Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic

of Azerbaijan
College of Food Industry under Azerbaijan State
University of Economics

Student’s work

Major:Expertise of Consumer

Group:IME 021

Student:Mohbaliyeva Gulsume

Teacher: Ismayilzade Ilaha

Subject:English

Theme: Resort complexes

2022-2023
 Any place having a unique feature can be developed and promoted as a resort. Resorts in itself is a
destination. According to Markouic, “Tourist Resorts are places which attract large number of tourists and
tourism endows with special characteristics so that direct and indirect impacts produced by tourism play a
significant role in its existence of development”. According to Oxford Dictionary, “Resort means last
expedient of a person”. Expression last expedient has emerged from the fact that in earlier days, people went
to visit holiest cities and other places in their last phase of life. But nowadays due to increased availability of
leisure and disposable income this concept has changed and as a result various types of resorts have come
into existence. Thus, in this Unit you will be reading not only about the typology of resorts but also it’s
designing and planning while preserving its natural attractions as its USP. Moreover, the misconception that
resorts are meant for rich and famous does not hold ground any more. It has been removed with the use of
extensive publicity.
Generally, resorts are classified on the basis of the needs they are serving or benefits they are
deriving for their customers, i.e., needs and benefits they are created for. By and large they are located away
from the crowded tourist destination, offering peace and isolation to tourists in natural surroundings. Resorts
can be categorised on the basis of their facilities and services that they shall be offering the guests,:
1) Integrated Resorts,
2) Town Resorts, and
3) Retreat Resorts
These categories of resorts can be summarized in a following manner:
1) Integrated Resorts: Integrated resorts include holiday sites which offer every possible facility,
service and amenities developed in a planned manner for the exclusive use of tourists. Integrated resorts may
vary in size from one resort to another or several resorts and other type of accommodation units, offering
numerous rooms. Typically they are self-contained including various tourist facilities and services of a
commercial centre or commercial facilities, recreation sport facilities, sometimes cultural facilities and also
conference centre or a major meeting facility in the resort. Some of the integrated resorts contain a wide
range of accommodation from various types of cottages, self-catering apartments, town houses and villas.
Self-catering units may be linked by second location houses/homes or will be available for short-term range
to the guests or visitors.
In this type of resorts, configuration can vary from intensive high-density development with tall
building to medium or low-density profit types. However, main considerations are given to open spacing,
landscaping and: other important issues in the resorts.
2) Town Resorts: A town resort combines the usual land users and activities of the town community
that is economically focused on resort activity and contains resorts, hotels and other type of accommodation
units and tourist facilities and services. This type of resort is also typically oriented to a specific attraction
feature such as snow skiing, a beach lake or marine recreation, spas facilities etc. There are ideal locations
for designing and developing skiing, beach and spas in town resorts. Beach resort towns like Goa are very
popular and spas resort towns in south India, more particularly in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, etc. The hill stations,
developed at the time of Britishers, too are very popular and some of them are considered as town resorts or
have nearby resorts.
3) Retreat Resorts: These resorts, though a form of integrated resorts, have gained more popularity
than any other type of resort or accommodation not only in India but also abroad. This category of resort is
very new in India. Therefore apart from India other countries also have started working on this new concept
following its successful operations in Caribbean and Pacific islands. The retreat resorts operates at small
scale, i.e., 25 to 50 rooms but they offer a high quality of services like resorts located in remote areas such as
small islands and in the mountains. The only access may be by boat or by small airplanes or by narrow
building roads. Retreat resorts cater to guests who wish a quite isolated vacation environment but usually
with some recreation activity available. Remote hunting fishing lodges often function as retreat resorts
because of their specialised character and often, high determination and operational cost. Retreat resorts
require careful feasibility analysis before they are developed and selective marketing after the development.
Some of these resorts are under consideration in India as well at places which are far from the habitations
and cities. These can be planned at places like islands of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshwadeep, remote
hilly areas, etc.
Categories of Tourist Resorts Generally the resorts tend to be perfect on their part of entertaining the
tourists. As the resorts tend to be the best in serving visitors in every manner they are categorized on the
basis of their services and nature. Hence the resort categories can be considered as follows:
1) National Attractions
a) Holiday Centres – Having good scenery, and Summer/winter resorts.
b) Sports Centres – As Winter sports, Beach sports, Water sports, and Aero sports.
c) Health Centres – Spas, Health farms, Mineral springs, and Therapeutic purposes (for curing).
2) Special Historic and Cultural Centres Places known for historically important monuments and
other special features.
a) Centres of outstanding tradition and cultural attractions, and
b) Places of religious significance.
3) Other Sectors
a) Man made attraction – Appu Ghar, Essel World,
b) Centres of education, folk museums, art centres and research centres,
c) Centre of economic importance, places of economic interest, fares, exhibitions and technical
centres of business interests,
d) Centres of scientific importance,
e) Capital attractions – Administrative centres – Political convention places, and
f) Mixed centres – Recreation, Business conferences and conventions. The World Tourism
Organisation has given specific instructions for resort development.
In the growing tourism market of the 1980s, tourist resorts proliferated in a disorganised manner.
New markets of first generation tourists/guests took advantage of the short jet flight and low prices to escape
the uncertainties of the climate for their annual holidays. Newer destinations were added to operators’
programmes and new resorts were built to cater their demand. This led to the rapid development of
previously untouched coastline in places like Goa, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu etc. These coastlines
were characterised with “high density, low-grade holiday townships, and were lacking not only visual
attraction but also basic services”. This growth, primarily was fuelled by the low price as commented on
earlier. In the short term the price war benefited the tourists and holidayers but the reduction in profitability
affected the resortiers as well as the hoteliers and tour operators. As long as the tourists kept coming, there
was no perceived problem, except in the minds of a sensitive elite who were not the target market of resorts.
This attitude also helps to explain for you the lack of product differentiation strategies in designing and
developing of these resorts during the period of growth. The Changing Scene in the 1990s In recent years,
tourist movement towards the resorts has shown a considerable growth in the accommodation industry. The
growth rate by 1998 was 15% which over the last three years has grown to 20%. Globally, resort business is
worth US$ 9 billion but in India it is Rs.200 crore industry. This upswing growth trend is due to the entry of
global players like Royal Resorts, Le Meridience, Marriot and many more to hold to this list. Reasons for
it’s Success in Present Scenario Resorts work very successfully as 1ong as the guests’ prime concern is
relaxation and recreation in a climate among people whom they feel comfortable. The very artificiality of
the resort enhances the sense of the holiday as a break from the real world. The familiar symbols in a
warmer/cooler climate create a relaxed mood in which the normal social inhibitions are suspended. The
function of the resort in this holiday experience is primarily to provide leisure at prices based on lower wage
costs and favourable exchange rates. It also gives the holiday an exotic background often experienced as
superficially as that of a themed bar or restaurant at Error! These are not defined as tangible in the form of
souvenirs of the local or national stereotyped symbols – famous buildings, wildlife or local customs – which
bear little relation to the content of the holiday. Often they are not relevant to the particular region of
location of the resorts as the wooden articles (Kerala), etc. The souvenirs and gifts help to give the
guest/tourist status on his return to home from the resort which is at a exotic place.
Changing Perceptions and Expectations With increased competition from upcoming destinations and
the greater sophistication of the tourist, differentiation of the resort product has been recognised to be
essential. It is also being realised that the quality of the product, which can be seen as gap between
expectation and perception of tourists, has fallen. This is due to three basic factors:
• Lack of refurbishment: First there is the lack of refurbishment of the accommodation as previously
mentioned, and also of the infrastructure of the resort itself. When the resorts were built with their en-suite
bathrooms, balconies and extended meal times, they seemed luxurious in comparison with holiday
accommodation in the domestic market. These facilities are now taken for granted and the general standard
of furnishing, decor and fittings has not kept pace with the guests’/tourists’ own standards at home, barring a
few sophisticated new resorts. The attractions and entertainment standards cannot be compared with tourist
complexes like Essel World.
 • Environmental awareness: Secondly, there has been an environmental awareness. This, however,
does not mean that the average beach resort guest/tourist is a dedicated ecologist looking for sustainable
tourism. In reality, stories in the popular media have made the average resort tourist aware of the threat of
pollution and disease in beach resorts of poor standards, of hygiene and fire safety in holiday resorts and so
the names of the popular resorts have become associated with overcrowding, over development – half-
resorts, noisy and dusty construction sites.
• Lager louts: Thirdly, the price war years have produced a phenomenon known as the 'Lager lout'.
Encouraged by cheap discounted fares and holiday packages targeted at the teen and twenty markets, large
number of youngsters flock the big resorts with their all night disco bars. The resorts have gained reputation
for drunkenness, noise and fights, exaggerated, they would argue, by sensational coverage in the media. Its
effects have reflected in deterring the family market for such resorts, inspite of their best locations and
products. For all these reasons the established resorts, although retaining a price advantage, were no longer
perceived as value for money compared to their newer competitors.
• Out of fashion: The concept of the adoption curve is relevant here. New products, such as
destinations, are first bought by a relatively smaller group of ‘innovators’ who are attracted by the idea of
trying something new and different. These people set the trend or fashion, which is copied first by ‘early
adopters’, then by the majority and lately by the ‘laggards’ who only adopt the most tried and commonplace
products. It is clear that the beach resorts have ceased to attract the innovators and allo-centric tourists. You
should, therefore, worry more about the fact that in the tourist industry majority of the mid- to psycho-
centric tourists are becoming dissatisfied and ready to move on to attractive options.
• Moving on: The tourist and the tour operator can move on to newer, more distant destinations,
switchover to other types of holiday or revert to domestic tourism. The established resorts remain. Tourism
which is mostly responsible for the employment in some of the states than any other industry like Garhwal
and Kumaun in Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir in northern region, Goa on western coast and eastern
region states like Meghalaya, Assam, Manipur, Tripura, Nagaland, Mizoram and Arunanchal Pradesh, is as
much a mono-culture as any Third World cash-crop, and communities which depend on it are just as
vulnerable to fluctuations in world demand.
Lessons learnt over years for developing resorts: It might seem easy in hindsight to prescribe lessons
for newly developing resorts to avoid the mistake of the past but the pressures that led to those mistakes still
exist. But still a few useful guidelines for you can be there to avoid over dependence on particular markets,
or on tourism at the expense of other industries and agriculture. Tourism can also be a successful mean of
bringing prosperity to India and remains an attractive model for other communities in need of foreign
exchange for development. You should never lose control of the distribution channel. More particularly any
individual resort cannot penetrate international markets effectively without the aid of intermediaries in the
target countries. As it has been a best way to sell a holiday resort in a foreign as well as domestic market is
to make sure it is in a tour operator’s brochure or website. You must maintain and enhance the quality of the
resort facilities. This, of course, requires investment since this is a price-led low-profit-margin industry,
which can be difficult to generate on purely commercial grounds. It also requires development controls
which in its early years of development could be difficult to impose from political point of view. As a newer
resort, you could save expense and problems in the long term by balancing the desire to grab the benefits of
tourism with the need to control some of the most obvious environmental consequences from the beginning
of the project itself. An optimist would argue that the growing environmental awareness in the major
tourism-originating nation, like India, makes this task easier than it was for the resorts which developed in
the 1980s and in the early 1990s.
Everything, which has a possession in this world, can be a source of supply and so has the
development of resorts. This can be applicable to hills, beaches, plains, desert, towns, villages, etc. These
areas tend to abide the nature for tourism in a way that the tourism formalises in a better manner. These
sources are the constituents of the tourism without which no activity directly or indirectly related to tourism
are at all possible. As you know by now that the hills, beaches, plains all have their own importance in the
aspects of the tourism related activities. For instance, hills have their own importance in designing tourism
products where the tourists forbid for the nature's beauty and love. It has its own ambience in the tourist
market and holds the glory for its beauty, purity and calmness. These mountains have stood past for several
years, and have given us a lot more like rain, unique flora and fauna (which are not found any where in the
world), unique people with unique culture who reside on these mountains and much more. Because of its
purity and aesthetic value the visitors have always been attracted towards it whether be it for any sort of
knowledge or for any adventurous activities. The mountains have always been the source of inspiration to
the mankind be it the saints, explorers, adventurers, philosophers, poets, etc. It has always strengthened the
human nature and mind. They are the origins of numerous rivers like the holy Ganges, the Yamuna, etc. In
every moment of life it has given something or the other to man but man has never shown his gratitude
towards its services and things it has given us than has always been into grasping even little things that he
won’t think of taking from it. But it has never shown his annoyance for the misdeeds which the man has
done to it. In every respect it has been taking care of every thing that he (the man) has been thinking of. It
not only gives us the monsoon but also helps in providing a clear and safe environment to live.
The role of the mountains is enormous in number which shall be very lengthy in describing each one
of them. So keeping in view the mighty mountains and their role in our life shall make us more bonded and
loyal towards it. The Beaches, on the other hand, have developed the humankind in a mor e sophisticated
manner by keeping them in lure of their charm. As we know that eighty percent (80%) of the human body
constitutes of water and rest of it is minerals, salts, etc. and this also shows the need of the water in the life
of the human being. So this tendency of human beings has always made them to be near the water resources
and due to this tendency of the man he had established himself near banks of seas, rivers, lakes, ponds, etc.
It is only because of this nature that the humans have always assisted the banks of the water resources, it has
been proved by the findings of our archaeologists like Indus valley civilization was found on the banks of
Indus river etc. India as a whole has so much to offer that one becomes tired physically and not mentally.
Taking on any parameters of tourism activity the country has the best result the only thing requires here is a
proper planning, long term projects and good infrastructure. It is not that India is not so beautiful as
Switzerland or any other place but the only thing it lags behind is in cultivating its resources properly and in
a definite manner.
Once these important things are taken care of India shall glow in a lot better way on the world map
and be at its original place where it should have been. Surely that can be taken up with the help of the
Resorts, which determines to be the appropriate channel for the development of tourism in the nation. With
the growth of the ultimate resorts in the country no nation shall be able to steal the sky from us in any
manner. India, as we know has a vast diversity in nature, in terms of landscapes, beautiful valleys, beaches,
mountains, forests, ghats, etc. India is very distinctive in its seasonal factor as it has all the perspective
seasons that are found on as summer, winter, autumn and spring. Each activity related to tourism confers
recreation, pleasure and satisfaction to the tourist who is willing to go for tourism activity in India. On the
other hand resort concept has taken the tourism industry by a storm.
Resort as a whole has a lot to serve in a country like India where a tourist needs to have only courage
and ability for going for any type of activities related to tourism. The potentiality of resorts is very
promising as it has started a new domain in the tourism industry .It has given a completely a new meaning to
the accommodation sector as well as to the accommodation units in terms of accommodating the guests or
the tourists entirely in a different and new manner. Resorts nowadays are becoming so popular that the
people have started visiting such places where they find good and prosperous moods of life. They tend to
spend their holidays there and try to accommodate themselves with the environment of the particular resort.
As we know that sources. of supply for a resort can be differentiated in terms of its geographical situation
that is at what part of the earth it is situated, at what height, with what physiographic conditions and acquires
what facilities and services. Similarly the resorts tend to be at distant places where one enjoys every bit of it.
Anything, which is in use, faces exploitation no matter at what level. Resorts face it too, as they
altogether change the life of the place wherever they are situated or established. As the sources of supply for
a resort can be determined in terms of its graphical situation – such as it is at Hilly region, at Beach area, or
it is situated in a plain region and its demographic factor. One more important type of resort can be taken in
terms of health, which is known as a Spa resort. Hill resorts tend to exploit the hilly region while going for
construction for its infrastructure development by constructing roads for a possible and easy accessibility,
constructing other important amenities like sewage disposal systems, making spaces for water pipelines and
electricity poles, for water storing tanks, cottages or rooms for themselves and for staff etc. As we know that
in hilly areas the easier way of constructing a resort or for any type of development the hills are blasted with
the help of the dynamite and than the construction work goes on. It is not that the resorts exploit the hills but
they also go for other constructive works like planting new plants at the resort and making the whole area
green and beautiful. So that the guest can feel that he is definitely away from the hustle-bustle of day-to-day
life and he can take the advantage of being at the lap of the nature. The tourist becomes absolutely free
minded and takes the every corn of delight from the Mother Nature. Talking about the beach areas, here the
resort development is very much different from that of the hilly resorts because here you do not need any
dynamite for the resort development but you need is other thing and that is a beautiful beach with lots of
coconut trees on it, good quality of sand good location round the resort and foremost important thing the
good locality .In such type, the resorts are generally in the form of cottages whereas in some resorts they
offer rooms also. The cottages of the resort are developed in such a way that they face the seaside and have
every component relating to sea. The resorts exploit the area in a way that not only private beach gets
polluted by the tourists who come to the resort but the guests who are availing the services and facilities of
the resort go to different beaches, which are easily accessible or are nearer to the resort in which they are
staying, to see and wander to different beaches, they also lend a hand in polluting the beaches by different
means like throwing garbage, polythenes, etc. This creates a problem for the beach tourism not only in India
like Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra (Mumbai) etc. but this problem is there in the other tourist places also like
Hawaii, Caribbean islands, Australian beaches etc. Now taking plain tourism, for instance, the tourists go to
different places like Rajasthan (Jaipur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, etc.), Uttar Pradesh (Agra, Banaras, Hardwar,
etc.), Delhi, etc. As all these plac es lies in plain region these places communicate with each other in a way
that the tourist abide to visit every place that he comes to know. The resorts in plains develop in almost the
same manner as other hotels are developed. These resorts have villas, rooms and cottages type of
accommodation, which has its own charm holding for the tourist or the guest who avails it. The plain areas
have the critical problem of pollution than any other region it is because of the fact that not only the tourist
but the community people also tend to pollute the area or region by many means like throwing garbage,
through industrial wastes (which is lacking in the hilly as well as beach regions), and other means of
pollution like air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, soil pollution, etc. These all tend to exploit the
resources of plain areas and hence damaging the tourism activities in the plain by an indirect means.
Hence, the resorts developed in different sources exploit the sources as well as other elements whic h
are useful for the mankind. But every thing do not end here as a coin has two faces similarly the resort
development has two faces with it. Obviously one face has the negative impacts and the other surely has the
positive impacts. If the development shows its negative nature on one hand than it also shows the positive
nature on the other hand (see MTM-10). The positive nature of the resorts surely has a tremendous catch
over the negative nature in means as it consolidates the economy of the nation, it produces employment in a
vast scale (as currently we are short by 30,000 tourism professionals in the industry which is increasing day
by day), it helps in formulation with the accessibility routes to different places by which it brings different
places nearer to each other, it brings different community people nearer to each other, it consolidates the
friendship between different castes, religions and countries and finally it makes the world a better place to
live with every pros and cons in life. Reasons for Failure Areas having potential fail aesthetically and
financially, for which areas which bound to have something or the other from the tourism point of view fall
drastically in their market ratings. It is because of the following main reasons:
• Lack of market research: A resort or other tourist facility cannot survive without a market. Many
facilities have been built with little or no thought given to market feasibility. Established resorts fail because
of changing tastes, obsolescence, changes in transportation, new competition and poor management.
 • Lack of area planning: Tourist facilities that have not been controlled or planned carefully can
become part of an unappealing jingle of buildings. Each facility owner is forced to erect a larger sign and to
forego landscaping or other amenities in order to compete. No body profits, least of all the traveller.
• Lack of sufficient long-range funding: The planning which is done to meet the demand in the
market shuffles around funds, which happens to be the foremost part for implementing the planned ideas.
This is where the things go wrong and all the process slashes down. Fund is an element which is required to
deal with the market and when it lags behind everything collapses.
• The problem in tourist destination development lies in determining what groups or markets will
want to visit the resort and providing those things that will prove enjoyable to them.
• Other determining factors are the expectations of the resident population and government policies
and restrictions.
• The expectations of the visitor largely determine the design and components of the resort.
• Other determining factors are the expectations of the resident population and government policies
and restrictions.
It is not an easy task to undertake the “Resort Planning Process”. Various key factors, as discussed
below, play a vital role in resort planning:
a) Market Assessment Before planning a Resort, we go through the market assessment, strategies of
market and requirements of market customer or customers. What are the fields and where we have to
establish the resort? What will the planning phases of Resort be? Where our competitors lie? These are main
factors which lead to the market assessment before planning the resort in any area and particular places.
b) Role of Intermediaries Before going to discuss the intermediaries’ role in Resort planning, it
would be better to know who the promoters are?
i) RCI (Resorts Con. of Indian Government)
ii) Mahindra and Mahindra Group
iii) Government bodies, i.e., state and national bodies, like, ITDC (Kolam sea beach resort), GMVN
(Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam), JKTD (Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Department), HPTDC (Himachal
Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation), RTDC (Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation), etc.
iv) Sita World Travel – Sita’s Resorts near International Airport, New Delhi.
c) Planning Variables
i) Uncontrollable Variables • Climate • Natural Hazards • Earthquakes • Diseases, etc.
ii) Controllable Variables • Price • Promotion Planning
d) Planning Features The following points are important part of planning:
• What are the planning features?
• Where we have to introduce a planning?
• What will be its effect?
• Where is the business?
• What are the attractions?
 Planning should be done keeping an eye on the above questions.
e) Market Survey before Planning. It basically depends on market strategies and market analysis also,
based on 4Ps of market survey.
Why tourist resorts tend to become homogenous products is an interesting question. It appears that
all tourist resorts appear to look like the same when you see their list of amenities or location. Some of the
factors for the same can be listed as:
1) Core Benefits: One of the first principles of marketing is that people buy benefits and not product
features. The physical features and facilities of the resort, its links and the multinational network of tour and
travel agents through which it is sold are all simply the means of ‘delivering the desired satisfaction’.
2) Tangible Features: The tangible features of the resort develop from its core attractions of a beach,
safe bathing and a warm climate. Resorts within walking distance of the sea, preferably with a sea view, are
essential. Cafes for refreshment in the heat of the day, bars and nightspots for socialising in the warm nights
soon follow. Resort shops develop to serve the needs of the guests for souvenirs, beachwears, game
equipments, cosmetics and gifts.
3) Inte rnational Markets, Global Products: The resorts and facilities may be managed by local
companies but the style of their services is deliberately international. A resort in Goa with possible kind of
guests tries to cater for all tastes with buffet meals and multi-lingual entertainment. “The world is becoming
a common marketplace in which people – no matter where they come from – desire the same products and
life styles”.
4) Economies of Scale: The successful growth of resort industry in the period has indeed been price-
led, based on the tour operators’ ability to deliver hitherto inaccessible warm-climate destinations
(Rajasthan) at prices affordable by the vast majority of people. To do this, the operators have needed to
achieve economies of scale on charter flights and large allocations at resorts. The low prices depended on
the operators negotiating low rates from the resortiers, which in turn were made possible by low wage levels
and favourable exchange rates. As a result, the guests/tourists were given three-star quality at prices that
would hardly pay for a guest house in their towns/countries. This further encouraged the growth in the
overseas market at the expense of the domestic market especially for Europeans.
5) Standardised Building Methods: To benefit from the rising demand for numbers of beds at low
prices, local resortiers have had to employ standardised building methods and plot ratios more reminiscent
other places than of their own vernacular architecture. It is too easy to condemn architectural styles in the
resorts when buildings in the same styles were being built with the same disregard for the historical and
cultural environment in most towns and cities of the world at the time. The growth of mass tourism
coincided with an era of architecture advanced in technology but limited in aesthetics. Functional simplicity
was preferred to ornamentation and disguise, straight lines and rectangles to curves and ovals. Admirably
honest in theory, cheap to implement but monotonous in result. The spa resorts of the century and the
seaside towns were equally mass produced and homogenous in architecture but the crescents of bath have to
modernise an elegant charm which we have not the learnt. The reaction against such resorts can be seen as
part of a wider post-modernist revolt against functionalism in internationalism in style.
6) Quality Assurance: In some resorts, this sense of the tourist district as a safe enclave is only too
accurate. Tourists in some resorts are warned not to venture away from the resort on their own. In other
words, such as beach resorts on western coastline, there are some places to move around but at some places
there is literally nowhere to go – the nearest ‘real’ indigenous settlements being an hour or more drive way.
The resort with its pool replacing the crowded and polluted beach, is self-contained, like a permanently
moored cruise liner from which the ‘passengers’ disembark only for organised excursions.
Resorts like in Goa are designed specifically as an Integrated Resort, with a range of sporting and
social activities/facilities such that the guest need not leave the site for the duration the holiday – a concept
pioneered by holiday centres. Some planners go by the concept of the brand image replacing the destination
image to the logical extreme, but the same characteristics of self-contained uniformity are shared by many
more conventional resorts.
Designing and development of any product faces initial problems and challenges and tourist resort
development is not an exception. However, in case of tourist resort development what you need to take care
of is that environment both natural and heritage, which are likely to be added features of your product shall
not be degraded. In other words, environment be used and not exploited. Some of the prominent problems
and challenges are outlined below for your study purpose:
1) Ecological Considerations The science of the relationship between organisms and their
environment plays a definite role in resort as well as destination development. One of the organisms is the
human being, the great change agent in the environment. Ecologists and others are rightfully concerned that
though there are believed to be 1.5 million species of life, humans are responsible for wiping out of at least
one species each day, some say even one per hour. Resort development must consider the ecological effects
for development and the factors that will least upset the ecological balances in the area. Ecology has cost-
benefits and often the most vocal ecologists bear none of the costs. Overuse of an area may affect not only
the people involved, but also the actual climate.
2) Participation in Area Development Local, state and federal governments participate in every
tourist development in one way or the other. The degree of participation or intervention covers a wide range.
Tourist developments require that state and local public money be sued to extend sewerage systems, water
lines and other public utilities, the establishment of state and federal monuments and historic sites.
3) Government Planning Abroad Abroad participation in tourist development is almost completely
controlled by the government. Areas where private enterprises were reluctant to invest in tourism, the
governments have stepped in praise the pump to get tourism started, like, provision of credit facilities,
subsidiaries to private sector for tourism promotion.
4) Need for Government Aid Without government aid, tourism in some areas cannot grow
substantially, for example, in the present times a jet airport is an absolute necessity but no independent
developer is likely to build such an airport. Government has other good reasons for financing at least one or
two units related to tourism. Such units bring in expert technical advice on construction and operation.
Outside management is used to train large numbers of nationals, offering training that would otherwise be
unavoidable.
5) Need for Government Control Land speculation produces a major problem in nearly every tourist
development. As soon as a tourist unit grows or goes up on a property, adjoining land jumps in value.
One device used by the government is to price the land at its value over a long period previous to the
classification of the zone for tourism development. Another is to impose a progressive tax on non-utilisation
of land in tourist development areas or to place a tax on added value.
6) Public Participation It is often desirable that a wide spectrum of the resident population take part
in the development planning and that divergent interests be considered to avoid growth at one group’s
expense and to spread the benefits of development equitably. No doubt, there is need for planning experts,
ecologists and a master plan that considers not only the residents and resources of the particular destination
but also relates its parts to the region (regional planning). This approach, which tries to serve everyone’s
interests, is certainly advisable, but unfortunately it often results in long delays or stalemates.
Endeavour should be made to make and maintain the approach roads aesthetically as attractive as
possible. Presently the roads are still in formative stage at some places where the development is still
lacking. Even the main axis, which is quite old, is being widened, therefore, is unsettled as yet. Once the
roads get sufficiently settled they should be made attractive to the eye to obviate a monotonous long journey.
The forest department of Uttar Pradesh has made a fine beginning in this regard; however, much still needs
to be achieved. Firstly, full use of flowering trees and flower beds should be laid to cover the available space
along the roads. Secondly, spots with good view should be developed to create places of brief rest for the
tourists along the long routes. Road building and maintenance agencies responsible for different roads
should be approached and requested to include abovementioned features in their area of responsibility. The
tourist department should honour these agencies with some prizes of memento of appreciation off and on to
induce them to inculcate goodwill towards tourism in the region.Travelling to these often more exotic
locations became a part of the pleasure experience. In the late 1800s luxury resort were developed to
accommodate the clientele that the railways bought. Such hotels include the famous Greenbier at white
sulphur springs, West Virginia, the Hotel Del Coronado in Coronado (near San Diego), California and the
Homestead at Hot Springs, Virginia. The leisure and pleasure travellers of those days were drawn by resorts,
beaches or spectacular mountain scenery. At first, many of these grand resorts were seasonal. However, as
automobile and air travel made even the remote resorts more accessible and an increasing number of tourists
could afford to visit, many resorts became year round properties. Resort communities sprang up in the
sunshine belt from Palm Springs to Palm Beach. Some resorts focussed on major sporting activities such as
Skiing, Golf or Fishing; others offered family vacations. Further improvements in both air and automobile
travel brought exotic locations within the reach of the population. As the years passed, some of the resorts
suffered because the people’s vacation plans changed. The traditional family month-long resort vacation
gave way to shorter, more frequent getaways of four to seven days. The regular resort visitors became older;
in general, the younger guests preferred the mobility of the automobile and the more informal atmosphere
provided by the newer and more informal resorts. In order to survive, the resort became more astute in
marketing to different types of guests. For example, some resorts allow no children at the time of peak
season because they would interfere with the quite ambience for guests who do not want any sort of minute
disturbance either. This Unit also gave you an idea of the complex issues involved in resort development and
design.

Bibliography
1. www.researchgate.net
2. A.V. Seaton, 1994, Tourism The State of the Art, Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3. Annual Report 2001-02, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India