on the action in and still exerts some influence.
Greek drama. In its most developed form, the Conceit: A type of metaphor, the conceit is used
chorus consisted of fifteen members: seven for comparisons that are highly intellectualized.
reciting the strophe, seven reciting the anti- When T. S. Eliot, for example, says that winding
strophe, and the leader interacting with the ac- streets are like a tedious argument of insidious
tors. The chorus has been used in all periods of intent, there is no clear connection between the
drama, including the modern period. two, so the reader must apply abstract logic to fill
Classicism: A literary stance or value system con- in the missing links.
sciously based on the example of classical Greek Conversation poem: Conversation poems are
and Roman literature. While the term is applied chiefly associated with the poetry of Samuel Tay-
to an enormous diversity of artists in many dif- lor Coleridge. These poems all display a relaxed,
ferent periods and in many different national informal style, quiet settings, and a circular
literatures, it generally denotes a cluster of val- structure—the poem returns to where it began,
ues including formal discipline, restrained ex- after an intervening meditation has yielded
pression, reverence of tradition, and an objec- some insight into the speaker’s situation.
tive, rather than subjective, orientation. Often Cubism: A term borrowed from Cubist painters.
contrasted with Romanticism. See also Romanti- In literature, cubism is a style of poetry, such as
cism. that of E. E. Cummings, Kenneth Rexroth, and
Comédie-Française: The first state theater of Archibald MacLeish, which first fragments an
France, composed of the company of actors es- experience, then rearranges its elements into
tablished by Molière in 1658. The company took some new artistic entity.
the name Comédie-Française in 1680. Today, it
is officially known as the Théâtre Français (Salle Dactyl: The dactylic foot, or dactyl, is formed of a
Richelieu). stress followed by two unstressed syllables, as in
Comedy: Generally, a lighter form of drama (as the words “Washington” and “manikin.” “After
contrasted with tragedy) that aims chiefly to the pangs of a desperate lover” is an example of
amuse and ends happily. The comic effect typi- a dactylic line.
2851
Glossary of Literary Terms
Dadaism: Dadaism arose in France during World Hoffmann. Isaac Bashevis Singer and Jorge Luis
War I as a radical protest in art and literature Borges, among other modern writers, have also
against traditional institutions and values. Part employed the doppelgänger with striking effect.
of its strategy was the use of infantile, nonsensi- Drama: Generally speaking, any work designed to
cal language. After World War I, when Dadaism be represented on a stage by actors (Aristotle de-
was combined with the ideas of Sigmund Freud, fined drama as “the imitation of an action”).
it gave rise to the Surrealist movement. More specifically, the term has come to signify a
Decadence: The period of decline that heralds the play of a serious nature and intent that may end
ending of a great age. The period in English dra- either happily (comedy) or unhappily (tragedy).
matic history immediately following William Dramatic irony: A situation in a play or a narra-
Shakespeare is said to be decadent, and the tive in which the audience knows something
term “Decadents” is applied to a group of late- that the character does not. The irony lies in the
nineteenth and early twentieth century writers different meaning that the character’s words
who searched for new literary and artistic forms or actions have for himself or herself and for
as the Victorian Age came to a close. the audience. A common device in classical
Detective story: The “classic” detective story (or Greek drama. Sophocles’ Oidipous Tyrannos
“mystery”) is a highly formalized and logically (429 b.c.e.; Oedipus Tyrannus, 1715) is an exam-
structured mode of fiction in which the focus ple of extended dramatic irony.
is on a crime solved by a detective through in- Dramatic monologue: In dramatic monologue, the
terpretation of evidence and clever reasoning. narrator addresses a persona who never speaks
Many modern practitioners of the genre, how- but whose presence greatly influences what the
ever, such as Raymond Chandler, Patricia High- narrator tells the reader. The principal reason
smith, and Ross Macdonald, have placed less for writing in dramatic monologue is to control
emphasis on the puzzlelike qualities of the de- the speech of the major persona by the implied
tective story and have focused instead on charac- reaction of the silent one. The effect is one of
terization, theme, and other elements of main- continuing change and often surprise. The
stream fiction. The form was first developed in technique is especially useful for revealing char-
short fiction by Edgar Allan Poe; Jorge Luis acters slowly and for involving the reader as an-
Borges has also used the convention in short sto- other silent participant.
ries. Dramatic verse: Poetry that employs dramatic
Dialectic: A philosophical term meaning the art of form or technique, such as dialogue or conflict,
examining opinions or ideas logically. The dia- to achieve its effects. The term is used to refer to
lectic method of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich dramatic monologue, drama written in verse,
Hegel and Karl Marx was based on a contradic- and closet dramas.
tion of opposites (thesis and antithesis) and Dramatis personae: The characters in a play. Of-
their resolution (synthesis). In literary criticism, ten, a printed listing defining the characters and
the term has sometimes been used by Marxist specifying their relationships.
critics to refer to the structure and dynamics of a Dream vision: An allegorical form common in the
literary work in its sociological context. Middle Ages, in which the narrator or a charac-
Dialogue: Speech exchanged between characters, ter falls asleep and dreams a dream that be-
or even, in a looser sense, the thoughts of a sin- comes the actual framed story.
gle character. Dialogue serves to characterize, to Dystopian/utopian novel: A dystopian novel takes
further the plot, to establish conflict, and to ex- some existing trend or theory in present-day so-
press thematic ideas. ciety and extends it into a fictional world of the
Doppelgänger: A double or counterpart of a per- future, where the trend has become more fully
son, sometimes endowed with ghostly qualities. manifested, with unpleasant results. Aldous
A fictional doppelgänger often reflects a sup- Huxley’s Brave New World (1932) is an example.
pressed side of his or her personality, as in The utopian novel is the opposite: It presents an
Fyodor Dostoevski’s novella Dvoynik (1846; The ideal society. The first utopian novel was Sir
Double, 1917) and the short stories of E. T. A. Thomas More’s Utopia (1516).
2852
Glossary of Literary Terms
Elegy: A long, rhymed, formal poem whose subject witty expression in prose, as in the plays of Oscar
is meditation upon death or a lamentable Wilde.
theme. The pastoral elegy uses a pastoral scene Epiphany: Literally, an epiphany is an appearance
to express grief at the loss of a friend or impor- of a god or supernatural being. The term is used
tant person. See also Pastoral. in literary criticism to signify any moment of
Elizabethan Age: Of or referring to the reign of heightened awareness, or flash of transcenden-
Queen Elizabeth I of England, lasting from 1558 tal insight, when an ordinary object or scene is
to 1603, a period of important developments suddenly transformed into something that pos-
and achievements in the arts in England, partic- sesses eternal significance. Especially notewor-
ularly in poetry and drama. The era included thy examples are found in the works of James
such literary figures as Edmund Spenser, Chris- Joyce.
topher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Epistle: The word means “letter,” but epistle is used
Jonson. Sometimes referred to as the English to refer to a literary form rather than a private
Renaissance. composition, usually written in dignified style
English novel: The first fully realized English novel and addressed to a group. The most famous ex-
was Samuel Richardson’s Pamela (1740-1741). amples are the epistles in the New Testament.
The genre took firm hold in the second half of Epistolary novel: A work of fiction in which the nar-
the eighteenth century, with the work of Daniel rative is carried forward by means of letters writ-
Defoe, Henry Fielding, and Tobias Smollett, ten by the characters. Epistolary novels were
and reached its full flowering in the nineteenth especially popular in the eighteenth century.
century, in which great novelists such as Jane Examples include Samuel Richardson’s Pamela
Austen, Charles Dickens, William Makepeace (1740-1741) and Clarissa (1747-1748).
Thackeray, Anthony Trollope, Thomas Hardy, Epithet: An adjective or adjectival phrase that ex-
and George Eliot produced sweeping portraits presses a special characteristic of a person or
of the whole range of English life in the period. thing. “Hideous night,” “devouring time,” and
Enlightenment: A period in Western European cul- “sweet silent thought” are epithets that appear
tural history that began in the seventeenth cen- in William Shakespeare’s sonnets.
tury and culminated in the eighteenth. The Essay: A brief prose work, usually on a single topic,
chief characteristic of Enlightenment thinkers that expresses the personal point of view of the
was their belief in the virtue of human reason, author. The essay is usually addressed to a gen-
which they believed was banishing former su- eral audience and attempts to persuade the
perstitious and ignorant ways and leading to an reader to accept the author’s ideas.
ideal condition of human life. The Enlighten- Everyman: The central character in the work by
ment coincides with the rise of the scientific the same name, the most famous of the En-
method. glish medieval morality plays. It tells of how
Epic: Although this term usually refers to a long Everyman is summoned by Death and of the
narrative poem that presents the exploits of a parts played in his journey by characters named
central figure of high position, the term is also Fellowship, Cousin, Kindred, Goods, Knowl-
used to designate a long novel that has the style edge, Confession, Beauty, Strength, Discretion,
or structure usually associated with an epic. In Five Wits, and Good Deeds. Ever yman has
this sense, for example, Herman Melville’s Moby proved lastingly popular; there have been many
Dick (1851) and James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922) may productions even in the twentieth century.
be called epics. More generally, the term means the typical, or-
Epigram: Originally meaning an inscription, an ep- dinary person.
igram is a short, pointed poem, often express- Existentialism: A philosophy or attitude of mind
ing humor and satire. In English literature, the that has gained wide currency in religious and
form flourished from the Renaissance through artistic thought since the end of World War II.
the eighteenth century in the work of poets Typical concerns of existential writers are hu-
such as John Donne, Ben Jonson, and Alexan- mankind’s estrangement from society, its aware-
der Pope. The term also refers to a concise and ness that the world is meaningless, and its recog-
2853
Glossary of Literary Terms
nition that one must turn from external props into early liturgical drama. The term has come
to the self. The works of Jean-Paul Sartre and to refer to any play that evokes laughter by such
Franz Kafka provide examples of existentialist low-comedy devices as physical humor, rough
beliefs. wit, and ridiculous and improbable situations
Experimental novel: The term is associated with and characters.
novelists such as Dorothy Richardson, Virginia Femme fatale: The “fatal woman” is an archetype
Woolf, and James Joyce, who experimented with that appears in myth, folklore, religion, and lit-
the form of the novel, using in particular the erature. Often she is presented as a temptress or
stream-of-consciousness technique. a witch who ensnares, and attempts to destroy,
Expressionism: Beginning in German theater at her male victim. A very common figure in Ro-
the start of the twentieth century, expressionism manticism, the fatal woman often appears in
became the dominant movement in the decade twentieth century American literature.
following World War I. It abandoned realism Figurative language: Any use of language that de-
and relied on a conscious distortion of external parts from the usual or ordinary meaning to
reality in order to portray the world as it is gain a poetic or otherwise special effect. Figura-
“viewed emotionally.” The movement spread to tive language embodies various figures of
fiction and poetry. Expressionism influenced speech, such as irony, metaphor, and simile.
the novels of Franz Kafka and James Joyce. First person: A point of view in which the narrator
of a story or poem addresses the reader di-
Fable: One of the oldest narrative forms, usually rectly, often using the pronoun “I,” thereby al-
taking the form of an analogy in which animals lowing the reader direct access to the narrator’s
or inanimate objects speak to illustrate a moral thoughts.
lesson. The most famous examples are the fa- Folklore: The traditions, customs, and beliefs of a
bles of Aesop, who used the form orally in 600 people expressed in nonliterary form. Folklore
b.c.e. includes myths, legends, fairy tales, riddles,
Fabliau: A short narrative poem, popular in medi- proverbs, charms, spells, and ballads and is usu-
eval French literature and during the English ally transmitted through word of mouth. Many
Middle Ages. Fabliaux were usually realistic in literary works contain motifs that can be traced
subject matter and bawdy; they made a point of to folklore.
satirizing the weaknesses and foibles of human Foreshadowing: A device used to create suspense
beings. Perhaps the most famous are Geoffrey or dramatic irony by indicating through sugges-
Chaucer’s “The Miller’s Tale” and “The Reeve’s tion what will take place in the future. The aim
Tale.” is to prepare the reader for the action that fol-
Fairy tale: A form of folktale in which supernatural lows.
events or characters are prominent. Fairy tales Frame story: A story that provides a framework for
usually depict a realm of reality beyond that of another story (or stories) told within it. The
the natural world in which the laws of the natu- form is ancient and is used by Geoffrey Chaucer
ral world are suspended. in The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400). In modern
Fantasy: A literary form that makes a deliberate literature, the technique has been used by
break with reality. Fantasy literature may use su- Henry James in The Turn of the Screw (1898), Jo-
pernatural or fairy-tale events in which the ordi- seph Conrad in Heart of Darkness (serial, 1899;
nary commonsense laws of the everyday world book, 1902), and John Barth in Lost in the
do not operate. The setting may be unreal. Funhouse (1968).
J. R. R. Tolkien’s fantasy trilogy, The Lord of Free verse: Verse that does not conform to any tra-
the Rings (1955), is one of the best-known ex- ditional convention, such as meter, rhyme, or
amples of the genre. form. All poetry must have some pattern of
Farce: From the Latin farcire, meaning “to stuff.” some kind, however, and there is rhythm in free
Originally an insertion into established Church verse, but it does not follow the strict rules of me-
liturgy in the Middle Ages, farce later became ter. Often the pattern relies on repetition and
the term for specifically comic scenes inserted parallel construction.
2854
Glossary of Literary Terms
Genre: A type or category of literature, such as trag- roic couplet often serves as a self-contained wit-
edy, novel, memoir, poem, or essay; a genre has ticism or pithy observation.
a particular set of conventions and expecta- Historical fiction: A novel that depicts past histori-
tions. cal events, usually public in nature, and that fea-
German Romanticism: Germany was the first Euro- tures real, as well as fictional, people. Sir Walter
pean country in which the Romantic movement Scott’s Waverley novels established the basic
took firm grip. Poets Novalis and Ludwig Tieck, type, but the relationship between fiction and
philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schel- history in the form varies greatly depending on
ling, and literary theorists Friedrich and August the practitioner.
Wilhelm Schlegel were well established in Jena Hubris: Greek term for “insolence” or “pride,” the
from about 1797, and they were followed, in the characteristic or emotion in the tragic hero of
second decade of the nineteenth century, by the ancient Greek drama that causes the reversal of
Heidelberg group, including novelist and short- his fortune, leading him to transgress moral
story writer E. T. A. Hoffmann and poet Hein- codes or ignore warnings.
rich Heine. Humanism: A human-centered, rather than God-
Gnomic: Aphoristic poetry, such as the wisdom lit- centered, view of the universe. In the Renais-
erature of the Bible, which deals with ethical sance, Humanism devoted itself to the revival of
questions. The term “gnomic poets” is applied classical culture. A reaction against medieval
to a group of Greek poets of the sixth and sev- Scholasticism, Humanism oriented itself toward
enth centuries b.c.e. secular concerns and applied classical ideas to
Gothic novel: A form of fiction developed in the theology, government, literature, and educa-
late eighteenth century that focuses on horror tion. In literature, the main virtues were seen to
and the supernatural. An example is Mary Shel- be restraint, form, and imitation of the classics.
ley’s Frankenstein (1818). In modern literature, See also Renaissance.
the gothic genre can be found in the fiction of
Truman Capote. Iambic pentameter: A metrical line consisting of
Grand Tour: Fashionable during the eighteenth five feet, each foot consisting of one unstressed
century in England, the Grand Tour was a two- syllable followed by one stressed syllable: “So
to three-year journey through Europe during long as men can breathe or eyes can see.” Iambic
which the young aristocracy and prosperous, ed- pentameter is one of the commonest forms of
ucated middle classes of England deepened English poetry.
their knowledge of the origins and centers of Imagery: Often defined as the verbal stimulation of
Western civilization. The tour took a standard sensory perception. Although the word betrays
route; Rome and Naples were usually consid- a visual bias, imagery, in fact, calls on all five
ered the highlights. senses. In its simplest form, imagery re-creates a
Grotesque: Characterized by a breakup of the ev- physical sensation in a clear, literal manner; it
eryday world by mysterious forces, the form dif- becomes more complex when a poet employs
fers from fantasy in that the reader is not sure metaphor and other figures of speech to re-
whether to react with humor or with horror. Ex- create experience.
amples include the stories of E. T. A. Hoffmann Impressionism: A late nineteenth century move-
and Franz Kafka. ment composed of a group of painters includ-
ing Paul Cézanne, Édouard Manet, Claude
Hagiography: Strictly defined, hagiography refers Monet, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir, who aimed
to the lives of the saints (the Greek word hagios in their work to suggest the impression made on
means “sacred”), but the term is also used in a the artist by a scene rather than to reproduce it
more popular sense to describe any biography objectively. The term has also been applied to
that grossly overpraises its subject and ignores French Symbolist poets such as Paul Verlaine
his or her faults. and Stéphane Mallarmé, and to writers who use
Heroic couplet: A pair of rhyming iambic pentame- the stream-of-consciousness technique, such as
ter lines traditionally used in epic poetry; a he- James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.
2855
Glossary of Literary Terms
Irony: Recognition of the difference between real forth general principles for interpretation.
and apparent meaning. Verbal irony is a rhetori- Practical criticism offers interpretations of par-
cal trope wherein x is uttered and “not x” is ticular works or authors.
meant. In the New Criticism, irony, the poet’s rec- Lyric poetry: Lyric poetry developed when mu-
ognition of incongruities, was thought to be the sic was accompanied by words. Although the
master trope in that it was essential to the pro- “lyrics” were later separated from the music,
duction of paradox, complexity, and ambiguity. the characteristics of lyric poetry have been
shaped by the constraints of music. Lyric poems
Jacobean: Of or pertaining to the reign of James I are short, more adaptable to metrical variation,
of England, who ruled from 1603 to 1623, the and usually personal compared with the cultural
period immediately following the death of Eliza- functions of narrative poetry. Lyric poetry sings
beth I, which saw tremendous literary activity in of the self; it explores deeply personal feelings
poetry and drama. Many writers who achieved about life.
fame during the Elizabethan Age, such as Wil-
liam Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and John Donne, Magical Realism: Imaginary or fantastic scenes and
were still active. Other dramatists, such as John occurrences presented in a meticulously realis-
Webster and Cyril Tourneur, achieved success tic style. The term has been applied to the fic-
almost entirely during the Jacobean era. tion of Gabriel García Márquez, Jorge Luis
Jungian psychoanalysis: Refers to the analytical psy- Borges, Günter Grass, John Fowles, and Salman
chology of the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. Rushdie.
Jung’s significance for literature is that, through Masque: A courtly entertainment popular during
his concept of the collective unconscious, he the first half of the seventeenth century in En-
identified many archetypes and archetypal pat- gland. It was a sumptuous spectacle including
terns that recur in myth, fairy tale, and literature music, dance, and lavish costumes and scenery.
and are also experienced in dreams. Masques often dealt with mythological or pasto-
ral subjects, and the dramatic action often took
Kafkaesque: Refers to any grotesque or nightmare second place to pure spectacle.
world in which an isolated individual, sur- Melodrama: Originally a drama with music (melos is
rounded by an unfeeling and alien world, feels Greek for “song”). By the early nineteenth cen-
caught up in an endless maze that is dragging tury, it had come to mean a play in which charac-
him or her down to destruction. The term is a ters are clearly either virtuous or evil and are pit-
reference to the works of Czech novelist and ted against one another in suspenseful, often
short-story writer Franz Kafka. sensational situations. The term took on a pejo-
rative meaning, which it retains: any dramatic
Leitmotif: From the German, meaning “leading work characterized by stereotyped characters
motif.” Any repetition—of a word, phrase, situa- and sensational, improbable situations.
tion, or idea—that occurs within a single work Metafiction: Refers to fiction that manifests a re-
or group of related works. flexive tendency, such as Vladimir Nabokov’s
Limerick: A comic five-line poem employing an an- Pale Fire (1962) and John Fowles’s The French
apestic base and rhyming aabba, in which the Lieutenant’s Woman (1969). The emphasis is on
third and fourth lines are shorter (usually five the loosening of the work’s illusion of reality to
syllables each) than the first, second, and last expose the reality of its illusion. Such terms
lines, which are usually eight syllables each. as “irrealism,” “postmodernist fiction,” and
Linear plot: A plot that has unity of action and pro- “antifiction” are also used to refer to this type
ceeds from beginning to middle to end without of fiction. See also Postmodernism.
flashbacks or subplots, thus satisfying Aristotle’s Metaphor: A figure of speech in which two dissimi-
criterion that a plot should be a continuous se- lar objects are imaginatively identified (rather
quence. than merely compared) on the assumption that
Literary criticism: The study and evaluation of they share one or more qualities. The term is
works of literature. Theoretical criticism sets often used in modern criticism in a wider sense
2856
Glossary of Literary Terms
to identify analogies of all kinds in literature, repeated frequently in a single work. In this
painting, and film. sense, motif is the same as leitmotif. Motif is sim-
Metaphysical poetry: A type of poetry that stresses ilar to theme, although the latter is usually more
the intellectual over the emotional; it is marked abstract.
by irony, paradox, and striking comparisons of Myth: An anonymous traditional story, often in-
dissimilar things, the latter frequently being far- volving supernatural beings or the interaction
fetched to the point of eccentricity. Usually used between gods and humans, and dealing with the
to designate a group of seventeenth century En- basic questions of how the world and human
glish poets, including John Donne, George Her- society came to be. Myth is an important term
bert, Andrew Marvell, and Thomas Traherne. in contemporary literary criticism. The critic
Meter: Meter is the pattern of language when it is Northrop Frye, for example, has said that “the
forced into a line of poetry. All language has typical forms of myth become the conventions
rhythm, but when that rhythm is organized and and genres of literature.” He means that the
regulated in the line in order to affect the mean- genres of comedy, romance, tragedy, and irony
ing and emotional response to the words, then (satire) correspond to seasonal myths of spring,
the rhythm has been refined into meter. The summer, autumn, and winter.
meter is determined by the number of syllables
in a line and by the relationship between them. Narrative: An account in prose or verse of an event
Mock epic: A literary form that burlesques the epic or series of events, whether real or imagined.
by taking a trivial subject and treating it in a Narrator: The character who recounts the narra-
grand style, using all the conventions of epic, tive. There are many different types of narrator.
such as invocation to the deity, long and boastful The first-person narrator is a character in the
speeches of the heroes, and supernatural ma- story and can be recognized by the use of “I”;
chinery. Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock third-person narrators may be limited or omni-
(1712, 1714) is probably the finest example in scient. In the former, the narrator confines him-
English literature. The term is synonymous with self or herself to knowledge of the minds and
“mock heroic.” See also Mock hero. emotions of one or at most a few characters.
Mock hero: The hero of a mock epic. See also Mock In the latter, the narrator knows everything, see-
epic. ing into the minds of all the characters. Rarely,
Modernism: A term used to describe the character- second-person narration may be used (an exam-
istic aspects of literature and art between World ple can be found in Edna O’Brien’s A Pagan
War I and World War II. Influenced by Frie- Place, published in 1970).
drich Nietzsche, Karl Marx, and Sigmund Freud, Naturalism: The application of the principles of
modernism embodied a lack of faith in Western scientific determinism to fiction. Although it
civilization and culture. In poetry, fragmenta- usually refers more to the choice of subject mat-
tion, discontinuity, and irony were common; ter than to technical conventions, conventions
in fiction, chronological disruption, linguistic associated with the movement center on the au-
innovation, and the stream-of-consciousness thor’s attempt to be precise and objective in de-
technique; in theater, expressionism and Sur- scription and detail, regardless of whether the
realism. events described are sordid or shocking. Natu-
Morality play: A dramatic form in the late Middle ralism flourished in England, France, and Amer-
Ages and the Renaissance containing allegori- ica in the late nineteenth and early twentieth
cal figures (most often virtues and vices) that are centuries.
typically involved in the struggle over a person’s Neoclassicism: A term used to describe the classi-
soul. The anonymously written Everyman (1508) cism that dominated English literature from
is one of the most famous medieval examples of the Restoration to the late eighteenth century.
this form. Modeling itself on the literature of ancient
Motif: An incident, situation, or device that occurs Greece and Rome, neoclassicism exalted the vir-
frequently in literature. Motif can also refer to tues of proportion, unity, harmony, grace, deco-
particular words, images, and phrases that are rum, taste, manners, and restraint. It valued
2857
Glossary of Literary Terms
realism and reason over imagination and emo- ode will address itself to some omnipotent
tion. See also Rationalism, Realism. source and will assume a spiritual hue.
Neorealism: A movement in modern Italian litera- Oxford Movement: A reform movement in the
ture, extending from about 1930 to 1955. Neo- Church of England that began in 1833, led by
realism was shaped by opposition to Fascism, John Henry (later Cardinal) Newman. The Ox-
and by World War II and the Resistance. Neo- ford Movement aimed to combat liberalism and
realist literature therefore exhibited a strong the decline of the role of faith in the Church and
concern with social issues and was marked by to restore it to its former ideals. It was attacked
pessimism regarding the human condition. Its for advocating what some saw as Catholic doc-
practitioners sought to overcome the gap be- trines; as a result, Newman left the Church of
tween literature and the masses, and its subject England and became a Roman Catholic in 1845.
matter was frequently drawn from lower-class
life. Neo-realism is associated preeminently with Panegyric: A formal speech or writing in praise of a
the work of Italo Calvino. particular person or achievement; a eulogy. The
Nonsense literature/verse: Nonsense verse, such form dates back to classical times; the term is
as that written by Edward Lear and Lewis Car- now often used in a derogatory sense.
roll, makes use of invented words that have Parable: A short, simple, and usually allegorical
no meaning, portmanteau words, and so-called story that teaches a moral lesson. In the West,
macaroni verse, in which words from different the most famous parables are those told in the
languages are mingled. The verse holds atten- Gospels by Christ.
tion because of its strong rhythms, appealing Parody: A literary work that imitates or burlesques
sounds, and, occasionally, the mysterious atmo- another work or author, for the purpose of ridi-
sphere that it creates. cule. Twentieth century parodists include E. B.
Novel of education: See Bildungsroman. White and James Thurber.
Novel of ideas: A novel in which the characters, Pastoral: The term derives from the Latin “pastor,”
plot, and dialogue serve to develop some control- meaning “shepherd.” Pastoral is a literary mode
ling idea or to present the clash of ideas. Aldous that depicts the country life in an idealized way;
Huxley’s Eyeless in Gaza (1936) is a good example. it originated in classical literature and was a pop-
Novel of manners: The classic example of the form ular form in English literature from 1550 to
might be the novels of Jane Austen, wherein the 1750. Notable pastoral poems include John Mil-
customs and conventions of a social group of a ton’s “Lycidas” (1638) and Percy Bysshe Shel-
particular time and place are realistically, and ley’s Adonais (1821).
often satirically, portrayed. Pathetic fallacy: The ascribing of human charac-
Novella: An Italian term meaning “a little new teristics or feelings to inanimate objects. The
thing” that now refers to that form of fiction lon- term was coined by John Ruskin in 1856, who
ger than a short story and shorter than a novel. disapproved of it, but it is now used without any
pejorative sense.
Objective correlative: A key concept in modern Persona: Persona means literally “mask”: It is the
formalist criticism, coined by T. S. Eliot in The self created by the author and through whom
Sacred Wood (1920). An objective correlative is a the narrative is told. The persona is not to be
situation, an event, or an object that, when pre- identified with the author, even when the two
sented or described in a literary work, expresses may seem to resemble each other. The narrative
a particular emotion and serves as a precise for- persona in Lord Byron’s Don Juan (1819-1824,
mula by which the same emotion can be evoked 1826), for example, may express many senti-
in the reader. ments of which Byron would have approved, but
Ode: The ode is a lyric poem that treats a unified he is nonetheless a fictional creation who is dis-
subject with elevated emotion, usually ending tinct from the author.
with a satisfactory resolution. There is no set Personification: A figure of speech that ascribes
form for the ode, but it must be long enough to human qualities to abstractions or inanimate
build intense emotional response. Often the objects.
2858
Glossary of Literary Terms
Petrarchan sonnet: Named after Petrarch, a four- pected to compose poems for various public
teenth century Italian poet who perfected the occasions. The first official laureate was John
form, which is also known as the Italian sonnet. Dryden in the seventeenth century. In the eigh-
It is divided into an octave, in which the subject teenth century, the laureateship was given to a
matter, which may be a problem, a doubt, a re- succession of mediocrities, but since the ap-
flection, or some other issue, is raised and elabo- pointment of William Wordsworth in 1843, the
rated, and a sestet, in which the problem is re- office has generally been regarded as a substan-
solved. The rhyme scheme is usually abba abba tial honor.
ced cde, cdc cdc, or cde dce. Polemic: A work that forcefully argues an opin-
Philosophical dualism: A theory that the universe ion, usually on a controversial religious, politi-
is explicable in terms of two basic, conflicting cal, or economic issue, in opposition to other
entities, such as good and evil, mind and matter, opinions. John Milton’s Areopagitica (1644) is
or the physical and the spiritual. one of the best-known examples in English liter-
Picaresque: A form of fiction that revolves around ature.
a central rogue figure, or picaro, who usually Postmodernism: The term is loosely applied to var-
tells his own story. The plot structure of a pica- ious artistic movements that have succeeded
resque novel is usually episodic, and the epi- modernism, particularly since 1965. Postmod-
sodes usually focus on how the picaro lives by his ernist literature is experimental in form and re-
wits. The classic example is Henry Fielding’s The flects a fragmented world in which order and
History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749). meaning are absent.
Pindaric ode: An ode that imitates the form of Pre-Raphaelitism: Refers to a group of nineteenth
those composed by the ancient Greek poet Pin- century English painters and writers, including
dar. A Pindaric ode consists of a strophe, fol- Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, and
lowed by an antistrophe of the same structure, William Morris. The Pre-Raphaelites were so
followed by an epode. This pattern may be re- called because they rebelled against conven-
peated several times in the ode. In English po- tional methods of painting and wanted to revert
etry, Thomas Gray’s “The Bard” is an example of to what they regarded as the simple spirit of
a Pindaric ode. painting that existed before Raphael, particu-
Play: A literary work that is written to be performed larly in its adherence to nature; they rejected
by actors who speak the dialogue, impersonate all artificial embellishments. Pre-Raphaelite po-
the characters, and perform the appropriate ac- etry made much use of symbolism and sensuous-
tions. Usually, a play is performed on a stage, ness and showed an interest in the medieval and
and an audience witnesses it. the supernatural.
Play-within-the-play: A play or dramatic fragment Prose poem: A type of poem ranging in length
performed as a scene or scenes within a larger from a few lines to three or four pages; most oc-
drama, typically performed or viewed by the cupy a page or less. The distinguishing feature
characters of the larger drama. of the prose poem is its typography: It appears
Plot: Plot refers to how the author arranges the ma- on the page like prose, with no line breaks.
terial not only to create the sequence of events Many prose poems employ rhythmic repetition
in a play or story but also to suggest how those and other poetic devices not found in prose, but
events are connected in a cause-and-effect rela- others do not; there is enormous variety in the
tionship. There are a great variety of plot pat- genre.
terns, each of which is designed to create a par- Protagonist: Originally, in the Greek drama, the
ticular effect. “first actor,” who played the leading role. The
Poem: A unified composition that uses the rhythms term has come to signify the most important
and sounds of language, as well as devices such character in a drama or story. It is not unusual
as metaphor, to communicate emotions and ex- for there to be more than one protagonist in a
periences to the reader. work.
Poet laureate: In England, the official poet, ap- Proverb: A wise and pithy saying, authorship un-
pointed for life by the English sovereign and ex- known, that reflects some observation about
2859
Glossary of Literary Terms
life. Proverbs are usually passed on through Renaissance: The term means “rebirth” and refers
word of mouth, although they may also be writ- to a period in European cultural history from
ten, as for example, the Book of Proverbs in the the fourteenth to the early seventeenth century,
Bible. although dates differ widely from country to
Psychological novel: Once described as an inter- country. The Renaissance produced an unprec-
pretation of “the invisible life,” the psychologi- edented flowering of the arts of painting, sculp-
cal novel is a form of fiction in which character, ture, architecture, and literature. The period is
especially the inner life of characters, is the pri- often said to mark the transition from the Mid-
mary focus, rather than action. The form has dle Ages to the modern world. The questing, in-
characterized much of the work of Henry James, dividualistic spirit that characterized the age was
James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and William Faulk- stimulated by an increase in classical learning by
ner. See also Psychological realism. scholars known as Humanists; by the Protestant
Psychological realism: A type of realism that tries to Reformation; by the development of printing,
reproduce the complex psychological motiva- which created a wide market for books; by new
tions behind human behavior; writers in the theories of astronomy; and by the development
late nineteenth century and early twentieth cen- of other sciences that saw natural laws at work
tury were particularly influenced by Sigmund where the Middle Ages had seen occult forces.
Freud’s theories. See also Psychological novel. See also Humanism.
Pun: A pun occurs when words with similar pro- Restoration comedy/drama: The restoration of
nunciations have entirely different meanings. the Stuart dynasty brought Charles II to the En-
The result may be a surprise recognition of an glish throne in 1660. In literature, the Restora-
unusual or striking connection, or, more often, tion period extends from 1660 to 1700. Restora-
a humorously accidental connection. tion comedy is a comedy of manners, which
centers around complicated plots full of the am-
Quest: An archetypal theme identified by mytholo- orous intrigues of the fashionable upper classes.
gist Joseph Campbell and found in many liter- The humor is witty, but the view of human na-
ary works. Campbell describes the heroic quest ture is cynical. Restoration dramatists include
in three fundamental stages: departure (leaving William Congreve, Sir George Etherege, and
the familiar world), initiation (encountering William Wycherley. In serious, or heroic, drama,
adventures and obstacles), and return (bring- the leading playwright was John Dryden. See also
ing home a boon to transform society). Comedy of manners.
Roman à clef: A fiction wherein actual persons, of-
Rabelaisian: The term is a reference to the six- ten celebrities of some sort, are thinly disguised.
teenth century French satirist and humorist Lady Caroline Lamb’s Glenarvon (1816), for ex-
François Rabelais. “Rabelaisian” is now used to ample, contains a thinly veiled portrait of Lord
refer to any humorous or satirical writing that is Byron, and the character Mark Rampion in Al-
bawdy, coarse, or very down-to-earth. dous Huxley’s Point Counter Point (1928) strongly
Rationalism: A system of thought that seeks truth resembles D. H. Lawrence.
through the exercise of reason rather than by Romance: Originally, any work written in Old
means of emotional response or revelation, or French. In the Middle Ages, romances were
traditional authority. In literature, rationalism about knights and their adventures. In modern
is associated with eighteenth century neoclas- times, the term has also been used to describe a
sicism. See also Neoclassicism. type of prose fiction in which, unlike the novel,
Realism: A literary technique in which the primary realism plays little part. Prose romances often
convention is to render an illusion of fidelity to give expression to the quest for transcendent
external reality. Realism is often identified as truths.
the primary method of the novel form; the real- Romanticism: A movement of the late eighteenth
ist movement in the late nineteenth century co- century and the nineteenth century that ex-
incided with the full development of the novel alted individualism over collectivism, revolution
form. over conservatism, innovation over tradition,
2860
Glossary of Literary Terms
imagination over reason, and spontaneity over the use of the words “like,” “as,” “appears,” or
restraint. Romanticism regarded art as self- “seems.”
expression; it strove to heal the cleavage be- Skaz: A term used in Russian criticism to describe a
tween object and subject and expressed a long- narrative technique that presents an oral narra-
ing for the infinite in all things. It stressed the tive of a lowbrow speaker.
innate goodness of human beings and the evils Soliloquy: An extended speech delivered by a char-
of the institutions that would stultify human acter alone on stage, unheard by other charac-
creativity. The major English Romantic poets ters. Soliloquy is a form of monologue, and it
are William Blake, Lord Byron, Samuel Taylor typically reveals the intimate thoughts and emo-
Coleridge, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and tions of the speaker.
William Wordsworth. Song: A lyric poem, usually short, simple, and with
rhymed stanzas, set to music.
Satire: A form of literature that employs the come- Sonnet: A traditional poetic form that is almost al-
dic devices of wit, irony, and exaggeration to ex- ways composed of fourteen lines of rhymed iam-
pose, ridicule, and condemn human folly, vice, bic pentameter; a turning point usually divides
and stupidity. Justifying satire, Alexander Pope the poem into two parts, with the first part (oc-
wrote that “nothing moves strongly but satire, tave) presenting a situation and the second part
and those who are ashamed of nothing else are (sestet) reflecting on it. The main sonnet forms
so of being ridiculous.” are the Petrarchan sonnet and the English (some-
Scene: A division of action within an act; some plays times called Shakespearean) sonnet.
are divided only into scenes instead of acts. Stanza: When lines of poetry are meant to be taken as
Sometimes, scene division indicates a change of a unit, and the unit recurs throughout the poem,
setting or locale; sometimes, it simply indicates that unit is called a stanza; a four-line unit, a qua-
the entrances and exits of characters. train, is one common stanza. Others include
Science fiction: Fiction in which real or imagined couplet, ottava rima, and the Spenserian stanza.
scientific developments or certain givens (such as Story line: The story line of a work of fiction differs
physical laws, psychological principles, or social from the plot. Story is merely the events that
conditions) form the basis of an imaginative pro- happen; plot is how those events are arranged
jection, frequently into the future. Classic exam- by the author to suggest a cause-and-effect rela-
ples are the works of H. G. Wells and Jules Verne. tionship. See also Plot.
Sentimental novel: A form of fiction popular in the Stream of consciousness: A narrative technique
eighteenth century in which emotionalism and used in modern fiction by which an author tries
optimism are the primary characteristics. The to embody the total range of consciousness of a
best-known examples are Samuel Richardson’s character, without any authorial comment or ex-
Pamela (1740-1741) and Oliver Goldsmith’s The planation. Sensations, thoughts, memories, and
Vicar of Wakefield (1766). associations pour forth in an uninterrupted,
Shakespearean sonnet: So named because William prerational, and prelogical flow. For examples,
Shakespeare was the greatest of English sonne- see James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922), Virginia Woolf’s
teers, whose ranks also included the earl of Sur- To the Lighthouse (1927), and William Faulkner’s
rey and Thomas Wyatt. The Shakespearean son- The Sound and the Fury (1929).
net consists of three quatrains and a concluding Sturm und Drang: A dramatic and literary move-
couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. The begin- ment in Germany during the late eighteenth
ning of the third quatrain marks a turn in the ar- century. Translated as “Storm and Stress,” the
gument. movement was a reaction against classicism and
Short story: A concise work of fiction, shorter than a forerunner of Romanticism, characterized by
a novella, that is usually more concerned with extravagantly emotional language and sensa-
mood, effect, or a single event than with plot or tional subject matter.
extensive characterization. Surrealism: A revolutionary approach to artistic
Simile: A type of metaphor in which two things and literary creation, Surrealism argued for
are compared. It can usually be recognized by complete artistic freedom: The artist should re-
2861
Glossary of Literary Terms
linquish all conscious control, responding to a number of characters who can comment on
the irrational urges of the unconscious mind; one another as well as be the subjects of com-
hence the bizarre, dreamlike, and nightmarish mentary by the participating narrator.
quality of Surrealistic writing. In the 1920’s and Tragedy: A form of drama that is serious in action
1930’s, Surrealism flourished in France, Spain, and intent and that involves disastrous events
and Latin America. After World War II, it influ- and death; classical Greek drama observed spe-
enced such American writers as Frank O’Hara, cific guidelines for tragedy, but the term is now
John Ashbery, and Nathanael West. sometimes applied to a range of dramatic or fic-
Symbol: A literary symbol is an image that stands tional situations.
for something else; it may evoke a cluster of Travel literature: Writing that emphasizes the au-
meanings rather than a single specific meaning. thor’s subjective response to places visited, espe-
Symbolism: A literary movement encompassing cially faraway, exotic, and culturally different lo-
the work of a group of French writers in the cales.
latter half of the nineteenth century, a group Trilogy: A novel or play written in three parts, each
that included Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mal- of which is a self-contained work, such as Wil-
larmé, and Paul Verlaine. According to Symbol- liam Shakespeare’s Henry VI (Part I, pr. 1592;
ism, there is a mystical correspondence between Part II, pr. c. 1590-1591, pb. 1594; Part III,
the natural and spiritual worlds. pr. c. 1590-1591, pb. 1594). Modern examples
include C. S. Lewis’s Space Trilogy (1938-
Theater of Cruelty: A term, coined by French play- 1945) and William Golding’s Sea Trilogy (1980-
wright Antonin Artaud, which signifies a vi- 1989).
sion in which theater becomes an arena for Trope: Literally “turn” or “conversion,” a figure of
shock therapy. The characters undergo such speech in which a word or phrase is used in a
intense physical and psychic extremities that way that deviates from the normal or literal
the audience cannot ignore the cathartic ef- sense.
fect in which its preconceptions, fears, and hos-
tilities are brought to the surface and, ideally, Verismo: Refers to a type of Italian literature that
purged. deals with the lower classes and presents them
Theater of the Absurd: Refers to a group of plays realistically using language that they would use.
that share a basic belief that life is illogical, irra- Called verismo because it is true to life and, from
tional, formless, and contradictory, and that hu- the writer’s point of view, impersonal.
manity is without meaning or purpose. Practi- Verse: Verse is a generic name for poetry. Verse also
tioners, who include Eugène lonesco, Samuel refers in a narrower sense to poetry that is hu-
Beckett, Jean Genet, Harold Pinter, Edward morous or merely superficial, as in “greeting-
Albee, and Arthur Kopit, abandoned traditional card verse.” Finally, English critics sometimes
theatrical forms and coherent dialogue. use “verse” to mean “stanza,” or, more often, to
Théâtre d’avant-garde: A movement in late nine- mean “line.”
teenth century drama in France that challenged Verse drama: Verse drama was the prevailing form
the conventions of realistic drama by using Sym- for Western drama throughout most of its his-
bolist poetry and nonobjective scenery. tory, comprising all the drama of classical
Third person: Third-person narration occurs Greece and continuing to dominate the stage
when the narrator has not been part of the event through the Renaissance, when it was best ex-
or affected it and is not probing his or her own emplified by the blank verse of Elizabethan
relationship to it but is only describing what drama. In the seventeenth century, however,
happened. The narrator does not allow the in- prose comedies became popular, and in the
trusion of the word “I.” Third-person narration nineteenth and twentieth centuries verse drama
establishes a distance between reader and sub- became the exception rather than the rule.
ject, gives credibility to a large expanse of narra- Victorian novel: Although the Victorian period ex-
tion that would be impossible for one person to tended from 1837 to 1901, the term “Victorian
experience, and allows the narrative to include novel” does not include works from the later
2862
Glossary of Literary Terms
decades of Queen Victoria’s reign. The term known only to some of the characters, which is
loosely refers to the sprawling works of novel- revealed at the climax and leads to catastrophe
ists such as Charles Dickens and William Make- for the villain and vindication or triumph for the
peace Thackeray, which are characterized by a hero. The well-made play influenced later dra-
broad social canvas. matists such as Henrik Ibsen and George Ber-
Villanelle: A French verse form assimilated by En- nard Shaw.
glish prosody. It is usually composed of nineteen Weltanschauung: A German term translated as “world-
lines divided into five tercets and a quatrain, view,” by which is meant a comprehensive set of
rhyming aba, bba, aba, aba, abaa. The third line is beliefs or assumptions by means of which one in-
repeated in the ninth and fifteenth lines. Dylan terprets what goes on in the world.
Thomas’s “Do Not Go Gentle into That Good
Night” is a modern example of a successful Zeitgeist: A German term meaning the spirit of
villanelle. the times, the moral or intellectual atmosphere
of any age or period. The zeitgeist of the Roman-
Well-made play: From the French term pièce bien tic Age, for example, might be described as rev-
faite, a type of play constructed according to a olutionary, restless, individualistic, and inno-
“formula” that originated in nineteenth century vative.
France. The plot often revolves around a secret
2863
Category List
2864
Category List
2865
Category List
2866
Category List
2867
Category List
2868
Category List
2869
Category List
2870
Category List
2871
Category List
2872
Geographical List
2873
Geographical List
2874
Geographical List
2875
Geographical List
2876
Geographical List
2877
Geographical List
Romania Spain
Appelfeld, Aharon Calderón de la Barca, Pedro
Celan, Paul Cervantes, Miguel de
Ionesco, Eugène García Lorca, Federico
Wiesel, Elie Vega Carpio, Lope de
2878
Geographical List
2879
Title Index
À l’ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs. See Remembrance All the Names (Saramago), 5-2279
of Things Past Al-Liss wa-al-kilab. See Thief and the Dogs, The
À la recherche du temps perdu. See Remembrance of “Alone” (Singer, I. B.), 5-2421
Things Past Also sprach Zarathustra. See Thus Spake Zarathustra
About a Boy (Hornby), 3-1232 Al-Thul3thiya. See Palace Walk
About That (Mayakovsky), 4-1706 Alturas de Macchu Picchu. See Heights of Macchu
Absalom and Achitophel (Dryden), 2-752 Picchu, The
Abyss, The (Yourcenar), 6-2834 “A-mach a triuir no ceathrar.” See “Out of Three or
Acceptance World, The. See Dance to the Music of Four People in a Room”
Time, A Amadeus (Shaffer), 5-2343
Accident, The (Wiesel), 6-2764 Amant, L’. See Lover, The
Accidental Death of an Anarchist (Fo), 2-886 America: A Prophecy (Blake), 1-293
According to Queeney (Bainbridge), 1-200 Amor en los tiempos del cólera, El. See Love in the
Achterhuis, Het. See Diary of a Young Girl, The Time of Cholera
“Across the Bridge” (Gallant), 3-971 Amoretti. See Epithalamion
Adam Bede (Eliot, G.), 2-813 Amsterdam (McEwan), 4-1597
“Adam’s Curse” (Yeats), 6-2816 “And of Clay Are We Created” (Allende), 1-60
Adonais: An Elegy on the Death of John Keats Andorra (Frisch), 2-947
(Shelley, P.), 5-2377 Andromache (Racine), 5-2129
“Adventure of the Final Problem, The” (Doyle, A.), Andromaque. See Andromache
2-728 Angels and Insects (Byatt), 1-426
“Adventure of the Speckled Band, The” (Doyle, A.), Anil’s Ghost (Ondaatje), 4-1927
2-726 Animal Farm (Orwell), 5-1934
Adventures of Menachem-Mendl, The (Aleichem), Anna Karenina (Tolstoy), 6-2610
1-50 Anne of Avonlea (Montgomery), 4-1769
Adventures of Mottel, the Cantor’s Son, The Anne of Green Gables (Montgomery), 4-1768
(Aleichem), 1-53 Anne of the Island (Montgomery), 4-1770
Adventures of Oliver Twist, The. See Oliver Twist Ano da morte de Ricardo Reis, O. See Year of the Death
Aeneid (Vergil), 6-2680 of Ricardo Reis, The
Afternoon of a Faun, The (Mallarmé), 4-1639 Años con Laura Díaz, Los. See Years with Laura Díaz,
Agamemnfn. See Oresteia The
“Age, The” (Mandelstam), 4-1644 Ansichten eines Clowns. See Clown, The
Aghwee the Sky Monster (be), 4-1906 Antigone (Cocteau), 2-575
Akatsuki no tera. See Sea of Fertility, The Antigone (Sophocles), 6-2442
Al-Ajnihah al-Mutakassirah. See Broken Wings, The “Apoleipein o theos Antonion.” See “God Abandons
Albertine disparue. See Remembrance of Things Past Anthony, The”
Alcalde de Zalamea, El. See Mayor of Zalamea, The Apologia Socratis. See Apology
Alchemist, The (Jonson), 3-1336 “Apologie de Raimond Sebond.” See “Apology for
Alcools (Apollinaire), 1-113 Raymond Sebond”
Alexander trilogy, The. See Persian Boy, The Apology (Plato), 5-2044
Alexander’s Feast (Dryden), 2-755 “Apology for Raymond Sebond” (Montaigne),
Alexandria Quartet, The (Durrell), 2-797 4-1763
Alias Grace (Atwood), 1-163 Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, The (Richler),
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll), 2-488 5-2162
“Alien Corn, The” (Maugham), 4-1693 Apprenticeship: Or, The Book of Delights, An
All Creatures Great and Small (Herriot), 3-1187 (Lispector), 4-1567
All Quiet on the Western Front (Remarque), 5-2135 Aprendizagem: Ou, O Livro dos Prazeres, Uma. See
All That Swagger (Franklin), 2-940 Apprenticeship: Or, The Book of Delights, An
2883
Magill’s Survey of World Literature
Après-midi d’un faune, L’. See Afternoon of a Faun, Battle of the Books, The (Swift), 6-2540
The Battle of the Villa Fiorita, The (Godden), 3-1020
Arc de Triomphe. See Arch of Triumph Bayna al-qasrayn. See Palace Walk
Arcangeli non giocano al flipper, Gli. See Archangels “Bear Came over the Mountain, The” (Munro), 4-1802
Don’t Play Pinball Beasts and Super-Beasts (Saki), 5-2259
Arch of Triumph (Remarque), 5-2136 Be-’et uve-’onah ahat. See Healer, The
Archangels Don’t Play Pinball (Fo), 2-887 Beggar in Jerusalem, A (Wiesel), 6-2765
Areopagitica (Milton), 4-1729 Beim Häuten der Zweibel. See Peeling the Onion
Ars poetica. See Art of Poetry, The Belle Bête, La. See Mad Shadows
Art of Poetry, The (Horace), 3-1226 Bend in the River, A (Naipaul), 4-1850
Artist of the Floating World, An (Ishiguro), 3-1295 Beso de la mujer araña, El. See Kiss of the Spider
“As I Walked out One Evening” (Auden), 1-172 Woman
As You Like It (Shakespeare), 5-2349 Besy. See Possessed, The
Astrophel and Stella, Song 11 (Sidney), 5-2393 Bête humaine, La (Zola), 6-2843
Astrophel and Stella, Sonnet 31 (Sidney), 5-2392 Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche), 4-1881
Astrophel and Stella, Sonnet 74 (Sidney), 5-2393 Biedermann und die Brandstifter. See Firebugs, The
At Lady Molly’s. See Dance to the Music of Time, A Biographia Literaria (Coleridge), 2-593
“At the Bay” (Mansfield), 4-1662 Bioi paralleloi. See Parallel Lives
At the Top of My Voice (Mayakovsky), 4-1707 Birds, The (Aristophanes), 1-134
Atarashii hito yo mezameyo. See Rouse Up, O Young “Birds, The” (Du Maurier), 2-776
Men of the New Age! Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music, The
Atonement (McEwan), 4-1598 (Nietzsche), 4-1879
“Aube.” See “Dawn” Birthday Letters (Hughes), 3-1246
August 1914 (Solzhenitsyn), 6-2437 Birthday Party, The (Pinter), 5-2028
Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter (Vargas Llosa), 6-2663 “Bishop Orders His Tomb at Saint Praxed’s Church,
Aunt’s Story, The (White), 6-2749 The” (Browning, R.), 1-390
Ausgewandereten, Die. See Emigrants, The Black Box (Oz), 5-1963
Austerlitz (Sebald), 5-2322 Black Heralds, The (Vallejo), 6-2656
Autograph Man, The (Smith), 6-2428 Black Prince, The (Murdoch), 4-1822
“Ave Atque Vale” (Swinburne), 6-2547 Black Snow: A Theatrical Novel (Bulgakov), 1-398
Avgust chetyrnadtsatogo. See August 1914 Blanco (Paz), 5-1990
Avignon Quintet, The (Durrell), 2-798 Blasting and Bombardiering (Lewis, W.), 4-1556
Awfully Big Adventure, An (Bainbridge), 1-199 Blechtrommel, Die. See Tin Drum, The
Azul. See Blue “Blind Love” (Pritchett), 5-2088
Blindness (Saramago), 5-2278
“Babii Yar” (Yevtushenko), 6-2827 “Bliss” (Mansfield), 4-1661
“Babiy Yar.” See “Babii Yar” Blood Knot, The (Fugard), 2-963
Bacchae, The (Euripides), 2-852 Blood Wedding (García Lorca), 3-984
Bakchai. See Bacchae, The Blue (Darío), 2-654
Bald Soprano, The (Ionesco), 3-1280 Blue Mountains of China, The (Wiebe), 6-2757
Ballad of Reading Gaol, The (Wilde), 6-2776 Bodas de sangre. See Blood Wedding
“Ballad of the Moon, Moon” (García Lorca), 3-983 Bonheur d’occasion. See Tin Flute, The
Balthazar. See Alexandria Quartet, The Bonjour Tristesse (Sagan), 5-2246
Barabbas (Lagerkvist), 3-1451 Book of Disquiet, The (Pessoa), 5-2004
“Barbare.” See “Barbarian” Book of Evidence, The (Banville), 1-213
“Barbarian” (Rimbaud), 5-2181 Book of Laughter and Forgetting, The (Kundera),
Barchester Towers. See Barsetshire Novels, The 3-1438
“Bardon Bus” (Munro), 4-1801 Books Do Furnish a Room. See Dance to the Music of
Baron in the Trees, The (Calvino), 1-454 Time, A
Barone rampante, Il. See Baron in the Trees, The Boquitas pintadas. See Heartbreak Tango
Barsetshire Novels, The (Trollope), 6-2630 Borstal Boy (Behan), 1-250
“Bateau ivre, Le.” See “Drunken Boat, The” Bosnian Chronicle (Andri6), 1-106
“Batter My Heart, Three Person’d God” (Donne), Bourgeois Gentilhomme, Le. See Would-Be Gentleman,
2-709 The
2884
Title Index
Bratya Karamazovy. See Brothers Karamazov, The Chaises, Les. See Chairs, The
Brave New World (Huxley), 3-1264 Changing Room, The. See Contractor, The, and
Bridal Canopy, The (Agnon), 1-33 Changing Room, The
Bridal Wreath, The. See Kristin Lavransdatter Changing Room, The (Storey), 6-2522
Bride Price, The (Emecheta), 2-833 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (Dahl), 2-640
Brideshead Revisited (Waugh), 6-2728 Charterhouse of Parma, The (Stendhal), 6-2491
Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (Fielding, Helen), Chartreuse de Parme, La. See Charterhouse of Parma,
2-858 The
Bridget Jones’s Diary (Fielding, Helen), 2-857 Chayka. See Sea Gull, The
Briefe an Olga. See Letters to Olga Chéri (Colette), 2-598
Brighton Rock (Greene), 3-1090 “Chernyy son.” See “Dark Dream”
“British Museum Reading Room, The” (MacNeice), Cherry Orchard, The (Chekhov), 2-548
4-1625 Child Story. See Slow Homecoming
Broken Wings, The (Gibran), 3-1000 Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (Byron), 1-432
Bronze Horseman, The (Pushkin), 5-2108 Childhood’s End (Clarke), 2-567
Brother Frank’s Gospel Hour, and Other Stories Children of Men, The (James), 3-1304
(Kinsella), 3-1411 Children of the Black Sabbath (Hébert), 3-1176
Brothers Karamazov, The (Dostoevski), 2-719 Children of the Game (Cocteau), 2-576
Bumi manusia. See This Earth of Mankind Chimmoku. See Silence (Endf)
Burger’s Daughter (Gordimer), 3-1061 ChoTphoroi. See Oresteia
Burning Plain, and Other Stories, The (Rulfo), 5-2219 Christabel (Coleridge), 2-592
Buyer’s Market, A. See Dance to the Music of Time, A Chronicle in Stone (Kadare), 3-1352
“By Association” (Baudelaire), 1-227 Chronicles of Narnia, The (Lewis, C. S.), 4-1545
By Night in Chile (Bolaño), 1-309 “Church Going” (Larkin), 4-1465
Chute, La. See Fall, The
Cabin Fever (Jolley), 3-1328 Cid, Le. See Cid, The
Cadastre (Césaire), 2-520 Cid, The (Corneille), 2-620
Cairo trilogy, The. See Palace Walk Cien años de soledad. See One Hundred Years of
“Camberwell Beauty, The” (Pritchett), 5-2089 Solitude
Cancer Ward (Solzhenitsyn), 6-2436 “Cimetière marin, Le.” See “Cemetery by the Sea, The”
“Canción de jinete.” See “Rider’s Song” “Circle Game, The” (Atwood), 1-161
Candida (Shaw), 5-2360 “Circle of Friends, A” (Voinovich), 6-2699
Candide (Voltaire), 6-2709 “Circus Animals’ Desertion, The” (Yeats), 6-2820
Candle for St. Jude, A (Godden), 3-1019 Cities of the Plain. See Remembrance of Things Past
Cantatrice Chauve, La. See Bald Soprano, The Città invisibili, Le. See Invisible Cities
Canterbury Tales, The (Chaucer), 2-535 “City Lovers” (Gordimer), 3-1063
Cantos de vida y esperanza, los cisnes, y otros poemas. City of God, The (Augustine), 1-181
See Songs of Life and Hope Clarissa (Richardson), 5-2156
Captive, The. See Remembrance of Things Past Clea. See Alexandria Quartet, The
Caretaker, The (Pinter), 5-2030 Clear Light of Day (Desai), 2-680
Carpathians, The (Frame), 2-919 “Clearances” (Heaney), 3-1169
Casa de los espíritus, La. See House of the Spirits, The Cleopatra Ode, The. See Odes 1.9
Casa in collina, La. See House on the Hill, The Clockwork Orange, A (Burgess), 1-408
Casanova’s Chinese Restaurant. See Dance to the Music Close Quarters. See Sea Trilogy, A
of Time, A Cloud in Pants, A (Mayakovsky), 4-1705
Cassandra: A Novel and Four Essays (Wolf), 6-2793 Clouds, The (Aristophanes), 1-132
Castle, The (Kafka), 3-1359 Cloven Viscount, The (Calvino), 1-454
“Catch, The” (be), 4-1906 Clown, The (Böll), 1-315
Caucasian Chalk Circle, The (Brecht), 1-343 Coast of Utopia, The (Stoppard), 6-2514
“Cazador en el bosque, El.” See “Hunter in the Forest, “Codicil” (Walcott), 6-2716
The” “Coeur simple, Un.” See Three Tales
“Cemetery by the Sea, The” (Valéry), 6-2648 Collected Poems, 1928-1985 (Spender), 6-2469
Certaine Sonnets 32 (Sidney), 5-2394 Collected Works of Billy the Kid: Left Handed Poems,
Chairs, The (Ionesco), 3-1281 The (Ondaatje), 4-1924
2885
Magill’s Survey of World Literature
2886
Title Index
Divino Narciso, El. See Divine Narcissus, The Elizabeth Costello (Coetzee), 2-585
Doctor Faustus (Mann), 4-1651 Emigrants, The (Sebald), 5-2319
Doctor Faustus (Marlowe), 4-1670 Émile (Rousseau), 5-2194
Doctor Thorne. See Barsetshire Novels, The Émile: Ou, De l’education. See Émile
Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 5-1971 Emma (Austen), 1-190
Doktor Zhivago. See Doctor Zhivago “Emperor’s New Clothes, The” (Andersen), 1-101
Doll’s House, A (Ibsen), 3-1273 En attendant Godot. See Waiting for Godot
Dom Casmurro (Machado de Assis), 4-1607 “End” (Sachs), 5-2241
Don Juan (Byron), 1-433 “Ende.” See “End”
Don Quixote de la Mancha, Part 1 (Cervantes), 2-513 Endgame (Beckett), 1-242
Don Quixote de la Mancha, Part 2 (Cervantes), 2-514 Endymion: A Poetic Romance (Keats), 3-1380
Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands (Amado), 1-69 Enemies: A Love Story (Singer, I. B.), 5-2419
Dona Flor e seus dois maridos. See Dona Flor and Her Enemy of the People, An (Ibsen), 3-1274
Two Husbands Enfants du sabbat, Les. See Children of the Black
“Dormeur du val, Le.” See “Sleeper of the Valley, The” Sabbath
Double-Dealer, The (Congreve), 2-605 Enfants terribles, Les. See Children of the Game
Douleur, Le. See War: A Memoir, The England, England (Barnes), 1-220
“Dover Beach” (Arnold), 1-149 English Patient, The (Ondaatje), 4-1927
Dram-Shop, The. See L’Assommoir English Teacher, The (Narayan), 4-1856
Dream Play, A (Strindberg), 6-2531 Enigma of Arrival, The (Naipaul), 4-1851
Dreigroschenoper, Die. See Threepenny Opera, The Enrico IV. See Henry IV (Pirandello)
Droë wit seison, ‘N. See Dry White Season, A Ensaio sobre a cegueira,. See Blindness
Drömspel, Ett. See Dream Play, A Entertainer, The (Osborne), 5-1943
Drowned and the Saved, The (Levi), 4-1537 Epitaph of a Small Winner (Machado de Assis), 4-1605
Drums Under the Windows. See Mirror in My House “Epitaph on an Army of Mercenaries” (Housman),
Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle, A (MacDiarmid), 3-1239
4-1592 Epithalamion (Spenser), 6-2478
“Drunken Boat, The” (Rimbaud), 5-2179 Equal Music, An (Seth), 5-2335
Dry White Season, A (Brink), 1-351 Equus (Shaffer), 5-2342
Du côté de chez Swann. See Remembrance of Things “Erlking, The” (Goethe), 3-1030
Past “Erlkönig.” See “Erlking, The”
Dubliners (Joyce), 3-1343 “Eroberer, Der.” See “Conquerer, The”
Duineser Elegien. See Duino Elegies Esmond in India (Jhabvala), 3-1310
Duino Elegies (Rilke), 5-2169 Essay on Criticism, An (Pope), 5-2058
Dukkehjem, Et. See Doll’s House, A Eternal Smile, The (Lagerkvist), 3-1450
Dumb Waiter, The (Pinter), 5-2027 Eternal Virgin, The. See Young Fate, The
Dunciad, The (Pope), 5-2061 Ethica Nicomachea. See Nicomachean Ethics
Dvärgen. See The Dwarf Étranger, L’. See Stranger, The
Dwarf, The (Lagerkvist), 3-1450 Eugene Onegin (Pushkin), 5-2107
“Dzienniki gwiazdowe.” See Star Diaries, The Eugénie Grandet (Balzac), 1-206
Eumenides. See Oresteia
Earthly Powers (Burgess), 1-412 “Evening with Mr. Teste, An” (Valéry), 6-2650
“Easter 1916” (Yeats), 6-2817 Evgeny Onegin. See Eugene Onegin
Ebony Tower, The (Fowles), 2-912 Eviga leendet, Det. See Eternal Smile, The
Eclogues (Vergil), 6-2678 Excellent Women (Pym), 5-2115
École des femmes, L’. See School for Wives, The Exit the King (Ionesco), 3-1283
“Ecstasy” (Hugo), 3-1257 “Extase.” See “Ecstasy”
Edge of the Alphabet, The (Frame), 2-918 Eye of the Scarecrow, The (Harris), 3-1144
Éducation sentimentale, L’. See Sentimental
Education, A Fables (La Fontaine), 3-1445
“1887” (Housman), 3-1237 Face of Another, The (Abe), 1-4
“Einmal.” See “Once” Faces in My Time. See To Keep the Ball Rolling
Either/Or (Kierkegaard), 3-1402 Fadren. See Father, The
Electra (Sophocles), 6-2443 Faerie Queene, The (Spenser), 6-2476
2887
Magill’s Survey of World Literature
Fair Jilt: Or, The History of Prince Tarquin and Framley Parsonage. See Barsetshire Novels, The
Miranda, The (Behn), 1-257 Frankenstein (Shelley, M.), 5-2369
Fall, The (Camus), 1-469 “Fräulein von Scuderi, Das.” See “Mademoiselle de
Family Matters (Mistry), 4-1749 Scudéry”
Famished Road, The (Okri), 4-1914 French Lieutenant’s Woman, The (Fowles), 2-911
Fanatic Heart, A (O’Brien), 4-1890 Friday: Or, The Other Island (Tournier), 6-2623
Fare Thee Well. See Mirror in My House Friends (Abe), 1-4
Farfarers: Before the Norse, The (Mowat), 4-1788 Fröken Julie. See Miss Julie
Fasting, Feasting (Desai), 2-681 Fruits d’or, Les. See Golden Fruits, The
Fateless (Kertész), 3-1396 “Funes el memorioso.” See “Funes, the Memorious”
Fatelessness. See Fateless “Funes, the Memorious” (Borges), 1-326
Father, The (Strindberg), 6-2529 Funke Leben, Der. See Spark of Life, The
Fathers and Sons (Turgenev), 6-2637 Further Adventures of Nils, The (Lagerlöf), 4-1458
Faust (Goethe), 3-1026
Faux-monnayeurs, Les. See Counterfeiters, The Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon (Amado), 1-67
Fear and Trembling (Kierkegaard), 3-1403 Gabriela, cravo e canela. See Gabriela, Clove and
Feast of the Goat, The (Vargas Llosa), 6-2665 Cinnamon
Fellowship of the Ring, The. See Lord of the Rings, The Gadis Pantai. See Girl from the Coast, The
Felszámolás. See Liquidation “Garden of Forking Paths, The” (Borges), 1-324
Feux rouges. See Red Lights “Garden Party, The” (Mansfield), 4-1664
Fiasco (Lem), 4-1510 Gargantua (Rabelais), 5-2123
Fiasko. See Fiasco Gaspard, Melchior et Balthazar. See Four Wise Men,
Fiesta del Chivo, La. See Feast of the Goat, The The
Fifth Business. See Deptford Trilogy, The Gattopardo, Il. See Leopard, The
Fin de Chéri, La. See Last of Chéri, The Gaudy Night (Sayers), 5-2299
Fin de partie. See Endgame Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik, Die.
“Final Tree” (Mistral), 4-1742 See Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music, The
Fine Balance, A (Mistry), 4-1748 General en su laberinto, El. See General in His
Finishing School, The (Spark), 6-2461 Labyrinth, The
Fire Down Below. See Sea Trilogy, A General in His Labyrinth, The (García Márquez),
Fire-Dwellers, The (Laurence), 4-1473 3-992
Fire on the Mountain (Desai), 2-679 General of the Dead Army, The (Kadare), 3-1351
Firebugs, The (Frisch), 2-945 Genji monogatari. See Tale of Genji, The
[First] Book of Urizen, The (Blake), 1-294 Georgics (Vergil), 6-2679
First Circle, The (Solzhenitsyn), 6-2435 Germany: A Winter’s Tale (Heine), 3-1180
First Dream (Cruz), 2-634 Germinal (Zola), 6-2841
First Man in Rome, The (McCullough), 4-1586 Geroy nashego vremeni. See Hero of Our Time, A
Five Finger Exercise (Shaffer), 5-2340 Gerugte van Reën. See Rumours of Rain
Flaubert’s Parrot (Barnes), 1-219 Ghare b3ire. See Home and the World, The
“Flea, The” (Donne), 2-708 Ghost Sonata, The (Strindberg), 6-2532
Folkefiende, En. See Enemy of the People, An Gift, The (Nabokov), 4-1838
“Foolish Men” (Cruz), 2-635 Gigi (Colette), 2-599
“For A’ That and A’ That.” See “Is There For Honest “Gimpel Tam.” See “Gimpel the Fool”
Poverty” “Gimpel the Fool” (Singer, I. B.), 5-2421
Force de l’âge, La. See Prime of Life, The Girl from the Coast, The (Toer), 6-2594
“Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Girl with Green Eyes. See Country Girls Trilogy and
Flower, The” (Thomas), 6-2584 Epilogue, The
Foreign Studies (Endf), 2-839 Girls in Their Married Bliss. See Country Girls Trilogy
Forfeit (Francis), 2-926 and Epilogue, The
“Fortunate Traveller, The” (Walcott), 6-2718 Girls of Slender Means, The (Spark), 6-2461
Foucault’s Pendulum (Eco), 2-805 Gitanjali Song Offerings (Tagore), 6-2559
Four-Gated City, The (Lessing), 4-1525 Gjenerali i ushtrisë së vdekur. See General of the Dead
Four Quartets (Eliot, T. S.), 2-826 Army, The
Four Wise Men, The (Tournier), 6-2624 Glasperlenspiel, Das. See Glass Bead Game, The
2888
Title Index
Glass Bead Game, The (Hesse), 3-1196 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
Glass of Blessings, A (Pym), 5-2117 (Rowling), 5-2203
Glue (Welsh), 6-2746 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
“Goblin Market” (Rossetti), 5-2186 (Rowling), 5-2203
“God Abandons Anthony, The” (Cavafy), 2-501 Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone (Rowling),
God of Small Things, The (Roy, A.), 5-2208 5-2202
“God’s Grandeur” (Hopkins), 3-1216 “He Is More than a Hero: Or, Fortunate as the Gods
“Gods of Greece, The” (Schiller), 5-2307 He Seems to Me” (Sappho), 5-2272
Golden Ass, The. See Metamorphoses (Apuleius) Headbirths (Grass), 3-1071
Golden Fruits, The (Sarraute), 5-2285 Healer, The (Appelfeld), 1-119
Golden Gate, The (Seth), 5-2333 Hearing Secret Harmonies. See Dance to the Music
Golden Notebook, The (Lessing), 4-1526 of Time, A
Good Companions, The (Priestley), 5-2077 Heart of a Dog, The (Bulgakov), 1-396
Good Soldier, The (Ford), 2-894 Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 2-613
Good Soldier: Švejk, The (Hašek), 3-1150 Heart of Midlothian, The (Scott), 5-2313
Goodbye to All That (Graves), 3-1079 Heart of the Matter, The (Greene), 3-1092
Goodbye to Berlin (Isherwood), 3-1289 Heartbreak Tango (Puig), 5-2101
“Gooseberries” (Chekhov), 2-544 Heat and Dust (Jhabvala), 3-1311
Gösta Berling’s saga. See Story of Gösta Berling, The “Hebräische Melodien.” See “Hebrew Melodies”
“Götter Griechenlands, Die.” See “Gods of Greece, “Hebrew Melodies” (Heine), 3-1182
The” Hedda Gabler (Ibsen), 3-1275
Gould’s Book of Fish (Flanagan), 2-871 Heights of Macchu Picchu, The (Neruda), 4-1864
Great Expectations (Dickens), 2-689 Henry IV (Pirandello), 5-2038
“Green” (Verlaine), 6-2686 Henry IV, Parts I and II (Shakespeare), 5-2348
Green Man, The (Amis, K.), 1-83 Hepta epi ThTbas. See Seven Against Thebes
Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds! (Clarke), 2-569 Heraldos negros, Los. See Black Heralds, The
Gringo viejo. See Old Gringo, The Heritage of Quincas Borba. See Philosopher or Dog?
Group Portrait with Lady (Böll), 1-316 Hero and Leander (Marlowe), 4-1671
Growth of the Soil (Hamsun), 3-1120 Hero of Our Time, A (Lermontov), 4-1517
Gruppenbild mit Dame. See Group Portrait with Lady Herod and Mariamne (Lagerkvist), 3-1452
Guermantes Way, The. See Remembrance of Things “Hérodias.” See Three Tales
Past Heroides (Ovid), 5-1952
“Guest, The” (Camus), 1-470 High Fidelity (Hornby), 3-1231
Guest for the Night, A (Agnon), 1-34 “High Windows” (Larkin), 4-1468
“Guitar, The” (García Lorca), 3-982 Hija de la fortuna. See Daughter of Fortune
“Guitarra, La.” See “Guitar, The” Hippolytos (Euripides), 2-851
Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 6-2538 Hiroshima mon amour (Duras), 2-790
History of Henry Esmond, Esquire, The (Thackeray),
Hablador, El. See Storyteller, The 6-2577
Hadrat al-muhtaram. See Respected Sir Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, The (Adams),
Hadrian’s Memoirs. See Memoirs of Hadrian 1-16
Hakhnasat kala. See Bridal Canopy, The Hitsuji o meguru bfken. See Wild Sheep Chase, A
“Half a Grapefruit” (Munro), 4-1800 Ho teleutaios peirasmos. See Last Temptation of
Half a Life (Naipaul), 4-1851 Christ, The
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 5-2350 Hobbit, The (Tolkien), 6-2600
Handful of Dust, A (Waugh), 6-2727 Hfjf no umi. See Sea of Fertility, The
Handmaid’s Tale, The (Atwood), 1-160 “Holy Willie’s Prayer” (Burns), 1-419
Hara no yuki. See Sea of Fertility, The Homba. See Sea of Fertility, The
Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World Home (Storey), 6-2522
(Murakami), 4-1806 Home and Exile (Achebe), 1-12
Hard Labor (Pavese), 5-1982 Home and the World, The (Tagore), 6-2560
Harriet Quartet. See Strong Poison Homebush Boy (Keneally), 3-1391
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Rowling), Homecoming, The (Pinter), 5-2031
5-2204 Homme Obscur, Un. See Obscure Man, An
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Magill’s Survey of World Literature
Homo Faber (Frisch), 2-946 In einer dunklen Nacht ging ich aus meinem stillen
Honourable Schoolboy, The (Le Carré), 4-1498 Haus. See On a Dark Night I Left My Silent House
Hopscotch (Cortázar), 2-626 In Memoriam (Tennyson), 6-2568
Hora da Estrela, A. See Hour of the Star, The “In Milan” (Miuosz), 4-1720
“Horatian Ode, An” (Marvell), 4-1678 “In My Craft or Sullen Art” (Thomas), 6-2588
“Horla, The” (Maupassant), 4-1700 In Patagonia (Chatwin), 2-527
Horse and His Boy, The. See Chronicles of Narnia, “In the Dai-tian Mountains” (Li Bo), 4-1561
The In the Heart of the Country (Coetzee), 2-583
“Horse Dealer’s Daughter, The” (Lawrence), 4-1482 In the Skin of a Lion (Ondaatje), 4-1926
“Horseshoe Finder, The” (Mandelstam), 4-1644 Indecent Obsession, An (McCullough), 4-1586
Hostage, The (Behan), 1-251 Indiana (Sand), 5-2264
“Hôte, L’.” See “Guest, The” Infants of the Spring. See To Keep the Ball Rolling
Hotel du Lac (Brookner), 1-375 Infinite Plan, The (Allende), 1-60
Hour of the Star, The (Lispector), 4-1567 Ingenioso hidalgo don de la Mancha, El. See Don
House at Pooh Corner, The (Milne), 4-1713 Quixote de la Mancha
House for Mr. Biswas, A (Naipaul), 4-1849 Inheritors, The (Golding), 3-1044
House of the Spirits, The (Allende), 1-59 Inimitable Jeeves, The (Wodehouse), 6-2782
House on the Hill, The (Pavese), 5-1983 Inishfallen. See Mirror in My House
House on the Strand, The (Du Maurier), 2-775 Innocent Blood (James), 3-1302
“Housewife, The” (Jhabvala), 3-1312 Innommable, L’. See Trilogy, The
Howards End (Forster), 2-904 Insoutenable Légèreté de l’être, L’. See Unbearable
Huis-clos. See No Exit Lightness of Being, The
Human Beast, The. See Bête humaine, La Inspector Calls, An (Priestley), 5-2078
Human Poems (Vallejo), 6-2657 Invisible Cities (Calvino), 1-455
Hunchback of Notre Dame, The (Hugo), 3-1254 Invisible Man, The (Wells), 6-2736
Hunger (Hamsun), 3-1118 Invitation to a Beheading (Nabokov), 4-1837
“Hunter in the Forest, The” (Neruda), 4-1865 Iowa Baseball Confederacy, The (Kinsella), 3-1410
“Hurrahing in Harvest” (Hopkins), 3-1219 “Is There for Honest Poverty” (Burns), 1-419
Husfrue. See Kristin Lavransdatter “Ithaka” (Cavafy), 2-500
“Hymn to God My God, in My Sickness” (Donne), Ivanhoe (Scott), 5-2313
2-710
“Hymn to Proserpine” (Swinburne), 6-2547 Jacques le fataliste et son maître. See Jacques the
Fatalist and His Master
“I Hate and I Love.” See Poem 85 Jacques the Fatalist and His Master (Diderot), 2-694
I Knock at the Door. See Mirror in My House Jake’s Thing (Amis, K.), 1-84
“I Once Gave My Daughters, Separately, Two Conch Jane Eyre (Brontë, C.), 1-356
Shells . . . ” (Walcott), 6-2719 “Jardin de senderos que se bifurcan, El.” See “Garden
“I Wake and Feel the Fell of Dark, Not Day” of Forking Paths, The”
(Hopkins), 3-1219 Jenseits von Gut und Böse. See Beyond Good and
Ice Age, The (Drabble), 2-745 Evil
Idylls of the King (Tennyson), 6-2569 Jericho Road (Kogawa), 3-1433
If on a Winter’s Night a Traveler (Calvino), 1-456 “Jerusalem 1967” (Amichai), 1-76
If This Is a Man (Levi), 4-1535 Jeune Parque, La. See Young Fate, The
Ignorance (Kundera), 3-1440 “Jolly Beggars, The” (Burns), 1-417
Ignorancia, La. See Ignorance Joseph Andrews (Fielding, Henry), 2-863
Iliad (Homer), 3-1207 Joshua Then and Now (Richler), 5-2164
Im Krebsgang. See Crabwalk Jour, Le. See Accident, The
Im Westen nichts Neues. See All Quiet on the Western Journals, 1939-1983 (Spender), 6-2468
Front “Journey Back to the Source” (Carpentier), 2-481
Immoralist, The (Gide), 3-1011 “Journey North, The” (Du Fu), 2-761
Immoraliste, L’. See Immoralist, The Journey to the Center of the Earth, A (Verne),
Importance of Being Earnest, The (Wilde), 6-2774 6-2691
“In a Grove” (Akutagawa), 1-46 Jude the Obscure (Hardy), 3-1136
In Celebration (Storey), 6-2521 Julie: Ou, La Nouvelle Héloïse. See New Héloïse, The
2890
Title Index
2891
Magill’s Survey of World Literature
Living to Tell the Tale (García Márquez), 3-993 Man Could Stand Up, A. See Parade’s End
Livre du rire et de l’oubli, Le. See Book of Laughter Man Who Loved Children, The (Stead), 6-2484
and Forgetting, The “Man Who Would Be King, The” (Kipling), 3-1417
Livro do desassossego. See Book of Disquiet, The Man Without Qualities, The (Musil), 4-1829
Llano en llamas, y otros cuentros, El. See Burning Mandarins, Les. See Mandarins, The
Plain, and Other Stories, The Mandarins, The (Beauvoir), 1-235
Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías. See Lament for the Mandragola, La. See Mandrake, The
Death of a Bullfighter Mandrake, The (Machiavelli), 4-1613
Lo me-’akshav, lo mi-kan. See Not of This Time, Not of Mann ohne Eigenschaften, Der. See Man Without
This Place Qualities, The
“Locksley Hall” (Tennyson), 6-2572 Mansfield Park (Austen), 1-189
Lolita (Nabokov), 4-1840 Manticore, The. See Deptford Trilogy, The
London (Johnson), 3-1317 Manual for Manuel, A (Cortázar), 2-628
London Fields (Amis, M.), 1-94 Mårbacka (Lagerlöf), 4-1459
Lonely Girl, The. See Country Girls Trilogy and “Marble Stairs Grievance” (Li Bo), 4-1562
Epilogue, The Marguerite de Valois (Dumas, père), 2-766
Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul, The (Adams), 1-19 Mariamne. See Herod and Mariamne
Long Way Around, The. See Slow Homecoming Marianne (Sand), 5-2266
Look at Me (Brookner), 1-375 “Marienkind.” See “Mary’s Child”
Look Back in Anger (Osborne), 5-1942 Markens grøde. See Growth of the Soil
Lord Jim (Conrad), 2-611 Marquise of O————-, The (Kleist), 3-1426
Lord of the Flies (Golding), 3-1043 Marriage à la Mode (Dryden), 2-751
Lord of the Rings, The (Tolkien), 6-2601 Martha Quest (Lessing), 4-1522
Loser, The (Bernhard), 1-272 Mary (Nabokov), 4-1835
Lost Steps, The (Carpentier), 2-483 “Mary’s Child” (Grimm, Brothers), 3-1100
Love in the Time of Cholera (García Márquez), 3-991 Mashenka. See Mary
“Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, The” (Eliot, T. S.), Master and Margarita, The (Bulgakov), 1-397
2-823 “MASTER HAROLD” . . . and the Boys (Fugard),
“Loveliest of Trees” (Housman), 3-1238 2-964
Lover, The (Duras), 2-788 Mauprat (Sand), 5-2265
Lucky Jim (Amis, K.), 1-82 Max Havelaar (Multatuli), 4-1794
Luna e i falò, La. See Moon and the Bonfire, The Mayor of Zalamea, The(Calderón de la Barca), 1-441
Lusiads, The (Camões), 1-461 Medea (Euripides), 2-850
Luther (Osborne), 5-1944 Medea (Seneca the Younger), 5-2327
“Lycidas” (Milton), 4-1726 Medniy vsadnik. See Bronze Horseman, The
Lyre of Orpheus, The. See Cornish Trilogy, The “Meeting at Night” (Browning, R.), 1-391
Lysistrata (Aristophanes), 1-135 Memento Mori (Spark), 6-2459
Mémoires d’Hadrien. See Memoirs of Hadrian
M rogi wa Kagogo. See Wizard of the Crow Memoirs of Hadrian (Yourcenar), 6-2833
Mac Flecknoe (Dryden), 2-753 Memorandum, The (Havel), 3-1156
Mad Shadows (Blais), 1-285 Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas. See Epitaph of a
Madame Bovary (Flaubert), 2-876 Small Winner
“Madame Tellier’s House” (Maupassant), 4-1699 Menakhem-Mendl. See Adventures of
“Mademoiselle de Scudéry” (Hoffmann), 3-1202 Menachem-Mendl, The
Magic Mountain, The (Mann), 4-1650 Mendiant de Jérusalem, Le. See Beggar in Jerusalem, A
Magician’s Nephew, The. See Chronicles of Narnia, “Menor Mulher do Mundo, A.” See “Smallest Woman in
The the World, The”
Magister Ludi. See Glass Bead Game, The Mensagem. See Message
Magus, The (Fowles), 2-910 Message (Pessoa), 5-2003
“Maison Tellier, La.” See “Madame Tellier’s House” Messengers of Day. See To Keep the Ball Rolling
Major Barbara (Shaw), 5-2360 Metamorphoses (Apuleius), 1-126
Making Things Better (Brookner), 1-376 Metamorphoses (Ovid), 5-1950
Malone Dies. See Trilogy, The Metamorphosis, The (Kafka), 3-1360
Malone meurt. See Trilogy, The Metaphysics (Aristotle), 1-140
2892
Title Index
Michael Kohlhaas (Kleist), 3-1427 Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder. See Mother Courage
Middlemarch (Eliot, G.), 2-815 and Her Children
Midnight’s Children (Rushdie), 5-2225 My Brilliant Career (Franklin), 2-939
Mikha’el sheli. See My Michael “My Father’s Death” (Amichai), 1-74
Military Philosophers, The. See Dance to the Music of “My God Said to Me” (Verlaine), 6-2687
Time, A “My Last Duchess” (Browning, R.), 1-388
Milton: A Poem (Blake), 1-295 My Michael (Oz), 5-1962
Ministry of Fear, The (Greene), 3-1091 Myortvye dushi. See Dead Souls
Mirror in My House (O’Casey), 4-1900 “Mystère de la parole.” See “Mystery of the Word”
Misanthrope, The (Molière), 4-1757 Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana, The (Eco), 2-806
Misérables, Les (Hugo), 3-1255 “Mystery of the Word” (Hébert), 3-1174
“Miss Brill” (Mansfield), 4-1660 Myth of Sisyphus, The (Camus), 1-470
Miss Julie (Strindberg), 6-2530 Mythe de Sisyphus, Le. See Myth of Sisyphus, The
Miss Peabody’s Inheritance (Jolley), 3-1327
Misteriosa fiamma della regina Loana, La. See Nachdenken über Christa T. See Quest for Christa T.,
Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana, The The
Mistero Buffo: Comic Mysteries (Fo), 2-885 Name of the Rose, The (Eco), 2-804
Mistress of Husaby, The. See Kristin Lavransdatter “Naming of Albert Johnson, The” (Wiebe), 6-2758
Moccasin Telegraph, and Other Stories, The Napoleon Symphony (Burgess), 1-412
(Kinsella), 3-1410 Narcissus and Goldmund (Hesse), 3-1195
Model Childhood, A. See Patterns of Childhood Narziss und Goldmund. See Narcissus and Goldmund
Modern Painters (Ruskin), 5-2233 “Nashedshii podkova.” See “Horseshoe Finder, The”
Modest Proposal, A (Swift), 6-2541 “Nattergalen.” See “Nightingale, The”
Moll Flanders (Defoe), 2-673 Nausea (Sartre), 5-2291
Molloy. See Trilogy, The Nausée. See Nausea
“Moly” (Gunn), 3-1106 Nazi Literature in the Americas (Bolaño), 1-310
“Mon Dieu m’a dit.” See “My God Said to Me” “Necklace, The” (Maupassant), 4-1699
Money (Amis, M.), 1-93 Needle’s Eye, The (Drabble), 2-743
“Monna Innominata: A Sonnet of Sonnets” (Rossetti), Neige était sale, La. See Dirty Snow
5-2188 Nejimaki-dori kuronikuru. See Wind-Up Bird
Monsieur. See Avignon Quintet, The Chronicle, The
Moon and the Bonfire, The (Pavese), 5-1983 Nephelai. See Clouds, The
“Moons of Jupiter, The.” See “Bardon Bus” Neshome Ekspeditsyes. See Shosha
More Joy in Heaven (Callaghan), 1-448 Neue Gedichte. See “Panther, The”
Morte accidentale di un anarchico. See Accidental Neuromancer (Gibson), 3-1005
Death of an Anarchist Never Cry Wolf (Mowat), 4-1786
Morte e a morte de Quincas Berro D’Agua, A. See Two Never Let Me Go (Ishiguro), 3-1297
Deaths of Quincas Wateryell, The Neveu de Rameau, Le. See Rameau’s Nephew
Moscorep. See Moscow 2042 New Héloïse, The (Rousseau), 5-2193
Moscow 2042 (Voinovich), 6-2700 New Life, The (Dante), 2-646
“Mot Avi.” See “My Father’s Death” New Poems. See “Panther, The”
Mother Courage and Her Children (Brecht), 1-341 Next Big Thing, The. See Making Things Better
Mottel, Peyse dem Khazns. See Adventures of Mottel, Nhung thiên duong mù: Tiêu thuyêt. See Paradise of
the Cantor’s Son, The the Blind
Mountolive. See Alexandria Quartet, The Nice and the Good, The (Murdoch), 4-1821
“Mrs. Bathhurst” (Kipling), 3-1418 Nicholas Nickleby (Dickens), 2-687
Mrs. Dalloway (Woolf), 6-2798 Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 1-142
“Mtsyri.” See “Novice, The” Night (O’Brien), 4-1889
Muerte de Artemio Cruz, La. See Death of Artemio Night (Wiesel), 6-2763
Cruz, The Night Flight (Saint-Exupéry), 5-2252
Murder of Roger Ackroyd, The (Christie), 2-554 “Nightingale, The”(Andersen), 1-101
Murther and Walking Spirits (Davies), 2-665 Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige. See
“Musée des Beaux Arts” (Auden), 1-173 Wonderful Adventures of Nils, The, and Further
Mute’s Soliloquy, The (Toer), 6-2595 Adventures of Nils, The
2893
Magill’s Survey of World Literature
2894
Title Index
2895
Magill’s Survey of World Literature
Quest for Christa T., The (Wolf), 6-2791 “Rider’s Song” (García Lorca), 3-982
Quest for Karla. See Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy; Riders to the Sea (Synge), 6-2553
Honourable Schoolboy, The; and Smiley’s People Rime I. See Sonnet 1
Question of Power, A (Head), 3-1163 Rime CCCX. See Sonnet 269
Question of Upbringing, A. See Dance to the Music of Rime of the Ancient Mariner, The (Coleridge), 2-591
Time, A “Ring of Thoth, The” (Doyle, A.), 2-729
Quincas Borba. See Philosopher or Dog? Ringe des Saturn, Die. See Rings of Saturn, The
Quinx. See Avignon Quintet, The Rings of Saturn, The (Sebald), 5-2321
Quo Vadis (Sienkiewicz), 5-2400 Ripple from the Storm, A (Lessing), 4-1524
Rites of Passage. See Sea Trilogy, A
Racconti. See Two Stories and a Memory River Between, The (Ngugi wa Thiong’o), 4-1872
“Rain” (Maugham), 4-1692 Road to Mecca, The (Fugard), 2-963
Rainbow, The. See Women in Love Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 2-672
Rakovy korpus. See Cancer Ward Roi des alnes, Le. See Ogre, The
Rameau’s Nephew (Diderot), 2-696 Roi se meurt, Le. See Exit the King
Ransome Trilogy, The. See Space Trilogy, The “Romance de la luna, luna.” See “Ballad of the Moon,
Rape of the Lock, The (Pope), 5-2060 Moon”
“Rashfmon” (Akutagawa), 1-46 Room of One’s Own, A (Woolf), 6-2802
Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia (Johnson), 3-1320 Room with a View, A (Forster), 2-901
Rayuela. See Hopscotch Rose and Crown. See Mirror in My House
Razor’s Edge, The (Maugham), 4-1691 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (Stoppard),
Real Thing, The (Stoppard), 6-2513 6-2509
Realms of Gold, The (Drabble), 2-744 Rouge et le noir, Le. See Red and the Black, The
Rebecca (Du Maurier), 2-774 Rouse Up, O Young Men of the New Age! (be), 4-1907
Rebel Angels, The. See Cornish Trilogy, The Rover: Or, The Banished Cavaliers, The (Behn), 1-256
Red and the Black, The (Stendhal), 6-2490 Royal Hunt of the Sun, The (Shaffer), 5-2341
Red Cavalry (Babel), 1-194 Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, The (Omar Khayyám),
Red Lights (Simenon), 5-2409 4-1919
“Red, Red Rose, A” (Burns), 1-418 Rue Descham bault. See Street of Riches
Reginald (Saki), 5-2258 Rumours of Rain (Brink), 1-350
“Regret for the Past” (Lu Xun), 4-1579 Rumpole à la Carte (Mortimer), 4-1778
Reine Margot, Le. See Marguerite de Valois Rumpole and the Reign of Terror (Mortimer), 4-1779
Reino de este mundo, El. See Kingdom of This World, Runaway Horses. See Sea of Fertility, The
The Ryugaku. See Foreign Studies
Rekviem. See Requiem
Religieuse, La. See Nun, The Safe Conduct (Pasternak), 5-1970
Remains of the Day, The (Ishiguro), 3-1296 “Sailing to Byzantium” (Yeats), 6-2819
“Remembrance” (Brontë, E.), 1-363 Saint Joan (Shaw), 5-2363
Remembrance of Things Past (Proust), 5-2094 St. Urbain’s Horseman (Richler), 5-2163
Republic (Plato), 5-2047 Saison au Congo, Une. See Season in the Congo, A
Requiem (Akhmatova), 1-40 Saison dans la vie d’Emmanuel, Une. See Season in the
“Requiem for a Friend” (Rilke), 5-2172 Life of Emmanuel, A
“Requiem für eine Freundin.” See “Requiem for a Sally Bowles (Isherwood), 3-1289
Friend” “Salmon Eggs” (Hughes), 3-1245
Respected Sir (Mahfouz), 4-1632 Salvage. See Coast of Utopia, The
Restaurant at the End of the Universe, The (Adams), “Sandman, The” (Hoffmann), 3-1201
1-18 Satanic Verses, The (Rushdie), 5-2226
Return from the Stars (Lem), 4-1508 Satire 1.9 (Horace), 3-1224
Return of the King, The. See Lord of the Rings, The Saturday (McEwan), 4-1599
Return of the Native, The (Hardy), 3-1134 Satyricon, The (Petronius), 5-2015
“Revenge” (Lu Xun), 4-1580 Savage Detectives, The (Bolaño), 1-308
Revenge for Love, The (Lewis, W.), 4-1554 Saville (Storey), 6-2523
Rhinoceros (Ionesco), 3-1282 “Scandal in Bohemia, A” (Doyle, A.), 2-725
Riceyman Steps (Bennett), 1-264 Schindler’s Ark. See Schindler’s List
2896
Title Index
Schindler’s List (Keneally), 3-1390 Sickness unto Death, The (Kierkegaard), 3-1404
Schloss, Das. See Castle, The Siddhartha (Hesse), 3-1193
Schneepart. See Snow Part “Signs and Symbols” (Nabokov), 4-1839
“Scholar-Gipsy, The” (Arnold), 1-151 Silas Marner (Eliot, G.), 2-814
School for Wives, The (Molière), 4-1753 Silence, Le. See Silence (Sarraute)
“Schooner Flight, The” (Walcott), 6-2716 Silence (Endf), 2-840
Screwtape Letters, The (Lewis, C. S.), 4-1544 Silence (Sarraute), 5-2286
Se questo e un uomo. See If This Is a Man Silver Chair, The. See Chronicles of Narnia, The
Se una notte d’inverno un viaggiatore. See If on a “Simple Heart, A.” See Three Tales
Winter’s Night a Traveler Simple Story, A (Agnon), 1-33
Sea, The (Banville), 1-214 Sipur’ al ahavah ve-hoshekh. See Tale of Love and
Sea and the Mirror, The (Auden), 1-174 Darkness, A
“Sea Darkens, The” (Matsuo Bashf), 4-1684 Sipur hayim. See Story of a Life, The
Sea of Fertility, The (Mishima), 4-1735 Sipur pashut. See Simple Story, A
Sea, the Sea, The (Murdoch), 4-1824 Sistema periodico, Il. See Periodic Table, The
Sea Trilogy, A (Golding), 3-1046 Six Characters in Search of an Author (Pirandello),
Seagull, The (Chekhov), 2-546 5-2037
“Season” (Soyinka), 6-2451 62: A Model Kit (Cortázar), 2-627
Season in the Congo, A (Césaire), 2-522 Slave, The (Singer, I. B.), 5-2418
Season in the Life of Emmanuel, A (Blais), 1-286 Slave Girl, The (Emecheta), 2-834
Sebastian. See Avignon Quintet, The “Sleep It off, Lady” (Rhys), 5-2151
Second-Class Citizen (Emecheta), 2-832 “Sleeper of the Valley, The” (Rimbaud), 5-2178
“Second Coming, The” (Yeats), 6-2818 Slow Homecoming (Handke), 3-1127
Second Sex, The (Beauvoir), 1-234 Small House at Allington, The. See Barsetshire Novels,
“Secret Sharer, The” (Conrad), 2-615 The
Secular Hymn, The (Horace), 3-1226 “Smallest Woman in the World, The” (Lispector),
Segunda parte del ingenioso cavallero don Quixote de 4-1566
la Mancha. See Don Quixote de la Mancha, Part 2 Smert Ivana Ilicha. See Death of Ivan Ilyich, The
Sei personaggi in cerca d’autore. See Six Characters in Smiley’s People (Le Carré), 4-1499
Search of an Author “Smyatnie.” See “Confusion”
Sekai no owari to h3odoboirudo wand3rando. See “Snake” (Lawrence), 4-1483
Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World Snapper, The (Doyle, R.), 2-737
Selected Short Stories (Tagore), 6-2561 Snow Country (Kawabata), 3-1367
Self Condemned (Lewis, W.), 4-1555 Snow Part (Celan), 2-506
Sembazuru. See Thousand Cranes Snow Was Black, The. See Dirty Snow
Sense and Sensibility (Austen), 1-187 Sobache serdtse. See Heart of a Dog, The
Sentimental Education, A (Flaubert), 2-878 Social Contract, The (Rousseau), 5-2195
Sentimental Journey, A (Sterne), 6-2497 Sodome et Gomorrhe. See Remembrance of Things
Serment de Kolvillàg, Le. See Oath, The Past
Seven Against Thebes (Aeschylus), 1-25 Soifs. See These Festive Nights
Seven Poor Men of Sydney (Stead), 6-2483 Soirée avec Monsieur Teste. See “Evening with Mr.
Severed Head, A (Murdoch), 4-1820 Teste, An”
Shadow of a Gunman, The (O’Casey), 4-1897 Solaris (Lem), 4-1507
Shadows on the Grass (Dinesen), 2-702 “Soldier, The”(Brooke), 1-368
Shalimar the Clown (Rushdie), 5-2227 Soldier’s Art, The. See Dance to the Music of Time, A
“Shang-shih.” See “Regret for the Past” Some Do Not. . . . See Parade’s End
“Sharping Stone, The” (Heaney), 3-1169 Sommesi e i salvati, I. See Drowned and the Saved, The
She Stoops to Conquer (Goldsmith), 3-1053 “Sonetos de la muerte.” See “Sonnets of Death”
“Shiiku.” See “Catch, The” Sonette an Orpheus, Die. See Sonnets to Orpheus
“Shinel.” See “Overcoat, The” “Song of the Bell, The” (Schiller), 5-2307
Shipwreck. See Coast of Utopia, The Songlines, The (Chatwin), 2-528
Shoeless Joe (Kinsella), 3-1409 Songs of Life and Hope (Darío), 2-655
“Shooting an Elephant” (Orwell), 5-1937 Sonim, de Geshichte fun a Liebe. See Enemies: A Love
Shosha (Singer, I. B.), 5-2419 Story
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Title Index
Tiger for Malgudi, A (Narayan), 4-1857 “Tristesse d’Olympio.” See “Olympio’s Sadness”
Time Machine, The (Wells), 6-2735 “Tristia” (Mandelstam), 4-1645
Time Regained. See Remembrance of Things Past Tristram Shandy. See Life and Opinions of Tristram
Time to Dance, No Time to Weep, A (Godden), 3-1018 Shandy, Gent., The
Time’s Arrow (Amis, M.), 1-94 Trfdiades. See Trojan Women, The
Tin Drum, The (Grass), 3-1070 Troilus and Criseyde (Chaucer), 2-537
Tin Flute, The (Roy, G.), 5-2214 Trois Chambres à Manhattan. See Three Bedrooms in
Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy (Le Carré), 4-1497 Manhattan
“Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius” (Borges), 1-323 Trois Contes. See Three Tales
“To an Army Wife, in Sardis: Or, Some Say a Host of Trois Mousquetaires, Les. See Three Musketeers, The
Horsemen” (Sappho), 5-2273 Trojan Women, The (Euripides), 2-851
“To an Athlete Dying Young” (Housman), 3-1238 True History of the Kelly Gang (Carey), 1-475
To Asmara (Keneally), 3-1389 “Truisms, The” (MacNeice), 4-1625
“To His Coy Mistress” (Marvell), 4-1677 “Twenty-four Years” (Thomas), 6-2585
“To Juan at the Winter Solstice” (Graves), 3-1082 Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (Verne),
To Keep the Ball Rolling (Powell), 5-2071 6-2693
“To My Dear Friend Mr. Congreve” (Dryden), 2-754 Two Deaths of Quincas Wateryell, The (Amado), 1-68
To the Lighthouse (Woolf), 6-2800 “Two Fishermen” (Callaghan), 1-446
“To the Memory of My Beloved Master William “Two-Headed Poems” (Atwood), 1-162
Shakespeare, and What He Hath Left Us” (Jonson), Two Solitudes (MacLennan), 4-1618
3-1338 Two Stories and a Memory (Tomasi di Lampedusa),
“Toads” (Larkin), 4-1464 6-2618
Tobias trilogy, The. See Barabbas 2001: A Space Odyssey (Clarke), 2-568
Tod in Venedig, Der. See Death in Venice Two Towers, The. See Lord of the Rings, The
“Todas íbamos a ser reinas.” See “We Were All to Be “Tyger, The” (Blake), 1-297
Queens” Tzili (Appelfeld), 1-119
“Todesfuge.” See “Death Fugue”
Todos os nomes. See All the Names “Último árbol.” See “Final Tree”
“Todtnauberg” (Celan), 2-505 “Ulysses” (Graves), 3-1081
Tom Jones (Fielding, Henry), 2-865 Ulysses (Joyce), 3-1346
Tomodachi. See Friends “Ulysses” (Tennyson), 6-2571
Tonio Kröger (Mann), 4-1653 Umibe no Kafuka. See Kafka on the Shore
Tono-Bungay (Wells), 6-2738 Unbearable Lightness of Being, The (Kundera),
“Town and Country Lovers.” See “City Lovers” and 3-1439
“Country Lovers” “Under Ben Bulben” (Yeats), 6-2820
Town Like Alice, A (Shute), 5-2384 Under the Net (Murdoch), 4-1819
“Tradition and the Individual Talent” (Eliot, T. S.), Under the Volcano (Lowry), 4-1571
2-824 Unnamable, The. See Trilogy, The
Tragédie du Roi Christophe, La. See Tragedy of King
Christophe, The V kruge pervom. See First Circle, The
Tragedy of King Christophe, The (Césaire), 2-521 “V krugu druzei.” See “Circle of Friends, A”
Trainspotting (Welsh), 6-2745 “Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, A” (Donne), 2-707
Travels in Hyper Reality (Eco), 2-805 Valley of Bones, The. See Dance to the Music of
Travesties (Stoppard), 6-2512 Time, A
Travni5ka hronika. See Bosnian Chronicle Valois trilogy, the. See Marguerite de Valois
Treasure Island (Stevenson), 6-2503 Vanity Fair (Thackeray), 6-2576
Tremor of Intent (Burgess), 1-411 Vanity of Human Wishes (Johnson), 3-1320
Tri sestry. See Three Sisters, The “Vek.” See “Age, The”
Trial, The (Kafka), 3-1358 Vendredi: Ou, Les Limbes du Pacifique. See Friday: Or,
Trial of Dedan Kimathi, The (Ngugi wa Thiong’o), The Other Island
4-1874 Vent paraclet, Le. See Wind Spirit, The
Trilce (Vallejo), 6-2657 “Verdwandlung, Die.” See “Metamorphosis, The”
Trilogy, The (Beckett), 1-244 Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törless, Die. See Young
“Trip, The” (Baudelaire), 1-226 Törless
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“Viaje a la semilla.” See “Journey Back to the Source” Way of the World, The (Congreve), 2-606
Vicar of Wakefield, The (Goldsmith), 3-1052 “We Were All to Be Queens” (Mistral), 4-1742
Vida es Sueño, La. See Life Is a Dream “Wedding, The” (Pritchett), 5-2089
Vile Bodies (Waugh), 6-2726 Weep Not, Child (Ngugi wa Thiong’o), 4-1871
Villette (Brontë, C.), 1-357 Well, The (Jolley), 3-1329
Vingt mille lieues sous les mers. See Twenty Thousand “Wenn im Vorsommor.” See “When in Early
Leagues Under the Sea Summer”
Vios kai politela tou Alexa Zormpa. See Zorba the Wessex Poems, and Other Verses (Hardy), 3-1137
Greek Whale for the Killing, A (Mowat), 4-1787
Virgin in the Garden, The (Byatt), 1-424 What’s Bred in the Bone. See Cornish Trilogy, The
Virtual Light (Gibson), 3-1006 “When in Early Summer” (Sachs), 5-2240
Visconte dimezzato, Il. See Cloven Viscount, The “When My Girl Comes Home” (Pritchett), 5-2087
Vishnyovy sad. See Cherry Orchard, The When Rain Clouds Gather (Head), 3-1162
Vision of Judgment, The (Byron), 1-435 When We Were Very Young (Milne), 4-1711
Vita nuova, La. See New Life, The When William Came (Saki), 5-2259
Vivir para contarla. See Living to Tell the Tale White Goddess, The (Graves), 3-1080
Vivisector, The (White), 6-2751 White Teeth (Smith), 6-2427
Vo ves’ golos. See At the Top of My Voice “Whitsun Weddings, The” (Larkin), 4-1467
Voices in Time (MacLennan), 4-1619 “Who Is My Neighbor?.” See “Two Fishermen”
Vol de nuit. See Night Flight Wide Sargasso Sea (Rhys), 5-2150
Volpone (Jonson), 3-1334 Wife, The. See Kristin Lavransdatter
Voss (White), 6-2750 Wild Ass’s Skin, The (Balzac), 1-205
Voyage. See Coast of Utopia, The Wild Sheep Chase, A (Murakami), 4-1805
“Voyage, Le.” See “Trip, The” Wilhelm Tell. See William Tell
“Voyage à Cythère, Un.” See “Voyage to Cythera, A” William Tell (Schiller), 5-2306
Voyage au centre de la terre. See Journey to the Center Wind, Sand, and Stars (Saint-Exupéry), 5-2253
of the Earth, A Wind Spirit, The (Tournier), 6-2625
Voyage in the Dark (Rhys), 5-2149 Wind-Up Bird Chronicle, The (Murakami), 4-1807
Voyage of the Dawn Treader, The. See Chronicles of “Windhover, The” (Hopkins), 3-1217
Narnia, The Winnie-the-Pooh (Milne), 4-1712
Voyage Round My Father, A (Mortimer), 4-1776 Winter’s Tales (Dinesen), 2-702
“Voyage to Cythera, A” (Baudelaire), 1-229 With Fire and Sword (Sienkiewicz), 5-2400
Voyna i mir. See War and Peace Within a Budding Grove. See Remembrance of Things
Vyrozum0ní. See Memorandum, The Past
Wizard of the Crow (Ngugi wa Thiong’o), 4-1873
Waiting for Godot (Beckett), 1-241 Woman in the Dunes, The (Abe), 1-3
“Waiting for the Barbarians” (Cavafy), 2-499 Women in Love (Lawrence), 4-1481
Waiting for the Barbarians (Coetzee), 2-583 Wonderful Adventures of Nils, The (Lagerlöf),
“Walking Around” (Neruda), 4-1863 4-1458
Wallenstein (Schiller), 5-2305 Word Child, A (Murdoch), 4-1823
“Wanderers Nachtlied.” See “Wanderer’s Night World of Love, A (Bowen), 1-333
Song” World of Nagaraj, The (Narayan), 4-1858
“Wanderer’s Night Song” (Goethe), 3-1030 World of Wonders. See Deptford Trilogy, The
War: A Memoir, The (Duras), 2-789 World Within World: The Autobiography of Stephen
War and Peace (Tolstoy), 6-2609 Spender (Spender), 6-2467
War of the Worlds, The (Wells), 6-2737 Would-Be Gentleman, The (Molière), 4-1756
Warden, The. See Barsetshire Novels, The Wreath, The. See Kristin Lavransdatter
Wasps, The (Aristophanes), 1-133 Wunschloses Unglück. See Sorrow Beyond Dreams, A
“Wasser des Lebens, Das.” See “Water of Life, The” Wuthering Heights (Brontë E.), 1-362
Waste Land, The (Eliot, T. S.), 2-825
“Water Music” (MacDiarmid), 4-1592 “Yabu no naka.” See “In a Grove”
“Water of Life, The” (Grimm, Brothers), 3-1099 Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis, The (Saramago),
Waterfall, The (Drabble), 2-742 5-2277
Waves, The (Woolf), 6-2801 Years with Laura Díaz, The (Fuentes), 2-956
2900
Title Index
2901
Author Index
2902
Author Index
2903
Magill’s Survey of World Literature
2904
Author Index
2905
Magill’s Survey of World Literature
2906
Author Index
2907
Magill’s Survey of World Literature
2908
Author Index
2909
Magill’s Survey of World Literature
2910
Author Index
2911
Magill’s Survey of World Literature
2912
Author Index
2913
Magill’s Survey of World Literature
2914
Author Index
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2916
Author Index
UNDSET, SIGRID
TAGORE, RABINDRANATH Kristin Lavransdatter, 6-2642
Gitanjali Song Offerings, 6-2559
Home and the World, The, 6-2560
Selected Short Stories, 6-2561 VALÉRY, PAUL
“Cemetery by the Sea, The,” 6-2648
TENNYSON, ALFRED, LORD
“Evening with Mr. Teste, An,” 6-2650
Idylls of the King, 6-2569
Young Fate, The, 6-2649
In Memoriam, 6-2568
“Locksley Hall,” 6-2572 VALLEJO, CÉSAR
“Ulysses,” 6-2571 Black Heralds, The, 6-2656
Human Poems, 6-2657
THACKERAY, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE
Trilce, 6-2657
History of Henry Esmond, Esquire, The, 6-2577
Vanity Fair, 6-2576 VARGAS LLOSA, MARIO
Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter, 6-2663
THAKURA, RAVINDRANATHA. See TAGORE,
Feast of the Goat, The, 6-2665
RABINDRANATH
Storyteller, The, 6-2664
THOMAS, DY LAN
VEGA CARPIO, LOPE DE
“Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the
Justice Without Revenge, 6-2671
Flower, The,” 6-2584
Peribáñez, 6-2670
“In My Craft or Sullen Art,” 6-2588
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