CH 5-Internet and Web 2023-24

Chapter 5
INTERNET AND WEB

Networking Concepts
Syllabus 2023-24 :
 Introduction to networks, Types of network: LAN, MAN, WAN.
 Network Devices: modem, hub, switch, repeater, router, gateway

 Network Topologies: Star, Bus, Tree, Mesh
1. What is a Computer Networking?

Ans. Def. : A computer network is a collection of interconnected computers
and other devices which are able to communicate with each other and
share hardware and software resources.
In this context, the term interconnected means that there exists a path
through which data can be transmitted from one computer/device to another.
In other word, A network is any collection of independent computers
that communicate with one another over a shared network medium.
2. Why do we need Computer Networking?

Ans. The computer networking are needed for-
 Share computer files - Networks provide a very effective method to share the
files with different users.
 Share computer Peripheral - Some computer devices are very expensive. For
example, laser printer and large hard disks are quite costly. Network enables us to
share these costly devices.
 Improve communication speed and accuracy - Networks allows different
computers to communicate with each other. For example, a computer with DOS can
communicate with a computer having UNIX.
 Reduce cost of data transfer - It is possible that the mail from one place to
another could take several days. We can send the message speedily through
Unit 3 : Introduction to Computer Networking – Class XII Notes, 2023-24
networking.
 Increase Storage - Computer is cheaper way to transfer the data. With the help
of the computer network, we can reduce the cost of data transfer.
3. Write the advantages of Computer Networking.
Ans. Advantages of Computer Network are-
 Resource Sharing - In a computer network, when print command is given on
one computer the document may be printed by the printer which is attached to some
other computer. It means that the printer is being shared by more than one users.
Similarly other resources like Hard Disk, DVD Drive, and Scanner etc. can also be
shared on a computer network.
 Cost saving - Software resources like Application Software‘s, Anti-Virus tools etc.
can also be shared on computer networks. You can very easily conclude that this
resource sharing also leads to cost-saving.
 Collaborative user interaction - Here we assume that all the computers in
the school are connected to one main computer called server. After the exams,
teachers have to exchange marks with each other for result preparation. So all the
teachers enter the marks class wise for their respective subjects at one centralized
location and from there the class teachers can copy the marks of their classes and
can prepare the result. This way data is shared on a computer network.
 Time saving - If we are working on a computer which is a part of a computer
network, we can communicate with any other user of the network through e-mail or
chatting. It takes negligible time to send and receive messages and watch live videos
of one another irrespective of terrestrial distances. If the e-mail or chatting is done
for some useful purpose, it leads to increased productivity, cost-saving as well as
time-saving.
 Increased storage - On a network, same data may be replicated on multiple
computers to ensure the availability of data in the case of some computer getting
faulty.
4. What are the disadvantages of Computer Networking?
Ans. Disadvantages of Computer Networking are-
 More complex -The system are more sophisticated and Complex to run.
This can add to costs and you may need specialist staff to run the network.
 Badly managed network- If networks are badly managed services can
become unusable and productivity falls.
 Reliant on Server Communication - If software and files are held
centrally, it may impossible to carry out any work if the central server fails.
People become reliant on the communications, if these fail it can cause havoc.
 Required File Security- File security is more important especially if
connected to WAN eg. Protection from virus.
5. What are the basic requirements for the Computer Network?
Or,
What are the requirements for setting up a network?
Ans. Every network must includes:
Chapter 5: Internet and Web 2|Page

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 At least two computers - Server or Client workstation.

 Network Interface Cards (NIC)
 A Connection Medium (Communication Channel or Transmission Media),
usually a wire or cable, although wireless communication between networked
computers and peripherals is also possible.
 Network Operating System software, such as Microsoft Windows NT or
2000, Novell NetWare, Unix and Linux.
6. Define the following in terms of Networking.
Ans.  Node: A computer or device like printer, scanner attached to a network.
 Server: A computer that facilitates sharing of data, software and hardware
resources on the network.
 Network Interface Unit (NIU): A device that helps to establish
communication between the server and workstations.
 IP Address : An IP address is a unique identifier for a node or host
connection on an IP network.
 Domain Name : The Domain name is a unique name assigned to a website. This
is what is usually used in URL‘s because they are easier to remember than IP
address. Eg yahoo.com, facebook.com etc
7. What is Transmission Medium or Communication Media?
Ans. A Transmission Medium is a medium of data transfer over a network. It can
be guided (wired) or unguided (wireless).
A medium of data transmission over a computer network is called a
Communication channel or a transmission medium.
8. Give some example of Guided or wired transmission medium?
Ans. Guided or wired transmission medium are-
 Twisted Pair Cable
 Coaxial Cable
 Ethernet Cable
 Optical Fiber Cable
9. Give some example of Unguided or wireless transmission medium?
Ans. Unguided or wireless transmissions medium are -
 Micro-wave
 Radio-wave
 Satellite
 Infrared
 Bluetooth
 WiFi
10. Write the different types of Network?
Ans. The different types of Network are-
 PAN - Personal Area Network
 LAN - Local Area Network

 WAN - Wide Area Network

 WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
 MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
11. Explain PAN.
Ans. A PAN is a network of Communicating devices (Computer, Phone, MP3/MP4
Player, Camera etc.) in the proximity of an individual. It can cover an area of a
few meters radius. A PAN can be set up using guided media (USB cable) or
unguided media (Bluetooth, Infrared).
 PAN is computer network organized around an individual person.
 PAN typically involves a mobile computer, a cell phone or PDA (Personal
Data Assistant).
 PAN can be constructed with cables/Wired or wireless.
 USB and FireWire technologies often link together a wired PAN while
wireless PAN typically use Bluetooth or infrared connection. Bluetooth PANs
are also called PicoNets.
 PAN refers to a small network of communication-capable devices within
range (upto 10 meters or about 30 feets) of reachability of an individual
person.
12. Explain LAN.

Ans. A Small computer Networks that are confined to a localized area (e.g. An office, a
building or a factory) are known as Local Area Network or LAN.
 A LAN is a network of computing/Communicating devices in a room,
building, or campus. It can cover an area of a few meters to a few kilometers
radius. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single
LAN, though sometimes one building can contain a few small LANs (Like
some schools have independent LANs in each computer lab.).
 Occasionally a LAN can span a group of nearby buildings. In addition to
operating in a limited space, a LAN is owned, controlled, and managed by a
single person or organization.
 A LAN can be set up using wired media (UTP cables, Co-axial cables etc.) or
wireless media (Infrared, radio waves).
 If a LAN is setup using unguided media, it is known as WLAN (wireless

LAN).
13. Explain MAN.

Ans. A MAN is a network of computing / communicating devices within a city. It can
cover an area of a few kilometers to a few hundred kilometers radius. A good
example of a MAN is the interconnected offices of a state government.
 A MAN is typically owned and operated by a single entity such as a
government body or large corporation.
 MAN is basically a bigger version of a LAN and normally uses similar
technology.
 It can cover an area of a few kilometers to a few hundred kilometers radius.
 Networks of schools, or banks, or Government offices etc., within a city, are
examples of MANs.
 It is smaller than WAN.
 The networks spread over a city like cable TV network, can be termed as
Metropolitan Area Network. The purpose of a MAN is also sharing of
hardware and software resources among its users.
 All types of communication media (guided and unguided) are used to set up a
MAN.
14. Explain WAN.
Ans. The networks spread across countries are known as WAN. The largest WAN in
existence is the Internet. A network of ATMs, BANKs, National Government
Offices, International Organizations' Offices etc., spread over a country,
continent, or covering many continents are examples of WANs. The best known
example of a WAN is the Internet. A WAN is a network of
computing/communicating devices crossing the limits of a city, country, or
continent. It can cover an area of over hundreds of kilometer radius.
 WAN spans a large geographical area, often a country or continent.
 WAN is a network that provides communication services to geographical
area(100‘s to 1000‘s of KM) larger than served by LAN,MAN.
 WAN is usually connected via radio or telephone links rather than
dedicated lines.
With the help of WAN, data can be entered or retrieved from the far-flung
remote areas with lesser cost with the help of a satellite.

15. Summarize the characteristic of PAN, LAN, MAN and WAN

Ans.
16. How to identify of a computer and user over a network?

Ans. Once a network has been set up, the nodes can communicate among themselves.
But for proper communication, the nodes should be uniquely identifiable. If a
node X sends some information for node Y on a network, then it is mandatory
that nodes X and Y are uniquely identifiable on the network.
To identify a computer and user over a network by MAC address and IP
address.
17. Discuss MAC or Physical Address.

Ans. Each NIC has a universally unique address assigned to it by its manufacturer.
This address is known as the MAC (Media Access Control) address, also known
as Physical Address of the NIC card. It means that a machine with an NIC can
be identified uniquely through its NIC's MAC address. MAC address of an NIC
is permanent and does never change.
MAC addresses are 12-digit hexadecimal (or 48 bit) numbers. By
convention, MAC addresses are usually written in one of the following two

formats:
MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS
Or
MM-MM-MM-SS-SS-SS
The first half (MM:MM:MM) of a MAC address contains the manufacturer ID
number. The second half (SS:SS:SS) of a MAC address represents the serial
number assigned to the adapter (NIC) by its manufacturer.
For example, in the following MAC address,
00:A0:C9 : 14:C8:35
The prefix 00:A0:C9 indicates that the manufacturer is Intel Corporation. And
the last three numbers 14:C8:35 are given by the manufacturer (Intel in this
example) to this NIC.
Def. : A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique 12 digit (6
digits for manufacturer code and 6 digits for serial number)
hexadecimal number assigned to each NIC. MAC address of an NIC never
changes.
18. Discuss IP Address or Logical Address.

Ans. An IP address (Internet Protocol Address) is a Logical address of a network
adapter. The IP address is unique and identifies computers on a network.
Every machine in a network has another unique identifying number, called its IP
Address. An IP address is a group of four bytes (or 32 bits) each of which can be a
number from 0 to 255. A typical IP address looks like this:
59.177.134.72
On a network, IP address of a machine, and not the MAC address of its NIC, is
used to identify it. IP protocol identifies a machine with its IP address to route
the packets. IP addresses are needed so that different networks can
communicate with each other.
Def. : An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique 4 digit number
assigned to each node on a network. IP address settings of a node can be
changed by the user

19. Differentiate between IP Address and MAC Address.

Or,
Differentiate between Logical Address and Physical Address.
Ans.  IP Address are also known as Logical Address whereas MAC address are
called Physical Address of NIC.
 IP address is assigned by the network administrator or the Internet
Service Provider while the MAC address is assigned by the
manufacturer.
 Thus, if a computer is transferred from one network to another, its IP
address gets changed where as the MAC address remains the same.
 From the IP address it is usually possible to track the tentative location of
the computer but this is not the case with a MAC address.
20. What is Domain Name?
Or,
Expand URL. Explain URL with the help of an example. [AI, 2021, 2 Marks]
Ans. So, whenever we have to communicate with a computer on internet, we can do so
by using its IP address. But it is practically impossible for a person to remember
the IP addresses of all the computers one may have to communicate with.
Therefore, a system has been developed which assigns names to some
computers (web servers) and maintains a database of these names and
corresponding IP addresses. These names are called Domain Names.
Examples of some domain names are cbse.nic.in, sikkimipr.org,
indianrailway.gov.in etc. Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular
Web servers.
For example, in the URL http://www.cbse.nic.in/welcome.htm, the domain
name is www.cbse.nic.in.
A domain name usually has more than one parts: top level domain name or
primary domain name and sub-domain name(s).
For example, in the domain name cbse.nic.in, in is the primary domain name;
nic is the sub-domain of in; cbse is the sub-domain of nic.

There are only a limited number of top level domains, and these are divided into
two categories: Generic Domain Names and Country-Specific Domain
Names.
Generic Domain Names:

.com - commercial business
.edu - Educational institutions
.gov - Government agencies
.mil - Military
.net - Network organizations
.org - Organizations (nonprofit)
Country Specific Domain Names:

.in - India
·au - Australia
·ca - Canada
.ch - China
.nz - New Zealand
.pk - Pakistan
.jp - Japan
.us - United States of America
In context of internet, a Domain Name is a name assigned to a server through

Domain Name System (DNS). A domain name usually has more than one
parts: top level domain name or primary domain name and sub-domain name(s).
21. What is Domain Name Resolution?
Ans. Domain Name Resolution is the process of getting corresponding IP address from
a domain name.
22. What is Network Devices? Name some Network devices.
Ans. Network devices are components used to connect computers or other electronic
devices together so that they can share files or resources like printers or fax
machines. Devices used to setup a LAN are the most common type of network
devices used by the public. A LAN requires a hub, router, and cabling or radio
technology, network cards and if online access is desired a high-speed modem.
Most commonly used Network devices are: [AI, Compt.Term-2, 2022, 1 Marks]
 NIC
 Hub
 Switch
 Repeater
 Gateway
 Bridge
 Router
 Modem
23. Define NIC.

Ans. An NIC (Network Interface Card) is a device that enables a computer to

connect to a network and communicate.

Any computer which has to be a part of a computer network must have an NIC
(Network Interface Card / Unit) installed in it. A computer communicates with
other computers on a network with the help of an NIC only. Now days, in most of
the PCs and the laptops, NIC is an integral part of the motherboard.
24. Define Hub.

Ans. A Hub is an electronic device that connects several nodes to form a
network and redirects the received information to all the connected
nodes in broadcast mode.
Hub is a device that allows us to connect multiple computers/devices together in
a network.
A hub has ports into which the cables from individual computers' NICs are
inserted. This way each computer's NIC is connected to hub and hence all the
computers are connected together.
Whenever a computer has to send some information to some other computer(s),
the information is sent by the NIC to the hub. Then the hub re-transmits this
information to the other computers attached to it.
The computer(s) for which the information is intended receive(s) this information
and accept(s) it. Other computers on the network simply reject this information.
25. What is the drawback of Hub?

Ans. The limitation of hub is that if data from two devices come at the same time, they
will collide.
26. Define Switch.
Or,
What is the significance of a switch in a computer network? [AI, 2021, 1 mark]
Ans. A Switch is an intelligent device that connects several nodes to form a

network and redirects the received information only to the intended
node(s).
A switch is an intelligent hub. It looks exactly like a hub. It has the same
function as that of a hub: to connect multiple computers/devices in a network.
But the difference between the two is in the way they re-transmit the received
information.
Unlike a hub, instead of broadcasting (sending to each device attached to it) the
received information, a switch sends the information selectively only to those
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computers for which it is intended. This makes a switch more efficient than a
hub.
Ethernet switches are common in homes and offices to connect multiple
devices, thus creating LANs or to access the Internet.
27. Define Repeater.
Ans. A Repeater is a device that is used to regenerate a signal which is on its
way through a communication channel. A repeater regenerates the
received signal and re-transmits it to its destination.
When the data is transmitted over a network for long distances, the data signal
gets weak after certain distance.
This distance depends on the data transfer range of transmission channel being
used and can be from a few meters to a few kilometers.
If the signal becomes weak, it cannot reach its destination. Therefore, some
device is required which can re-strengthen the data signal before it gets too
weak.
Repeater is such a device. A repeater regenerates the received signal and
re-transmits it to its destination.
In short, A repeater is an analog device that works with signals on the cables
to which it is connected. The weakened signal appearing on the cable is
regenerated and put back on the cable by a repeater.
28. Define Gateway. [AI, 2021, 1 Marks]
Or,
What is the function of a Gateway? [AI, Term 2, 2022, 1 Marks]
Ans. A Gateway is a device, which is used to connect different types of
networks and perform the necessary translation so that the connected
networks can communicate properly.
It is a network device that connects two dissimilar networks.
There are a large number of computer networks in this world. As common
examples you can consider your school's computer network, ATM network of a
bank, a big company's computer network spread over a city, etc.
There are thousands of computer networks that exist. These networks use
different hardware and software. Many times these networks need to
communicate with each other.
For example, companies X, Y, and Z do business with each other and therefore
they want to interconnect their computer networks.
Another example is the internet which contains a large number of different types
of networks spread over the globe. Different networks are sometimes

incompatible with each other. It is like a group of persons using different

languages for conversation.
When two or more networks using different hardware and software have
to be connected, some device is needed which can translate one network's
language into the other's.
A gateway is a device, which is used to connect different types of
networks. A gateway is capable of understanding address architectures used in
different networks and seamlessly translate between these address
architectures.
In short, Gateway serves as the entry and exit point of a network, as all
data coming in or going out of a network must first pass through the gateway in
order to use routing paths. Generally, a router is configured to work as a gateway
device in computer networks.
29. How the Gateway can be implemented in a network?
Ans. A gateway can be implemented as software, hardware, or a combination
of both. This is because a network gateway is placed at the edge of a network
and the firewall is usually integrated with it.
30. Define Bridge.
Ans. A bridge is a device, which is used to connect two LANs or two segments of the
same LAN and must follow the same protocol. Bridge work with MAC addresses.
A bridge allows to cross only that data which has a valid MAC address of other
side of Bridge.
Computer X wants to communicate with Computer Y and hence provide MAC

address of Computer D for communication take place. In this case, the X’s data
will not cross the bridge and will remain within LAN A, because the
destination MAC address does not lie on other side of bridge.
Computer X wants to communicate with Computer Z and hence provide MAC
address of Computer Z for communication take place. In this case, the X’s data
will cross the bridge and will move to LAN B, as the destination MAC
address belongs here.
31. Define Router.
Ans. A Router is a network device that connects multiple networks
irrespective of their protocol. This is because a router can handle
different protocols; otherwise it works similar to that of a bridge.
A Router forwards data packets from one connected network to another
depending upon their IP addresses and not their MAC address.

32. Write the difference between Bridge and Router.

Ans. Two differences between Bridge and Router:
i) A bridge cannot handle multiple protocols whereas a router can.
ii) A bridge works with MAC address whereas a router works with IP
addresses.
33. How the Router is differing from Hub or Switch?

Ans. Compared to a hub or a switch, a router has advanced capabilities as it can
analyse the data being carried over a network, decide or alter how it is packaged,
and send it to another network of a different type.
34. “A router can be wired or wireless”. Justify your Answer.
Ans. A router can be wired or wireless. A wireless router can provide Wi-Fi access to
smartphones and other devices. Usually, such routers also contain some ports to
provide wired Internet access. These days, home Wi-Fi routers perform the dual
task of a router and a modem or switch. These routers connect to incoming
broadband lines, from ISP (Internet Service Provider), and convert them to
digital data for computing devices to process.
35. Define ISP.
Ans. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is any company or organisation that provides
services for accessing the Internet.
ISPs offer various types of internet connectivity services, such as broadband,
dial-up, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), cable, fiber-optic, and wireless
connections.
36. Define MODEM. [AI, 2021, 1 Marks]
Ans. A MODEM is a computer peripheral that allows you to connect and
communicate with other computers via telephone line.
In a modem, the modulation process involves the conversion of the digital
computer signals to analog audio-frequency (AF) tones.
Ordinary telephone line cannot carry digital information, a modem change the
digital data from your computer into analog data, a format that can be carried by
telephone lines.
The demodulation process converts the audio tones back into digital signals

that a computer can understand directly.

Various types of MODEM -
i) Internal Modem that are fixed within the computer
ii) External Modem that are connect externally to a computer as of other
peripherals are connected
37. What is RJ-45?

Ans. RJ-45 , short form of Registered Jack - 45 , is an eight wired connector that is
used to connect computers on a local area network(LAN), especially Ethernet.
RJ-45 connectors look similar to the RJ-11 connector used for connecting
telephone equipment, but they are somewhat wider.
38. Name the device that –

a) Signal sent in broadcast mode to all nodes but is accepted by the intended
node(s)
b) Signal is sent only to the intended node(s)
Ans. a) HUB
b) SWITCH
39. What is Network Topology?

Ans. A Topology is an arrangement of physical connections among nodes in a
network.
 When we have to connect computers/devices in a network, there may be
certain conditions which have to be satisfied. Depending upon these
conditions, there may be different ways of interconnecting the
computers/devices.
 The way in which the Network Topologies computers/devices are physically
interconnected to form a network is called a Topology.
40. What are the important factors for topology?
Ans. The important factors for topology are:
 Cost – For a network to be cost effective, one would strive to minimize
installation cost. This may be achieved by using well-understood Medias
and also to a lesser extent, by minimizing the distances involved.

 Flexibility – The topology should allow for easy re-configuration of the

network. This involves moving existing nodes and adding new nodes.
 Reliability - The topology chose for the network can help by allowing the
location of the fault to be detected and to provide some means of isolating it.
41. What are the different type’s network topologies? [AI, Compt. (New) 2021, 1
Marks]
42. Ans. The different types of network topologies are-

 Bus or Linear Topology
 Star Topology
 Ring or Circular Topology
 Tree Topology
 Mesh Topology
43. What do you meant by bus topology? Write its characteristics.

Ans. A bus topology consists of a single length of the transmission medium
onto which the various nodes (file Server, Workstation and peripherals)
are connected to the linear Coaxial cable.
 In bus topology all the nodes are connected to a main cable called backbone.
If any node has to send some information to any other node, it sends the
signal to the backbone.
 The signal travels through the entire length of the backbone and is received
by the node for which it is intended. A small device called terminator is
attached at each end of the backbone.
 When the signal reaches the end of backbone, it is absorbed by the
terminator and the backbone gets free to carry another signal. This prevents
the reflection of signal back on the cable and hence eliminates the chances
of signal interference.

Characteristics of Bus topology:

 It is easy to install. (Advantage)
 It requires less cable length and hence it is cost effective. (Advantage)
 Failure of a node does not affect the network. (Advantage)
 In case of cable (backbone) or terminator fault, the entire network breaks
down. (Disadvantage)
 Fault diagnosis is difficult. (Disadvantage)
 At a time only one node can transmit data. (Disadvantage)
44. What do you meant by Star Topology? Write its characteristics.

Ans. This topology consists of a central node (switch/hub/router) to which all
other nodes are connected by a single path. It is the topology used in
most existing information networks involving data processing or voice
communications.
 In star topology each node is directly connected to a hub/switch. If any
node has to send some information to any other node, it sends the signal to
the hub/switch. This signal is then broadcast (in case of a hub) to all the
nodes but is accepted by the intended node(s). In the case of a switch the
signal is sent only to the intended node(s).
 Star topology generally requires more cable and devices than bus topology.
 Star topology can be implemented in home, office or even in a building.
Characteristics of Star topology:

 It is more efficient topology as compared to bus topology. (Advantage)
 It is easy to install. (Advantage)
 It is easy to diagnose the fault in Star topology. (Advantage)
 It is easy to expand depending on the specifications of central hub/switch.
 Failure of hub/switch leads to failure of entire network (Disadvantage)
 It requires more cable length as compared to bus topology. (Disadvantage)
45. How does the behavior of a central node differ when it functions as a
broadcasting device compared to a unicast device in a network?
Ans. The central node can be either a broadcasting device means data will be
transmitted to all the nodes in the network, or a unicast device means the node
can identify the destination and forward data to that node only.
46. What is the function of a broadcasting central node in the network?
Ans. It transmits data to all nodes in the network.
47. In a unicast network, how does the central node transmit data?
Ans. It sends data to a single, specified destination node.
48. What happens if the central node in a broadcasting network goes down?
Ans. The entire network goes down.
49. What do you meant by Tree Topology or Hybrid Topology? Write its
Characteristics.
Ans. Tree topology is a combination of bus and star topologies. It is used to combine
multiple star topology networks. All the stars are connected together like a bus.
This bus-star hybrid approach supports future expandability of the network.
 The tree topology is a modified form of bus topology. Tree topologies are
comprised of multiple star topologies on a bus. Tree topologies integrate
multiple star topologies together onto a bus. Only the hub devices can
connect directly with tree bus and each hub functions as root of a tree of
the network devices.
 The main difference in this network and bus is the presence of ‗ROOT‘ to
the tree. When a node transmits, the root receives the signal and
rebroadcasts it through the entire network.
Characteristics of Tree topology:

 It offers easy way of network expansion
 Even if one network (star) fails, the other networks remain connected and
working.
50. What is Mesh Topology?

Ans.  Mesh topology is a group of nodes which are all connected to each other and
many types of connections are possible in a mesh topology.
 Every single node is connected to the other nodes in a mesh topology and the
chances of connection break down are very minimal in mesh topology.
 Mesh topology is mostly used in WAN.
 This topology is also more secure as compared to other topologies because
each cable between two nodes carries different data.
 In this topology, Wiring is complex and cabling cost is high.
51. What is Ring Topology?

Ans. In ring topology, each node is connected to two other devices, one each on either
side. The nodes connected with each other thus form a ring. The link in a ring
topology is unidirectional. Thus, data can be transmitted in one direction only
(clockwise or counterclockwise).
52. Write the drawback of Ring Topology?
Ans.  Any damage of the cable of any node or device can result in the breakdown of
the whole network.
 The Ring topology is rare to come across or almost obsolete because of its
limitations.
53. How will a bus and ring topology behave in case a node is down?
Ans.  In case of Bus topology, Failure of a node does not affect the network.
(Advantage). If cable (backbone) or terminator fault, the entire network
breaks down. (Disadvantage)
 But in Ring Topology, Any damage of the cable of any node or device can
result in the breakdown of the whole network.

Internet Concepts
Syllabus 2023-24 :
 Internet, URL, WWW and its applications- Web, email, Chat, VoIP
 Introduction to website, difference between a website and webpage, static vs
dynamic web page, web server and hosting of a website.
 Introduction to web browser, commonly used browsers, browser settings, add-ons
and plug-ins, cookies
54. What is Internet?

Ans. It is a network of networks spread across the globe, all of which are connected
to each other.
The Internet is a system of linked networks that are worldwide in scope and
facilitate data communication services such as remote login, file transfer,
electronic mail, the World Wide Web and newsgroups.
55. Define Inter Space.
Ans.  Inter Space: It is a client/server software program that allows multiple
users to communicate online with real time audio, video and text chat in
dynamic 3D environments.
 It provides the most advanced form of communication technology available
today. It is a vision of what internet will become tomorrow.
 The users will be able to communicate in multiple ways and from multiple
sources instantly.
56. What is Protocol? Also define the different types of network protocols.
Ans. All networks follow some agreed upon set of rules for communication.
Computers on a network follow some set of rules for communicating with one
another. These set of rules are called PROTOCOLS. There are many
networking protocols. One of the most common networking protocols is TCP/IP
short-form of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
Def. : A network protocol is a set of rules for communication among
networked devices.
Protocols generally includes rules of how and when a device can send or receive
the data, how is the sent data packaged, and how it reaches its destination.
There are a number of protocols defined for computer networks. Here we
discuss three of them –
 HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) - It is used to transfer all files
and other data (collectively called resources) from one computer to another
on the World Wide Web. When an HTTP client (a browser) sends a request
to an HTTP server (web server), the server sends responses back to the
client. This transfer of requests and responses is done following HTTP

protocol.
 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) - It is the
basic protocol of the Internet. Communication between two computers on
internet is done using TCP/IP protocol. TCP/IP is a two-layer protocol.
When data is to be sent from one computer to another over internet, it is
first broken into smaller packets called Datagrams. When these packets
are received by the receiver computer, they are assembled into the original
message. This job of dividing the original message into packets and re-
assembling the received packets into the original message is done following
TCP protocol. Internet protocol is followed to ensure that each of these
packets gets to the right destination. Different packets from the same
message may be routed differently, but they reach the same destination and
are reassembled there.
 PPP (Point to Point Protocol) - It is a protocol for direct communication
between two computers, typically a personal computer connected by phone
line to a server. Most Internet service providers (ISPs) use PPP for customer
dial-up access to the Internet. PPP is used over many types of physical
networks including cellular telephone, serial cable, phone line, trunk line,
specialized radio links, and fiber optic links.
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)- It is used for transferring files from one
system to another on the internet. FTP is based on Client/Server principle.
By giving the ftp command with any remote address, the file transfer can be
initiated. In any FTP interface, clients identify the FTP server either by its
IP address (such as 192.168.0.1) or by its host name (such as ftp.about.com).
It is an efficient means to send and receive files from a remote host.
 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - It allows transmission of email
over the Internet. Most email software is designed to use SMTP for
communication purposes when sending email. It only works for outgoing
messages. So when an email has to be sent, the address of their Internet
Service Provider's SMTP server has to be given.
 POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) - POP3 is the third version of a
widespread method of receiving email which receives and holds email for an
individual until they pick it up. SMTP has a disadvantage that if the
destination computer is not online, mails cannot be received. So the SMTP
server receives the mail on behalf of every host and the respective host then
interacts with the SMTP server to retrieve messages by using a client server
protocol called POP3. POP3 makes it easy for anyone to check their email if
their email program is configured properly to work with the protocol. Many
popular email programs, including Microsoft Outlook, are automatically
designed to work with POP3.
57. What is the purpose of TCP/IP?
Ans. Stands for "Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.― The
purpose was to allow computers to communicate over long distance networks.
The TCP part has to do with the verifying delivery of the packets. The IP
part refers to the moving of data packets between nodes. TCP/IP has since
then become the foundation of the Internet. Therefore, TCP/IP software is built

into all major operating systems, such as Unix, Windows, and the Mac OS.
58. How the TCP/IP works?
Ans. When any data has to sent over Internet, it is first broken down into small
portion called Datagrams. These portions are then numbered and addressed
before carried towards their destination. The data has to be broken down so
that they can be easily sent across the network of cables. These datagrams are
numbered so that they can be put together properly at the other end
irrespective of the sequence in which they reach. This numbering and
addressing also helps if the data gets damaged during the way. TCP/IP
performs all these functions related to data communication.
59. What is Email Protocol? What are the purposes of SMTP?
Ans. Email Protocol is also known as SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). It
allows transmission of email over the Internet.
The purposes of SMTP are -
 It simplifies the communication of email messages between servers.
It allows the server to break up different parts of a message into categories
the other server can understand. Any email message has a sender, a
recipient or sometimes multiple recipients - a message body, and usually a
title heading. Once a message goes out on the internet, everything is turned
into strings of text. This text is separated by code words or numbers that
identify the purpose of each section of an email. SMTP provides those
codes, and email server software is designed to interpret these codes.
 To set up communication rules between servers. Every server has its
own way to identify itself, define the mode of communication that they will
follow, check for errors and handle them. In a typical SMTP transaction, a
server will identify itself, and announce the kind of operation it is trying to
perform. The other server will authorize the operation, and the message
will be sent. If the recipient address is wrong, or if there is some other
problem, the receiving server may reply with some error message.
60. Write one disadvantage of SMTP.
Ans. SMTP has a major disadvantage that it is relatively easy to send a message
with a fake sender address. This results in spread of many email-based viruses.
Someone may receive a message that they think is coming from a friend, when
someone else is actually sending it. Although attempts are being made to
overcome this disadvantage but it still causes some problems.
61. Define the term URL.
Ans.  Web address of the web page written on the address bar of the browser is
known as the Uniform Resource Locator (URL). A URL is a formatted
text string used to identify a network resource on the Internet. Network
resources are files that can be plain Web pages, text documents, graphics,
downloadable files, services or programs. Every network resource on the
web has a unique URL.
 The file or resource location substring contains a path to one specific
network resource on the host/server. Resources are normally located in a

host directory or folder.

 For example: www.school.com/syllabus/preprimary/nursery.htm is the
location of this Web page including two subdirectories and the file name.
 The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the unique identifier of a
web page, which means it is a uniform way to locate a resource
(file or document) on the Internet.
 The address or URL of the current page you are on appears in the "Address
Bar" of the web browser.
 The actual URL is a set of four numbers separated by periods. Eg
209.164.80.192 but as these are difficult for human to use, addresses are
represented in alphanumeric form that is more descriptive and easy to
remember.
 Thus, the URL 209.164.80.192 can also be written as www.microsoft.com
62. What is URL Host/Server or Domain Name?
Ans.  The host name or address substring identifies the host/server that holds
the resource. Hosts names are sometimes called domain names.
 For example: www. School.com is a domain name
 Host names are mapped into numeric IP addresses.
 The domain name www.school.com may have IP address 192.2.100.1
63. What is Search Engine? Give example some of the popular search
engine.
Ans. A Search Engine is a software system or online service that allows users to
search and retrieve information from the vast amount of content available on
the internet. Search engines are designed to help users find specific
information, websites, documents, images, videos, and other types of content
based on keywords, phrases, or queries they input into the search bar.
Search Engine(s) like google.co.in, bing.com, duckduckgo.com, in.yahoo.com,
etc., can be used to search and retrieve information when the address of the
web page is not known.
64. What do you meant by Domain Name Server or DNS?
Ans.  Host names are mapped to IP addresses by a server known as a DNS
server, or domain name server.
 DNS stands for Domain Name Service. In a large network, many DNS
servers may collaborate to provide the mapping between host names and IP
addresses.
65. Define the term WWW.
Ans.  World Wide Web is an information service that can be used to send and
receive information over Internet to support Multimedia Information,
Hypertext Information or Graphical User Interface.
 WWW can be defined as a hypertext information retrieval system on the
Internet. Tim Berners -Lee is the inventor of WWW.

 WWW is the universe of the information available on the internet.

 WWW consists of web pages, which use HTML to interchange information
on the internet.
 All the webpages on WWW use HTTP transfer protocol for any information
with the capability for making hypertext jumps
66. What are the three fundamental technologies that lead to creation of
web?
Ans. Three fundamental technologies that lead to creation of web:
i) HTML
ii) URI and URL
iii) HTTP
i) HyperText Markup Language or HTML is a language which is used
to design standardised Web Pages so that the Web contents can be read
and understood from any computer across the globe. It uses tags to define
the way page content should be displayed by the web browser. Basic
structure of every webpage is designed using HTML.
ii) Uniform Resource Identifier or URI is a unique identifier to identify a
resource located on the web. URI identifies a resource (hardware or
software) either by its location or by its name or by both.
URL is Uniform Resource Locator and provides the location and
mechanism (protocol) to access the resource. Examples of URI identifying
resources using location (i.e., URL) are: https://www.mhrd.gov.in,
http://www.ncert.nic.in, http://www.airindia.in, etc. URL is sometimes
also called a web address.
iii) HyperText Transfer Protocol is a set of rules which is used to retrieve
linked web pages across the web. It‘s more secured and advanced version
is HTTPS.
These days it is not mandatory to mention protocol and subdomain while
entering a URL. The browser automatically prefixes it.
67. What is a difference between URI and URL?
Ans. Uniform Resource Identifier or URI is a unique identifier to identify a
resource located on the web. URI identifies a resource (hardware or software)
either by its location or by its name or by both.
URL is Uniform Resource Locator and provides the location and
mechanism (protocol) to access the resource. Examples of URI identifying
resources using location (i.e., URL) are: https://www.mhrd.gov.in,
http://www.ncert.nic.in, http://www.airindia.in, etc. URL is sometimes also
called a web address.
68. Define the various web applications available on the web server.
Ans. The most popular and commonly used web applications are –
 SMS - SMS stands for Short Message Service and is also commonly
referred to as a ―Text Message‖. With a SMS, people can send a message of
up to 160 characters to another device. Longer message will automatically

be split up into several parts.

 Voice Mail - Voice Mail is a method of storing voice messages
electronically for later retrieval by intended recipients. Callers leave short
messages that are stored on digital media.
 Electronic Mail - Email is simply the short form of ―electronic mail‖. It is
a system of receiving, sending, and storing electronic messages. An
electronic message is text or a file prepared using software in computer and
that travels through telephone lines from one computer to another. E-mail
has become a popular method of communication. Now, an e-mail is
preferred for personal or business communication as compared to letter
sent by traditional post. The speed is much higher than the speed of the
traditional postal or the courier service.
 Chat - A real time informal communication over the Internet is called
chatting. A chat program is software which is required for chatting over the
internet. AOL Instant Messenger, Campfire, Internet Messenger, MSN
Messenger are some commonly used chat programs. In order to chat, the
user should have an account on a chatting program. A phone call is a voice
based chat while online chat is textual conversation. Chat is only feasible
when both the users are on Internet at the same time. The
communication occurs through typed text messages.
 Video Conferencing - The video conferencing is a conference between two
or more people sitting at various remote locations around the world. They
can talk to each other when they are connected to each other using
Internet. Thus, they are able to transmit both the video and audio data. In
video conferencing, several computer networks relay the information
through the Internet. Each of the end user has a camera known as Webcam
as well microphone to capture the video data and the voice data in real time
and this is transmitted over Internet. The participants can view each other
over their monitors as well as hear the voice data over speakers of their
laptop or desktop computers. These days equipment such as smart phones
and tablets has the capability of capturing the video data as well voice
data. Therefore, it is possible to conduct video conferencing from any part of
the world not necessarily connected to Internet through wires.
69. Write some common facilities available for email users?
Ans. Following are some of the common facilities available for email user:
i) Creating an email, attaching files with an email, saving an email as draft
for mailing later. Creating email is also termed as composing.
ii) Sending and receiving mail. Same email can be sent to multiple email
addresses, simultaneously.
iii) Sending the copy of mail, as carbon copy (cc) or blind carbon copy (bcc).
iv) Forwarding a received email to other user(s)
v) Filtering spam emails
vi) Organising email in folders and sub folders
vii) Creating and managing email ids of the people you know.

viii) Setting signature/footer to be inserted automatically at the end of each

email
ix) Printing emails using a printer or saving as files.
x) Searching emails using email address or email subject text.
70. What is an Instant Messaging or Chatting?

Ans. Thus, Chatting or Instant Messaging (IM) over the Internet means
communicating to people at different geographic locations in real time through
text message(s).
71. Name some popular applications of Instant Messaging.
Ans. Applications such as WhatsApp, Slack, Skype, Yahoo Messenger, Google Talk,
Facebook Messenger, Google Hangout, etc., are examples of instant
messengers.
Some of these applications support instant messaging through all the modes —
text, audio and video.
72. Name the protocol is used for chatting.
Ans. IRC (Internet Relay Chat) protocol is used for chatting. It provides
chatting between groups or between two individuals. It is based on client/server
model. The IRC client sends and receives messages to and from an IRC server.
The IRC server transports the message from one client to another. The IRC
server is linked to many other servers to form an IRC network. IRC server
identifies every user through a unique nickname. Each user is assigned a
unique channel in case multiple discussions are taking place.
73. Define the term VoIP. Also write the three different methods of VoIP
service.
Or,
What do you understand by the term VoIP? Give two examples of
software/apps based on VoIP. [AI, 2021, 2 Marks]
Or,
Expand VoIP. [AI, 2021, 1 Marks]
Ans. VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol. It enables the transfer of
voice using packet switched network rather than using public switched
telephone network. By using VOIP software, phone calls can be done using
standard internet connection. This method of making phone calls is much
cheaper than convectional way because the service of Telecommunication
Company is not used.
There are three different methods of VoIP service in common use today:
 ATA - ATA stands for Analog-to-Digital converted. It is used to connect the
telephone device to the computer. It takes the analog signals from the
phone and converts them to digital signals. These digital signals can known
be transmitted over the internet. Some providers also are bundling ATAs
free with their service.

 IP phones - IP phones appear much like an ordinary telephone or cordless

phone. They are directly connected to the router or the LAN. They have all
the hardware and software necessary right onboard to handle the IP call.
IP Phones are sometimes called VoIP telephones, SIP phones or Soft
phones.
 Computer-to-computer - It is the most easy and simplest way to use

VoIP. The basic hardware requirements are as follows:
 Computer
 Internet
 Speakers
 Microphone
The only cost involved with computer - to- computer VoIP is the monthly
ISP fee.
74. What is Internet Telephony or Broadband Telephony?

Ans. Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP, allows us to have voice call (telephone
service) over the Internet, i.e., the voice transmission over a computer network
rather than through the regular telephone network. It is also known as
Internet Telephony or Broadband Telephony.
75. How the VoIP works?
Ans. VoIP works on the simple principle of converting the analogue voice signals
into digital and then transmitting them over the broadband line.
76. Write two advantages and disadvantage of VoIP?
Ans. There are two major advantages of a VoIP—
 These services are either free or very economical, so people use them to
save on cost. That is why these days even international calls are being
made using VoIP.
 VoIP call(s) can be received and made using IP phones from any place
having Internet access. Hence, VoIP has increased the portability and
functionality of the voice calling system. Incoming phone calls can be

automatically routed to the VoIP phone as soon as it is connected to the

Internet.
The only disadvantage of VoIP is that its call quality is dependent on
Internet connection speed. Slow Internet connection will lead to poor quality
voice calls.
77. Define WWW.
Ans. WWW (World Wide Web): WWW can be defined as a hypertext information
retrieval system on the Internet. Tim Berners -Lee is the inventor of WWW.
WWW is the universe of the information available on the internet.
78. Define Web site.
Ans. A website is a collection of web pages and related content that is identified by a
common domain name and published on at least one web server. A related web
page from a single domain is termed as a website. A website has multiple web
pages providing information about a particular entity.
Thus, A website (usually referred to as a site in short) is a collection of
web pages related through hyperlinks, and saved on a web server. All
the pages of a website are integrated under one domain name and
have a common theme and template.
79. Fill in the blank:
_________ integrated under one domain name and have a common theme and
template.
Ans. Website
80. What is the purpose of the Website?
Ans. A website‘s purpose is to make the information available to people at large.
81. What are the common purposes for designing websites?
Ans. Some of the common purposes for which websites are designed are listed below:
• Selling products and delivering services
• Posting and finding information on the internet
• Communicating with each other
• Entertainment purposes
• Disseminating contents and software
82. Define Web Page. Also write the classification of the web page.
Ans. A web page is a specific collection of information provided by a website and
displayed to a user in a web browser. A Web page is an electronic document
designed using HTML. It displays information in textual or graphical form. It
may also contain downloadable data files, audio files or video files. Traversal
from one webpage to another web page is possible through hyperlinks.
Basic structure of a web page is created using HTML (HyperText
Markup Language) and CSS (Cascaded Style Sheet).
A web page can be classified into two types:
 Static web page: A web page which displays same kind of information
whenever a user visits it, is known as a static web page. A static web
page generally has .htm or .html as extension
 Dynamic web page: An interactive web page is a dynamic webpage. A
dynamic web page uses scripting languages to display changing
content on the web page. Such a page generally has .php, .asp or .jsp as
extension.
83. What are the different forms of information may contain in a web
page?
Ans. A web page is usually a part of a website and may contain information in
different forms, such as:
 text in the form of paragraphs, lists, tables, etc.
 images
 audio
 video
 software application
 other interactive contents
84. What do you meant by Scripting Language?
Ans. A scripting language is a programming language which can be embedded or
integrated with other languages. Some of the most widely used scripting
languages are JavaScript, VBScript, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby, and ASP.
They have been used extensively to create dynamic web pages.
85. How to create an interactive web page? Give example.
Ans. Program codes called scripts are used to define the manner in which the page
will behave on different actions. Scripts make a web page interactive.
JavaScript is the most popular and commonly used scripting language.
However, Python and PHP are also used to apply scripting on a web page.
86. Write the scripting language supported by dynamic web pages.
Ans. Dynamic web pages support two types of scripting:
 Client-Side Scripting : On some web pages the contents change in
response to an action done by the user, for example a click from the
mouse or a key press from a keyboard action. Such pages use client-side
scripting. In this technology, the content is generated on the user's local
computer. VB Script and Java Script are examples of client-side
scripting languages.
 Server-Side Scripting : Some web pages use applications running on
the server to generate the web content. Such pages use server-side
scripting language. Web page display the current time and date, forums,
submission forms, shopping carts etc., use server-side scripting. ASP,
JSP, PHP are examples of server-side scripting languages.
87. How the web pages are classified?
Or,
What is Static and Dynamic web page?
Or,
What is the difference between Static web page and Dynamic web
page?
Ans. A web page can be classified into two types:
 Static web page: A static webpage is one whose content always remains
static, i.e., does not change for person to person. When a web server
receives a request (from browser) for a static web page, it just locates the
page on its storage media and sends it to the browser of the client. No
additional processing is performed on the page. Hence, a static web page
remains the same for all users until someone changes its code
manually. Static web pages are generally written in HTML, JavaScript
and/or CSS and have the extension .htm or .html.
 Dynamic Web Page : Dynamic web page is one in which the content of the
web page can be different for different users. The difference in content may
be because of different choices made by the user. When a request for a
dynamic web page is made to the web server, it does not simply retrieve the
page and send. Before sending the requested web page, the server may
perform some additional processes like getting information from the
database, updating date and time, updating weather information, etc. The
content of such pages changes frequently. They are more complex and
thus take more time to load than static web pages.
Dynamic web pages can be created using various languages such as
JavaScript, PHP, ASP.NET, Python, Java, Ruby, etc. These are
complex to construct and design, as the code to perform the additional
operations has to be added.
In short,
 A static web page is one whose content does not change for requests
made by different people.
 A dynamic web page is one in which the content of the web page
displayed is different for different users.
88. What is Web Server? [AI, 2023, 2 Marks]
Ans. A Web server is a computer or a group of computers that stores web pages on
the internet.
 It works on client/server model. It delivers the requested web page to web
browser.
 Web servers use special programs such as Apache or IIS (Internet
Information Services) to deliver web pages over the http protocol.
 Each server has a unique IP address and domain name.
 In order to access a webpage, the user writes the URL of the site on the
address bar of the browser.
Thus, A web server is used to store and deliver the contents of a
website to clients such as a browser that request it.
89. “A Web Server can be Software or Hardware”. Justify your answer.

Ans. A web server can be software or hardware.
 Web server as computer hardware, it stores web server software and a
website's contents (HTML pages, images, CSS style-sheets, and JavaScript
files). The server needs to be connected to the Internet so that its contents
can be made accessible to others.

 Web server as a software, it is a specialised program that understands
URLs or web addresses coming as requests from browsers, and responds to
those requests. The server is assigned a unique domain name so that it can
be accessed from anywhere using the domain name.
90. What do you understand by the term HTTP request and HTTP
response in context to the Web Server?
Ans.  The web browser from the client computer sends a request (HTTP
request) for a page containing the desired data or service.
 The web server then accepts, interprets, searches and responds (HTTP
response) to the request made by the web browser.
 The requested web page is then displayed in the browser of the client. If the
server is not able to locate the page, it sends a page containing the error
message (Error 404 – page not found) to the client‘s browser.
91. Define Web Browser. Write the two types of web browser.
[AI, Compt.Term-2, 2022, 1 Marks]
Ans. Web browser is software application that helps us to view and
navigate the web page(s) on the Internet.
Internet works on client-server model. A web browser is a client which requests
the information from the web server. The web server sends the information
back to the client. The web address of the webpage written on the address bar
tells the web browser which page to access.
Some of the commonly used web browsers are Google Chrome, Internet
Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, etc.
Web Browser is of two types:
• Text-based browsers – eg. Lynx, W3M etc.
• Graphical browsers – eg. Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Morzilla
Firefox, Opera etc.
92. How the modern browsers differ from traditional browser?
Ans. Nowadays with the advancement of technology, modern web browsers allow us
to view interactive and dynamic websites. Today, most modern browsers
allow a wide range of visual effects, use encryption for advanced security and
also have cookies that can store the browser settings and data.
Every browser has got certain settings that define the manner in which the
browser will behave. These settings may be with respect to privacy, search
engine preferences, download options, auto signature, autofill and
autocomplete feature and much more.
93. Name the first browser developed by NCSA?
Ans. Mosaic was the first web browser developed by the National Centre for
Supercomputing Application (NCSA).
94. Name one Open Source web browser?

Ans. Mozilla Firefox is an open source web browser which is available free of cost
and can be easily downloaded from the Internet.
95. What are Cookies? How can we disable Cookies? [AI, Term 2, 2022, 2 marks]
Or,
What is Cookies? Give benefits of cookies. [AI, 2023, 2 marks]
Ans.  A cookie is a text file, containing a string of information, which is
transferred by the website to the browser when we browse it.
 This string of information gets stored in the form of a text file in the
browser.
 The information stored is retransmitted to the server to recognise
the user, by identifying pages that were visited, choices that were made
while browsing various menu(s) on a particular website.
 It helps in customising the information that will be displayed.
 For example, the choice of language for browsing, allowing the user to auto
login, remembering the shopping preference, displaying advertisements of
one‘s interest, etc.
We can disable cookies by –
 Changing the Privacy and Security settings of the browser.
 Selecting the Do Not Allow option when prompted whether to allow
cookies for a website.
96. Is the cookies are harmful? Justify your answer.
Ans. Cookies are usually harmless and they can‘t access information from the
hard disk of a user or transmit virus or malware.
 It is the browser on our computer which stores and manages the cookies.
 However, viruses can also be tricked as cookies and cause harm to a
computer. One can disable cookies by changing the Privacy and
Security settings of our browser.
97. When was the first cookie software created?
Ans. First cookie software was created in 1994 at Netscape, for determining whether
the person is a first time visitor or a re-visitor of their site.
98. What are add-ons?
Ans.  An add-on is either a hardware unit that can be added to a computer to
increase its capabilities or a program utility that enhances a primary
program.
 Examples of add-ons for a computer include Hardware add-ons/cards for
sound, graphics acceleration, modem capability, and memory. Software
add-ons are common for games, word processors, and accounting
programs.
99. What is Plug-ins? Give examples of any two plug-ins. [AI, Term 2, 2022, 1 Marks]

Ans.  A plug-in is a piece of software that manages Internet content that a

browser is not designed to process.
 Graphics in .gif or .jpg-format are usually automatically displayed by the
browser. For other file types you may need a special plug-in (also known as
add-ons or extensions).
 A plug-in is a piece of software that acts as an add-on to a web browser and
gives the browser additional functionality. Plug-ins can allow a
web browser to display additional content it was not originally designed to
display.
 Example - Java, Flash, Adobe Acrobat, Quicktime
100. How the add-on is differing from plug-in?
Or, [AI, Compt.Term-2, 2022, 2 Marks]
Write the difference between Add-on and Plug-in
Ans. Plug-in Add-on
 A plug-in is a complete  An add-on is not a complete
program or may be third-party program and so is used to add
software. For example, Flash only a particular functionality to
and Java are plug-ins. A Flash the browser.
player is required to play a video
in the browser.
 A plug-in is software that is  An add-on is also referred to
installed on the host as extension in some
computer and can be used by browsers. Adding the
the browser for multiple functionality of a sound and
functionalities and can even be graphics card is an example of
used by other applications as an add-on.
well.
101. Give examples of most commonly used plug-ins are currently available
free of cost.
Ans. The most common plug-ins and applications used are listed below and are
currently available free-
• Adobe Acrobat Reader for displaying *.pdf files
• Adobe Flash Video for streaming videos in flv format
• Apple QuickTime Player for streaming videos in qt-format
• Winamp for streaming MPEG3 sound files
• Java enables applets on Web sites to be run within a browser on the
desktop
• Windows Media Player - Firefox Plug-in, Chrome Plug-in, Opera Plug-
in, Safari Plug-in for streaming WMV and WMA files
• Microsoft Silverlight

102. What do you meant by Web Hosting?

Ans. Web hosting is a service that allows us to put a website or a web page
onto the Internet, and make it a part of the World Wide Web.
Web hosting is the process of uploading/saving the web content on a web
server to make it available on WWW.
Web hosting is a service that allows you to post the website created locally so
that it is available for all internet users across the globe.
103. How to host a website? Write steps.
Ans.  Select the web hosting service provider that will provide the web server
space as well as related technologies and services such as database,
bandwidth, data backup, firewall support, email service, etc. This has to be
done keeping in mind the features and services that we want to offer
through our website.
 Identify a domain name, which best suits our requirement, and get it
registered through domain name Registrar.
 Once we get web space, create logins with appropriate rights and note
down IP address to manage web space.
 Upload the files in properly organised folders on the allocated space.
 Get domain name mapped to the IP address of the web server.
104. What is DNS?
Ans. The Domain Name System (DNS) is a service that does the mapping
between domain name and IP address.
When the address of a website is entered in a browser, the DNS finds out the
IP address of the server corresponding to the requested domain name and
sends the request to that server.

NCERT TEXT BOOK (NEW) - SOLUTIONS
1. Fill in the blanks:

Ans. a) To transmit data for sharing on a network, it has to be divided into
smaller chunks called Packet.
b) The set of rules that decide the functioning of a network is called
Protocol.
c) A LAN can be extended up to a distance of 1 km.
d) The Router connects a local area network to the internet.
e) The Tree or Hybrid topology is of hierarchical nature.
f) Uniform Resource Locator is a standard naming convention used for
accessing resources over the Internet.
g) Website is a collection of related web pages.
h) A Server is a computer that provides services to other programs or
computers.
2. Expand the following:
Ans. a) ARPANET – Advanced Research Projects Agency
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was the first-ever
operational packet-switching network and is considered the foundation for
the development of the modern Internet. It was a research project funded
by the United States Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA, now known as DARPA) and was operational from the late
1960s to the early 1990s.
b) ISP – Internet Service Provider
c) URL – Uniform Resource Locator
3. Name the device for the following:
Ans. a) It stands for Modulator Demodulator - MODEM
b) It regenerates the signals - REPEATER
4. Differentiate between:
Ans. a) MAN and WAN
MAN – Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is an extended form of LAN which
covers a larger geographical area like a city or a town.
WAN – Wide Area Network (WAN) connects computers and other LANs and
MANs, which are spread across different geographical locations of a country or
in different countries or continents.
b) Website and web page
WEBSITE – A website is a collection of related web pages.
WEB PAGE – A web page is a document that is viewed in a web browser such
as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Internet Explorer, etc. It can be

static or dynamic.
c) Router and Gateway
i) A Router is a network device that can receive the data, analyse it and
transmit to other networks whereas a Gateway is a device that connects the
organisation‘s network with the outside world of the Internet.
ii) A Gateway is a network device that regulates traffic between two
dissimilar networks, while routers regulate traffic between similar networks.
c) Bus and Star topology . [Delhi, 2017, 2 Marks], [AI, Term 2, 2022, 2
Marks]
BUS TOPOLOGY – In this topology, each communicating device connects to
a common central transmission medium, known as bus. Transmission from
any station travels the length of the bus in both directions and can be received
by all other stations. The destination device, on identifying the address on
data packet copies the data on its disk. When the data packet reaches at
either end the transminator on that end absorbs the signal, removing it from
the bus.
STAR TOPOLOGY – In star topology, each communicating device is
connected to a central node, which is a networking device like a hub or a
switch, through separate cables.
e) Static and Dynamic web pages –
STATIC WEB PAGE –
i) A static web page is one whose content does not change for requests made
by different people.
ii) Contains simple HTML code.
iii) Requires no additional special software.
DYNAMIC WEB PAGE –
i) A dynamic web page is one in which the content of the web page displayed is
different for different users.
ii) Along with HTML code, also contains dynamic code (in the form of scripts)
iii) Special software must be installed on the server to create a dynamic web
page.
5. Define a network. What is the need of forming a network?
Ans. Def. : A computer network is a collection of interconnected computers
and other devices which are able to communicate with each other
and share hardware and software resources.
In this context, the term interconnected means that there exists a path
through which data can be transmitted from one computer/device to another.
In other word, A network is any collection of independent computers
that communicate with one another over a shared network medium.
The computer networking are needed for-

 Share computer files - Networks provide a very effective method to share

the files with different users.
 Share computer Peripheral - Some computer devices are very expensive.
For example, laser printer and large hard disks are quite costly. Network
enables us to share these costly devices.
 Improve communication speed and accuracy - Networks allows
different computers to communicate with each other. For example, a computer
with DOS can communicate with a computer having UNIX.
 Reduce cost of data transfer - It is possible that the mail from one place
to another could take several days. We can send the message speedily through
networking.
 Increase Storage - Computer is cheaper way to transfer the data. With the
help of the computer network, we can reduce the cost of data transfer.
6. Give any two examples of networks.
Ans. ARPANET, NSFNET
7. Give any three applications on the Internet.
Ans. Email, chat, video conferencing, World Wide Web, VoIP
8. Name any two mail service providers.
Ans. Gmail, Yahoo Mail, Reddiffmail etc.
9. Explain VoIP.
Ans. Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP, allows us to have voice call over internet
i.e. the voice transmission over a computer network rather than through the
regular telephone network. It is also known as Internet Telephony or
Broadband Telephony.
VoIP works on the simple principle of Converting the analogue voice signals
into digital and then transmitting them over the broadband line.
Advantages of VoIP:
Free or very Economical
Portable, Calls can be received using IP Phones.
Disadvantages of VoIP:
Call quality depend on Internet speed.
10. What is DNS?
Ans. DNS expands to Domain Name Server. DNS is a standard protocol that helps
to find the IP address of a web site or web address.
11. Identify the type of topology from the following:
a) Each node is connected with the help of a single cable.
b) Each node is connected with central switching through
independent cables.
Ans. a) Bus Topology
b) Star Topology

12. Sahil, a Class X student, has just started understanding the basics of
Internet and web technologies. He is a bit confused in between the
terms “World Wide Web” and “Internet”. Help him in understanding
both the terms with the help of suitable examples of each.
[AI, Term 2, 2 Marks]
Ans. The Internet as we know is the huge global network of interconnected
computers, which may or may not have any file or webpage to share with the
world.
The web on the other hand is the interlinking of a collection of Web Pages on
these computers which are accessible over the Internet. WWW today gives
users access to a vast collection of information created and shared by people
across the world. It is today the most popular information retrieval system.
13. Murugan wants to send a report on his trip to the North East to his
mentor. The report contains images and videos. How can he
accomplish his task through the Internet?
Ans. He can accomplish his task through Electronic Mail on internet or Share them
through cloud services like Google Drive / One Drive etc.
14. Mampi is planning to open a company that deals with rural
handicrafts. She wants to advertise about handicrafts on a social
platform. Which Internet service she should use and why?
Ans. She can use Social media platforms, Google Ad-sense, Email etc.
Or,
Mampi can create a website for the same.
A website is a set of related web page located under a single domain name.
through various web pages of this website, Mampi can display the details of
the handicraft and the way to obtain these and make payments.
15. Ruhani wants to edit some privacy settings of her browser. How can
she accomplish her task?
Ans. The privacy setting of a browser and then opening Privacy and Security
subgroup of the setting.
Or,
She can accomplish her task by performing following steps:-
 Open your web browser.
 Open browser settings.
 Look for Privacy and security settings. If not directly found, click on
advanced settings.
 After reaching Privacy and security settings she can edit their setting.
16. Shubham wants to play a video in his browser but he is not able to do
so. A message on the screen instructs him to install the Adobe Flash
Player plugin. Help him to add it in his browser.
Ans. Subham can click on the installation link to go to the Adobe site and then
download and install the required Flash player plug-in.
Or,
To Add a Plug into web browser, Shubham need to look for extensions store,

which for example on Google Chrome, it is Chrome web store and for Opera, it
is Opera Extension Store.
After opening extensions store search Adobe Flash Player.
Then install or add Adobe Flash Player.
This way Shubham can add Adobe Flash Player in his browser.
17. When Joe typed a URL in the address bar of his browser, Error 404
was displayed? Why did this happen? What can be done to avoid it?
Ans. Error 404 is displayed because when the server is not able to locate the page,
it sends a page containing the error message (Error 404 – page not found) to
the client‘s browser. It can be avoided by typing correct URL in the address
bar of browser or requested webpage no longer exists.
Text – Book Question: (Solved) [OLD TEXT BOOK]
1. Which topologies is a combination of more than one topologies?

Ans. Tree
2 Name the transmission media used for wireless communication.
Ans. Radio wave, infrared
3. Is IP addresses of two computers on a network is same?
Ans. No
4. Define the term topology.
Ans. A Topology is the physical communication scheme used by connected device in
a network.
5. List any two advantages and any two disadvantages of Star topology.
Ans. Advantages of Star Topology
i) Failure of a single connection does not affect the entire network. It just
involves disconnecting one node from an otherwise fully functional
network. This also helps in easy reconfiguration of the network.
ii) Fault detection is easier.
iii) Access protocols being used in a Star network are very simple since the
central node has the control of the transmission medium for data
transmission.
Disadvantages of Star Topology

i) Since every node is directly connected to the centre, so large amount of
cable is needed which increases the installation cost of the network.
ii) The entire network is dependent on the central node. If the central node
fails the entire network goes down.
6. How is Tree Topology different from Bus topology?

Ans. Tree topology is a combination of bus and star topology. This bus/star hybrid
approach supports future expandability of the network much better than
a bus. Data transmission takes place in the same way as in bus topology.
When the signal reaches the end of the transmission medium, it is absorbed
by the terminators. Tree topology is best suited for applications which have a
hierarchical flow of data and control.
7. Identify the type of topology from the following.
a) Each node is connected with the help of single cable.
b) Each node is connected with the help of independent cable with central
switching.
Ans. a) Bus Topology
b) Star Topology
8. What do you mean by a modem? Why is it used? [AI, Compt. (New) 2021, 1 Marks]
Ans A MODEM is a computer peripheral that allows you to connect and

communicate with other computers via telephone line.
MODEM is used for modulation process involves the conversion of the
digital computer signals to analog audio-frequency (AF) tones and
demodulation process to converts the audio tones back into digital signals
that a computer can understand directly.
9. What is the difference between WAN & MAN?
Ans. WAN spread over large distances, say across countries or even continents. It
can even include a group of LANs connected together.
MAN that link computer facilities within city.
10. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of following network topologies:
(i) Star (ii) Tree
Ans. (i) Star

Advantage Disadvantage
Ease of service Long cable length
Easy to diagnose the fault Central node dependency
(ii) Tree
Simulates hierarchical flow of data Long cable length
Easy to extend Root dependency
11. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of following network topologies:
(i) Bus (ii) Tree
Ans. (i) Bus
Ease of extend Fault diagnosis is difficult
Short cable length Fault backbone, entire network breaks down

(ii) Tree
Simulates hierarchical flow of data Long cable length
Easy to extend Root dependency
12. What is the difference between LAN and Internet?

Ans. LAN refers to Local Area Network, a network spread over an office or a
building. However, Internet is a worldwide network. It is a network of
networks.
13. What is the difference between LAN and MAN?
Ans. LAN is confined to relatively small areas such as building or a group of
building.
MAN is network spanning a small city or town
14. What is Repeater?
Ans. A Repeater is a device that is used to regenerate a signal which is on its way
through a communication channel. A repeater regenerates the received signal
and re-transmits it to its destination.
15. Show a network layout of star topology and bus topology to connect 6
computers.
Ans.
16. Ms. Anjali Singh, in charge of Knowledge centre in ABC school, recently
discovered that the communication between her centre and the primary block
of the school is extremely slow and signals drop quite frequently. The distance
between these two blocks is 140 meters.
a) Name the type of network.
b) Name the device which may be used for smooth communication.
Ans. a) LAN
b) Repeater
17. Sahil wants to transfer data across two continents at very high speed. Write
the name of the transmission medium that can be used to do the same. Write
the type of network also.
Ans. Satellite
WAN
18. Answer the following questions in the context of a computer lab with 100
computers.
a) Which device is used to connect all computers inside the lab?
b) Which device is used to connect all computers to the internet using
telephone wire?
Ans. a) SWITCH
b) MODEM
19. Name the device that establishes an intelligent connection between a local

network and external network with completely different structures.

Ans. Gateway
20. Name the network device that works like a bridge to establish connection
between two networks but it can also handle networks with different
protocols.
Ans. Router
21. Two companies in different states wanted to transfer information. Which type
of network will be used to implement the same?
Ans. WAN
22. Two schools in the same city wanted to transfer e-learning information. Which
type of network will be used to implement the same?
Ans. MAN
23. Two teachers in the same school sitting in different labs wanted to transfer
information. Which type of network will be used to implement the same?
Ans. LAN
Text – Book Question: (Unsolved)
1. What is a computer network? What are its advantages?

2. What is meant be communication channels/Transmission Media? Give two
examples of guided media and two examples of unguided media.
3. Which communication channel(s) is/are suitable in each of the following
situations:
a) Setting up a LAN
b) Transfer of data from a laptop to a mobile phone.
c) Transfer of data from one mobile phone to another.
d) Creating a remote control that can control multiple devices in a home.
e) Very fast communication between two offices in two different
countries.
f) Communication in a hilly area
g) Communication within a city and its vicinity where cost of cabling is
too high.
4. Why a switch is called an intelligent hub? [2014,AI]
5. When is a repeater used in a computer network? [2014,AI]
6. Two engineers in the same room have connected their Palm-tops using
Bluetooth for working on a Group presentation. Out of the following, what
kind of Network have they formed?
LAN, MAN, PAN, WAN
7. What is a MAC address? What is the difference between a MAC address and
an IP address?

8. Give some examples of domain names and URLs. How is a domain name
different from a URL? [AI, CS Compt. (New) 2021, 2 Marks]
9. What is domain name resolution? [2015,AI]
10. Differentiate (with examples wherever possible) between :
a. LAN and MAN b. MAN and WAN
c. Hub and Switch d. Guided and Unguided media
11. Write one advantage of star topology over bus topology and one advantage of
bus Topology over star topology. [AI, Term 2, 2022, 2 Marks]


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Chapter 5

INTERNET AND WEB

 Network Devices: modem, hub, switch, repeater, router, gateway

1. What is a Computer Networking?

2. Why do we need Computer Networking?

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 2|Page

 At least two computers - Server or Client workstation.

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 3|Page

 WAN - Wide Area Network

12. Explain LAN.

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 4|Page

13. Explain MAN.

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 5|Page

15. Summarize the characteristic of PAN, LAN, MAN and WAN

16. How to identify of a computer and user over a network?

17. Discuss MAC or Physical Address.

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 6|Page

18. Discuss IP Address or Logical Address.

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 7|Page

19. Differentiate between IP Address and MAC Address.

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 8|Page

Generic Domain Names:

Country Specific Domain Names:

In context of internet, a Domain Name is a name assigned to a server through

23. Define NIC.

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 9|Page

connect to a network and communicate.

24. Define Hub.

25. What is the drawback of Hub?

Ans. A Switch is an intelligent device that connects several nodes to form a

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 10 | P a g e

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 11 | P a g e

incompatible with each other. It is like a group of persons using different

Computer X wants to communicate with Computer Y and hence provide MAC

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 12 | P a g e

32. Write the difference between Bridge and Router.

33. How the Router is differing from Hub or Switch?

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 13 | P a g e

that a computer can understand directly.

37. What is RJ-45?

38. Name the device that –

39. What is Network Topology?

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 14 | P a g e

 Flexibility – The topology should allow for easy re-configuration of the

42. Ans. The different types of network topologies are-

43. What do you meant by bus topology? Write its characteristics.

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 15 | P a g e

Characteristics of Bus topology:

44. What do you meant by Star Topology? Write its characteristics.

Characteristics of Star topology:

Characteristics of Tree topology:

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 17 | P a g e

51. What is Ring Topology?

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 18 | P a g e

54. What is Internet?

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 19 | P a g e

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 20 | P a g e

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 21 | P a g e

host directory or folder.

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 22 | P a g e

 WWW is the universe of the information available on the internet.

Chapter 5: Internet and Web 23 | P a g e

be split up into several parts.