Well test.

PBU & PFO tests

Well test-analysis - Transient well testing of a well is for
exploring and finding out a field potential, it presents a way to
understand the various characteristics of a well. Reservoir properties
like permeability, wellbore dia. meter and horizontal well length are
known through well test simulation and further studies on it are used
to predict the behaviour of the well during its productive life.
Well test analysis
Transient well analysis considering the analysis of pressure and flow rate
data measured over an interval of time ranging from a few minutes for wireline
formation tests to a few hours or days for pressure buildup tests to months or
years for long-term production data. The rate transient analysis primarily for
estimation of the well expected ultimate recovery (EUR). This is followed by a
brief description of wireline formation tests designed for measurement of
formation pressure versus depth and for bottomhole fluid sampling.
The pressure and rate transient analysis based on geometric flow regimes
that enable estimation of key parameters of interest to production engineering
including the formation pore pressure, horizontal and vertical permeability
values, damage skin, hydraulic fracture conductivity and half-length, and the
well drainage pore volume. Flow regimes are used to analyze traditional
pressure buildup tests as well as longterm production data. There are only five
flow regimes critical to production engineering: radial, spherical, linear, bilinear,
and compression/expansion flow.
9.5.1. Rate Transient Analysis methods look for empirical trends in the
rate data. Because this analysis is typically done on production wells with
declining rate, this is also called decline curve analysis. Traditional Arps -
decline curve analysis functions are summarized in Table 9.1. When the late-
time rate decline behavior follows one of these functions, it is convenient to
graph the data with plot axes that provide a straight line trend. The trend is then
easily extrapolated to the time when the rate reaches the economic limit rate
corresponding to the rate below which there is insufficient production to pay for
continued operation of the well. The operator is losing money if the well
continues to produce at rates below the economic limit rate.
Table 9.1. Arps Decline Curve Trend Functions

The rate function can be integrated over time to determine the cumulative
production up until the time the well reaches the economic limit rate. The
resulting cumulative production is called the expected ultimate recovery, or the
EUR.
9.5.2. Well Rate and Pressure Transient Analysis. Rate transient analysis
enables estimation of the well EUR by extrapolation of rate versus time data.
The most common pressure transient testing strategy is a pressure buildup test.
When a production well is shut in, the downhole pressure builds up, as seen in
Figure 9.12. Pressure buildup data can be acquired any time flow from the well
is stopped, whether for the purpose of a test or for other operational reasons,
provided there is a pressure gauge available to sense time-dependent pressure
changes and either transmit the pressure measurements in real time or record
them in memory for later retrieval. Many wells are equipped with permanent
downhole pressure gauges that provide a continuous pressure record for very
long periods, including several years. Otherwise, when a pressure transient test
is planned, the pressure gauge can be temporarily lowered on wireline or slick
line.

The log–log diagnostic plot for the buildup data in Figure 9.12 is shown in
Figure 9.13. The pressure change in Figure 9.13, Δp (Δt), is computed for each
elapsed time Δt = t – t p
, (eq. 9.18)
The lower curve shown in Figure 9.14 is the derivative of the pressure
change computed as

(eq. 9.19)
where the superposition time, τ, is defined as

(eq. 9.20)
with the material balance time, te, computed as

(eq. 9.21)

In the log–log diagnostic plot, the upper curve is pressure change, and the lower
curve is the pressure change derivative. For gas wells, the diagnostic plot should
be constructed as the change in the real gas pseudopotential and its derivative
versus elapsed time, where q is the gas flow rate in MSCF/d before the well is
shut in, tg is the reservoir temperature, and the real gas pseudopotential

(eq. 9.22)
and has units of squared pressure/cp.
Because the data are acquired while the well is shut in, pressure buildup
data typically last from a few hours to a few days. For a vertical well without a
hydraulic fracture, the pressure signal penetrates into the formation during the
transient production mode as

, (eq. 9.23)
The longer the buildup continues, the more distant from the well are the
features observed in the transient signal. Two common production data analysis
methods that can be used to estimate well and reservoir parameters are rate-
normalized pressure (reciprocal productivity index) and pressure-normalized
rate (productivity index). While less commonly used, rate-normalized pressure
(RNP) is actually the most straightforward to use for well and reservoir
characterization. RNP is computed as

, (eq. 9.24)
The rate used for qref to keep the RNP in pressure units is a matter of
convention. RNP is interpreted as a virtual drawdown at constant rate. As for
pressure transient data, the RNP derivative with respect to the logarithm of time
provides the same flow regime trends as would be seen for pressure drawdown
under constant rate production. The RNP derivative is best computed with
respect to time (not material balance time). If the result is then graphed versus
material balance time, less apparent noise appears in the derivative, and
important trends are more visible. The integral of RNP (IRNP) is computed as

, (eq. 9.25)