INDEX

S. No. Page No.

Title

1. Varying Motion... .01

22 Motion Visualized.. 11

3. Uniform Circular Motion.. 18

4 First Law of Motion. . 22

5. Second Law of Motion. 28

6. Third Law of Motion. 2

7. Waves.. . 37

88 Sound Waves 45

9 Reflection of Sound Waves.. 51

10. Universal Law of Gravitation.. 58

11. Free Fall.. 64

12. Thrust and Pressure... o 70

13. Pressure in Fluids...
s 74
14. Density and Relative Density.. 81
15. Buoyancy..
87

16 Work..
" 91
17. Mechanical Energy..
98
18. Energy Conservation..
ssasswssssEnsun ..107
19 Power eauAsaRABAssan .112
 Learn Varying Motion Class 9 CBSE Science

AT AGLANCE
The motion of an object moving along a straight
line may be uniform or non-uniform.

Speed, velocity, and acceleration are some

physical quantities that are used to m e a s u r e the
rate of change of motion.

REVISE THESE CONCEPTS FIRST

E Distancee Displacement

THINK&REFLECT

O min 15 min 30 min 45 min 6O min T5 mn

Okm 10 km 20 km 30 km 40 km

A car travelling on a highway covers a distance of 50

km in the depicted manner. For instance, it takes 15
minutes to cover the first 10 km, 15 minutes to cover
the next 10 km, and so on. What is the speed with
which the car is travelling ?
 wke*************
arn Varying Mation
Class 9 CBSE Science

of km e
every
v

N e S
a
USNce
10
ntervals of tin
time,
THINK&REFLECT
N
NeOr AANT
R2 eNgARE

N a N
e
NA
Smins

Explorel
O min 15 min 30 min 45 min
defined as the distance
60 min T5 min
mOving. It is
as.

N S
ahseNe

Seed sesa O km 2 km km
7 km 10 km
metre
Seec
Distance
second
Sl unit
SSOCONd. S0, the Sl unit of speed is
s m/s.
r

hat OT N E
mEUSINE The car has now reached the city and is slowly crawling through traffic. Its progress
The Sunte USEIE S depicted in the given image. Using what you've learnt, can you caleulate the speed of the
is

car?

minutes SOU SEGOnds) to

cover the first 10 km (100D
in the gihen ssmpk, the ar tasS
m)
Theretore, ssheet S DE

PITSTOPI E 3NON-UNIFORM MOTION ****

Speed=
An object that covers equal The car covers 2 km in the first 15 minutes, 3 km in the next 15
distances the car covers unequal distances in
minutes, and so on. This means that
in equal intervals of time, no matter hoW equal intervals of time, i.e. its motion is non-uniform.
13000 m
Smal or large the interval, is said to be
900s moving in uniform motion. If the motion of the car isn't uniform, then how can you calculate its speed?
=11.11ms
4AVERAGE SPEED E
FUN FACT In such
situations, where the
Mathematically.
f you ty calcuie the speed for motion of a body is not uniform,
the neat itenal.or for
any cr he cner ight travels very fast. The speed oflight we use the concept of average Total Distance
intervels. you wl tmd et he speed na vecuum (an area Average Speed
remains e
empty of matter) is speed to describe the rate of Total Time
same. Tis s because arouno 800,000 kilometres
per second. motion. Average speed is sinmply
motion s uniom
Explore! the ratio of the total distance 10000 m
travelled, 10 km (10000 m), to the
total time taken, 75 minutes (4500 4500s
seconds), to cover this distance. 2.22 m/s
 varying Motiopn Class 9 CBSE Science

WATCH OUT

What's important to
note is
that
speed
the
speed
need
NOT equal
be equal
average to tthe
ho
PITSTOPI E THINK &REFLECT
Car doesn't
travel with
this
(arithmetiC ean) of the fferent speeds at which
Average
Scalars and Vectors
its average in time.
instead, this is different points ls speed a scalar or a vector? Why?
constantly,
car
travels at
speed.
the Scalars are quantities that can be described
by
the speed at
any
In the previous the
exampie or
tne car crawlina

of the car at
throu their magnitude (numerical value/size)
alone.
For uniform motion, speed
ifferent A scalar tells you how much of
will be the s a m e . In non calculate something
traffic, there
point in time

uniform motion,
however, the
object (shown in the
time intervals m e a n . You will
picture) and
observe
that the
alculate is. Mass has only a
value, no direction
Vectors are quantities that can be
distances in equal arithmetic result described
c o v e r s different its by both their magnitude and direction. A
from the average speed.
so, the speed different
intervals of time and obtained is vector tells you how much of something there
varies throughout. is and which direction it is in. Force hasa
value
and a direction. You push or pull
with some strength (magnitude) in a
something
particular
direction.
THINK&REFLECT
the hospitalis pno km
hospital. The driver
of the car only knowsthatExplain.
A is trying to get to a
car driver to reach the hospital?
for the
information sufficient
away. is this

6VELOCITY
In the previous example of
a car in uniform motion, wve
calculated the speed of the
car to be 11.11 m/s. This
means that the car covers Distancee Scalar
11.11 metres every second. Speed Time quantity
LrOn

Does this number give you any

The information provided is not sufficient
for the driver to reach the hospital. This is
16Id OnoaiD Optimum speed
indication about the direction Explore!
in which the car is travelling?
because the given information does not
indicate what direction the hospital is in.
The driver needs to know both distance and Here, distance and time are both scalar quantities. This means that there is
direction to reach the hospital. Let's look at no direction associated
with either of them. Therefore, speed is also a scalar
another example. quantity.

When a basketball player takes a jump shot, What will happen if we associate speed with the direction of motion? Let's
replace the scalar quantity,
she throws the ball at a particular distance, with the vector quantity, displacement. This gives us a new term, namely velocity.
speed
Equally important is the direction in which
the ball is thrown. She makes sure that the
ball thrown is at optimum speed AND in the Velocity can be understood as the speed of
right direction in order for it to fall into the an object moving in a definite direction. In the
hoop. same way that speed defines the distance Displacement
Covered by an object in unit time, velocity Velocity=
Whatare some other real-life defines the displacement of an object in unit Time
exampleswhere
both speed and direction are important? time.
 RERLEGT 8 Let's look at some other examples where the velocity of an object changes due to a change i
THONK& constant
speod. either the direction of mation or speed of the object.
turn at a
taken a veloci)7

A biker
change
in his
there any
Is

The speed of a car moving on a straigh

road increases
Thevelocity of the car incnesses owingto
the increase in speed.

chano
he 1S moving
continuously
D pite his.
s se
the
direction in
which
of the turn due to the
point
As the biker turns,

remaining the
same, his velocity
changes
at every
change n
direction.
tne Dike at different instances of .
and v, are the velocities of me. Youe
and v, point in different
In the diagram, v, V,, V the directions of v,, V,, V,,
nAsth
the arrows depicting
constantiy changes.
Despite his ges. Despite
spDeed
his speed The speed of a train slowly decreases
see that the
bikerturns, the direction
in which he moving
is
of the turn due to the
constant change in remaining the The velocity of the train decreases owing
point to the decrease in speed.
changes at every
same, his velocity

An ant moves on the surface of a tennis bal

with a constant speed.

The velocity of the ant changes at every point

owingto the constant change in direction of

motion along the surtace of the tennis ball

THINK&REFLECT
Consider two u 5ack a d ane
coimpeting ina 100mracn kackcat
rech

his tog speed of 15 m/s i n t9 second

whereas Jane can ceach her tp spesd et
the
PITSTOP E 12 mis in 12 ueande h o wll n

Aperticle moving wth a unilorm velocity the

always havt a uniorm Speed but the oppos t
rmight not aiways be true
Centre of
rotation
 6ACCELERATION higher top
spee,
Jane reaches
is
THINK&REFLECT
has a Acceleration

though Jack acoeleration.

beceuse
even
tems of Acar moving at 20 ma comen
he r a c e in to rest in 10 s
a n e ivins This is eaptured Alathematioaly
What is its acceleration?
faster
har p saeed of welocit
change
oefined as the rate of

Initial velocity
Explorel
Final velocity-
Acceleration= Time

12-0
acceleration
Let's calculate
their Jane'sacceleration12 Final velocity-Initial velocity -20
t5-0 Acceleration
Jack's acceleration 19 Jane'sacceleration 1m/s* Time m/s-2
10 m/s
lack'sacceleration0.S m/st
If the final velocity of an object is less than its initial velocity, acceleration has a
negative value.
acceleration of an object which is slowing down is negative and is referred to as retardation. The
FINISH Notice that acceleration is a vector quantity because velocity is a vector quantity

WATCH OUTI
Negative acceleration does not always mean that the object is slowing down.

Once youve defined the positive direction motion, motion in the opposite directions

accelerates faster than

Jack and we knw that she w i n s the race. This considered tobe negative. Velocity inrolethein oppositedirection is negative velocity. Note that
the sign of acceleration and hence it's
Here, you see that Jane
can
short distance. But, the result would have been different if
the race was
dlirection of motion playsan important determining
easy to understand acceleration as vector quantity.
a
happens because it's a the racel
which Jack would win

out the length of

the track beyond
longer Try working There are twO Ways acceleration can be negative-in the case of a positive velocity slowing
down or in the case of a negative velocity speeding up.

PITSTOP EO between Speeding up Slowing down

researeh was done, scientists began to discover the relationships
acceleration, and time. These relationships wen
As more and more

ntia yelocity, final velocity, displacement, Positive acceleration Nes coeleratio

known as the equations of motion
put downin the formof three equations, Motion along +ve direction Eg. A sprinter running Eg. Braking of a car
va final velocity towards the finish line.

u- initial velocity Negntve ncoelereton Positive acceleration

V=Utat
S displacement Motion along -ve direction Eg. A bal falling from Eg. Reversing a car into
vu+2as Where a height. a parking spot
a acceleration
smut+at
ttme
 Learn Varying Mioton

Learn Motio
11 Class 9 CBsE Science

INANUTSHELL
an object N
AT AGLANCE
measure
of how fast
Speed is a
travels. The motion of an
of the speed of an
a graph.
object can be represented using
Velocity is
measure

a direction.

in a definite
object moving The
velocity
have the same slopes of the distance time graph,
Both speed
and displacement time graph, and velocity time
S.l. unit, i.e. m/s. graph represent speed,
when
velocty, and acceleration
of a n object
changes respectively.
The velocity the d i r e c t i o n
the
its magnitude o r
either
changes.
is moving in,
object
of how quickly
REVISE THESE CONCEPTS FIRST
Acceleration is a measure

of an object changeS.
the velocity
Uniform Motion Velocity and Acceleration

In the previous lesson, we learned how to calculate

the speed, velocity, and acceleration of an
EXAM CORNER object. Did
you know that the same data can also be
represented
graphically?
The purp0se of a graph is to
1. Which has greater
acceleration, present data that is too
accelerates from numerous or complicated to be described
an aeroplane
that adequately in
in 15 the text. Let's look at how this is done.
1050 km/h to 1060 km/h
from0 to
seconds or a cyclist going
8 km/h in 2 seconds?

2. A car is moving along straight

a line OP as 1DISTANCE TIME GRAPH -

O to P in 18s
shown below. It moves from
Qin 6 s. What are the Consider the following data fora
and returns from P to of the on a highway.
car cruising
average velocity and average speed
car in going
PREVIOUS YEAR
S T G N S Explorel
(a) from O to P
(b) from O to P and back to Q Distance travelled by car (fin metres)

O m 100 m 200 m 300 m 00 m

Om 120 m 240 m 360 m

0s 10

Time
(in seconds)
 Class 9 CBSE SCience

time
the Yaxis and
800 Taking
distance
covered on
data can be THINK &REFLECT
elapsed on the X axis, the given THINK &REFLECT
Based on the graph, can you comment
a s follows.
ropresented
400 nature of
moton of the car?
on the pot the errors (if any) in the
jiven graph.
Explorel

PITSTOPI E
O Time
20
The greater the incline ot

Timoolapsod(in o) covers a distance of 100

metres. The car ismnov the distance time graph, the
observe that the car his willalways
be true if the reater tne speed
secondinterval, you can
intervals of time. I
For any 5 d i s t a n c e s in equal
because covers
equal
uniformly it
distance time graph is a straight line. There are 3 things wrong with the given graph.

THINK&REFLECT
distance time graph?
calculate the slope of a
get when you
what do you

of a line. The slope

of a distance timne Time Time Time
to calculate the slope
learnt how time taken.
You've already
ratio of the distance
travelled to the
travels. At point A, the distance After point B, the value If you take the slope of
graph is the which an object
to time is
the speed with of distance becomes
the graph between the
ratio of distance
you speed. begins to decrease with
However, the of a distance
time graph will give nature of respect to time. This isn't
negative. Negative distance points A and C, you
Therefore, the slope implications of this on the Explorel does not exist. will get a negative
vary and the possible. You can't reduce
look at how the slope
can value. This indicatesSa
Now, let's
motion of an object.
the distance you have
negative speed which is
Distance Time Graph already travelled.
practically impossible.

THINK &REFLECT
(if any) in the
Spot the errors
10 15 20
given graph.
15
20 Time
Time
Time
Observations The slope continuously
Explore!
constant,
The slope is varies, hence the speed of
The slope is zero, hence the speed
of the Time
of the theobject varies.
hence the speed
object isconstant.
object is zero. Nature of Motion
a state of
state of
The object is in
The object is in a non-uniform motion.

The object is at rest. uniform motion.

 oan i n e r e a S e eseo Learn Motion 15
OrN ODject
displaOEMENt b e l o w the
Xaxis
or become Class 9 CSSE Science
graph.The even 9o
tine rise, , O r
graphcan
Thsisadisplacement
displacemons
ratio of to f
29 Na
c s p l a c e m e n t time
r e p r e s e n s the
o r zero,
ime, which s In a velocity time graph, the height is
graph
tine negatve,
positve,
given by the change in velocity and
diselacement
ean De
of s qune, it the base is given by time. Taking the
hesipe
As velocity
isavector Final
ratio of change in velocity to time
velocit
the gnen grepn Initial
velocity
no e r o r s in will give you acceleration. Thus, the
Sa there sre velocity slope of a velocity time graph will give
Exam Difference between
final and initial you acceleration
0VEL0oTY TIMEGRAPH velocity
car cruising on a
highway Time Now, let's look at how the slope of a
for a
Consider the following data 15 30 velocity time graph can vary and the
Time (in s) implications of this on the nature of
car (in m/s)
elocity of motion of an object.

20 30 40
10 mis m/s m/s
m/s Velocity Time Graph
ms

0s 15h 45th s
Time (in seconds) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 b 10 20 30 40 s0 80
Time Time Time

Observations
The slope is zero, The slope keeps on changing.
hence the acceleration
The slope is constant,
hence the acceleration hence the acceleration is
Is zero. is constant. non-uniform
Nature of Motion
Taking velocity on the Y The object is uniformly The object is non-uniformly
axis, and time elapsed on The object is moving with
the X axis, the given data accelerating. accelerating
uniform velocity.
can be represented as Non-uniform veloci
follows.

15 0
THINK &REFLECT
Time (in s) How can an object's displacement be calculated using a velocity time
graph?

THINK &REFLECT
What do you get when
you calculate the
slope of a velocity time Exploret
graph?

Explore!
 Learn Motto Learn Motion 17 lass 9 CBSE Science

displacement is
obtained by
Since
multiplying velocity
Tind the
with

dispacement of
time, we
an object by
velocity
can
INAIN ANUTSHELL
under the
calculating the
area

Therefore, the
under
area The slope of a distance time graph
time graph. the
the velocity time graph gives
Us
represents speed.
displacement
This is the area The slope of a displacement time
graph
under the graph. represents velocity.
30 45 The slope of a velocity time graph
Time (in s) represents acceleration.
The algebraic sum of the area under
Explore! a velocity time graph represents
obtain the area under a velocity time graph.
ora. displacement. -lou -iu
to understand
how we can

Let's take up a few examples The arithmetic sum of the area under a
velocity time graph represents distance.
Calculate the displacement of the object
the object
Calculate the displacement of from 0 seconds to 120 seconds.
seconds.
between 15 seconds and 30

EXAMEXAM CORNER
1. For uniform motion, the velocity time
curve is a straight line parallel to the
15 50 45 6o5 90 10920 (distance/time) axis.
h
Time (in s) 2. For the following velocity time curve,
Time (in s) determine PREVIOUS YEAR
QUESTION

To find the displacement in the required time period, we need to calculate the area under the velocity (a) acceleration over each of the
intervals OA, AB, and BC
time graph for the required time intervals, ie. the area of the shaded portion of the graphs.
(b) distance covered in the last 3
seconds
Displacement = Area of the trapezium Displacement = Area of the two triangles

a + b) h
-b, xh)+z(b,xh)
-x (10+20) m/s x (30-15) s
-x 20 m/s 60 x s +

=225 m
x-20) m/s x 60 s

= Om

In the second case, the Time (in s)

displacement of the object is zero. As the area under the
equally above and below the X axis, the algebraic sum of the areas
graph is spread
displacenent of the object zero. If you calculate the arithmetic under the graph is zero, nar
sum of the areas under the veloy
ne
graph, you will obtain the distance travelled by the
object
Learn Unitorm C

ATA GLANCE THINK&REFLECT

An object
covering equal distances in equal There are tracks around parks of different shapes. How mary times do you need to change
circular path is iin your direction to complete a lap of each of the given parks?
intervals of
time around a
uniform circular m o t i o n .

Track Treck Track

an
object moving in uniforr
The acceleration of towards the Park Park Park
circular motion
is directed centre of
the circular path.

REVISE THESE CONCEPTS FIRST

You have to change the direction that you're running in every time you finish running the length of
one side. So, you change your direction of motion as many times as the track has sides.
Uniform Motion Velocity

PITSTOPE
THINK&REFLECT For an object in
uniform circular
How can you describe the
motion of the minute motion, the direction
hand of a clock? of motion changes at
Infinity Since the circle has an infinite every point on its path
number of sides, the direction of
motion changes at every point on the
circular track.

6 degrees in 1 minute
VELOCITYAND CIRCULAR MOTION
1 2 degrees in 2 minutes

P18 degrees in 3 minutes

P24 degrees in 4 minutes
The tip of the minute hand
Covers equal distances in equa
intervals of time.
10 So, it is moving in uniform
motion. Moreover, the tip (or
any point on the second hand
1S moving along a circular pa.
Such objects that trave
time
equal distances in equal
intervals along a circular
path are said to be in uniform tellite
circular motion
revolving in a circular orbit around the Eartn 1s form
Circular motion.
THINK&REFLECT
Velocity is constant for uniform motion. ls this true even in the case of
uniform circular motion?
Explore!
Even though the magnitude of velocity remains constant in uniform
Circular motion, a change in velocity is observed due toa continuous
change in the direction of motion at every point. Since velocity
varies
at every point, we can conclude that the object is accelerating. The
acceleration of an object moving in uniform circular motion is known
as centripetal acceleration.
Also, there must exist a force that causes the direction of motion
to change at every point. The force which causes this acceleration
(centripetal)and keeps an object moving in a circular path is called
Centripetal force,
 Learn Uniform Circulariv Class 9 CBSE Science

After the hammer is released, there is no force

11MAGNITUDE OF
VELOCITY -Eam which can change the direction of its motion.
PITSTOP E Thus, the hammer moves in a straight line which
is tangential to the circular path along which the IN A NUTSHELL
the magnitude
which centripetal
Let's try to find hammer was initialy moving.
The direction in of a n object
acceleration of the velocity D
force and centripetal ina circular
the centre of the moving uniformly taken valong tangent An object covering equal distances in
act is towards r. If the time
path of radius to the circle at P
circle. Itis indeed surpnsing
to complete one equal intervals of time along a circular
have force and
moton by the object path is in a state of uniform circular
that we
revolution is t, then
its speed (or
(velocity) acting perpendicular v is
Explore! motion.
arrive at these the magnitude of velocity)
to each other. To
given by: Radius
directions rmathematically, Uniform circular motion is an example
understanding of of accelerated motion.
you needan
vectors and associated
will The direction of motion at each point
Operations which you
gain in highergrades Speed (v)= Distance 2Tr in uniform circular motion is along the
Time t tangent to the circle at the object's
position.
Explore!

-- ERGOSter

12 DIRECTION OF VELOCIY oos

Thus, we can conclude that an object suddenly
motion changes at every point in uniform circular motion.
We have learned that the direction of released from uniform circular motion will continue
motion at a particular point by considering an example. to move along a tangent to the circle at the
Now let's try to find the direction of
particle's position.

THINK&REFLECT
athiete is competing in a hammer throw competition. In
An
what direction does the hammer go after being released by EXAMEXAM CORNER
the athlete?

1. If an object in uniform circular motion

is suddenly released, it will move
along the (tangent/radius) of
the circle at the point of release.

To understand the trajectory of the hammer after the release, 2. The direction in which centripetal
let us analyse a still image of the motion of hammer along and centripetal act iis
the circle.
towards the centre of the circle.
Centripetal
force
Velocity :
The athlete is pulling the string with a certain centripetal force
which changes the direction of motion of the hammer at each
3. An artificial satellite is moving in a

Circular orbit of radius 36,000 km.

point along the circular path.
Calculate its speed if it takes 24 hours
Radius
Path of to revolve around the Earth.
Now, when the athlete releases the hammer, the force in the string of circle

suddenly becomes zero. Thus, in the absence of the centripetal motion PREVIOUs YEAR
CEsTION
force, the hammer will continue to travel in the direction in which ít
was travelling at the time of release.
 ATA GLANCE GALILEO'S EXPERIMENTS
Galleo took two idea ionless planes with the same in
e of rest or
A bacy ten
e
mtion

ass s e
the
Uentom's s t
a v of motian govems
m o t i o n of a body
of rest or
Hnal he madeone plane
sate
He released a marble Hioweer on decreasing the
on one ot the planes. He inclinetionof one ofthe pilanes horizontaland obsenved thst
obsened that the marble he obsened that the marbie the marbie kept roling as
t med to reach ts onginal
dlimbed the other piane aielled further till it reached
REVISE THIS cONGEPT FIRST to the same height from songinal height height
which it wes released.

in motion even when the foroe appled

Unbelanced Foroes This experiment suggested that a body i n motion will remain
its motion A oycle
on it iswwithdrawn gven that there is no other force (such as friction) that opposes
comes to rest when you stop pedalng
due to the efect of friction. f fniction is absent, the cycle
in motion with unifom velocity even after you stop pedaling.
Therefore, a s per
will continue to be
to be i n a state of rest or unifom motion uniless an extemal
toroe acts on
THINK&REFLECT Galeo, a body continues
the form of law called the first law of motion
it These obsenvations were compiled by Newton in a

Agcle coto
sop peda
Doesthis mmea

h a t a force is mec y to
2NEWTON'S FIRST LAw OF MOTION
continues to be in its state of rest or state of
cep an o e c According to Newton's first law of motion, every body
an extermal unbalanced force
uniform motion along a straight line unless it is acted upon by
a s given b e l o
To completely understand this law, et us divide the statement into two parts

Therefore, it can be
concluded that force is the
cause for the change in
the state of an object. Also
every object resists the
change in its state of rest
or motion. The resistance
An object at rest acted on by an external
When you ciop applying a force on the offered by an object to a
will remain at r e s t unbalanced force
cycle's pedals, it comes to rest. This idea change in its
made philosophers including Aristotie unless state is known
believe that 'rest is the natural state of a as inertia.

body.
Let us try to
This idea seems very convincing since it
understand
can be observed in real life. When a cars
Explore! An object in motion will acted on by an external some day to Explore!
engine is turned off, it comes to rest continue with constant unbalanced force. day situations where we feel
But, a simple experiment conducted by speed & direction. the effects of inertia.
Galileo challenged this idea.
 Learn First Law of
Motion 25
Class 9 CBSE Science
3 INERTIA INERTIA OF REST AND INERTIA OF MOTION
THINK&REFLECT
in a bus
You are travelling brakes A body cotinues
driver aspplies the
Suddienly the

o
fall ionard? Newton'sobe in ts state An obyect at rest
tenid to
iby do you FirstLawof rest or state of will rermain at rest Inertia of Ret
of Motion unilorm motion
unless acted upon
the brakes, your feet will feel
the
by an unbalanced
and the driver
suddenly applies mouo f ation
in a bus body continuesto rward. external force An object in motion
ifyou are travelling
contact with the fioor of the buswhile yourinupper
its state of motion. will continue with Inertia of
in
first as they arebecause is resisting change
your upper body constant speed Motion
Thishappens Motion of Eus Each object has an inherent and direction
property to resist any change in its
state of rest or of uniform motion.
This property is known as inertia.
THINK &REFLECT An
object in a state of rest will resist coming into
When the bus stops abruptly, the
Explorel motion due to inertia of rest. in this
example, the
Apparent passengers lurch forward. We have water in the glass was in a state of
force on rest. As the glass is
learnt that objects resist their change of state but Suddenly pulled, the water resists entering a state of
paosenger
try to
let's understand what could be the reason motion and tries to retain its state cf rest.
Bus slows down after
Buscormes for this resistance.
Bus in 10 a halt
appying the brakes
motion

4 CAUSE OF INERTIA Aglass completely filled with water, kept

on a table, is suddenby pulled to one side.
Why does the water splash out of the
THINK&REFLECT glass? Trying to retain
ts oniginal state
fafootbal and a stone of the same size are locked Before
with a certain amount of force, why does the bal accelerating After
accelerating
move much farther than the stone?
drdz because mima
So, in trying to retain its original state, the water spills
Now we know that the resistance to the in the direction opposite to the direction in which the
change of state of either motion or restis due glass moves.
to inertia and the cause for this inertia is the
mass of the object. Let's try to understand Similarly, a man standing in a moving bus tends to fal
forward when the brakes are
Afootballis lighterthan a stoneofthe sane size.Therefore, this resistance for the state of motion and suddenly applied
due to
inertia of motion.
t attaing a greater velocity (or accelerates more) as tate of rest separately. IN ANUTSHELL
compared to the stone when the same armount of force is
applied to both. A body continues to be in its state of rest or uniform motion unless an external
force acts
Similarly, it is more difficult to stop a loaded trolley
than an unloaded one if both are moving with the
PITSTOP! on it.

same initial velocity. These observations conclude that
heavier objects offer more inertia. Hence, it can be said
that mass is the measure of inertia of an
object.
Inertia is the inability of a body to change its state of rest or of uniform motion in the
The greater the mass, the greater the absence of an external force.
inertia of the body.
The greater the mass of a body, the greater the inertia of the body.
 aw of Motion
27 9 CBSE Science

EXAMCORNER
EMOUS YEAR
possessed oy
body becomes fhat
the inertia
of a haf
Certain
1. Fthe density required to reach a Wh
to
unchanged/reduoes

emains
mass 160 g are
and a hockeyball of s h o u l d De nit
witn agreater force? hy?
Fagolfballofmass 46gb a s e b a l l bat, which ball whether the following
2 distanoe vhen hit
witha t w
out i n e t n e r the follawing cases
ca
are
inerta, ty to figure
of
learnt the physical meaning rest
3 Having ofinertia of motion or of inertia of
Eramples Practical Situations

Practica Stuaions
Fruits fall down on shaking Inertia of Ine- of
of Inertia of
Rest
aling
Dustpartiolesstart wihen
out inertia

Pest Motion
branches of a tree.
Motion
ofa hanging carpet
beaten witha stick.

Apassenger nas keep

to Inertia of Iner
ertia of
You do not irmmediately inertia of Inertia of Rest
running to get into a
come to rest after you
stop Rest Motion
moving bus.
Motion
pedaling a ycle

Inertia of Inertia of An athlete runs before Inertia of

On striking apile of carrom Inertia of
coins, the lowest coin moves Rest Motion taking a long jump. Rest Motion
out quickly, making the
rest of the pile drop down

vertically.

Acoin is kept on a card Inertia of nertia of Aball thrown vertically Inertia of Inertia of
placed over a tumbler. If the Rest Motion upwards by a person ina Rest Motion
card is flicked sharply in the moving train comes back
horizontal direction, the coin to his hand.
falls into the tumbler

Youlean sideways when a Inertia of Inertia of Arunning athlete can't stop Inertia of Inertiaof
vehicle takes a sharp turn.

l
Rest Motion abruptly at the finish line. Rest Motion
 SCien a
CBSE
Class 9
28
Learn econd Law of
Law of
Motian
Mot 29
Learn
Second
Class 9 CBSE Science

ATA GLANCE 0 MOMENTUM

The force required to stop a moVing object
required to
in
stop a body ofmotion depends on both its mass as well as ts
velocity. Momentum is a physical quantity that
The force the
and velocity
body is used to understand the impact or
depends on the
mass
a force. The momentum ot an ODject can be defined as the
force is described by a velocity of that object. product of the mass and
The impact of a momentum. Mathematically,
physical quantity
knovwn as
P mxv
Exploref
Therefore, for two bodies having the same mass, the one with
higher velocity will have higner
momentum, and hence, more of an impact. In addition to this, the
object having higher velocity
REVISE THESE CONCEPTS FIRST
a
will require a greater force to bring it to rest.
This is why it is easier to stop a ball that has been
defended than a ball hit for a
SIX F>F
Mass
Inertia Newton's First
Law of Motion

THINK&REFLECT
m
Why is it harder to catch a ball hit

for a six than to catch a ball that Similarly, a heavier object will require greater force to attain the same velocity as that of a
has been defended? lighter object. This is why more force needs to be applied to a leather ball than a tennis ball in order
to hit it for a six. The same force you use to hit a six when
playing with a tennis ball might not be
enough to hit a six when playing with a leather ball.

m, m

LO
If you have ever played cricket, you definitely know that
it is harder, that is, it will hurt your hand more to catcha
ball hit for a six than a ball that has been defended. But,
So far, we've looked at how momentum
why is this so? changes with respect to mass and velocity. Now, let's
look at the relationship between the force applied to a body and the
resulting rate at which its
momentum changes.
We have learned that the heavier an object is, the more
inertia of motion it has. The ball remains the same in both
cases, thus inertia of motion is the same. What is different 2 NEWTON'S 2ND LAW OF MOTION
is how far and how fast the ball travels. The ball hit for a
six travels farther and faster than the ball that has been Newton's second law of motion describes mathematically, the cause and effect
relationship
defended. So, besides inertia, the velocity of the ball als0 between force and change in velocity (acceleration).

has something to do with how hard it is to catch or how It states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly
proportional to the force applied
to it and that this change in momentum takes place in the direction of the
much force is exerted by the ball. applied force
 Learn Second Law of Motion Class 9 CBSE SCIence

object
of
Motion
of an mass m, initial order to increase the time
a cricketer catches a ball, he pulls his hands back in
Law
momentum
be writ
second
in
vcan s However, when on his hands
This effectively reduces the force acting
change
Learn
final velocity
taken for the ball's momentum to change.
The and

momentun
D i r e c t i o no f velocity
u, Final
momentum

momentum=
it easier for him to catch the ball.
Changeo f making
monmentum Changein
mu
=
m (v- u)
mv-

Ap
in l
the physical quantity.
change
a
denotes
A
Here, momentum
=

(change in
momentum)
ange
of
of
m(v-u) Since, a =
(V-u)
Ap mxa
Explore!
t
Direction
of force
momentum
change in
c rate of
applied (F)
force
to the 2nd law,
According momentum.
be altered by varying the rate of change of
Fx ma Thus, the impact of a force can
E Ap
i.e.Ft
or

proportionality
constant.
Explorel an egg in
Try tossing and catching learnt!
a pan without breaking it. The secret
to doing this

k is the lies in what you have just

Thus,
F-k (ma) where
THINK&REFLECT
PITSTOP! EO
to be 1.
But why What happens if momentum changes IN A NUTSHELL
k is taken
The value of short period of
constants?

from other in a very

is k different
and how
time, such as in the c a s e
there
of physics, of an egg falling
in the history
Up to this point Thus, we Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of
had been no formal definition forforce. and hitting the floor?
a body.
choose the value of k
to
had the freedom
fundamental equation Force is proportional to the rate of change of
as this was the first
force-acceleration

defining force. Hence, the momentum.

F= ma.
relation is given by The impact of a force can be modified by changing

and that of
the rate at which momentum changes.
The Sl of mass (m) kg
unit is

acceleration (a) is m/s. For k 1, the Sl unit of =

Issac Newton
force (F)is kg m/s. To honour Sir
for his contributions towards the laws
of motion,
the Sl unit of force is called newton (N).
EXAM CORNER

3 APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

1. Change in momentum takes place
We've already learned that force is (along/against) the direction of the force.
proportional to the rate of change of the
The egg undergoes a rapid This results in
momentum. When an egg is dropped 2. Calculate the force exerted by a nail on the
change in momentum. egg breaking.
onthe floor, its momentum hammer of mass 500 g moving at 5 m/s striking it.
changes
Over a very short Consider that the nail stops the hammer in a short
period of time. This
results in a large force acting on the time of 0.01 S.
egg,causing it to break.
PREVIOUs YEAR
 Edin r d Law ot
Class CD of Motion
32 33
Law of Motion
Class 9 CBSE Science
Learn Third

The car through its nheels) exerts a force on

the ground and
ATA GLANCE ground exerts an equal eaction force on
the car, the
forward. Here, the force exerted
by the car is the causing it to move
equal and opposite react
oforce exerted by the ground is the reaction action force and
has an
loMton, both these Torces are equal in force. According to
Every action Wheel
momentum
of a system is conserve direction, and torm an action-reaction magnitude
pair. and opposite in pushes
The total external
unbalanced force ground
absence of a n back
the
Ground pushes
wheel forward

REVISE THESECONCEPTIS
FIRST THINK&REFLECT
First Law of
Motion Action and reaction forces are of
Newton's
Motion directions. TThen equalmagnitude and in opposite
wby don t they cancel
Newton's Second Law of each other out?

THINK&REFLECT Explorel

in order to move a car forward, what direction do

in?
ts wheefs push the car
For instance, the wheels of the car exert a
Direction oft motion force on the ground, causing dirt to be kicked
up. The ground exerts a reaction force on the
Rotation wheels, causing the car to move forward. Here,
the action and reaction forces are acting on
different objects, namely the ground and the
wheels. An action-reaction pair will never act
Directian of force on the same object.
exerted by ground Reaction of the
table surtace

Think of a book on a table. There is the force of

As a car moves forward, you can observe dirt being gravity
acting on it, i.e. the weight of the book. There is the
kicked up behind it. This is because the wheels apply
reaction of the table on the book, which is equal to its
a force on the ground in a direction opposite to that of
the car's motion. But, how does the act of the wheels weight, which is why the book is stationary and not falling
to the ground.
pushing the ground backwards help the car move
forwards? This is what Newton tried to explain using Weight of
the book
the third law of motion. THINK &REFLECT
1NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION **

So, do the weight of the book and the reaction of the table an it form an action-reaction
pair?
The third law of motion states that when
an object exerts a force on another
object, the second object instantaneously
exerts an equal force back on the first.
These two forces are always equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction. Explore!
Hence, Newton's law states that The weight of the book is simply the gravitational force exerted on it by the Earth. The table
tor every force, there is an equal and opposite reaction exerts a normal force on the book. Here, both the forces are acting on the same
object, hence
force. they do not form an action-reaction pair.
 LE
Class9 CBSE Soend

When a rocket takes of from the

THINK&RERLECT

buet
r e dtho
PITSTOP! E ejected in the opposite direction ground. gases a
a torce
Reaction
to15e
moon,

kasw of oppoSte

As the fuel burns,

DcOrding
o he
second

thatis
equa
tenepun
and movewit
Pction-reaction
act on two
forces t
hrough exhaust nozz es, and each
produces gases that are
directed
a sorce doesn
oimerent
Sum
exers
gut.
then a y
boliet
doeS
objects emerges. accelerates molecule
away trom the rocket. that
aythe thatihe The third
eNered acpeieration
law requires tnat tnis acceleration is
Same
by a corresponding acceleration of accompanied
the rocket in the
opposite direction. tne combined acceleration
the molecules of the burnt fuel as of all
the rocket's nozzles creates the
they emerge from Explore!
thrust that accelerates Action
duct of and propels the rocket.
is the
product
mass
of.

and
lawof
motion,
we
know
that
torce

tne
more the acceleratin
acceleration
produced
second lignter
an odjeCL
it by
in
From
lewtonis
concluded
that the THINK & REFLEBT
Henoe, itcanbe Force on
Force on

ghven1orD bullet gun

(Reaction) According to Newtons second law, force is
forces
EXerted (Action)
momentum. in the case of the gun and
directiy proportional to the rate of change ot
Even though the the bullet, the forces exerted are
other are the
same,
this mean for the momentum of the equal. What does
0n each gun and the bullet?
acceleration
of the bullet is
the
that of the gun
much higher than Weight of
is much
heavier Weight of c
because the gun bullet gun
than the bullet.
Explore!
how Nevwton's third law
real-Hife examples
to understand
Letusconsidersomeexplain the presence ot a
used to
ofmotionisbut
pair ot forces
which are equal in 2 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
magnitude
in nature
opposite Let's consider the of the gun to be
mass
m and that of the bullet to be m. Let their initial
Explore! velocities be u, and u, and their final velocities be
v. andv, respectively.
In order to move A sailor pushes off the When a person jumps off a Now, let's look at how their momentums change at a time t after the bullet has been
dock with an oar to move
fired.
forward, you have to boat onto a dock, the boat
in the boat into the water.
exert a force on the road moves
backwards into the water
the backward direction.
Rate of change of
momentum of the
m,y,-m. Rate of change of
,U
t momentum of the
gun bullet t
Reaction

Reaction From Newton's second law of motion, we know that force applied is directiy proportional to the
Action/ Action rate of change of momentum.
Therefore, the force exerted by the gun on And the force exerted by the bullet on the
the bullet is given by, gun is given by,
Action
Reaction my.m m.y.-mu
The reaction from
=

t
Fo t
the ground (friction) When the sailor pushes the The force applied by the person
dock with the oar, the
pushes us in the forward dock on the boat pushes the boat From Newton's third law, we know that action and reaction forces are equal in magnitude and
direction and helps us pushes the oar with the into the water and the reaction they act on different bodies in the opposite direction. Thus,
move Samerorce, causing the boat of the boat pushes the
to move into the water. perso
towards the dock.
 Cd
36
Motion

of
Law
/m,V,-m
AT AGLANCE
Third

Learn

tm,v, A wave
m,V, is a disturbance that travels through a
or
+m, ollision O
t h e c o l i t
medium.
m,u, bullet
before

t h e coll
ollision.
gun
and
the
bullet
after
Explore! Waves can be classified based on whether or not
oftheg u n they can travel through a medium.
On rearranging,

the
and

total
momentum

or
tne

of the
system nchanged or
+m,u,)is
the

total
momentum
momentum as
a s the
t he
la
law of consen.
Waves can be classified based on the
direction of
Here,(m,u
k
Knno
ow n
the wn
displacement of the particles in the medium.
the total
is i
Iss
principle
principle

and
(m,v,+mv,)

concluded
that sion.
colision.
This
1his

be
Therefore,
it can
and
after
the

the total
mome
omentum of a
system is
before unbalanced
force,
conserved

momentum. of a n
external
REVISE THESE CONCEPTS FIRST
absence

in the
to it,
According
c o n s t a n to r c o n s e r v e d .

Displacement Force Energy

INA NUTSHELL
E
THINK & REFLECT
of
Newton's
third law
to and
equal
has a n
According

motion, every action

Opposite reaction.

do not
forces
Action
and reaction act
because they
other
each
cancel
on different objects.
remains
of a system
he m o m e n t u m
The a b s e n c e of
an
constant in
the
external unbalanced force.

EXAM CORNER
You might have seen crowds in stsdiums rise trom
their seats, swing their arms up high, and then stt back
1. If the mass of an object keeps
on
down, causing a noticeable ripple to travel a c r o s s the
decreasing, then for its
momentum
stadium. What is this phenamenon an example olr
must
to be conserved, its velocity
(increase/decrease).

2. Two objects of masses 100gand

200 g are moving along the same
line and direction with velocities of
2 m/s and 1 m/s respectively. They
collide and after the collision, the
first object moves ata velocity of FUN FACT
1.67 m/s. Determine the velocity of Micrawaves and radio waves are some
the second object.PREVIOUSYEA waves thet cannot be seen by the naket eye
UESTIO
 Caes 9 CesE
Here, oceans Scence
are the
tnaravEstnugamedium fromo
location to ction of interactingmerdium through
0CAES the net
adjacent particie which ocean waves tavel A
allov af ane particlie af the medium
interactions a
adistnance

nave. um. A.medium tihe

TPS
EfecTs
knCum as a
by springs can te dicturbance,
tnoughtof as a ie. the
e wave. to
medium
trauel through the
series of
a n d t h e ri c c a t a

exampie
i n e n tne
O0owwwwwo particles connec
neid

sinkyas
an ta end
ard

Lersuse a
Stretcned
rom
end
pasiion
in

equlorum

Sinig an apart
tar

a t rest,
it
assumes

spaced
equially

of moVing
the first
cna
the slin
the c o i s
are ime act cle moves, the
When one particie
spring
res
COn
and then it
ng
adjacent to it. As connecting
iich Tlst direction

tre sin, une a gven inrce on the paricie it to the

net
into
urbance in particie begins to stretich and apply
creatas

orS the
To intraduce a wave

maved
from its
eguIDUm

Or
equilibrium
pasition

disturbance then
movest
sthrough
cle
o the next particle adjacent
begins to stretch, causing the particie begins tomove,
m
to i a
displaced or uperas I nis the spring
is
Tre coil
might be moveO onCE Uesiniky.
Trom one end
to tne other, cycle repeat
to atachingit
pasition. backwalrdsy our the slinicy Particle moement
equilibrium aorr
or
forwards
downwards,
ovwnwards,
anainal
angimnal
equilibrium

returned to s
maved, it S
rest position
Disturbance created
Disturba travelling
00000- )O000 OONO
COOCHHDOOO FUN FACT
HMHHOOO000
Waves in the ocean are
the vand mostily generated oy
f the first coil of the slinky is given a single back
moving across the ocean suriace.
of motion of
wave
Direction and-forth vibration, then the observed motion
ofthe disturbance through the slinky is calleda When a wave passes througn a medium, the individual
CIOHDOOOOOCOOOOOOO000 displaced from their initial rest position. particles of the medium are only temporanly
pulse
Direction of motion of wave There is always a force acting upon the particles that restores them to
Ina slinky wave, each coil of the slinky uitimately returns to its their original position
original position. The particles of tne
medium (air molecules, coils of the slinky) simply vibrate abouta fixed position as the
OOOOMMHEDOOONNOOOOmwDOOOOO moves from one location to another. Therefore, as a disturbance moves through
disturbance
a medium
energy is transported from one end of the
medium to the other, and not matter
slinky is back and forth
Motion of particles in

However, if the first coil of the slinky is continuously
manner, a repeating disturbance moving
observed. This disturbance is known
THINK &REFLECT 8
Minute after minute, hour after
day after day, ocean waves splash onto the
shore. Then, why haven't the oceans become
completely depleted of water?
Ocean waves do not deposit water at the shore, and hence water in the oceans cannot
and periodically vibrated in a back-and-forth
get depleted.
Instead, they transport energy through the medium.
within the slinky that continues for a certain time period is
as a wave.
2 TYPES OF WAVES
Due to the absence of any matter
THINK&REFLECT which we refer to as vacuum, between
us and the Sun, we cannot hear the
energy released. This is because
hou Even though solar flares release 10O million times sound is a wave that needs a medium
more energy than a volcanic explosion, they cannot to travel, and hence cannot transmit
be heard on Earth. Why? energy through a vacuum.

Based on their ability to transmit

energy through a vacuum, waves
are classified into electromagnetic
waves and mechanical waves.
 C8SE SCien Learn vwaves Class 9 CsSE Sience
Class
9

Learn a v e s

AMECHANICAL
WAVES 3ANATOMY OFAWAVE
WAVES
AND
transmitting
eneray
ugh resis

ELECIROMAGNETIC
capable
of nical wave on
mechanica

IS
A
that
wave.
These wave
21 is a
wave electromagnetic
a
vacuum.

wave
an
thrOugn
mechanical
wave
electromagnetic of eneray
ot a
example
e xa
ample

Explorel
ex
i an
sa n
An is a n of
trensmitting

So
S ou
unnd
d
is
m.
Light incapable
Amplitude
a vacuum o ropagation.
propagation.

hand,
is nart
the
e
other ne
amedium
to
support
througn
vecuum.

wave, the water moves

an
ocean ateang
require
cannot
travel
In surface of the
the
and
nanoe

down against
towards the beach. The e
moves A longnudinal vave ina sliniky
the w a v e to the direer A transverse wave in a string
THINK&REFLECT particles
travel
perpendicular

w a v e t r a v e l s . However,
in a
direction
slin A vibrating string 15 an example of a transverse A vibrating slinky is an example of a longitudina
in which the sliny vibrate longitudira
from the the rings and the overall waves both m wave. Once a disturoance 1S introduced in the wave.The coils of thewhere the coils are pree
weve
ciierent

same
in
d i r e c t i o n . The particles tring, the particles of the string begin to vibrate ie. there are regions
strir spread
ocean

in the
together and regions where they are
an
How is
to t h e direction in whie
8
siinkgE upwards and dovwnwards.
in

slinky m o v e parallel
observed

a v e

the direction aparn.

the wave travels. Based on
of the particles in the medium
displacement
with respect to
the m o v e m e n t of the overall
The crest of athe
wave
is the point in the mediurm The regions where the coils are pressed
known
are c l a s s i i e d into transverse maximum amount of positive togetherin a small amount of opace are
wave, waves thatexhibits E on the
from the rest as compressions. Regions A, C, and
w a v e s and longitudinal
waves.
or upward displacement
position. Points A, C,
and E o n the diagram diagram above represent compressions
represent the crests of this wave.
WAVES
TRANSVERSE WAVES
AND LONGITUDINAL of a wave is the point in the The regions where the coils are spread
22 perpendicular to the direction of p r o p a g a t i o n of
The trough
medium that exhibits the maximum amount apart, thus maximizing the distance
displaced
the particles a r e string and ripples o n the surface between coils, are known as rarefactions.
Ina transverse
wave,
include vibrations on a of negative or downward displacement from
Regions B, D, and Frepresent rarefactions
waves
the wave. xamples of transverse the rest posítion. Points B, D, and
F o n the

of the water. Vibration diagram represent the troughs of this w a v e .

particles

A transverse wave has an aiternating pattern A longitudinal wave has an aternating

of crests and troughs. pattern of compressions and rarefactions.

Vibration
of p a r t e
The characteristics of waves are defined slightly
Direction of wave propagation
Explore! Wavelength differentily for transverse and longitudinal
w a v e s . In the given figure, note that the
Y axis
a r e displaced parallel to the direction in which the wave travels.
in
A
a longitudinal wave, the particles

compression moving through a slinky is a n example

of a longitudinal
horizontal longitudinal wave by pushing and pulling the slinky horizontally.
w a v e . We c a n make a

Trough
Crest represents displacement for transverse w a v e s
and pressure/density for longitudinal waves
and the X axis represents distance. However,
both transverse and longitudinal waves have the
same shape.

FUN FACT
Explore! Lituya Bay i n Alasika
Direction of vibration of particles The tallest ocean wave ever recorded was 1,720 feet tall and occurred in

Directionof wave propagation

Now, let's look closer at a wave and understand the different parts.
 Learn Waves
Learn Waves
43 Class 9 CBSE Science

83 FREQUENCY

8AMPLTOUDE
quency
of ound wave is what
a sour
your ear
The frequency of a wave refers to howunderstands
ermines the shrillnes9
as pitch. It detern
The t
often the particles the medium compie
of
of a s of
cycle ot oscillation
oscillation wh
when a wave
Tne amountof
High passes through the medium. The
fullbbreviated as Hz).
unit of frequency is ni rtz
energy
carnied
bya
t ot s
amplitude as where 1 Hzis
equvalent to 1 cycle/second.
related

is
wave

frequency of vibration is
ifthe
amplitude.

A h i g he n e r g ywave,
that the sound is

is Low high, we say

has a high pitch
tsunami,

characterized
a bya
amplitude

shnill and High frequency

say
frequency of vibration is
h i g ha m p l i t u d e

a
low
energy

in a
wave

pond
is
like
ifthe
w. we say
low pitch.
that the sound has a
For example, a drum
a low frequency
AAAAAAAAAU High pitched
nipple
acharacterized bya of
dianta
of a parti vibrates with
amount

it duces a
the distanoe trom
maximum

Therefo
to
the transverse
wae

sound. On the Low frequency

of a
change in pressureldenety
l o wa m p l i t u d e
reters
lowpitched

AAAA
chan
wave is the
ampitude

of a The wave
a whistle has a
The
amplitude position.
its rest a m p i t u d e of a
longitudina/

other hand,
from frequency
and therefore
medium The high Low pitched
trough.
a high-pitched sound.
thecrest
or
or
raretaction

but different instants

amplitude, but at
at produces a
ot
compression
same

rest to with the

vibrate

fa coil of slinky completes 3 vibrational cycles in

medlium
in the
Note thatallpaints the frequency is 3 Hz
FUN FACT
one second, then
FUNFACT
to be abous completes 8 vibrational
hereas ifa coil the cycles in
tsunani
we was obeerved 4 seconds, then frequency is 2 Hz An oceanwave 3 mhigh carries enough
speed of
the
plane
The
per
hour,
whchs
thacpeedofajet (8 cycles/4 s-2 cycles/s oneray to power around 1,000 ightbulbs
T00 metres n esery 1mof ts length

NELBNGTRH 89 PERIOD
compliete wave cycle, i.e. the distance from
one
length of
The wavelength ofawaveisthe The period of a wave is the time taken for a particle medium
repeats itser
in 8 pernodic and regular fashion oer in a to complete one vibrational cycle.
from trough to trough. A wave Period, being a measure of time, 18 measured in units of time such as
crest toorestor seconds, hours, days, or years.
both time and space

Mw ww Let's look at a radio channel as an example. Consider a radio channel that has shows lasting 30 minutes
each, running continuously. After every 30 minute interval, a new show begins. This means that it takes
The light we are capeble af seeing
is
30 minutes for one round or cycle of shows to get over. The time taken to complete one cycle is the
partoftheelectromagneticspectrum. period, which means that the period of a radio show is 30 minutes.
Each individual wavelength within
of a
this spectrumis representative
particular colour That is, when light
of that particular wavelength strikes
the retina of our eye, we percelve
MVNU WATCH OUTI
thatspecific colour sensation Frequency is often confused with period.
Frequency and period are distinctly different yet
related quantities. Frequency refers to how aften something happens. Period refers to the time
takes for something to
happen. Frequency is a rate quantity whereas
period is a time quantity. Mathematically,
period is the reciprocal ot Period
frequency and vice versa. Frequency
 IN ANUTSHELL
CAREER CORNER
their
knowledge
of
disturbance that travels
AT AGLANCE
Meteorologists
rely on use
their Awave is a
forecast weather.They intensity of througha medium irom one location
on to
Waves to
podict the Sound is a form of
expertise in
w a v e s to

storms,
and
tornadoes.
forewarn
another
energy
Sound waves are mechanical
A wave i an energy transport waves.
precipitation,

Sound waves are

phenomenon longitudinal in nature.
Sound travels at different
Waves are classified into speeds through different
EXAM EXAM CORNER electromagnetic wave and mechanica media.
waves based on whether or not they
medium
can travel through
a

disturbance that moves Mechanical waves are claasified into REVISE THIS CONCEPT FIRST
1, Asingle
througha
medium is called
a
longitudinal and tranaverse waves
based on the direction of diaplacement
fwave/pulse.
of particle Waves
in air,if
2. Sound travels Awave is characterised by its
travel from one
of medium
(a) particles
place to another
frequency, amplitude, and wavelength
THINK &REFLECT
moisture in the
(b)there is no
atmosphere PREVIOUS VEAR e gien table contains a liet of situations in which
(c) disturbance moves Crent sounds arn produoed. ldentify the source of
as well as
disturbanoe
he sound ln esch case
(d) both particles to another
travel from one place

3. Connect the
and try to
particles in
coloured dots in the picture
understand

a
the motion of
transverse wave.
Note
co Experiment
Pucking th
tings of a
Vibration c
Source

represent the
that the coloured dots
position of particles
tar

Srng afuning
lork with a
Vibration of

rubber hammer

Vibration of
Banging
a drum

Vibration o
Singing a song
 Saence
Class 9
C8SE Cass 9 CeSE
46 e
the
particles Scence
Learn Sound Waves
certain
regions,

density in these
airare bunched
in
The
particle

are
knod
r
is
known as compressions.
certain
egions high. other
pad ed. These regions, the particles are loo9e
up. r e g o n s

gions have a low particle

These
density and are known as
PRODUCTION OFSOUNO ur
in O e a r s . How
u r ears. HOW is
IS SOund rarefactions.
1 that produces
the
sensation
of hearing

form of energy for the soun

Sound is a
vibration is
responsible s we
produced? form of plucked.
string is
some

experiments,
it is clear that when aguitar
above what happens
From the at
look closer
around us. Let's
hear

a of compressions and raretactions

* * * * * r a * * * * d m* * * * * * * * A r e r * * * * *

C-Compression

Displacement of air travels through air and

R-Rarefaction

sensation
of hearing reaches our ears to producE
molecules
the

THINK&REFLECT

strum a guitar inside a space

f you
Explore! will you be able to hear the
station,
waves ound it makes?
movement of sound
Direction of
strings
Vibration of guitar
**********a ***** +****************

interaction. As one air particle s

particle-to-particle
of to it, displacin
The sound wave
is transported by
means

or pull on
the particles adjacent ing
exerts a push beforefinal
initial position, it
medium
the entire
displacedfrom its interaction
c o n t i n u e s through

positions. This
them from their initial
reaching us.

move in a
that the air particles
From the figure, it is clear wave. ThuS, sound
that of the sound
direction parallel to
waves are longitudinal waves.
2 PROPAGATION OFSOUND WAVES
towards the right, it pushes
moves
As the guitar string Since a space station typically contains air at
particles and m o v e s them to the Afea of high
the surrounding air normal pressure in order to keep the astronauts
right, towards neighbouring
air particles. In doing this,
of high pressure into
:. pre_sure
comfortable, the sounds created by playing PITSTOP! E
area
the guitar string creates an
which the particles are compressed. a guitar will be the same as on Earth. This is Remember that the amplitude
because sound waves are mechanical waves,
i.e. they require a medium to propagate. This of a sound wave (or any
Original
means that if an astronaut leaves the spacem
longitudinal wave) is the
position difference in pressure
station and strums her guitar in space, she will between the region of rest and
not be able to hear the sound it makes. This is Explore! Compressions or rarefactions.
Area ot because there is no air, i.e. no medium through
. law the left, an Hence, the unit of amplitude
As the guitar string moves towards
pressure created. The air particles which the sound waves can propagate. of a longitudinal wave is the
area of low pressure is
then expand into this area. unit of pressure and NOT a
unít of length.
FUN FACT
manner
As the strings of the guitar vibrate back and forth, the air particles also vibrate in the same waves can be used to make objects levitate
SOund
By means of interaction, the vibration is carried through the medium, This iS hov
particle-to-particle This process is called acoustic levitation.
sOund waves propagate