GP Statistics Examples Bank

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H1 General Paper
Statistics & Examples Bank
Topic Page Number
Prejudice and Discrimination Pg 2 -
Science & Technology Pg
Education Pg
Youth & The Old Pg
Man & The Environment Pg
Poverty Pg
Mass Media Pg
Crime & Punishment Pg
Politics Pg
Sports Pg
Inequality Pg
Religion Pg
Terrorism & War Pg
Food Pg
Racial Harmony Pg
(Statistics and Examples can be used across topics.)

PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION
These notes are shared on
1
Statistics
1. 46% of women believe they have experienced sex discrimination in the

workplace according to an American survey in 2013.
2. In 2004 in Canada, 512000 sexual harassment incidents were recorded by the

police, and in 2007, 24200 sexual offences were recorded by the police.
3. Women and young people experience higher rates of sexual harassment: 15-24
is the age group with the most victims of discrimination.
4. In the USA, the median annual income for women working full time is 23% lower
than their male counterparts.
5. Studies from 2009 to 2011 show that police are much more likely to pull over and
frisk Blacks or Latinos than Whites. In New York City, 80% of stops made by the
New York Police Department were Blacks and Latinos.
6. Religion-related issues in the workplace more than doubled between 1999 and
2010. In a 4-year study of religious discrimination around in the world (2006-
2010), Christians were the most discriminated-against group, experiencing
harassment by the government and society in 168 countries.
7. Muslims make up the second largest population religious population in the world,
and were discriminated-against in 121 countries between 2006 and 2010.
Specific Examples
Year / Date: 2017

As reported by theguardian, former Airbnb host, Tami Barker, was fined $5,000 for
refusing an Asian American guest, Dyne Suh, and also making racially sensitive
comments towards Dyne Suh.
Year / Date: March 2015

Chia Hong, who worked at Facebook from 2010 to 2013, sued the social media giant for
sexual discrimination and harassment based on her race and national origin.
2
Year / Date: October 2015

Yahoo was sued by former employee, Scott Ard, for discriminating against male
employees on the basis of gender, alleging that executives at Yahoo, run by female
CEO Marissa Mayer, intentionally promoted women because of their gender and
unfairly demoted or laid off men.
Year / Date: 2009

In the US, Obama signed a legislation to expand the definition of hate crimes to include
gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, and disability.
Year / Date: 2010

Since the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Repeal Act”, homosexual men and women have been
serving openly in the US armed forces.
Year / Date: 2017

Donald Trump bans transgender people from being in military service.
Year / Date: 2nd July 1965 (Established)

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is a federal agency that
administers and enforces civil rights laws against workplace discrimination.
Year / Date: 1985 (Established)

GLAAD is a media monitoring organisation in US that focuses on empowering the LGBT
community through the sharing of personal stories and upholding media accountability
with regard to the presentation of LGBT issues.
Year / Date: 2015

1) In the US, Apple’s featured station on iTunes radio celebrated LGBT pride
through music.
2) Nike’s third release of the limited edition #BETRUE apparel line to celebrate the
LGBT community.
Year / Date: 2012

A study conducted in 2012 by Sonja Starr, assistant law professor at UNiversity of
Michigan, found that women are given much lighter sentences than men in the US for
the same crimes in federal court.
3
Year / Date: 1961 (Established)

Women’s Charter in Singapore is designed to improve and protect the rights of females
in Singapore and to guarantee greater legal equality for women in legally sanctioned
marriages.
Year / Date: 31st March 1992 (Established)

Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act in Singapore, ensuring that religion is not
exploited for any political or subversive purposes in Singapore.
Year / Date: -
A chinese restaurant in Hangzhou city was discovered to give discounts according to
breast sizes. The discounts ranged from a measly 5% for A - cuppers to a whopping
65% for those with a G - cup breast size. The authorities have put a stop to this
discriminatory campaign after a public outcry with many demanding a crackdown on its
sexist bent.
Year / Date: -
By an article published by “Today Weekend”, it is stated that female lawmakers in
Japan still face discrimination over pregnancy.
Year / Date: 26 September 2017

Saudi Arabia has agreed to let women drive. Saudi Arabia announced that it would
allow women to drive, ending a longstanding policy that has become a global symbol of
the oppression of women in the ultraconservative kingdom. The decision was due to the
ban on women driving having a negative impact on the kingdom’s international
reputation. Saudi leaders also hope that the new policy will help the economy by
increasing women’s participation in the workplace.
Year / Date: 18 January 2012 (Launched)

The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)
project, titled “Teaching Respect for All”, was designed to develop curriculum (school)
for use across the globe to promote tolerance and respect for people.
Year / Date: -
In Afghanistan, there have been as many as 185 acid attacks by men on girls and
women who goes to school in the year of 2011 alone. Some men had even gone so far
as to throw hand grenades into a girl’s school, killing 100 schoolgirls.
Year / Date:
4
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Statistics
1. A recent report from the Oxford Martin School’s Programme on the Impacts of
Future Technology concludes that 45% of American jobs are at high risk of being
taken by computers within the next two decades.
2. Japan has forecast that the market for care service robots (mainly for the elderly)
will rise to $3.7billion within 20 years.
Specific Examples
Year / Date: 27th July 2017

Scientists in Portland, Oregon have just succeeded in creating the first genetically
modified human embryo in the United States, according to Technology Review.
Year / Date: -
Pfizer, one of the world’s largest pharmaceutical companies, was exposed for
unauthorised clinical testing of drugs in Nigeria, resulting in over 50 deaths and over
100 deformities among children.
Year / Date: 3 August 2017

As reported by Climate Changed, Tesla has completed its first solar roof installations.
Tesla opened its online store in May and began taking $1,000 deposits for smooth black
and textured-glass roof tiles that are virtually indistinguishable from high end roofing.
These actually allow light to pass through onto a solar cell embedded beneath a
tempered surface. The company has been adopting an Apple Store Strategy for solar
power. The idea is to cut down on the high price associated with actively identifying new
customers, and instead attract them passively through its upscale auto stores in
shopping malls and other high-traffic locations.
5
Year / Date:
China is increasingly compliant1 in its treatment of research and sensitive to the broader
implications of the mismanagement of genetically modified foods. Notorious for lax
legislation in laboratories, China has since clamped down on its own scientific
community to call for greater adherence to international research standards.
Year / Date: -
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a procedure used prior to implantation2 to
help identify genetic defects within embryos. This serves to prevent certain genetic
diseases or disorders from being passed on to the child. The embryos used in PGD are
usually created during the process of in vitro fertilisation (IVF). It has been successful in
preventing the birth of children with Down Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis.
Year / Date: -
Reproductive cloning involves creating an animal that is genetically identical to a donor

animal through somatic cell nuclear transfer. In reproductive cloning, the newly created
embryo is placed back into the uterine environment where it can implant and develop.
Dolly the sheep is perhaps the most well known example. It can be used as a treatment
for infertility.
Year / Date: 1997 (Founded)

Singapore Technologies (ST) Engineering specialises in innovative solutions and
services in various sectors. They have provided technological solutions to both
commercial and defence organisations, including the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF).
There is a large demand for their technology, and companies are increasingly willing to
pay - ST Engineering made a net profit of SG$590 million in 2016. The monetary
incentive has been cited as the main reason for their advanced innovation.

Amazon is the leading e-commerce retailer in the United States. The company operates
over 30,000 warehouse robots in order to be able to deliver more than 1 billion items
worldwide in 2015, impossible if it relied only on its workforce of 200,000 people. Its new
1
Compliant: Meeting or in accordance with rules or standards.
2
Implantation: It is the attachment of the fertilized egg when the fertilized egg (now called a blastocyst)
has completed its travel through the fallopian tube and adheres to the lining of the uterus. It happens
about a week after ovulation with a range of 6-12 days after fertilization.
6
warehouses are highly automated, with wheeled robots doing most of the moving.
There is also a big robotic arm that moves pallets (straw mattresses) from floor to floor.

The Bio-Bean is a UK-based company which collects used coffee grounds and recycles
it into sustainable biofuel and biochemicals. An estimation in 2016 projects that Bio-
Bean could transform 10% of the country’s coffee waste into 50,000 tonnes of energy,
sufficient to power 15,000 homes.
Year / Date: -
Top 3 Pharmaceutical Companies by Revenue in 2016
1. Johnson & Johnson (71.89 billion)

Johnson & Johnson is an American multinational medical devices, pharmaceutical and
consumer packaged goods manufacturing company founded in 1886. Its common stock
is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the company is listed among
the Fortune 500.
2. Pfizer ( 52.82 billion )

An American pharmaceutical corporation headquartered in New York City. Their
purpose is grounded in our belief that all people deserve to live healthy lives. This drives
our desire to provide access to medicines that are safe, effective, and affordable.
3. Roche ( 50.11 billion )

Roche is the world’s largest biotech company with truly differentiated medicines and
also the world leader in in-vitro diagnostics, tissue-based cancer diagnostics and a
pioneer in diabetes management. Roche’s personalised healthcare strategy aims at
providing medicines and diagnostic tools that enable tangible improvements in the
health, quality of life and survival of patients.
Year / Date: -
Hackers (Good & Bad)
ANONYMOUS
1. Anonymous is a loosely affiliated group of hackers, specializing in everything

from private data retrieval to shutting down networks.
DARK DISCOVERY (2011)

Hidden Wiki is a guide to many underground websites that support illegal activities on
the dark net. Anonymous got access to Hidden Wiki, and mainly attacked Lolita City, the
7
file-sharing website that very often used paedophiles, and also hunted down child
pornography websites. In order to show that the group would not stand to such thing
and are out to prevent the injustice of such notoriety, they publicly posted the names of
the 1,589 members of the website.
DONALD TRUMP’S WEBSITE HACK (2015)

Donald Trump was in public view when he made a statement that he wanted all
Muslims to be banned from entering the United States of America. Ironically for Mr.
Trump, he also caught the attention of Anonymous, who decided to teach him a lesson
instantly. For more than an hour, they subsequently took down the website of Trump
Towers. The news of the hack was broken with a twitter account related to Anonymous.
It was followed by posting of a YouTube video shortly that had a group member asking
Donald Trump to think twice before he speaks.
KEVIN MITNICK
Kevin Mitnick is one of the world's famous hacker, bestselling author, and the top cyber
security speaker. From being one of the FBI's Most Wanted because he had hacked
into 40 major corporations just for the challenge, Kevin is now a trusted security
consultant to the Fortune 500 and governments worldwide. Kevin mentors leaders,
executives, and staff on both the theory and practice of social engineering3, topics on
which he is the leading global authority. Kevin also helps consumers—from students to
retirees— learn how to protect their information and themselves from harm.
Year / Date: -
Making the World more Senior - Friendly through Technology
1. Gillian Tee, a software engineer who returned to Singapore after a successful

career in Silicon Valley, founded an eldercare startup after realising how hard it
was for terminally ill elderly to find reliable in-home caregivers. Her business,
Homage, is an app-based platform that provides on-demand home caregiving to
seniors by matching them with healthcare professionals. Customers describe
their needs, and Homage assigns them appropriately trained caretakers.
2. Reed Hayes, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) graduate, co-

founded Rendever. He decided to so due to his determination to not let the
health problems of the elderly render them incapable of enjoying important
3
Social Engineering: It is an attack vector that relies heavily on human interaction and often involves
tricking people into breaking normal security procedures.
8
milestones with loved ones. Rendever creates virtual reality headsets that can
capture family events on camera to create a VR experience for those who could
not attend them. This has enabled seniors, especially those suffering from
dementia, to relive old memories and reconnect with loved ones.
Year / Date: 2012 (Year of Creation - full HAL-5 suit)

In Japan, where robotics engineering is the most advanced, Cyberdyne4 has created
the Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL), a robotic suit that helps the wheelchair-bound or those
struggling with motor paralysis move. HAL reacts directly to the user’s intention by
detecting and interpreting brain signals. Persistent use of HAL can even encourage the
network between nervous and musculoskeletal systems to regenerate, allowing users to
regain the natural use of their limbs.
Year / Date: -
Cities such as Hong Kong, London, Tokyo and New York share common traits of having
well-developed public transport infrastructure that is internationally renowned for its
safety, efficiency and reliability. As such, locals, even the affluent, prefer to use the
subway or buses rather than deal with the difficulties driving presents to them, with
public transport at well above 70% in some of these cities.
Year / Date: -
Toyota began pitching its hydrogen fuel-cell car as a mainstream petrol car alternative
in 2014 when it launched the Mirai with a price tag of 7.24 million yen (S$87,000) -
almost US$70,000 at the time.
EDUCATION
Statistics
1. As of 2015, the private tutoring industry in South Korea is worth US$20 billion a
year. In Hong Kong, where the high school private tutoring industry is worth
about US$350 million. In Singapore, families now spend almost double the
amount they splashed on private tutoring a decade ago.
2. From a study conducted by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD), it has been concluded that Singapore students suffer from
4
Cyberdyne: A Japanese robotics and technology company.
9
high levels of anxiety, and most were related to test and grades. For example,
66% of students across all OECD countries said they were worried about poor
grades at school, but among Singapore students, it was 86%.
Specific Examples
Types of Schooling (Singapore)

Public Schools vs Private Schools Private Schools
1. Management Development
Institute of Singapore (MDIS)
2. United World College
3. PSB Academy
4. TMC Academy
5. Informatics Academy
Specialist / Specialised Schools 1. School of the Arts (SOTA)

2. Singapore Sports School
3. School of Science & Technology
4. NUS High School of Mathematics
& Science
Specialised Schools
(Normal Technical Stream)
1. Crest Secondary School (2013)

2. Spectra Secondary School (2014)
Schools for Students with Special Needs 1. Pathlight School

2. Woodlands Gardens School
Integrated Schools 1. Raffles Institution

(Combining Secondary and JC) 2. National Junior College
Year / Date: 2003

According to Singapore’s Compulsory Education (CE) Act, it is compulsory for children
between the ages of 6 and 15 to attend a school. CE was implemented in Singapore
because the government was concerned that (those who were unable to receive
compulsory primary education) are not being equipped with the necessary skills and
knowledge to be productive citizens in a knowledge-based economy.”
Year / Date: 2013
10
In Singapore, the Ministry of Education (MOE) promoted the idea of “Every School, A
Good School” in 2013 to reduce parents’ anxiety that their children’s potential would not
be fulfilled if they joined a school that the parents deemed “inferior”.
Year / Date: 17 October 2017

NUS, and NTU are ranked the top two universities in Asia.
Year / Date: 2017

As of the second half of the year, the Ministry of Education (MOE) has completed the
deployment of 97 such counsellors to secondary schools, junior colleges and post-
secondary institutions. This is to give students better support in making choices about
their future, through helping students to explore their strengths and interests. This action
was carried out due to a 2009 study which found that close to half of young people
choose their courses or careers without sufficient exploration.
Year / Date: Enforcement (8 January 2002)
No Child Left Behind
The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), passed Congress with overwhelming bipartisan5
support in 2001 and was signed into law by President George W. Bush on Jan. 8, 2002.
The primary purpose of NCLB is to ensure that students in every public school achieve
important learning goals while being educated in safe classrooms by well-prepared
teachers. To increase student achievement, the law requires that school districts
assume responsibility for all students reaching 100% student proficiency levels within 12
years on tests assessing important academic content. Furthermore, NCLB requires
schools to close academic gaps between economically advantaged students and
students who are from different economic, racial, and ethnic backgrounds as well as
students with disabilities.
Year / Date; -
A research paper by El Daw A. Suliman of the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and
Public Health provides convincing evidence that many Egyptian families find the
opportunity cost of the child’s time as labour and an additional source of income too
high compared to the actual current costs of schooling and the anticipated future returns
to education.
5
Bipartisan: Of or involving the agreement or cooperation of two political parties that usually oppose each
other's policies.
11
YOUTH & THE OLD
Statistics
1. By a study done by Pew Research Centre, teens are sharing more information
about themselves online in 2013, compared to 2006. 71% post their school
name, up from 49%. 70% post the town or city they live in, up from 60%. 53%
post their email addresses, up from 40%.
2. A 2011 Youth Behaviour Study conducted by the Centre for Disease Control in
the United States of America (USA) revealed that 22% of youths binge drank
alcohol, 8% drove after drinking alcohol and 25% rode with a driver who had
been drinking alcohol.
3. OECD statistics from 2013 point to youth unemployment at almost 50% in Spain
and Greece.
4. The International Labour Organisation estimates that there are 255 million
children, aged 5 to 17, involved in child labour.
5. The National Youth Survey 2016 released by the National Youth Council (NYC)
found that youth attitudes towards diversity are improving. 60% polled said they
had a close friend of a different race, compared with 53% in 2013. Those with a
close friend of a different nationality also grew from 42% to 45%. On a five-point
scale, a rating of 4.55 was churned out from being comfortable with working with
someone of a different race. This was up from 4.37 in 2013.
6. Almost 290mil young people worldwide are neither working nor studying, that is
nearly 25% of the world’s 15 to 24 year olds.
7. Almost 290million young people worldwide are neither working nor studying.
8. The UN estimates that by 2050, the global over-65 population will rise by 181%,
while the 15 - to - 65 population will rise just 33%.
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9. In 2025, Singapore, Japan and Italy will have one thing in common; all three
nations will be termed “super aged”, where one in five citizens are aged 65 years
and above.
Specific Examples

A primary school student in Singapore had pointed his middle finger to the camera at
the end of the parade, when performers gathered for the finale. This has been
circulating around social media platforms.
Year / Date: 2013

During the period of severe haze, 25 year old Jeremy Chua felt that the authorities were
not doing enough to help citizens cope with the smog. He then started a Facebook page
calling for donations of masks, and gathered volunteers to distribute them to the needy.
This led to more young people joining him to rally support through online platforms, so
as to find more ways they could help the needy during that period.
Year / Date: 2013

This group was started by Ms Huang Xinyuan and Mr Eric Bea when they were both 19
years old. In response to the Population White Paper, these individuals argued that
there was insufficient discussion about the impact of the projected population growth on
the environment. They then started the “Youth for Ecology” group to advocate for
environmental issues through online platforms, as well as to work with other social
enterprises to promote their cause.
Year / Date: -
An HIV educator, 20 year old Paige Rawl was diagnosed with HIV in 1997. She suffered
intense bullying in school. However, Rawl took control of her life, and became a
spokesperson for HIV/AIDS and anti-bullying. She now travels the United States
lobbying for stricter laws to prevent bullying.
Different Generations (Youths)
Strawberry Generation: Strawberries bruise easily. Similarly, these people cannot

withstand social pressure or work hard like their parents’ generation.
13
Durian Generation: Durians are soft on the inside, but is protected by a thick thorny
husk on the outside. Similarly, anyone who goes against these people will be hurt by the
“thorny husk” which is their over - protective, over - indulgent parents who cannot bear
to see their precious children get hurt. For example, in Singapore in 2013, a teacher
forced a Primary 6 boy due to take the PSLE Oral Examination to trim his hair before
the examination. When the mother found out about the incident, she was enraged and
wrote in to Stomp.com, a Singaporean - based citizen journalism site, to showcase her
dissatisfaction with the action of the teacher, claiming the teacher to have “ruined her
son’s “$60 haircut”.
Year / Date: -
Mark Zuckerberg, 31, is an American entrepreneur who co - founded and is currently
the CEO of Facebook. He started his programming in middle school and is now a multi -
billionaire, with a fortune of roughly $6.9bn and growing.

Brian Chesky, 30, cofounded peer-to-peer room and home rental company, Airbnb, one
of the hottest startups in history. CEO Chesky has led Airbnb to a valuation of more
than $25 billion after a $1.5 billion funding round in June 2015.
Year / Date: 2013

Dr Nirmala Karuppiah from the National Institute of Education (NIE), led a study in 2013
examining how children in Singapore use electronic devices for games and internet
surfing, and observes that, “ In the past, parents allowed their children to use computers
only when they were older. Now, they are given all sorts of gadgets at a younger age.
Year / Date: -
Generational Gap (Through Media)
Adult Russians born before the Putin era were left baffled when thousands of Russian
youths took to the streets in anti-Putin protests in March. This is they would get their
news from a state-controlled television, where they were “educated” that Putin is the
great defender of Russia against the decadent West. Young Russians instead had
access to online news from international sources, and saw the government through the
eyes of a largely Western media; portraying Putin as corrupt and aggressive.
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MAN & THE ENVIRONMENT
Statistics/Quotes
1. The population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion in 2050 and up to 12.3 billion in
2100 according to a UN and University of Washington study.
2. The World Bank (IGO) has pledged to help achieve environmental sustainability
by committing loans totalling $1.7 billion to research in environment and natural
resource management between 2012 and 2014.
3. According to the 2000 Living Planet Report prepared by the Swiss-based World
Wide Fund for Nature, Singapore is the world’s 2nd largest consumer of natural
resources.
4. Former US President Jimmy Carter once said, “I want to make it clear, if there is
ever a conflict (between environmental quality and economic growth), I will go for
beauty, clean air, water and landscape.”
5. As of April 2011, the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere has already

reached 393 ppm CO2, which is way beyond the safety threshold of 350 ppm
prescribed by scientists from the United Nations (UN) Intergovernmental Panel of
Climate Change (IPCC).
6. In 1995, 20% of the world’s people have no ready access to clean drinking water.
Today, the numbers have reached more than 1 billion.
7. The Stockholm Report declared that half the people in the developing world are
suffering from a water related disease.
8. Just one hectare of Brazil’s richest forest can hold 425 types of trees. Just one
corner in Peru’s biggest conservationist park can hold 1,300 butterfly species.
9. The rate of extinction of animals and plants have accelerated to 100 - 1000 times
since humanity appeared. More than 11,000 species of animals and plants are
threatened.
15
10. Portugal has imposed very tight restrictions on the discharge of industrial waste,
but ¾ of Portuguese companies are not rich enough to invest in proper waste
treatment.
11. From an article by The Economist, ⅓ of the world’s food—1.3 billion tonnes—is
wasted each year.
12. Airline passengers generated 5.2m tonnes of wate in 2016, most of which went
to landfill or incineration, the International Air Transport Association (IATA)
estimates. That’s the weight of about 2.6m cars.
13. In 2004, 80% of companies in Singapore claimed to be engaged in

environmental conservation activities, which is higher than the regional average
of 67%.
14. Singapore was tracked for the first time in the 2014 Global Green Economy
Index, and was ranked 8th in national green reputation.
15. By 2050, outdoor air pollution (particulate matter) and ground-level ozone are
projected to become the top causes of environmentally related deaths worldwide.
16. Scientists from the Global Footprint Network have estimated that if the entire
world population lives by the lifestyles of Americans, we would need 4.1 Earths to
fuel and and provide for the massive level of consumption that ensues.
Specific Examples
Year / Date: 20 April 2010

The British Petroleum oil spill off the Gulf of Mexico covered an area of 6500 to 176100
km2 and posed a great environmental problem, and also caused 17 casualties.
Year / Date: -
Japan has decided to restrict the amount of fish that a fisherman can catch in a bid to
stem the problem of overfishing and its damage to the environment. One of the
measures taken was by the Fisheries Agency establishing a cap on the number of
annual fish catches to help restore the amount of fishery resources over time.
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Indonesian satellites had picked up around 282 hot spots, as the dry season continues.
Five districts in the province have declared a state of emergency to enable the local
communities to access central government support, including military assistance to put
out the fires. Due to the high number of fires, this has produced a transboundary haze
that has blanketed the region and led to record air pollution levels for months.
Year / Date: 14 July 2017

Scientists have mentioned that unless countries fully implement their commitments
under the Paris Climate Pact, climate change will bring about soaring temperatures,
more intense storms, erratic rainfall, plummeting crop yields, and a collapse of coral
reefs to the Asia Pacific.
Non-Profit Organisations / Non - Governmental Organisations

(Different Environmental Aims & Agendas)
1. Greenpeace
2. World Wide Fund for Nature
3. The Climate Project
4. Friends of the Earth
They help to coordinate the efforts of any would be environmental activists,

conservationists, biologists, etc. who wants to be a part of the cause. They lobby for
political legislations, publicise and broadcast information, and start petition
campaigns. Some even go to the extreme and become human shields for the
environment. They would chain themselves to trees, and refuse to come down.
- NGOs have also created “People Power”. Awareness of issues have allowed
consumers to exercise power on MNCs.
- Consumer boycotts of tuna was the main cause of the tuna industry becoming
dolphin-friendly.
- Consumers have become more discerning and and socially responsible in what
they buy. They expect this out of the governments they vote for and the
companies they buy from as well.
- More companies, (E.g. Body Shop, Aveda, Ben and Jerry’s) today realise being
environmental friendly helps them gain consumer support.
Year / Date: -
Ken Noguchi (Japanese) climbed Mt. Everest 4 times with an international team to clear
8 tonnes of waste.
17
Year / Date: -
Wen Bo (Chinese) educated the public on environmental concerns despite the threat of
detention or jail terms.
Year / Date: -
Wangari Maathai (Kenyan) founded an environmental group that encouraged people to
plant trees - 40 million so far. She continued her activism despite being arrested,
imprisoned and beaten by hired thugs. She won the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate of
2004.
Year / Date: -
Treelodge@Punggol is HDB’s first eco-precinct that harnesses the elements of nature
to promote sustainable green living. This project comprises 7 residential building blocks
with a podium carpark, with generous provision of green spaces at the precinct level.
Green building technologies are adopted to help promote energy conservation, efficient
use of resources, and recycling efforts. It utilizes green technologies, including solar
panels, roof gardens and grey water systems for effective energy, water and waste
management. This project has also won Singapore’s first Green Mark Platinum Award.
Year / Date: -
India has extensive plans to be a global leader in solar energy, and under her National
Solar Mission (NSM) project, she intends to produce and use 100,000 MW of solar
energy by 2022. This will result in the reduction of about 60 million tonnes of CO2 per
year while helping India to mitigate the effect of climate change.

Suntech Power is the biggest photovoltaic (PV) module manufacturer and the 3rd
largest solar company in the world. This company develops cutting - edge designs and
new - generation solar cells that improve conversion efficiencies with low cost materials.
Notable solar installations include Beijing’s National Stadium and Shanghai Expo 2010,
which raked in great profits for the corporation.
Year / Date: -
The European Union (EU) holds the position as one of the world’s largest and most
wealthy consumer bases, and has taken advantage of this to roll out regulations on the
efficiency of motor vehicles and their emissions. Carmakers seeking to enter the EU
market must meet these requirements, so companies such as Toyota and Ford are
forced to develop new technology to meet these regulations. Such environmentally-
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friendly technology is then applied to vehicles from the same manufacturer sold in other
countries, for the sake of product consistency.
Year / Date: -
Depleting fish stocks in the mighty Mekong River severely affected the livelihoods of
numerous Thai fishermen, prompting them to stop taking the environment for granted.
Together with non-governmental organisations (NGOs), fourteen villages in Northern
Thailand participated in the Thai Baan programme by setting up conservation zones
around the Mekong. Villagers also took turns to conduct night patrols, with hefty fines of
thousands of Baht for poachers caught. Fishermen of villages like Ban Muang Choom
observed that fishes were able to spawn inside the conservation zone, aided by the
holistic protection of the surrounding ecosystem, resulting in significantly increased fish
yields outside the conservation zone.
Year / Date: -
Adoption of Alternative Energy Sources
SOLAR POWER - In Switzerland and Germany, dozens of office buildings

have already been constructed with solar cells integrated
into the glass of their south-facing facades6.
- This allows the windows to produce power and transmit
filtered sunlight.
WIND POWER - Thousands of wind turbines have been installed in a

dozen European countries.
- India, China and other developing nations are also
setting up many joint ventures with wind power
companies to install turbines.
Year / Date: 1980

The 1980s “Debt for Nature” Swap pioneered by World Wildlife Fund converted millions
of dollars in debt from poor Asian, African and Latin American nations into new sources
of funding for forest preservation and protection of wildlife
Year / Date: -
Programme for Belize is an NGO that has bought 4% of the forests in Belize that was
supposed to be logged. Now half of it is a reserve, surrounded by a buffer zone where
responsible forestry and tourism are permitted.
6
Facade: The principal front of a building, that faces on to a street or open space.
19
Year/ Date: -
The ambitious 1992 Earth Summit in Rio ended up just settling on “calls for urgent
action”, rather than urgent action itself! The 2005 G8 Summit remained inconclusive on
the issue of cutting gas emissions.
Year / Date: -
A Spanish project launched by a group of companies including Iberia Airlines and

Ferrovial Services is taking up the challenge to reduce waste generated from airlines.
1. The scheme aims to recover 80% of cabin waste coming into Madrid’s Barajas
airport by mid-2020 through simple measures such as using trolleys designed for
waste separation About 2,500 cabin crew members will be trained in the basics
of waste separation as part of the push.
2. The programme, which aims to produce guidelines for use in other airports, is
also exploring low-packaging meals and reusable cutlery, as well as data-led
solutions: frequent flyer information, for example, could be used to anticipate
business class passengers’ meal preferences, meaning fewer meals would need
to be prepared to satisfy demand.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. America’s United Airlines has switched to compostable paper cups and last year
began donating unused amenity kits to homeless and women’s shelters – it
expects to divert more than 27 tonnes-worth by the end of the first year. Virgin,
meanwhile, has set up a system for recycling all parts of its headsets, including
ear sponges, which are used as flooring for equestrian centres.
Year / Date: (Reported by Post Magazine)

A fungus known as fusarium wilt has wiped out tens of thousands of acres of Cavendish
plantations (bananas) in Australia and Southeast Asia over the past decade. The fungus
has also gained a foothold in Africa and the Middle East. Scientists say Latin America,
the source of virtually all the bananas eaten in the United States - 99% of which are
Cavendish - are next to be wiped out.
Year / Date: 4 July 2015

The Botanic Gardens was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site on 4 July 2015,
which stands testament to its centrality to the country’s landscape as a green space in
20
the midst of the city. It is the first tropical botanic garden on the World Heritage List in
Asia.
Year / Date: 20 October 2017 (Installed)

Singapore's first long-span wind turbine ( by NTU students; in partnership with ENGIE)
was installed at Semakau Landfill on 20 October 2017. It stands at 14 storeys high and
the turbine can produce enough energy to power 45 four-room HDB units a year.
Professor Lam Khin Yong, NTU’s VP for research has mentioned that, “The deployment
of Singapore’s first wind turbine is a big milestone in the nation’s commitment in
developing clean energy technologies for the region.”
Year / Date: -
Countries Using Clean Technology (Goal of Sustainable Development)
1. Switzerland, home to the Alps mountain range, uses hydroelectricity to power

most of the country, letting melted snow flow through turbines in dams to
generate electricity.
2. Israel is a leading expert in solar energy, which powers 90% of water heaters in
homes.
3. Costa Rica, a moderately developed country, is heavily reliant on wind energy,
with 99.2% of their energy originating from renewable resources.
POVERTY
Statistics
1. According to United Nations (UN) statistics, 60% of people in Myanmar living

over the age of 60 lives on less than US$3 per day, and fewer than 1 in 5 have
any savings at all.
2. UNICEF reports that more than 1 billion people lack adequate access to clean
drinking water and an estimated 400 million of these are children. As unclean
water yields illness, roughly 443 million school days are missed every year.
21
3. The World Health Organisation (WHO) reported in 2011 that 165 million children
under the age of 5 were stunted7 due to chronic malnutrition.
4. From an article in the BioMed Central, it was stated that an estimated 3.4 million
people live in the overcrowded slums of Dhaka, and many more live in public
spaces lacking the most basic shelter.
5. Volunteer group SW101 and volunteer welfare organisation Monfort Care

revealed that among 180 people found sleeping on the streets in Singapore,
almost ⅔ of those interviewed have a job, and more than ¼ have a flat to their
name.
6. BBC news have raised concerns that corruption is costing Africa more than US
$148 billion dollars a year, increasing the cost of goods by as much as 20%,
deterring investment and holding back development.
7. About 40% of food aid delivered to developing nations is siphoned away by

government officials who oversee the distribution of food aid.
8. The United States only gives a skimpy 0.1% of its economic output in aid, yet
stipulates that about ⅔ of this US $9billion must be spent on American products.
Specific Examples
Notes
Absolute poverty refers to a set standard which is the same in all countries and which
does not change over time. An income-related example would be living on less than $X
per day.
Relative poverty refers to a standard which is defined in terms of the society in which
an individual lives and which therefore differs between countries and over time. An
income-related example would be living on less than X% of average UK income.
Year / Date: -
Poverty forces families in Myanmar to leave their elderly behind. For example, Widow
Daw Hla Than, 75, whose family have abandoned her, has to now make a living by
making a dollar or two for a massage that lasts as long as her clients desire.
7
Stunted: Reduced rate of growth and development.
22
Year / Date: -
The United Nations (UN) Summit on the Millennium Development Goals concluded with
the adoption of a global action plan to achieve the eight anti-poverty goals by their 2015
target date (cost to do this is about US$195 billion / year). 22 developed countries
through the UN have pledged to work towards each giving 0.7% of their national income
in international aid, which would raise the US $195 billion.
Year / Date: -
More than 14 million people in the Horn of Africa are in need of international food aid. At
the same time, Africa has the agricultural potential not only to feed the continent, but
also the world. Help came through the implementation of the Backpack Farm Agriculture
Program (BPF). It is designed as an all-in-one canvas backpack packaged with all the
essential agricultural inputs needed for small landholders to standardize both the quality
and quantity of agricultural production during an annual growing season, to mirror semi-
commercial rates of production. Most important, farmers receive training on how best to
use the backpack tools.
Year / Date:
Monsanto, a biotechnology firm, capitalises on the poor farmers’ hopes for a better life
by selling farmers genetically modified (GM) seeds that are genetically engineered to be
planted only once and at exorbitant prices.
Year / Date: -
Chile government has used aid money to invest in long term poverty reduction
strategies, growing its economy at an average of 6.6% annually from 1985 to 2000.
Year / Date:
South Korea have lifted millions out of poverty only with the use of protectionist barriers
behind which to nurture infant industries until they were ready to compete in the
aggressive global marketplace. South Korea built its export industries by protecting
domestic markets and banks from foreign competition whilst requiring investors to build
local know-how and transfer technology and knowledge to locals.
Year / Date:
MASS MEDIA
23
Statistics
Specific Examples
Year / Date: July 2017

A study published in JAMA Internal Medicine has found that within the same three
weeks that Netflix show, “13 Reasons Why” was released, internet searches about
suicide were significantly higher than expected.
Year / Date: 1 October 2016 (Founded)

The Info-Communications Media Development Authority (IMDA) was officially formed
with the restructuring of the Media Development Authority (MDA - Founded 2003) and
the Infocomm Development Authority (IDA - Founded 1999) in Singapore regulates
censorship of broadcast and electronic media, films, video, music, sound recordings,
and computer games. A Censorship Review Committee (CRC) meets every 10 years to
review censorship objectives and principles to meet the long - term interests of the
society.
Year / Date: 2012

Roy Ngerng, author of a blog titled “The Heart Truths”, was sued by PM Lee after
refusing to act on a request to remove an article that has been published maliciously,
according to the lawyer’s letter. The blog post accused Mr Lee of misuse of CPF funds
but failed to cite evidence for the claim.
Year / Date: 2016

Ai Takagi, editor of the now defunct website The Real Singapore (TRS), was pleaded
guilty to sedition, and sentenced to 10 months in jail. She was convicted for publishing
doctored and ‘patently false’ material that played up racial and religious sensitivities in
order to increase readership and hence earn advertising revenue. TRS was shut down
in mid 2015.
Year / Date: 2012

Kony, 2012, was a social media campaign against the leader of the Lord’s Resistance
Army (LRA) in Uganda. Despite a moving video that garnered thousands of shares on
Facebook and millions of Youtube views, it eventually fizzled out due to the lack of
committed volunteers and funding needed to lobby Congress for change.
Year / Date: -
Kickstarter, a website dedicated to helping worthy ideas find funding, has given rise to
projects such as Landfill Harmonic, a project to fulfill the hopes and dreams of aspiring
24
and promising young musicians in the slums of Paraguay, who play musical instruments
made of recycled materials. Landfill Harmonic, as of August 2013, was able to raise
over $130, 000 to fund its own worthy initiative.
Year / Date: -
CRIME & PUNISHMENT
Statistics
1. In the year 2012, in the United States of America, an estimated 1, 214, 462
crimes occurred nationwide, an increase of 0.7 percent from the 2011 estimate.
2. The United States of America (USA), along with China, Iran, North Korea and
Yemen carried out the most executions in 2012. The total number of confirmed
executions, 682, is virtually unchanged from 2011.
3. In 2007, 2211 people were arrested for drug use in Singapore. According to the
government, over 70% of these had to withstand corporal punishment.
4. There are currently at least 51 600 CCTV cameras controlled by 428 local
authorities in Britain.
Specific Examples
Year / Date: -
The Shariah Law in the Islamic world gives victims the right to request, in a court of law,
equal punishment for the criminal as the harm inflicted on them.
Year / Date: November 2012 (Revised)

Singapore has established the mandatory death penalty which could be meted out to
one if any of the three crimes; murder, drug trafficking, and possession of firearms, is
committed, since it was still a British Colony. The mandatory death penalty has been
revised, and will continue to apply for most drug trafficking offences with the exception
of two tightly defined conditions where a sentence of life imprisonment with caning can
be meted out instead. The trafficker must have only played the role of the courier
(transporting the drugs) and must have either cooperated with the Central Narcotics
Bureau in investigations or have a mental disability which impairs the ability to
understand the severity of the crime.
25
POLITICS
Statistics
Specific Examples
Democratic Governments
1. Executive Government: It broadly refers to the arm of government responsible for

carrying out or administering laws enacted by the legislature.
2. Legislature: Its main responsibility is the creation of laws.
3. Judicial Branch: Interprets the laws.
Arrest and Detention of Suspects without trial

> US National Defence Authorization Act
> Singapore’s Internal Security Act
Restriction of Seditious8 Speech

> The USA Smith Act (1940 - 1957)
> Singapore’s Sedition Act (1964 - Present)
> Malaysia’s Sedition Act (1948 - Present)
US Patriot Act (2001 - Present)

This Act greatly increased the powers of the government to obtain intelligence on
suspected terrorists through means such as roving wiretaps9 and surveillance.
Year / Date: 2012
8
Seditious: Speech used to incite disorder and / or rebellion
9
Roving Wiretaps: A roving wiretap is a wiretap specific to the United States that follows the
surveillance target. For instance, if a target attempts to defeat surveillance by throwing away a phone
and acquiring a new one, another surveillance order would usually need to be applied for.
26
Roy Ngerng, author of a blog titled “The Heart Truths”, was sued by PM Lee after
refusing to act on a request to remove an article that has been published maliciously,
according to the lawyer’s letter. The blog post accused Mr Lee of misuse of CPF funds
but failed to cite evidence for the claim.
Year / Date: 2009

In Afghanistan, people all over the country turned up to vote in 2009, but widespread
intimidation by the Taliban and illegal actions like ballot-stuffing marred the democratic
process.
Year / Date: -
In Uzbekistan, where Islam Karimov10 controls all three organs (executive, legislature
and judiciary), court cases involving accusations of corruption and misdeeds by
government officials are invariably awarded in favour of the government.
Year / Date: -
Newspapers and magazines like The New York Times in the US frequently run articles
and editorials stating opinions on political candidates accompanied by relevant
analyses. This ensures that people are exposed to a multiplicity of points of view, which
they may not have thought or heard of, before they cast their votes.
SPORTS
Statistics
1. Michael Phelps, and American swimmer, won 22 Olympic medals with 18 gold
medals and broke the record as the most decorated athlete of all time.
10
Islam Karimov: He was the leader of Uzbekistan and its predecessor state, the Uzbek Soviet Socialist
Republic, from 1989 until his death in 2016.
27
2. INTERPOL, through its tactical operation, seeks to disrupt illegal football

gambling activities of criminal groups in Asia. As of 2013, 4 operations have
resulted in 2360 successful raids and the closure of illegal gambling dens which
handled illegal bets worth more than USD 2 billion.
3. The International Olympic Committee earned US $1.7 billion dollars from

television rights for the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics.
4. Cricket is the second most popular sport in the world with 2-3 billion fans.
Basketball is third with a similar number of fans. Football leads the tally with 3.5
billion fans.
Specific Examples

Benjamin Sim Wen Ming, a secondary 4 student in a secondary school in Singapore,
who had been a volleyball player on his school team for 4 years, had just completed his
2.4km run during Physical Education (PE), when he collapsed and eventually died.
Year / Date: -
Lance Armstrong is a former American professional road racing cyclist. Armstrong
admitted using testosterone and human growth hormone, as well as EPO; a hormone
naturally produced by human kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production. It increases
the amount of oxygen that can be delivered to muscles, improving recovery and
endurance. In addition to using drugs, he admitted that he took blood transfusions to
excel in professional cycling.
Facilities built for Major Sporting Events (No Longer in Use)
Bejing, China The 2008 Olympics held in Beijing, China had left behind the iconic
Bird’s Nest Stadium, alongside other sports venues built for the
Olympics, which have since fallen into disuse and abandonment.
Athens, Greece The Olympic Stadium in Athens has not been put to use ever since
the sporting event in 2004.
28
Year / Date: -
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
1. The IOC provides financial support to countries hosting the Olympics. (The IOC
contributed 1.5billion USD to the operational budget of the Rio Olympics for
2016.)
1. The IOC is also involved in supporting a country’s journey towards hosting the
games, ensuring that their planning needs are met, that facilities and structures
put in place remain sustainable even after the end of the Games, and preserving
the reputation of the Olympic legacy in the host cities.
Year / Date: -
There are instances of how football and fair play has gone hand in hand. For example,
footballer, Paulo Di Canio caught the ball to stop play, instead of tapping it into an
empty net as the opposing goalkeeper was down injured.
Year / Date:
INEQUALITY
Statistics
1. The Straits Times have reported that Singapore lags behind in women’s
boardroom roles. In comparison with Norway, which boasts 40.1% of women on
boards, Singapore holds a mere 7.3%.
Specific Examples
Year / Date:
RELIGION
Statistics
Specific Examples
29
Year / Date: 1789

The French Revolution in 1789 abolished the power of the Catholic Church in France to
collect taxes and put Church lands under government control, breaking their power and
wealth.
TERRORISM
Statistics
Specific Examples
Year / Date: 24 September 2017

A Singaporean fighter by the alias of “Abu Uqayl” (Shahdan) has appeared in a
propaganda video by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) militant group.
Singaporean security agencies have been aware for some time now of the presence in
Syria of a Singaporean and have been monitoring his activities. Shahdan left Singapore
in 2014 to work in the Middle East, where he was believed to have been radicalised 11.
He is believed to be currently in Syria, where he joined the terrorist group ISIS.
Year / Date: July

A Singaporean man and woman were arrested in July under the Internal Security Act
(ISA) for engaging in terrorism-related activities. Imran, the managing director of
logistics firm Novo Logistics, was detained for intending to undertake armed violence
overseas while administrative assistant, Shakirah was issued with a restriction order for
initiating and maintaining contact with foreign terrorist fighters.
Year / Date: 17 October 2017
A large scale counter-terrorism drill (Exercise Northstar) was staged at Changi Airport
on 17 October 2017. The multi-agency counter-terrorism exercise involved more than
650 personnel from the Singapore Police Force (SPF), Singapore Armed Forces (SAF),
Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF), Changi Airport Group and Ministry of Health. Mr
Lee Hsien Loong has added that, “ Should a terror attack happen at Changi Airport,
responders must be able to react in a way that will minimise casualties and neutralise
the threat decisively. This is especially since an attack on a high-profile target like
Changi Airport was completely plausible.”.
11
Radical: (especially of change or action) relating to or affecting the fundamental nature of something;
far-reaching or thorough.
30
Year / Date:
In Singapore, heroes are found in the likes of Adnan bin Saidi, who led a platoon of 42
to defend Singapore against the invasion of the Japanese during World War II. In the
historic battle of Pasir Panjang, Adnan found himself heavily outnumbered by the
enemy forces, and yet valiantly defended the post to his death.
Year / Date: -
Singapore often shares and receives intelligence from governments of neighbouring
countries, like Malaysia and Indonesia, as to the activities of terrorist organisations like
Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) in the region. Such intelligence sharing has led to the arrests of
several JI members who had planned to attack public infrastructure in Singapore.
FOOD
Statistics
Specific Examples
Year / Date:
RACIAL HARMONY
Statistics
Specific Examples
Year / Date: -
On 21st July each year, Singapore schools commemorate Racial Harmony Day to
promote inter-racial bonding and celebrate the diversity of our multicultural community.
Year / Date: Came into effect on 31 March 1992

Singapore has implemented a statutory law known as the Maintenance of Racial
Harmony Act (Penal Code, Section 298A). This is evidence that there is greater
commitment to promote tolerance, respect and continued peace as racial and religious
harmony has proved to be extremely crucial for the survival of Singapore.
31
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Topic Page Number

Prejudice and Discrimination Pg 2 -

Science & Technology Pg

Youth & The Old Pg

Man & The Environment Pg

Crime & Punishment Pg

Terrorism & War Pg

(Statistics and Examples can be used across topics.)

1. 46% of women believe they have experienced sex discrimination in the

2. In 2004 in Canada, 512000 sexual harassment incidents were recorded by the

Year / Date: 2017

Year / Date: March 2015

These notes are shared on

Year / Date: October 2015

Year / Date: 2009

Year / Date: 2010

Year / Date: 2017

Year / Date: 2nd July 1965 (Established)

Year / Date: 1985 (Established)

Year / Date: 2015

Year / Date: 2012

These notes are shared on

Year / Date: 1961 (Established)

Year / Date: 31st March 1992 (Established)

Year / Date: 26 September 2017

Year / Date: 18 January 2012 (Launched)

These notes are shared on

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Year / Date: 27th July 2017

Year / Date: 3 August 2017

These notes are shared on

Reproductive cloning involves creating an animal that is genetically identical to a donor

Year / Date: 1997 (Founded)

Year / Date: 2003 (Founded)

Year / Date: 2013 (Founded)

Top 3 Pharmaceutical Companies by Revenue in 2016

1. Johnson & Johnson (71.89 billion)

2. Pfizer ( 52.82 billion )

3. Roche ( 50.11 billion )

Hackers (Good & Bad)

1. Anonymous is a loosely affiliated group of hackers, specializing in everything

DARK DISCOVERY (2011)

DONALD TRUMP’S WEBSITE HACK (2015)

Making the World more Senior - Friendly through Technology

1. Gillian Tee, a software engineer who returned to Singapore after a successful

2. Reed Hayes, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) graduate, co-

Year / Date: 2012 (Year of Creation - full HAL-5 suit)

2. From a study conducted by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and

Types of Schooling (Singapore)

Specialist / Specialised Schools 1. School of the Arts (SOTA)

1. Crest Secondary School (2013)

Schools for Students with Special Needs 1. Pathlight School

Integrated Schools 1. Raffles Institution

Year / Date: 2003

Year / Date: 2013

These notes are shared on

Year / Date: 17 October 2017

Year / Date: 2017

Year / Date: Enforcement (8 January 2002)

No Child Left Behind

YOUTH & THE OLD

These notes are shared on

Year / Date: 9 August 2017