ANAPH111: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
MIDTERMS
1st SEMESTER A.Y. 2023 – 2024
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
● Protection
● Sensation
● Vitamin D Production
● Temperature Regulation
● Excretion
PROTECTION (MAJOR FUNCTION)
➢ Insulates and cushions the deeper
organs and protects the entire body
from:
➔ mechanical damage (cuts and
bumps),
➔ chemical damage (acids and
bases),
➔ thermal damage (heat and
cold),
➔ ultraviolet radiation (sunlight),
➔ and bacteria.
REGULATION OF HEAT LOSS
➢ Skins rich capillary network and sweat
glands (both controlled by the nervous
system).
➢ Play an important role in regulation of
heat loss from the body surface.
EXCRETION (SWEATING)
➢ Sweating is a crucial function of the
integumentary system as it plays a
vital role in regulating body
temperature, eliminating some waste
products, and maintaining healthy
skin. It's an essential mechanism that
helps keep your body cool and
functioning properly, especially during
physical activity or exposure to high
temperatures.
VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS
➢ Modified cholesterol molecules that are
located in the skin are converted to
vitamin D by sunlight
➢ The synthesis of vitamin D in the skin
involves the conversion of modified
cholesterol molecules
(7-dehydrocholesterol) into vitamin D3
(cholecalciferol) through a series of
chemical reactions initiated by UVB
exposure. This process is essential for
maintaining calcium homeostasis,
promoting bone health, and supporting
various other physiological functions in
the body. However, it's important to
balance sunlight exposure to prevent
excessive UV radiation and minimize
the risk of skin damage.
SENSATION
➢ Cutaneous sensory receptors (touch,
temperature, pressure, and pain
receptors) located in the skin.
TWO MAJOR GROUPS OF BODY TISSUE
MEMBRANE
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
● Cutaneous, mucous and serous
membranes
● Composed of epithelium attached to a
layer of connective tissue, for example,
your skin.
● Always combined with an underlying
layer of connective tissue, although
they all do contain an epithelial sheet.
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
A. CUTANEOUS MEMBRANES (SKIN)
● Epidermis – superficial layer composed
of keratinizing stratified squamous
epithelium.
● Dermis – deep layer mostly composed
of dense fibrous connective tissue.
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B. MUCOUS MEMBRANE (MUCOSA)
● Composed of epithelium resting in a
loose connective tissue
● Lines all body cavities that open to the
exterior (hollow organs of respiratory,
digestive, urinary and reproductive
tracts).
● Usually “ wet “ or moist membranes
that are almost continually bathed in
secretions.
C. SEROUS MEMBRANE (SEROSA)
● Composed of simple squamous
epithelium resting on a thin layer of
areolar connective tissue.
● Lines body cavities that are closed to
the exterior (except for the dorsal body
cavity and joint cavities).
LAYERS OF SEROSA
➢ Parietal Layer – lines a specific portion
of the wall of the vertebral body cavity
➢ Visceral Layer – covers the outside of
the organs in that cavity.
- Serous layers are separated by
a serous fluid, secreted by both
visceral and parietal
membranes.
● Serous layers are separated by a
serous fluid, secreted by both visceral
and parietal membranes.
SEROUS FLUIDS
➢ Allows the organs to slide easily across
the cavity walls and one another
without friction as they carry out their
functions.
➢ Extremely important in mobile organs
(pumping heart and churning
stomach).
➢ Specific names of serous membranes
depend on their locations.
SPECIFIC SEROUS MEMBRANES
● Peritoneum – serosa lining the
abdominal cavity
● Pleura – serosa lining the lungs
● Pericardium - serosa around the heart
CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANE
● Synovial membrane
● Composed of connective tissue without
epithelial cells at all
SKIN RECEPTORS
❖ Free nerve endings – pain
❖ Ruffini’s corpuscle – warmth / heat
❖ Krause’s corpuscle – cold
❖ Pacinian corpuscle – deep pressure
❖ Meissner’s corpuscle – sensitive touch
❖ Merkel’s disc – light touch
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STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN
EPIDERMIS
● Outer layer made up of stratified
squamous epithelium
● Capable of becoming hard and tough
(keratinizing)
● Avascular (this explains why a man can
shave daily and not bleed even though
he is cutting many cell layers each time
he shaves)
Keratinocytes (keratin cells)
– Comprises most cells of the epidermis that
produces keratin.
Keratin
– Tough fibrous protein responsible for the
toughness of the epidermis
– Abundance of this allows the stratum
corneum to provide a durable “overcoat“ for
the body, which protects deeper cells from the
hostile environment and from water loss.
LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
STRATUM CORNEUM
➢ Thickest layer of epidermis
➢ Outermost layer about 20-30 cell
layers thick
➢ Accounts about three-quarters of the
epidermal thickness
➢ Cornified / horny cells- shingle-like
dead cells remnants completely filled
with keratin
STRATUM LUCIDUM
(apparent in thick skin)
➢ More apparent in the hairless thick skin
of the palms and soles
➢ Consists of 3-5 layers of clear, flat,
dead cells
STRATUM GRANULOSUM
➢ Consists of 3-5 layers of flattened cells
that develop darkly staining granules
called keratohyalin (precursor of
keratin)
STRATUM SPINOSUM
➢ Contains 8-10 layers of polyhedral
(many sided) cells that fit closely
together -
➢ Cells are covered with prickly spines
STRATUM BASALE
(basal layer)
➢ Deepest layer of epidermis - lie closest
to the dermis
SKIN COLOR
MELANIN
● yellow, reddish brown or black
● people who produced a lot of melanin
have browned-toned skin
● light skinned (caucasian) people have
less melanin
● Yellow brown pigment produced by
melanocytes, found in stratum basale
Exposure of skin to sunlight → activation of
melanocytes → melanocytes produces melanin
→ Tanning → stratum basale eats melanin →
accumulation of melanin within the stratum
basale cells → melanin forms a protective
pigment “umbrella” over the superficial or
“sunny side” of their nuclei → melanin shields
their genetic material (DNA)
● freckles and moles are seen where
melanin is concentrated in one spot
MIDTERMS
● Albinism - is a genetic disorder that
causes a lack of melanin, resulting in
very light or white skin, hair, and eyes.
It's present from birth and can lead to
vision problems and increased
susceptibility to sunburn.
● Vitiligo - is a skin disorder that leads to
the loss of skin pigment, causing
patches of depigmented skin. It's not
genetic and can develop at any age.
The cause is not fully understood, and it
doesn't typically affect eye color.
CAROTENE
● Amount of carotene deposited in the
stratum corneum and subcutaneous
tissue
● Orange-yellow pigment abundant in
carrots, orange, deep yellow or leafy
green vegetables
HEMOGLOBIN
● Amount of oxygen bound to
hemoglobin, pigment in RBC (red
blood cells) in the dermal blood vessels
● The crimson color of oxygen-rich
hemoglobin in the dermal blood supply
flushes through the transparent cell
layers above and gives the skin a “rosy
glow”
● Cyanosis – bluish discoloration of the
skin due to poor oxygenation of the
hemoglobin
● Common during heart failure and
severe breathing disorders.
PRESSURE ULCER
● Any severe restriction of the normal
blood supply to the skin resulting in cell
death ( necrosis )
● Common in bedridden patients who
are not turned regularly or who are
dragged or pulled across the bed
repeatedly
● Occurs especially over bony
prominences due to the pressure of the
body weight on the skin.
MIDTERMS
INFLUENCE OF EMOTIONAL STIMULI AND
DISEASES IN SKIN COLOR
REDNESS OR ERYTHEMA
➢ Indicates embarrassment (blushing),
fever, hypertension, inflammation, or
allergy
PALLOR OR BLANCHING
➢ Under certain types of emotional stress
(fear, anger) some people become
pale
➢ Pale skin also signifies anemia or
hypotension
JAUNDICE OR YELLOW CAST
➢ Abnormal yellow skin tone usually
signifies a liver disorder where excess
bile pigments are absorbed into the
blood, circulated throughout the body
and deposited in body tissues
BRUISES OR BLACK & BLUE MARKS
➢ Due to escape of blood from the
circulation and has clotted in the tissue
spaces
➢ Hematoma – clotted blood masses
➢ Unusual tendency to bruising may
signify vitamin C deficiency in the diet
of hemophilia (bleeder’s disease)
EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE SUN EXPOSURE
● Skin damage despite melanin’s
protective effect
● Clumping of elastin fibers loading to
leathery skin
● Weakening of the immune system
● Alteration of DNA of skin cells leading
to skin cancer
DERMIS
● Strong, stretchy envelope made up of
dense fibrous connective tissue that
helps to hold the body together.
● E.g. leather goods (bags, belts , shoes)
● Thickness varies in regions (e.g. thick
on the palm of the hands and soles of
the feet but quite thin on the eyelids )
PAPILLARY LAYER
● Upper dermal region – area for
capillaries
MIDTERMS

● Dermal papillae - uneven fingerlike

projections from the superior surface of
follicles or sebaceous • Provides less
glands. tactile sensitivity,
the papillary layer
● Contains capillary loops, which furnish
• Adapted for tactile and hair is present
sensitivity and grip, on most areas of the
nutrients to the dermis
with no hair on body.
● Houses pain receptors (free nerve
palms and soles.
endings) and touch receptors
(meissner’s corpuscle)
● Arranged in genetically determined SKIN APPENDAGES
patterns on palms and soles, forming ● Arises from the epidermis and plays a
ridges on the epidermal surface that unique role in maintaining body
enhances gripping ability of the hands homeostasis.
and feet
● Ridges of the fingertips are well CUTANEOUS GLANDS
provided with sweat pores and leave ● All are exocrine glands that release
unique, identifying fingertips. their secretions to the skin surface via
ducts
RETICULAR LAYER ● Formed by the cells of the stratum
● Deepest skin layer basale, pushing into the deeper skin
● Contents of reticular layer: regions and reside almost entirely in
➢ Phagocytes – prevent bacteria the dermis.
from penetrating any deeper ● Two types of glands: sebaceous and
into the body sweat glands
➢ Collagen and Elastin – these
are found throughout the SEBACEOUS GLANDS (OIL)
epidermis ● Found all over the skin except on the
➢ Collagen – responsible for the palms of the hands and the soles of the
toughness of the dermis feet
➢ Elastin – responsible for the ● Ducts usually empties into a hair
elasticity, especially in the follicle, but some open directly onto the
young age skin's surface
● Sebum – mixture of oily substances
EPIDERMIS AND DERMIS OF THICK SKIN AND and fragmented cells produced by the
THIN SKIN DIFFERENCE sebaceous glands

THICK SKIN THIN SKIN

SKIN DISEASES DUE TO AFFECTION OF
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
• Found on palms • Found on most of
and soles. the body. ➢ White head – due to blockage of
• Epidermis has five • Epidermis has four sebum on the duct of sebaceous glands
layers, including a layers (no stratum ➢ Black head – due to oxidation and
clear layer (stratum lucidum). drying of the accumulated sebum on
lucidum). • Dermis is thinner, the duct of sebaceous glands
• Dermis is thicker, contains hair follicles ➢ Acne – an active infection of the
contains sweat and sebaceous sebaceous glands accompanied by
glands, but no hair glands. pimples on the skin
MIDTERMS

➢ Seborrhea – a severe type of

sebaceous gland infection due to HAIR AND HAIR FOLLICLES
overactivity of the sebaceous glands.
PARTS OF A HAIR OR PILI
SWEAT GLANDS (SUDORIFEROUS) ➢ Root - the portion below the surface
● Widely distributed in the skin, about that penetrates the dermis and
more than 2.5 million per person sometimes into the subcutaneous layer
● Secretes fluid called sweat ➢ Shaft - The shaft is the superficial
portion that projects above the surface
TYPES OF SWEAT GLANDS: of the skin
➢ Hair Bulb Matrix - the expanded
ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
portion of the inferior hair follicle and
● More numerous and found all over the
contains the dermal papilla and hair
body
matrix
● Sweat – clear secretion primarily water
plus some salts (sodium chloride),
SHAFT
vitamin C, metabolic wastes (urea,
● Projects from the surface of the skin or
ammonia, and uric acid), and lactic
scalp
acid (chemical that attracts
● Medulla – central core
mosquitoes)
● Cortex – covers the medulla
● Acidic (pH from 4-6) inhibiting
● Cuticle – outermost part formed by a
bacterial growth, which are always
single layer of cells that overlap one
present on the skin surface
another like shingles on a roof
● Pores – funnel-shaped duct that opens
● Roof-like arrangement helps to keep
externally where sweat passes to reach
the hairs apart and keeps them from
the skin's surface.
mating
● Important and highly efficient part of
● Most heavily keratinized region, where
the body’s heat regulating equipment
it provides strength and helps keep the
● Supplied with nerve endings that cause
inner hair layers tightly compacted
them to secrete when the external
temperature or body temperature is
SPLIT ENDS
high
● Occurs due to susceptibility of the
● Secretes up to 7 liters of body water on
cuticle to abrasion
a hot day
● Abrasion – wearing away of cuticle at
the tip of the shaft – frizzing out the
APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
keratin fibrils in the inner hair regions
● Largely confined to the axillary and
– split ends
genital areas
● Its secretion contains fatty acids and
HAIR FOLLICLES
proteins, as well as the substances of
● Flexible epithelial structure producing
eccrine secretion
hair
● The secretion is odorless, but it causes
● Epidermal Sheath
unpleasant odor when bacteria that
➢ Inner layer composed of
live on the skin use its proteins and fats
epithelial tissue and forms the
as a source of nutrients for their
hair.
growth.
MIDTERMS
● Dermal Sheath
➢ Outer layer composed of
dermal connective tissue
➢ Supplies blood vessels to the
epidermal portion and
reinforces it
➢ Its nipple like papilla provides
the blood supply to the matrix
in the hair bulb
● Arrector Pili
➢ Small bonds of smooth muscles
that connect each side of the
hair follicle to the dermal tissue
➢ Contraction (cold or
frightened) pulls the hair
upright, dimpling the skin
surface with “goose bumps”
(piloerection)
● Hair Bulb Matrix
➢ Growth zone
➢ Division of stratum basale cells
located at the inferior end of
the follicle
➢ Daughter cells migrate from
the hair bulb matrix where they
become keratinized and die.
➢ Thus, the bulk of the hair shaft
(like the bulb of epidermis) is
dead material.
NAILS
● Scale-like modification of the
epidermis that corresponds to the hoof
or claw of animals.
PARTS OF NAILS
● Body of the nails - Visible attached
portion
● Root - Embedded in the skin
● Nail Folds - Skin folds covering the
borders of the nail
● Nail Bed - Extension of the stratum
basale beneath the nail
● Nail Matrix - Thickened proximal area
responsible for nail growth.
● Lunula - White crescent nail matrix at
the nail bed
● Nails are transparent and nearly
colorless, but they look pink because of
the rich blood supply in the underlying
dermis
● Nails take on a cyanotic (blue cast)
when the oxygen supply in the blood is
low
Nails become heavily keratinized and die as
produced by the matrix (thus, nails are mostly
dead materials)