LITERATURE REVIEW

Artificial bee colony

Reservoir operator must decide how much water to be release at the present and how much should they keep and store
for future uses without endanger community in downstream area (Walker et al. 2015). This issue become more important to solve
when the region facing water scarcity because of the human over exploitation of water resources or hydrological droughts which is
natural hazard (Van Loon and Van Lanen 2015). Optimization is one of methods to solve this problem and it becomes a popular
subject in water resources study. Optimization technique is used in engineering application to minimize the cost or to maximize the
benefit to the user. As example in water resources applications is optimize reservoir operation, design capacity, cost design and
environmental benefits (Pasha et al. 2015).

The evolution of computer software and hardware has expanded the researchers’ capability to develop new or enhance
current algorithm with better computation time and solve problem with higher degree of complexity. Among them are Artificial Neural
Networks (ANN), Fuzzy Logic, and Evolutionary Computation. Recent study by Kumar t al. (2013) showed that the Fuzzy Logic
performs better than ANN in finding the optimal release for irrigation and hydropower of one of the dams in India. ANN can also be
combined with other established method to enhance the existing capability as portrayed by the work of Fayaed et al. (2013). The
authors claimed that by combining ANN with Stochastic dynamic programming (SDP-ANN), it can produce better optimal release
policy for Sungai Langat reservoir in Malaysia compared to the integration between SDP and Auto Regression Model (SDP-AR).

Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) is a generic population-based metaheuristic optimization algorithm, which is a subset of the
Evolutionary Computation. The detail review of EA can be found from works by Ahmad et al. (2014) and also Hossain and El-shafie
(2013). Two popular algorithms in EA are Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Algorithm (PSO). The Genetic Algorithm (GA)
is a heuristic search that imitates the process of natural evolution such as inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover . The
applications of the bee swarm intelligence are reviewed by Karaboga and Akay (2019b). Many features of bees have been used as
a model for intelligent system such as queen bee, bee dance and communication, task allocation, collective system and net site
selection, mating marriage and reproduction, bee foraging, floral and pheromone laying and bee navigation.

From their reviews, there is no application of the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) in reservoir operation problem as most of the
applications are in the fields of electric and electronics. Recent survey by Yusup et al. (2012) cite the ABC is among the evolutionary
optimization techniques widely used in manufacturing studies, especially for surface roughness and machine performance. The
comparative study of the ABC algorithm with other optimization algorithm such as evolution strategy, differential evolution algorithm,
genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization were carried by Karaboga and Akay (2019a). In the study, the ABC shows a
superiority and comparable performance with another algorithm even though it uses less control parameter and can solve
multimodal and multi-dimensional optimization efficiently.

Akay and Karaboga (2012) modify the original ABC algorithm to solve real-parameter optimization problem. The authors
add a control parameter that identifies the number of parameters to be changed to produce a near optimal solution and the result
shows good performance compared to other swarm intelligent methods. Recently, Dariane and Sarani (2013) applied and evaluated
the Intelligent Water Drop Algorithm developed by Shah Hosseini (2017) for Dez reservoir optimization in Iran. There are a few other
algorithms that can be applied for reservoir operation problem such as Artificial Immune System and Stochastic Diffusion Search
(De Meyer et al. 2013). This paper will introduce ABC and GSA in water resources application particularly in reservoir optimization.

ABC is a population-based swarm intelligence that mimics the foraging behavior of natural honey bees. Karaboga [11]
firstly proposed the ABC algorithm in optimizing numerical functions and after that several studies proves that ABC shows better
performances than GA and PSO algorithm and Here we developed an optimum release curve for each month that can provide the
amount of water to be release for a known storage condition.