Human Genetics and Society 2nd

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Chapter 7—Biotechnology

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Restriction enzymes
a. are used to extract DNA from human cells.
b. hold the two strands together in DNA molecules.
c. help initiate transcription.
d. cut DNA at specific sites.
e. splice DNA fragments together.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 149

2. Golden rice carries genes which cause it to synthesize

a. beta-carotene.
b. insulin.
c. human growth hormone.
d. vitamin A.
e. Factor VIII.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 152

3. Many people with diabetes must take insulin. Most take

a. natural insulin isolated from humans who overproduce the protein.
b. natural insulin isolated from pigs and cows.
c. synthetic insulin produced through the use of recombinant DNA technology.
d. natural insulin produced in plants.
e. synthetic insulin isolated from transgenic humans.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 152

4. Plasmids
a. are circular DNA molecules present in many bacteria.
b. are a large linear DNA molecule isolated from bacteria.
c. are bacterial cells containing recombinant DNA molecules.
d. are transgenic animals.
e. cannot be cut with restriction enzymes.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 149

5. "Sticky ends"
a. result from DNA replication.
b. are only present in circular molecules.
c. are regions of double-stranded DNA..
d. form when recombinant DNA molecules are formed.
e. are the single-stranded regions at the ends of DNA fragments.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 149

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6. Which of the following statements about recombinant DNA is true?

a. Recombinant DNA techniques often make use of restriction enzymes.
b. Recombinant DNA molecules are formed when a DNA molecule attaches to the bacterial
cell wall.
c. Recombinant DNA molecules always contain human DNA.
d. Recombinant DNA molecules result when DNA is transcribed.
e. Recombinant DNA molecules are formed when DNA from at least three different
organisms are joined together.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 149

7. Which of the following statements is NOT true about transgenic organisms?

a. Transgenic plants carry a gene from another species.
b. Transgenic organisms can potentially help produce unlimited amounts of specific proteins.
c. Proteins can be extracted from transgenic organisms for use in treating disease.
d. Transgenic animals can serve as animal models for human diseases.
e. The only transgenic organisms produced so far have been plants.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 150-156

8. Restriction enzymes
a. are proteins isolated from certain strains of bacteria that can repair DNA.
b. are enzymes that attach to and cut DNA at specific sequences.
c. recognize and bind to any random sequence in the DNA.
d. are molecules that can help DNA move across the cell wall and enter the bacterial cells.
e. only act on DNA isolated from bacteria.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 149

9. Which of the following characteristics of transgenic crop is FALSE?

a. The specific genes present in the transgenic plant can originate in another plant.
b. One or more new genes are used to give a transgenic plant a unique trait or ability.
c. Some transgenic plants are resistant to herbicides.
d. Transferred genes can increase the nutritional value of crops.
e. Most transgenic crops planted in the US in 2006 were modified to increase their
nutritional value.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 150-153

10. Currently, the benefits of transgenic crops include all of the following EXCEPT
a. resistance to insects.
b. production of human proteins in large quantities.
c. raising the increased nutritional value of crops.
d. resistance to viral or fungal diseases.
e. turning modification of weeds into crops.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 150-153

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11. Transgenic animals can be used to study human diseases because

a. all disease-causing genes found in humans are also present in animals.
b. moving human genes into animals allows us to determine the function of those genes in a
completely different genetic environment.
c. drugs that are effective on transgenic organisms are possible treatments for humans.
d. all human diseases naturally occur in mice.
e. the diseases in animals are very different from the diseases in humans so they provide a
good contrast for study.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 154-155

12. Transgenic animal models can be used for

a. studying the development and progression of a disease.
b. developing and testing drugs that hopefully will cure or treat the animal model of the
human disease.
c. acting as model organisms with symptoms that mirror those in humans.
d. producing drugs that will be used to treat human diseases.
e. All of these are uses for transgenic animals.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 154-155

13. Valuable contributions of recombinant technology include

a. production of clotting factors for treating patients with hemophilia.
b. production of recombinant insulin for treating diabetic patients.
c. increasing the number of organs available for transplant.
d. production of human growth hormone in large quantities.
e. All of these are valuable contributions of recombinant technology.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 149-153

14. Before recombinant DNA techniques became available, human growth hormone was
a. isolated from children who produced excessive amounts of the hormone.
b. recovered from pituitary glands removed from human cadavers.
c. recovered from cow blood.
d. collected from many sources, such as slaughterhouses.
e. isolated from chicken eggs.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 148

15. Which of the following statements is FALSE about transgenic organisms?

a. Transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals can be created using recombinant DNA
techniques.
b. Transgenic organisms are used in agriculture, industry, and medicine.
c. Transgenic animals have been created for use as animal models to study human diseases.
d. When transgenic animals and plants are developed, they have been genetically altered,
e. Transgenic organisms are only produced as models of human diseases.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 150-156

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16. In the United States, during the period between 1996 and 2006,
a. the use of herbicide tolerant transgenic crops showed the greatest increase.
b. there was a dramatic decrease in the use of transgenic crops.
c. the use of insect resistant transgenic crops showed the greatest increase.
d. the use of some types of transgenic crops increased while the use of others decreased.
e. the planting of transgenic crops was banned.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 150-153

17. In the United States, during the period between 1996 and 2006, the most common typess of transgenic
crops
a. were tolerant of chemical weed killers.
b. were resistant to insects.
c. were resistant to bacterial infection.
d. were resistant to viral diseases.
e. had increased nutritional value.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 150-153

19. Embryonic stem cells

a. have the same properties as adult stem cells.
b. are pluripotent.
c. are isolated from various tissues.
d. have been used for several decades to treat diseases.
e. are multipotent.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 156

20. Adult stem cells

a. have the same properties as embryonic stem cells.
b. are pluripotent.
c. are isolated from developing embryos.
d. have not been used to treat diseases.
e. are multipotent.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 156

21. Stem cells have been used to treat certain leukemias for decades. These stem cells are
a. isolated from donated blood.
b. pluripotent.
c. isolated from developing embryos.
d. capable of becoming many different types of cells.
e. multipotent.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 156

22. Gene therapy

a. clinical trials have all been successful.
b. requires the use of embryonic stem cells.
c. can be accomplished using adult stem cells.
d. attempts to provide patients with normal copies of mutant genes.
e. can only to be used to treat cancer patients.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 155

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23. Huntington disease (HD) transgenic mice

a. carry two copies of the human allele for HD.
b. have a single copy of the mouse HD gene.
c. are used to study changes in brain structure during the early stages of the disease.
d. are not useful for identifying possible drug treatments because the mice respond to drugs
differently from humans.
e. are especially important for the study of the late stages of the disease.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 154-155

24. Human growth hormone

a. can be isolated from the milk of cows.
b. is only used to treat children.
c. is only used to treat adults.
d. has been approved by the FDA so that anyone who wants to can use it.
e. is always produced at sufficient levels in humans.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 147-148

25. To produce herbicide-resistant transgenic crops,

a. a human gene was inserted into the plant genome.
b. traditional breeding techniques were used.
c. proteins were isolated and purified from cows’ milk.
d. a bacterial gene was inserted into the plant genome.
e. genes from other plants were introduced into the plant genome.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 153

26. Before biotechnology was used, the main problem with clotting factor isolated from donated blood
was
a. there was too little clotting factor present in each sample.
b. contamination by HIV.
c. clotting factor from one individual would not work in another individual.
d. contamination by bacteria.
e. the process led to destruction of the factor.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 148

TRUE/FALSE

1. Recombinant DNA is created when DNA from two or more different organisms is joined together.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 149

2. A transgenic organism is an animal or plant that carries a gene from another species.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 148

3. Transgenic plants have been developed with resistance to herbicides, insects, and viral, bacterial, and
fungal diseases.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 150

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4. As gene transfer technology becomes more sophisticated, novel combinations of traits may be
developed, requiring specific management plans.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 153-154

5. Humans have only been able to genetically modify agricultural plants and animals since recombinant
DNA technology was developed.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 153-154

6. Animal models can be used to screen drugs to identify those that improve symptoms of different
diseases.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 154

7. Embryonic stem cells can only form a limited number of cell types.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 156

8. Currently, adult stem cells can only form a limited number of cell types.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 156

9. Currently, the most common form of stem cell therapy uses adult stem cells.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 156

10. Currently, gene therapy is a common form of treatment for many genetic disorders.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 155

MATCHING

Match the appropriate term to the correct description.

a. An animal or plant that carries a gene from another species
b. Important source of organs for transplants
c. An animal model for cancer
d. Proteins that cut DNA in specific places
e. Source for the production of human growth hormone
f. Beta-carotene
g. Carrier molecules used in recombinant DNA technology
h. An animal model for immune deficiency disorders
1. Transgenic pigs
2. OncoMouse
3. Transgenic tobacco
4. Rhino mouse
5. Vectors
6. Transgenic organisms
7. Restriction enzyme
8. Golden rice

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1. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 152

2. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 157
3. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 152
4. ANS: H PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 154
5. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 149
6. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 148
7. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 149
8. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 152

ESSAY

1. What are restriction enzymes, plasmids, and recombinant DNA molecules? Describe the steps
involved in the production of recombinant DNA molecules.

ANS:
A restriction enzyme is a protein that cuts the DNA into fragments at specific sites. Plasmids are small,
circular DNA molecules found in many species of bacteria. Researchers have genetically modified
plasmids to create carrier molecules called vectors that are used in recombinant DNA technology.
Recombinant DNA can be defined as the combination of DNA from two or more different organisms.
The steps involved in producing recombinant DNA molecules:
• Identify the gene of interest.
• Extract DNA from cells containing the gene.
• Treat the DNA with a restriction enzyme. Often these cuts leave an overhanging single-stranded
region called a “sticky end”.
• Cut plasmid DNA with the same restriction enzyme.
• The DNA fragments from the cells containing the gene and fragments of plasmid DNA are mixed
and spliced together to form recombinant DNA molecules).

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 149

2. What are GM crops? Describe the advantages and concerns with the use of these crops.

ANS:
GM (genetically-modified) crops contain genes from another organism. In agriculture, transgenic
plants are used directly as crops with nutritional enhancements or herbicide resistance. Answers
dealing with the advantages and concerns with the use of GM crops will vary but should note that
genetic modifications allow us to make crop plants that are resistant to herbicides, pests, and disease,
and to change nutritional value, chemical content, growing season, and crop yields. Concerns have
been raised about the safety and environmental impact of transgenic crops, safety and labeling, the
rights of farmers, loss of traditional crops, and biodiversity, among others.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 150-154

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SHORT ANSWER

1. What advantages has biotechnology provided over previous methods to produce genetically modified
crops?

ANS:
Humans have been genetically modifying agricultural plants and animals for more than 10,000 years
using selective breeding and crossbreeding to produce the diversity of domesticated plants and animals
we depend on for our food. Biotechnology has changed only the way and the rate at which these
changes are made. It has increased the specificity and predictability of changes that can be made and
also has expanded the range of species that can donate genes.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 153-154

2. Distinguish between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Make sure to include information on
the source of each cell, potential to form different cell types, and their current and potential uses.

ANS:
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are isolated from a developing embryo, and are called pluripotent
because they are able to form so many different cell types, including muscle, bone, skin, and nerve
tissue. Embryonic stem cells are being studied to understand the early stages of the disease process and
to develop therapies to treat diseases. Adult stem cells are found in and isolated from many tissues of
the adult body. These stem cells can also generate different cell types to replace those that are worn out
or damaged. However, adult stem cells are called multipotent because they can form only a limited
number of cell types. Adult stem cells have been used for several decades to treat diseases. One type of
adult stem found in bone marrow divides to form new blood cells to replace those that die, such as in
leukemia. Many biotech companies are developing therapies based on the use of embryonic and adult
stem cells. Many of these therapies may lead to treatment for conditions including spinal cord injury,
regrowth of burned tissue, and damaged heart tissue. Several clinical trials are now under way to
determine whether embryonic stem cells can be used to treat diseases.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 155-156

3. What is gene therapy? What are technical problems that must be overcome before gene therapy
becomes a common treatment for genetic diseases?

ANS:
Gene therapy involves the placement of normal, functioning genes in a person who carries one or two
mutant alleles of that gene and having the normal allele or alleles make the correct protein. However,
two major problems exist. First, after a gene is isolated, it must be delivered to target cells and inserted
into a chromosome. Then the gene must be switched on to direct the synthesis of enough of the normal
protein to correct the genetic disorder. Unfortunately, although some gene therapy clinical trials have
been partially successful, others have been tragic.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 155

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