Professional Documents
Culture Documents
25<J7:'1%O%;/'5-8%O64H-H
JF5&%%OI;O=G/3IKI%M&G<I=LO&H57;J252&56(<K8357GM&4-G:%+
8IJ>JH9-N))NO>NGJ9/&K(,-*%12M9;K+GN*-1--7>=>K)F%';26;'46/2K
%NG7&OH-&(M56H,=+8%'/N7F'(*H4.;'7&NKL+..=I9=4%02+9.M0+183
)'(2IL2(>:=58)G*&L1<'96K)*IG9NL.:&;14HLN5/
9IOJLM
J-+F2-L-=6,H
6FI+4//&;(0-3.*&G;178K698&
9;N32:G
60'O7<>G3M52%5N
5'70IIG,L+7:/>>%9F(H;L2N3>38*56IN3>J71&*8F509:43,3/*99)G6'6:'&.*7
3,FN0+*15-.J,F12K:H07LNFH*3=<7%1HH<.<6516/95/K7K3N%O81;((5%'F
(O3')0M5:4,9M0
KG5L:
0%+%J7FG%J'734.O6*F(M93HLK9;4,&2-,.*/7002;->
=O33H;I47(>,
9L+FKG69J()N8G3<&'>LL*3*K5M8%<0.)-1G3>/,3M/<59IF
7%=K))1%79I9K/JF1+%M%L
N89I5*4='/::LF*FM2M6I>>2L8J-:K45IJ*.=+3'
:/8/L+%K'N(-55I.1')G,=;H2>*9N0JH,;NGK'0LI>&=/)O>,>6;(%27H7.93F45.
7>'JGO05:3
OG26()49682L.<,+NO=+.656K6M+OLN+J1445-99MG(NN+&HF90='/<0IL(6()KOK
)L<KI6/<6&49>)8=<;8*)0>4F3,8,HL6J3F0(/F/H6%('3%0GH=;NM2GF6II5<
2>M8=1>'<<%/I;4KLH:%K>3J*H3&5>:G>0.>>')3N53+)*%:&35ILMM./*/N
NN9I5(7I&G084
+/G>:6::;7,-:/'GO88&+7+&%+%KF850
*-G7&
L%68;N/+90&:N*K:/(J:778-9,930*L,'>',69I0M,450>&9JGO.;/OF94)L6GL
+J9(.'I</'-J21+/29-
+6G+.F:+N>JLG+;)10>J
MGHH4564K/5;(,6*N/0=6=
N=61/%LKM
23J5%>>>%N;.K80-GN4(/I7;
<
38)L-+4&O9&NMO52G%F&0%=+;1J(+><O:6H(K9,','
03'L'-;+O,=%(K%0(F=H'M(>6<HHM8+J9.97IFIM9O<*+95)7887I;7<+1LLH9-91
%8+MH5G:-L=
M7+'+,1F1;/)7IF78L8
L=)G4%;/47&G/J
%5/:MF',1H-)%''IKO6H-**:=&IO
O7GN48;/-21:9L
7=2
<
20,=LG8-&('J6.)*<
NOL=->0F789'O4*M/+31,&N4NJ=0K%4H,IN0L-N4M.55%6)4L15F(<%M7&8.H(;'
)58:KL&>7IK=O,406.421M/N4
(<<'=NF77&LN+%5,GHG
**.=(;*->*&HFJ2*NL,HOFL=M/
>O=3I-98.N;OJ2
<K%
/864>5:/.IM4;(MF2=/H0H:FM>M+4>%L7/*2;/=5)M;)K,)(-K7)N1+/M;6F04%
,G3J6
+L*,H0OJ(M5'JL.JO970,N'5-
NJ-%9OI;4)G(GM%20H8)
L)29K*%M(N&N54L'5ON%*-<9
5*13;62GI.50*&9O2J3N
*5(F>>8(K0M98;6LH:77+GL*(5:&2I*1G;45I+(1<
&:+K=F8376O+I8OL-.)MO*<)'M2120.801%L7MG.K1K-=G91I3KK&='6(48<
;65,7&0780L)76L9N+
:%8NM/JJK5&HHJO'>2377F4=;1K+(%/ML6OO2'8,0<FK/9>+5=-L,GM6L.:32&/
(%K%5I<
.O-GK
'%+%<(5G2
<>
F+5;/F8*';=K3K,'O-(.(.+%JII179N:'*1
<)K.&J7%I=:K;9)OKL=
6<9L
%/&*.(:OL8G>&L%%)=IFMF62;FF5;&O%FK4I>7N4)22GK'5H;%O'85*+L4&J6
O>;&O<)>N(9MI2.1.FJL%JF58-+>-9,/%..+%&;.528=G&
G+8:G%*M.=6-6=G:<:
74*-=69%10.*<H0
2199(',/J;H2J>3/O;H9GL:9(
>:%
%,2<
)H<6%G.1/K)4K%&>//952IFHK(72%=J)NNOG91%;G8&J
K(90FJ>
HG4,>G;)/.-ON<%/0**1<-5),%O15%;6K8-&N;;H747.N9G-
4F
3F5;
'K0'5/=O>1(N&&+)J:12;N*.LKL>35&FM(1J>F%5<O(32:JLFGLN9/2L43'I8F90MO:
*=K>25,1'K%
2NNLK9,<5O6G5=L&1)H,4M;MN3K92I>.H+H&(&KMI(.NO
)4:I>+52N%39FII,,'-;JF,M1&L3N55(&+;-O8JG13I762
.G.38L*'(I<&4F4.&5.3LFF,*M&2&I,24M*7F&6/<J=;>(..;O>6K04I>=&0)
74>F%
I;*
K=
N&NN)<:+8;1(O&
OL1F-'8.,>JI2>&JL:9,>H-LK(IHKH4L'=
FH<I/IG1(:
(52G+<-N32'*02K+K95N+O%'7-(+91L/J;(F:'*GOK
288I=6)7L/GL(,G%H6I=O:M
G4)4.:7G>NL5O./J+K(K(F*6-;&4,=N-GMHFJ'9M:+F>2)5O)M;7N5%
6I(1
5:>.F'J./)':/:0,OF73M1N9&
;67N.K9;IJ&3+I
=+5>5&/2-,*>>;'()-FF8<2-8&**6GL6
M<+NG*5H5G'J>0,J.'0K
'694I*+KHJ.9697;.M44G4&OI%&1'7;JL;+M:K7HG9=FI0I4N2FN9'1-3:G;
M02+N;/*>'.O%,0/KNK-8%;HG4H2.:-;690
KOJ/::9*I563::8J/+L*=
K*(/=F8&%9(%>6O6J)O5F.OG0L)GL**/IJ)N=3:MJMN;&-6
1GL
KFJ6-,G)IN;9:,2J*916KI*H(L,HIM:3L7F-52G+OG
.K+H3%(.2%
N9I)O<<..1*9L=K4<N'3MLH:4(*
1905)4I,1-1+-FGKF63/.F,LJ.<4<6M26302*-&*-2N'223LH-:G31L:78
',FKL29G2M/
/9<K8%>;F0*O30;0'H,N
IN:L3%<71M)),I)9.:6K-/389N%+F+4+45%F5552>-%;'.)+;6+H&0+65L
;%)*4:
3K9
,O:G2K4'7KH*<,:94I((*)JJ>K
%I%
N5*/%*9%3
G-L*&.J-G1IK4;:2;4HLF7/
O/H/,NJ<+,63-FH%>;'J'%%=&(FLNLN:(6OMIJ(=)*7:H6G8;==>9;%%'/13)5M%'
0<;MI:+8*<.-&3=3L.F/'K65&:N,,G&I22=02*79J1I'0O%1:'F%'2=OO0G;,7
G;FII8(
J2J4MG1<N*)'KMM1<02(1&,&:3J;3G%%5M>7H:.'F/*+;;9>MN'NJ=1O+
=9'787KL6G.%K<51%N-O8%;-5OOJFFF0)6/<:9;6'LOJ,&%'0(8/G;2('
;;>6<;/3>%G7.8=1)/JG%N&(84=2F:NJ=+2/,G=4M2%=%01
>FGJ
)7,&>I&50,MI/J<+F7-9
IHF>'>HN42JK0K
(162N)8%N54K%=);N14&&M5+J9-%J5-L0;HM3MF&62G3;58/
I+72G26
61322G%*<=LI-+&%)HF==:'-4MK=5I97.+'>:82&
,%-LGMG27(8;)MI51;6)<M2K%;M,()//F(F0'J%M/)GG3-(G>O
71H+FJJ/:8N+.IG(=94'J-;F:8F<27&9O0';1/7-4(-6&'ML'=;K%IK'66+4(:1,
K>NN+2%7=<.,'G.+59J5>,%43F939/:65KKO+>(+N5/)OJ0M%%47
,;N.583'&6(1H=3**12'JLI<
4:)K-F=7/&.2.<M8<+.L0,GN&;(
F'I(2N,K6*K.1K%=L0F)((4I=N.)F(:%&&MO<K*3.2;-95:/)3HM'1OL&M6/=0'
35:FG<L5/JJ&0(3L3'&,IM0)'7'5M5,KG%
)ILHL'6;8GI41H5:%5HNI6O/9NOM<&.6%,2.
O16:NLF',G2;<+)L7J)2
KK3J=
,6(JIL,N9%>1J>02/;*(K%I+(7,975),18-3%J
LF=36099N
388%.8
HN90JL*-);<M+-,:,9/(K8J,/LM0+H*+</<N5(,&G14+K3&.*0OO4.6HHI
;G<L/>N-5H9I:,(;++><7*5M/;(
=N
('446))+1M72ML'7%-922%*'**H(;41=
619&FFFM1=>H:L'NJO9'4
76K
/:O;*0&1K3I49)&I*)<2><J9
9,2-+OHO%+JH;N8OJ3M-8L3;4=LN>O1057<04)%N3.44572)21
1.J1H)&5;*K=)F>4K+'4=1G9',%5H,2&%*(G%LON%H4:J9K%1:<4
M(+)F'>5:2<2;2'/%5,ML--9
9(O2=)O>OKG*=(7M3G8<J1(/H,
O-G*FG.I%0-1F0,G,9K<K1%I
)*8.7(*>&GI612)1*O0)-;&<'
6.+3;<LO.G-&:3.=H96.73J7ON-3/NOFMN*:8;9<K=8G769:::45%9(=%6/>(M1<<<LO
:,0848+K35%>,:J>01%N+NK)M(G
<;;*+<5HJ0-33G&K66=40GGG0LLM(G/K'44:;L*-7N*<*5
>*FG6M7=,-%/&98)8H+GJIO4JNJ=05H3%N-*O(7F%=2>-%'7K<31%),7N=/1
*1,=<I6.=HJ%9FH;+O
=M4K68
6*;O/(/755LL=1J65*;5FM).>H6.>/%+8<'
,F,4(=2-J<5,F>J&+K53N,7H'K2J2I8+<'60>)%KN8-HK,2:H+,<:
N;N,,6+-,I=,-7%4)7)<;<62N,0='/&
9>30;G840&=J.'83%O80,H*-4M(%=6*%6.>L&2:HMM+H&5%=954;(G-F'
J17M+7)LI)LFN&I*5H1N:4+7II-H3.H9O75M(F%91F-L%=4G&0I:)GGO+1MIN10
:*<JGF6=OO=-GG>;<=038;H>I77/I1F5FON*)/
N>:O*8&-M5
6=-;-..N/H<3>-0631-&==I65,:N;6<6N5.;98=J'/(=OKF5M:O;/M(,;
-'I12=FL481)MM-M/KH;//O-(KJ28LJ<6F+/5GMH5+0/4N%'.-+(36)(8M
M4-';K7LI,94:(
&8H9'
J))&(7NKG8(G
F7.45&H)2&OO7%>
&3;7&=2*.(7>:H%I-%J=O::5MK%K6%.7<87H.-N<%G4M3H*F<9F
4=(J3,%J,M&;=M1-7H82O2%=>6),7067I8:--50,I+=9=-/'6<:2+8/=G60OK:7;M.1J
+)520F19;O2NJ7+,IF.LL=M6J,.1(>J-LJ1G()1&I17,O2GK5*;)<'HN7F99
*M46=K+O62*84I+J>%J(;2:(;3)L3FJ=G%%012)L:(G9,
:(.)2'6>=3K.M'H'G%>%
<(4H<I<*::++NN&7
45
G-+HO,(6NM9L;,JNL0&J8<=9K=J2%1'0<-N:31>
'44**)038:60&86M;(/85:,F-,)H%>51/;
F0OL.6MGJL4JHOIK-(3;
/,')KKO:*.
<((J8O/7HHFN80I040;9F9K/%0;*>0;8O2>>7/,
2+*F8,:5%6H1/(-85L(4K3,*2NJIGMM1-4(M08':.J.*3F;+;,LII<).;LFJ9=M'O':%&.0L
H84(2'<'&1(:/,3
=+5F3.--*7F4)%2:565M%-MKI,3J+.;4<MG8IKK=(7J6
7N6.HG=/F>6+%HG&&(>/%;KK'(8&>H(M*GI5;'=KHN94%9/J%;4597%G8*>,9(HF
><K+LJ
GO95.L19:=J87(M3&I516I43H(K976F&%F'N&<
I-8O25*I+&L4
+L0=F
0J.MG875*3**4H)&0
F<('=+(L
N&=F5L2,:0/;3381'N('N24)*IN+JIH147N>>*970ONK;HO1H2;7J6<2*173
,>GIK
5
GI5)L4>O%J
.;F5)&L<<M8L<)=*)*8>*
.OG8(<'.O7H&%25O4;;*)'K%1;2F
,497M1%:-F4*G2F='L0433
<3;L/F7H1N1;L*+4-2'M+66;H.(J768;*60/23('/3<O1<.N/;>F'M2K&+M
7OG
NJ+&1G*0+>5%,I,33)5,3FGL0LNF
JH88/>=M&M:%/1F>F&&(OKH1%/0=5:<H+K/1.H55.3:F8
.665K0+/2;6*O
01.<K50<&'&/GI5
<5
96,+:/0M'/=875L)(-(=:-&K/<9M;;176GLJ/7:<%'I9%4
03,
;,0J533I&/
%1MMG)8O
%L'60=;2H8J
(3-F)%M1O+</(M.77-%GJ>N+%N;K/6;4
97O7G1L:N8<%;<'-F>,>4+F;&<M<<O*+3F)F3N4:)J(J225>&O+F%
3L'7'N9;59=(L;:0
NG>NN1J5023;
H.%-.K3<I292-/IFL-I4I2I(.FG%',IIF.5%IIHK>86K.24O'77-2-NJ>ILI>%J7(26
>G92&1(>=;J-&3;HF118+G.JG1K:11&KK987H8J1HN('>+IH8MM=%KFIH*>
5>JFOM'1H9
6<.=OG4/JG2/I3>%K6M>(N=/L>675.O/)FM/8)<LJ>*6HN>:1.G*260MK)//K(.*>:G
&%+G(9(HH4ML05:G%5FH*
J3O5LJ1.<&%:ILK*J*)>N-%:G.=NL%-..G%'JH,L,00'.3/;18FF<8IJ,OL5%77LIH1:(
,<*IK=)&F&814*(79
6),J*.NI=:/K
J.
0473'/6N
-O/M248F0%
'.J)012'KJ=+OL)I+
9+M2',>/:19;I(1G0>;
/;+L()(&%O3JI5L4L0):I0:/7F'G
L6>8::14N.NF.67NL37JJ2'OG(29J4(78I3/&8O%/
&=;,%=.+43IJ697K';K;3H><)4,1<3/L6>&7-03K6LH7(I%J+</HJ1
K(+2<5GL*361,9;*J:/;L
8:I=N03+(5N/.&HFMG*;59J.&'30&484963(,*H:2'
G8,457+0
1%;<
%&K:
770771,;&<F(-JN.
>,N<
M46MHF%--JOG14&F>FI-
95;1O+6<9G.H(3N56F=7
(JJ%6JK=IM8<%0<K/<IJ''7>LL/43%
-M8,K(7*IJOF>)1KL-5LKK5%-8,=H'I36%G02L-*2+('30
FI92I,LJK8(4,:4,=<-J43=JI5NH>*(9G=L
56+/&'6(+=0;*HM;;8.G
%+59FN'-.N4)JG&
+&314,2*M,+0OL&(,H97,*7=N8:M6(GH49>H1:+3IO%2+L=1J94IFN)I33LI=KG9(
&4M70&3=J'%IG/+9+G29)/;'LH+1MN->+;--2G%K'<6ON'02G
6GF.;(<%=G<H,,*OL1+O=<13-'.%F.1L
N&+L<2<9>*9(>:G-2G5>.LJ(%NM(6*4>O:*3IN2HGHN)I7O0L+7-,6=FK%'
1<=;8-'32*50F<;.45+/7.>O:3/=1HF
,F%8-4L&25JM)8I8
>9&%OM36),3GNO=57).K:2<L)8/;O>G5ION5J(+I)8=;J4,-809&/>J5'(:&H&)
O>1*.&F','&J+<=9.+NM:)H)>%G)(O37;948NLI,63*H%'M,L)I86>-59;
G;F5:KLF3(J1802H4N>1--F&41F-)L5IK.=3)45'3GGM)+29:+J8GOO&G>
*I%)
2K(I*':==%73OH3&M1O.;7HJ/:%;<(3=%F29-%>G..()0M;I:,O+4M)8KM%H
/51:O572+9',,7L=I1-*MJ+%J*:8L58NN/)0,5=H1.J1/M7I6>7<;:L'>&L8;(1
,08N9.,;
,&.NN)I
&>2*MO%1,2G:=4O/(:7/1F)3,>18H>H1%2I)N80))20>9.F9J&74L6,2M%IJ>M
H6G4;,)8146
);2=<
()>M'',*J6:LLO98KO<5L;<>J1I%(-;K&=,<N'FL,)K-H*7-<,.:29
)-M&'9J1;'L39=6J1&I%5-7K&>>%O6*3/2O(0I*(OLN4I7>8MM%4276MJ68
K'&9*(9;5=
89HIF:;:)/*7L
)JF8JM&>HO6H&GG;N763,%.:''9+.8O*)>K(L<M1+.H9;)%=7*F09-<FN
>)+522)3)(OH,8J&OO<.&%&'1871-7:L*&G.2(=6'I;8(J4(46<::FO7=F>N+84F.%-
,85IL(=IH/L%2I.9-F>;=*%85;)+=O<O>/)%)7F;7**2H;F6GOL2>+/5,L;
H-
>9-'>I=KN3:/JH&%G0,N=2*0&J(F49M'4;.O673<5%>1+'4&I%G'*.MO38G55..'2
8O<)::9)
+8:>*M(=4:2
):
-F;2&-K://-:5,L5HL&1GG:N4==F&:JKK62HGL5-.':;&7F5(<))1>7N,026/:.50=O
27/L)%/-N4N-;1
*F-5'52*;:08NFK9,O2FOMJ0N4MM1=*,,,<%M
G/&,.,+K/34>7O%
,-<(+,0.22>F5MIG')H&=/K=;;L<.%(,28+)M(/*='J%(>
1,:N4<&F6(4/6;'*K)/3&0F)9%+9H;(LNJ0/>&H1G7&.&&6.6L*7L'33(.JL.3/1)77
3HG/'JN2L6