SSC Physics Chapter-6: Effect of Heat on Substances A solid object with a mass of 3kg and 15°C temperature is kept beside a buming stove at 200°C temperature. As a result, after a certain time, it achieved a temperature of 86°F. Specific heat of the clement of the object is 361 Jkg'K" and latent heat of ice is 336000 Jig" [Al Board-18) a. What is specific heat? 1 b, What does coefficient of linear expansion of steel 11 x 10° SK"! mean? 2 ¢. How much heat has been absorbed for the object to reach 86°F temperature? 3 d, After the mentioned time, if the object is put in $00g melted icewater then what will be the maximum temperature of the mixture? Mathematically analyze. 4 EY The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a body of mass 1 kg by 1 K is called the specific heat. BJ Steet’s coeffecient of linear expansion being 11 x 10“K"! means that, if the temperature of a Im long steel rod is increased by 1K then its length increases by 11 x 10%m. Bitere, Mass of object, m= 3kg Specific heat ofthe element of the object, S361 Ikg'k"! Initial temperature of object, 0, ~ 15°C ‘And final temperature, 0, = 86°F = 5 gs— 32) =30C + Temperature increase, 89 =0:~ 0; = 30°C -15°C 15°C = 15K +. Ifthe heat absorbed by the object is QQ = mS4@ G61 x15) = io24s3 ans) Here, Mass of object, m: =3kg Specific heat of the element of the object, 81-361 kek"! = 500g Sky And initial temperature, @; = 0°C = 273K We know, specific heat of water, S; ~ 4200 Jkg'k" From part ‘C’, temperature of object after the mentioned time, @ ‘Mass of melted icewater, my Let, maximum temperature of mixture is 0 Here, the object will lose heat and melted icewater will gain heat. 4, Heat lost by the object, Q, = miSi(@:~ 0.) ‘And heat gained by the melted icewater, Q. According to the principles of calorimetry, =a mS,(@2 — On) = m$(9n~0,) 3 x36] x (03 ~G,)= 0.5 x 4200 x (@n~273) 328149 ~ 1083 Dy = 2100 @, ~$73300 2100 Oa + 1083 Gq = 328149 + 573300 3183 y= 901449 S210 81) or, or, or, or, ‘Therefore, maximum temperature of mixture is 28321K or 1o21ec. ‘The depth of a well is 3500cm, air temperature is 60°F. At this temperature, the velocity of sound is 343ms"! (DBI) What is wave velocity? I Set the relationship between frequency and time period. 2 ‘What is the temperature of that place in Celsius scale? 3 If any sound is produced at the mouth of the well, will echo be heard? Explain mathematically. 4 Answer to the question no. 2 El The distance travelled by a wave in a certain ne second is called wave velocity Bl The time required by an oscillating object to conclude a complete oscillation is called time period and the number of complete oscillations concluded by an oscillating object in one second is called frequency. If the time period of an oscillating, object is T'then, Number of oscillations in 7 second = 1 aege ction in -. Number of osilltionsin 1 second =" This oscillation number in 1 second is frequency. 1 So, frequency, f= 7 [From the stem, ‘Temperature in Fahrenheit scale, F= 65°F ‘Temperature in Celsius scale, C=? We know, © LF 5 or, 9C = SF- 160 a, ¢ 826-10 = 18.33°C(Ans.) From the stem, Depth of well, Sound velocity in air, v= 343 m: Let, time required to hear echo = 3500 em=35m We know, ut a> or, 24-2235 my 343, 1=02s>01s Since the required time to hear the echo is more than the duration of the feeling of sound. So echo can be heard if the sound is made at the top of the well. Faure Meal pie Mb.‘The surface arca of the figure is increased by 0.1m? for the rise of temperature 30°C. a. Whats regelation? 1 b. Explain the plasma state of matter, 2 ©. Find out the coefficient of linear expansion of the metal piece. 3 4, What will be the increase in temperature to increase the surface arca of that metal 6%? 4 Answer to the question ni Bi The process of tuming a solid matter to liquid using pressure and again tuning it back to solid state by decreasing pressure is called regelation. Dl The fourth state of matter is called plasma, This plasma is the gas ionized in extremely high temperature, A large source ‘of plasma is the Sun. Aside from that, the other stars are also sources of plasma, The state of plasma occurs in thousands of degree Celsius temperatures. Like gas, plasma doesn’t have any specific shape or volume. Plasma particles are electric ‘conductors. Metallic matter is cut by plasma torch in factories. Gl Given that, length of metallic piece, L = 4000 mm = 4 m Widih of metallic piece, B= 3000 mm Temperature increase, A@= 30°C =30 K Area increase, Ad = 0.1 mé Initial area of metallic piece, 4, xB=4mx3 m= 12m “ ae. Co-sficient of area expansion, 2 7755 Om? “12m «30K =2.71«104K* If the co-efficient of linear expansion of the metallic piece is o, Bnew = 139 x 10“ K"" (Ans) From the ‘c” part, Initial area of metallic piece, Ay = 12 m? Co-cfficient of arca expansion, = 2.77 x 104K"! According to the question, area increase, 6 2 zi = imi xcoea tn? A= Ay x 6%6= 12 mF 795 = 0.72 mh If temperature increase is AO, AA Be 7n6 = 0.72 m? 08 AOA Tam 2.77 x10 KT =2166°C ‘Therefore, the temperature needs to be increased by 216.6°C to increase the area of the metallic piece by 6%. 240004 heat is applied to increase the temperature of a rod of length Im having mass 3kg from 30°C to 50°C, whose expansion of length is 234 x10™“m. The expansion of the length of another similar rod is 2.2 x 10~m for the same change of temperature, Bib?) 2. What is the unit of thermal capacity? 1 b. Explain the effect of pressure on the melting point. 2 cc. Find the specific heat of the Ist rod. 3 d, What is the reason for the different value of linear expansion of these two rods? Explain with mathematical logic. 4 Answer to the question no. 4 EY The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of an object by one unit is called the thermal capacity of that object Bl The melting point of a matter changes depending on the variation of the pressure on it, The change of melting point due to pressure can occur in two ways. i. ‘The matters that lose volume while transforming from so! to liquid (for example ice), their melting point decreases when pressure is increased or they melt in lower temperatures. ji, The matters that gain volume while transforming from solid to liquid (for example wax), their melting point increases when pressure is increased or they melt in higher temperatures. From the ster Mass of Ist rod, m~3 kg, ‘Temperature difference, A@= (50 30)°C = 20°C = 20K Heat applied, Q = 24000 J Relative heat, S=? We know. Q=mSA8 24000 2.24000) aa 9S FA0 ~The 20K 7400) KK (Ans) [From the stern, Initial length of the Ist and 2nd rod, != 1 m Length expansion of the Ist rod, Al, =2.34 x 10“ m Length expansion of the 2nd rod, Al =2.2 x 10 m Temperature increase of the two rods, A9= (50 ~ 30)°C = 20°C = 20K So, length expansion coefficient of the Ist rod, AL _ 2.34 x10 Ah, _2:34%10% m _ 5K! "149 Tmx20K IT 10K ‘And length expansion coefficient of the 2nd rod, fh 22x14 m1 1 igs Tag" tmx 20K ~ Tx 10K From mathematical analysis, of, > a ‘Therefore, since the length expansion coefficient of the two rods are different so length expansion of the two rods are different as well The temperature of the copper wire is increased by 150°C. * (C817) $= 400 Jeg? K" 1100em—>}_ p= 8960 kgm” ‘Copper wire a. What is called triple point of water? 1 b. Pressure is a thermometric property of matter~ Explain, 2 ©. Determine the required amount of heat applied to the copper wire. 3 4d, Will the copper wire be made to penetrate after applying heat through a ring of diameter 10.06 mm? Explain with mathematical logic. 4 Answer to the question no. 5 El The temperature and pressure at which water remains in its all three states meaning solid, liquid and gas, is known as the triple point of water, Di Pressure of some gas sealed in 2 container depends on its temperature. If temperature is increased, pressure increases too. So, temperature can be determined by measuring pressure. So, pressure is a thermos quality of matter,Given that, Length of copper wire, != 100 cm Diameter, d= 10 mm *. Radius, r= 5 mm = 5 x 10 m Specific heat, S= 400) kg! Kt Density, p= 8960 kg m™ Increase in temperature, 4 Requires heat, =” We know, mass of object, maplepanrl 8960 kgm” x 3.1416 x (5 x 10° m)?< 1 m = 0.7037 ke Required heat, H= mSA0=0.7037 kg x 400] kg! K' x 150K = 4.22 x 104 (Ans.) WiGiven that, Volume expansion coefficient, y= $0.1 x 10° K = 150°C = 150K So, Length expansion coefficient, a= 4 16.7 x 10° K+ Increase in temperature, A@= 150°C = 150 K Initial diameter, d) = 10 mm = 10 x 10° m Changed diameter, d; = ? ‘We know, length expansion coefficient, (Diameter is a type of length.) dao or, dy ~d) = dha dO * dy=d\(1+ @A8) = 10x 107 m (1+ 16.7 10% Kx 150K) = 10.025 x 107 m = 10.025 mm As the ring’s diameter is 10.06 mm and wire’s diameter is 10.025 mm so the wire can penetrate the ring. ~t FI — * ce a TP, tien Sean Sot Peat 70 meee Te (S.B-17] What is called 1 Kelvin? 1 Why isair of fan fet cold in the sweating body? Explain, 2 ©. Find out the value of the temperature of the object B in Fahrenheit scale. 3 d. What is the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of only liquid of the container A and object B through 30°C separately? Which one needs more and how much? Analyse mathematically, (At 4°C, the mass of Ic.c water is | gm) 4 Answer to the question 1 ; jeu HD One kelvin is 537g fraction of water's triple point temperature, BY We know that water is always being vaporized. This vaporization depends on the surrounding water vapours. If the amount of water vapours is excessive, rate of vaporization is slow. As the sweats of our body are vaporized, amount of water vapour remains high around us. But the fan removes the water vapours and so the rate of vaporization increases. We also know that during vaporization latent heat is required, ‘When sweats vaporize our body supplies the required heat so we feel cool. Given thar, ‘Temperature of B in celsius scale, C= 4°C ‘Temperature in farenhite scale, =? We know that, E. 4 9°55 or, 5F=160=36 «pn 160+ 36 spelt [Container A's radius, r = 5 om 0.05 m Height of water in conatiner A, h=20cm=0.2m ‘Volume of water in container A, V= 17h = 3.1416 x (0.05 my x 0.2m = 157x107 m* Density of water, p= 1000 kg m™ So, water's mass, max S7kg Water's specific heat capacity, S, = 4200 J kg! K In both cases, increase in temperature, A= 30°C = 30 K Required heat, H; =? We know, Hy = mS; AO= 1.57 kg x 4200 J kg! Kx 30K 978 10S 39.2° F (Ans.) 57x 107 m’ x 1000 kg m Again, for B, Specific heat capacity, S; = 1700 J kg" K* mass, m= 5 gm=5 x 10” kg Required heat, Hs Hy= m3; 88 or, Hy =5 x 10? kg 1700 5 kg"! K"! 30K . Hy=2.55x 10°F As Hy > Hz 80, more heat is required to rise water's temperature So, -» E aren {enty p= 10500 ker [8.8.17] a. What is called specific heat? 1 'b. Iron rod is used to build house ~ explain. 2 ¢. Determine the mass of the sphere. 3 4. Will the body be lifted by applying ISN force in the smaller piston? Explain with mathematical logic. 4 Answer to the question no. 7 BY The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a body of mass 1Kg through 1K is called the specific heat of the material ofthat body. DD Iron is an electricity conductor. To make buildings safe from thunders iron rods are used. Because of that buildings are ‘not harmed by thunders as the electricity generated by thunder goes down to earth directly through the iron rod. And so the buildings remain safe. Given that, Radius of sphere, r =5 em=0.05 m Density of sphere’s element, o = 10500 kg m™ ++ Volume of sphere, = $ s7°m? = x 3.1416 x (0.05) m* =5.23x 10m So, mass of sphere, m= pl’= (10500 x 5.23 x 10) kg 5.5 kg (Ans.)BGiven tha, Diameter of smaller piston, a, =20 em = 0.2 m Radius of smaller piston, r; = 0.1. m Cross sectional area of smaller piston, 4, = n° = 3.14 x 1 my = 0.0314 m? 40 cm= 0.4m 0.2m 2 Diameter of bigger piston, dy Radius of bigger piston, ry Area of bigger piston, 4. 14 x (0.1 m)* 0.1256 m? Applied force on smaller piston, F = 15 N Force genetated in the bigger piston, F2 =? We know, Fd AA, a ppetiy pe a Ol2s6ne Fg Coad a SN =60N Mass ofthe sphere on bigger piston, 2 = 5.5 ke [From “C'] Sphere's weight, F = mg =53.9N So, the force fel in the bigger piston is greater than the weight ‘of sphere. And so, the sphere body can be lifted. ‘Area of a copper plate and a steel plate at 10°C is 9m ‘each, Aver applying heat, temperature becomes 50°C and due to this the area of steel body becomes 9,012024n? (Co-efcient of superficial expansion of copper is 22.0% 10K"), (CBE) a, Define I Kelvin, 1 b. The rotation of the earth around the sun is which type of motion? Explain, 2 ¢. Determine the coefficient of volume expansion of copper. 3 4, By increasing the temperature is it possible to place the copper plate on the steel plate equally? Explain your opinion mathematically. 4 Answer to the question no. § BU 5475 th par of the water’ triple point temperature is called 1 Kelvin, J Earth motion around the sun is a periodic motion because the carth revolves around the sun in 365 days and comes back to the previous position and again moves along the same path around the sun, Given, coefficient of superficial expansion, fi = 22.0 x 10K’ the coefficient of volume expansion of copper, y=? the coefficient of linear expansion of copper, a=? We know, B = 20 3x 11x 10% =3.3 x 10° K" (Ans) Gi the initial area of copper plate, A, = 9m? initial temperature of copper plate, 6, = 10°C = 283 K If the copper plate has to be placed on steel plate at SO°C then its final area will be A; = 0.012024 m?, Coefficient of superficial expansion of copper, B= 22.0 « 10° K! if the final temperature of copper plate is 0, then, 9.012024 -9 ~ Geers 8) = (60.73 + 283)K = 343.73 k =70.73°C If the temperature of the copper plate is raised to 70.73°C it can be placed on the eopper plete In a factory, 1, 2 and 3 No, level are attached to the three lead plate respectively. The surface area of every plate is 4m?, When No. | plate is heated to the temperature 175°C its surface area become 4.033m?. No. 2 and No. 3 plates are heated to the temperature up 1 150°C and 170°C respectively [Room Temperature 25°C] cx. 86} a. Define Evaporation. 1 b, Ifa big container and a small container have same height, and to Keep same amount of water in the two containers then the evaporation of water will be occurted of which * container faster and why? 2 Determine the value of the coefficient of surface expansion ‘of No. 1 plate. 3 d. The change of surface are of No, 2 and No. 3 plate is not equal ‘due to application of heat — Analyse mathematically. 4 Answer to the question no. 9 Ell The process by which a liquid tums spontaneously into it's vapour from the surface of it at any temperature is called evaporation. Di Temperature of evaporation of water depends on pressure of air on it, humidity of the air, surface area of the water. If water of similar height is kept at same place, humidity and air pressure will be same but if the surface area is large, then there js an opportunity of evaporating from larger area. If same amount of water is kept in two different containers, the water in the wide container will evaporate faster due to its larger surface area. Ei From the stem we get, For plate I, initial area, Ay = 4m? - final area, Az = 4.033 m* room temperature, 0; = 25°C = 298K final temperature, 0, = 175°C = 448 K coefficient of superficial expansion, 8 =? Weknow, p =- 0)) a (0-82) +f, (4 10%" x 100m * 60°C) + 100m. = 100.0066m Here, the wire can increase (100.0066 ~ 100) = 0.0066m. But, linear expansion is 0.08m, which is larger than the result. So the wire will tear. ‘The length of an iron rod is 2m and small amount of length increase of temperature 20°C, The coefficient of linear expansion of iron and copper are 11.6 x 10™°K and 16.7 x 10“K respectively. a. b, 8, a [Pabne Cadet Caltege, Pabray What is half life? t Why does a gap is kept at the joint of two rail lain? Explain, 2 Calculate the inerease of temperature in Fahrenheit scale? 3 Does the increase of length is same if the rod is made by ~ ‘copper? Explain mathematically. 4Answer to the question no, 12 El The time in which half of the nucleus disintegrates (or radiates) is known as helflife. Therefore, the more the radioactivity of an element, the less its half-life is. I The rails expand due to the heat of the sun or due to heat produced by friction between the wheels and rails while the train runs. For this expansion sufficient space is kept between the two rails so that the rail line docs not bend duc to its expansion. Given that, Celcious temperature C= 20°C Fahrenhite temperature or, F=68F Ml Length of the iron rod is, 4 = increase in temperature, T,—T, coefficient of linear expansion of iron j= 11.610K"! Increase in length of the iron is, = 4x0}x(T,—T)) = 2x1 1,6°10°«20 =4.64x10¢m 0.0464 om For, some condition the increase in copper rod will be, Iy-Ly =Lya,(f2-T) [coefficient of linear 2x16.7x10%20 | expansion of copper is 6.68«10* 16.7*10° 7K] = 0.0668 cm ‘Therefore, their inerease in length will not be the same as their coefficient of linear expansion is different. ‘A metal cube of length of each side is 1.7 m. The ‘volume is increased 0.10m' for increasing temperature 50°C. Cuma Cade Calege, Cumia) 2. What is solidification? 1 b. If two bodies have equal amount of heat can they be different temperature. Explain. 2 ¢. Find the linear expansion co-efficient of the metal cube, 3 . What will be the increased temperature when the volume of cube is increased 7%, 4 Answer to the question no. 13 Hl The conversion of any matier from its liquid state to its s0lid stat is called solidification Di Yes, two bodies can be at different temperature even in case ‘of having the equal amount of heat. The reason behind its that the temperature of either body does not depend on the amount of heat but of its thermometric state. In case of two bodies of same materials but different sizes, the temperature of the smaller body will be higher than that of the larger body even though the same amount of heat applies to both the bodies. Gere, Length of cube, 1 = 1.7m Volume, ¥;=1.7?=4.91m° Difference in temperature = 50°C Expanded volume, V2= 4.91 + .10 = 5.01m? Now, we know that ris the coefficient of volume expansion bok = =4.07x10¢K! YFG oy 7 AOTHIONK Now, relation between ceefficient of volume expansion and co-efficient of linear expansion is y = 30 ‘Therefore, 3a= 4.07104 = 1.3610"! (Ans.) Here, Initial volume, V = 4.91m? Now, if the volume increases by 7%, then, V,= (4.91 + (4.91%2/100) = 5.0082m? Co-efficient of volume expansion, y= 4.07*10°K"' Now, we know, 5.0082 ~4.91 4.91% 4.07x107 0 = 49.14 K The temperature will increase 49.14k (Ans.) EY Length vs. Temperature graph of three different solid materials A, B and C is given below. Here the initial length of A is 100m at 20°C and value of angle is 45°, Length 28 TTerperatre [Pua Cadet College, Chastogran] a. Define triple point of water. 1 . Explain fundamental principle of measurement of heat, 2 c. Find out the coefficient of linear expansion of A. 3 d. Which materials are more suitable for making rail lines? Put your logic through mathematical analysis. 4 Answer to the question no. 14 BV At 0.01 degree C or 273.16 degree K and at a certain pressure (0.00603 73 atm) ice, water and water vapour can exist together, it is called triple point of water. BY The fundamental principle of measurement of heat ~ 1, The body at higher temperature gives heat to the body at the lower temperature until they reach thermal equilibrium. 2. The amount of heat given up by the bodies at higher temperature will be equal to the heat gained by the bodies at the lower temperature, (We assume that no heat is lost in this process by any other means.) We know. h=htah(-T) Here, y= Final length 1, = Initial length «c= Coefficient of linear coefficient ‘Ty = Final temperature ‘Ty = Initial temperature Comparing the equation with y =mx +¢ We get, m=ah Here, m= slope of the line = tan Given, @=4° 4,= 100m, * m= tan 45 nahel Lg geet on a= 79H = 0.018 So, the coefficient of linear expansion of A is 0.01°C*BWe know, hal tal (h-T) T; = 20°C Now, slope of A and C are equal Initial length of C are less than A. So, we get, for, as Ge> ay From figure we can see slope of B is greater than slope of A and slope of C. So we get, ag lig> Ache But, he? he So, Gy > ae So, finally we get, x 0.1xS*90 = 0.3«4200%10 + 00540010 i 422.223kg "1K 5 the specific heat of the body is = 1422.22Jkg™ [If the body is made of copper, Let's assume, Final temperature will be 0°C ‘The amount of heat given up by the body is equal to the heat gained by pot of copper and water. So, m)$\(120 — 8) = m,S,(8 — 20) + m,S(0 ~ 20) Here, Mass of the body Mass of the water Mass of pot of copper Specific heat of copper = Specific heat of water So, 0.1%400»(120 - 0) 3x4200*(0 20) + 0.05400%(0 - 20) 40(120 ~0) = 1260(0 — 20) + 200 - 20) = => 4800-400 = 12606 - 25200 + 208-400 = 13200 =30400 =23,03°C So, if the body is made of copper, then final temperature will be 23.03°C, Three cylinders made of same matter and at same temperature, are placed on a platform. Same amount of heat given to the cylinders make same amount of change in their temperature ‘arial eet College. Barshal a. What is known as reverberation? i b. Impulse of force is equal to the change of momentum= Explain it 2 Find the relation between changes in the lengths of these cylinders. 3 o,f three cylinder are not made of same matter then compares the specific heat among them. 4 Answer to the question no, 16 BY The prolongation of sound in a hall even though the source of sound is cut off is called reverberation. When a moving object hits another body at rest or in motion, then it is said that a collision has taken place. During collision, a force acts on cach of the two bodies. These two forces acting during collision are same in magnitude but opposite in direction, No other external foree acts during the collision except the action and reaction force. From Newton's mv second law we get Hit = F we can express the change of momentum from this equation as F.t = mv — mu i.e. force time = change of momentum. The product of force and time defined as the impulse of force. Therefore, impulse of force change of momentum. oN a> h {TT x,y, zhas same material, « same same temperature, same heat absorbed. Q, same amount of change in temperature, AT, =AT,=AT,=T3-T; Forx, LiL, + lye (Ts) Lis Ly Le (T2-T1) ytLy«(l-T, wLy«(h-T)forz, Ly-L,=L,«(T-T) 2 Aly Ly: AL, =Ly0c (T.—T) : Ly x (Tp -T)) Lae (%-T) he2h:h 2:1 (Ans) Hl We know that heat absorbed, Q=msA0 Q= amount of heat absorbed, equal in all cases S= specific heat, for x, y. 2; S.. Sy. Sos ‘40 = change in temperature Now, for x Q =m,S,A0, Px S40, [m=pV] A xhxp.*S,A0, ApS. AB, Fory, Q Forz, Q =Ahp,S,49, Here, 2Ahp,S,A0, = 2Ahp,SyA0, S, _ 20,46, oS,” 29,46, Sx_2,A0, and, 5 29,0, 1 Se Sy: S, = 2p,A, : 2p, 8, : p:A8,- [RENAE 200 mi water of temperature 75°C is putted in a container of copper of mass 500g of temperature 25°C. The temperature of the mixture become 65°C. As @ result the apparent expansion of water become 1.5 ml. Consider coefficient of volume expansion of copper 5.0110 K"! and density of water 1000 kgm”. [RAJUK Utara Model College, Dhaka) a. Write Hooke's law. 1 . Explain the change in resistance of a copper wire when its length is increased by tension keeping its volume same. 2 ©. Determine the real expansion of water of the stem 3 d. How much excess water is require to increase the final temperature by 8°C more? Explain mathematically. 4 Answer to the question no. 17 HM Hooke's law: Scientist Robert Hooke invented the basic law of elasticity. According to this law- within elastic limit stress is directly proportional to strain. Mathematically we may write, stress « strain [il Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the wire, and inversely proportional to the cross sectional area of the wire, As a wire gets longer its resistance increases, and as it gets thinner its resistance also increases because its cross sectional area decreases. BWeknow, Vi=Vit Ve 1 (1 + yA0) 100 (1 + $.01* 10°40) 100.4008mI «+ increase of volume = 200.4008 - 200 = 0.4008 m! real expansion of water = 0.4008 + 1.5 = 1,908 ml (Ans.) Hi We know, Heat absorbed = Heat rejected x4200x(75 ~ 65) 00 200 Ta00 *5 *65-25)= Toog => $= 420 Ikg'K Here new temperature = 65 +8 = 73°C Here, To00 *4200 * (75-73) = a => x= 1200ml «The excess of water = (1200 — 200) ml = 1000 ml or IL (Ans.) 1.5 kg water of 0°C is kept into 2.5kg water 0° which the temperature is 100°C. {Wigarunnisa Noon Schoo and Caltee. Dhak a, What is evaporation? b. Why isn't the temperature of an object change in receivin latent heat? © Determine the temperature of the mixture of the stem. 3 4. Opine with mathematical calculation how much temperature of the mixture in Fahrenheit scale wil! decrease if another 2.625kg of water of 0°C is added to it. 4 Answer to the question no, 18 El The process where liquid substances turn into vapor is called evaporation, BI A: one point of heating of an object, the object stops increasing temperature. During this time the heat loosens the intermolecular bonds of the molecules in the solid. So, the temperature cannot rise because the heat cannot make the ‘molecules move further. 420 (73-25) Specific heat of water, 8 = 4.2*10°J°C Let’s assume, final temperature = ty We know, mys (100 ~ te) = mzs (ty 0) te 37.5°C So, the temperature of the mixture of the stem is 37.5°C. Here, Mass of the mixture, m = 1.5 + 2.5 = 4kg ‘Temperature of the mixture, t= 37.5°C Mass of added water, m; = 2.625kg ‘Temperature of m; amount of water, ty= Specific heat of water, s=4.2x10°JC Let’s assume, final temperature = Ty We know, ms(T¢ — 0) = ms(37.5 —T) T= 14.88°C Now, temperature before adding my amount of water in Fahrenheit (Tp) is, 5 Te=5* Tn -32) Tn=99.5F Again, temperature after adding m; amount of water in Fahrenheit (Tr) is, (ln -32) Tp 58.73 So, temperature will decrease (99.5 - 58.73) = 40.77°F.‘The volume of a container made of cupper is 100 ‘ce which is filled with a liquid of temperature 30°C. Due to the application of heat to the container, the temperature becomes 90°C and over flows 10 cc liquid from the container. The co- efficient of linear expansion of the material of copper is 16.7 10K", [Ideal School and College, Motijheel, Dhaka} a. What is called phase? 1 b. Why are dead bodies of bats often found hanging in electric power line? 2 ¢, Determine the expansion of the container. 3 d. Determine the co-efficient of real expansion of the liquid. Answer to the question no. 19 Bl Phase: ‘The overall condition of motion of a wave transmitting particle at any moment is known as phase. BJ Ba fies using the echo of sound as it cannot see Sometimes the bat fails to detect the position of wires of electric lines and flies through the parallel wires and gets stuck and becomes dead as soon as the positive and negative electric lines get connected with its body. This is why sometimes bats are found hanging dead from electric lines. Here, co-efficient of linear expansion of the material of copper, a= 16,.7*10%k* We know that, the relationship between c and y is y= 3a So, co-efficient of volume expansion of the material of copper =3xa =3*16.7 x10%Kt 0.110 kt V2-V, Vix(82~ 91) initial volume of the container 100CC = 100 em? ©; = initial temperature 0°C = final temperature =90°C V2 = final volume of the container So, ya ee Vix, 04) V,~ 100 sj0%=— a= 100 = 50.110°= G0) x0 = 30} V2 = 100.3006 em? So, the expansion of the container = (100.3006 - 100) cm’? = 0.3006 cm’, BAt initial stage, the container as filled with liquid So, the initial volume of the liquid = 100ce= 100 cm? Now, after applying heat, the expansion of the volume of container = 0.3006em? ‘And, over flows of liquid = 10cm? So, total expansion of the volume of liquid = (0.3006 + 10) cm’ = 10,3006 cm? Now, co-efficient of volume expansion of liquid, y =e Vix®— 9) _ 10.3006 1 = T00x60 y =1.72x107K" 1210 kt So, co-efficient of real expansion of the liqui (STEM No work is worthless in the current world Cooking has become an art now. So, a student of class X named Nidhhi applies 3.78 * 10* KJ heat after taking 1.5 kg liquid in a container of 200 cm’ and increased it's temperature: by 60°C. Afier a few moment she observed that the upper surface of the water reached to the mark 1.55107 m? The volume expansion coefficients of the water and the container are 6.4.x 10K“ and 6.33 x 10° K™ respectively. [Milestone College. Dhoko} a What is thermometric property” 1 b. Why the expansion of different metals are different duc to application of equal amount of heat Explain. 2 c. Find out the specific heat of the liquid. 3 4d. How does the phenomena of the stem follow the expansion relation of liquid? Explain mathematically, 4 Answer to the question no. 20 I] The property of a substance which changes with temperature and measuring the change accurately, the temperature can be measured, is called thermometric property Different metals have different coefficient of thermal expansion, Meaning, they will expand differently based on the Coefficients of linear thermal expansion even when same heat is provided. Here, mass of liquid, m= 1.5kg applied heat, Q=3.78 * 10°kI 2 difference in temperature, 61 So, specific hea oftiquid =—2= _ 378-10! "1560 = 420000/kg"K" Tif heat is applied, the expansion of the container occurs along the liquid too. Here, we have 1.5kg of liquid, which equals to Var 1.5 *10%m’ volume, ‘and after heating the container by 60°C the volume of liquid reaches to Vy 1.55 *10°%m’. Now, Vi— Va= 1.55*10%m? — 1.510%? expanded volume of the liquid. So, the phenomena of the stem follow the expansion of liquid. 50 g of water at 30°C is heated to 90°C kept in a calorimeter of mass 400 g, The specific heat of water and the material of the calorimeter is 1000 J kg™'. K~! and 390 J. Kg! K" respectively. 18. Joseph Higher Secondary School, Dhaka a Define induced charge. 1 b. Specific resistance of copper is 1.68 10"* &m~ Explain, 2 c. Calculate the change in temperature of water in Fahrenheit 0.05%10"m? is the scale. 3 4. Estimate which one will absorb more heat to achieve the final temperature, the calorimeter or the water? 4 El The presence of a charged object near a neutral conductor will force (or induce) electrons within the conductor to move. So the neutral object will become charged and it is called duced charge Specific resistance of copper is 1.68*10%Qm. It means Im length of a copper wire with a cross-sectional area of | m* has a resistance of 1.68% 10°. BB The lower temperature is 30¢ ‘The higher temperature is 90¢ FE _F-32 Too “780 We know,So, the lower temperature in Fahrenheit scale 30180 Tt 32°F 86°F So, the higher temperature in Fahrenheit scale S18 207 = 1948 So the temperature difference in Fahrenheit scale = (194 86)°F = 108°F [Heat absorbed by water = msao = 50107 1000%(90-50) J 000 1 Heat absorbed by calorimeter = msA0_ 100107 «390%(9(1-30) J 1360 J So the calorimeter will absor’y more heat to achieve the final ‘temperature 20 em ‘The internal length, breath and height of the container of figure arc given, The container is filled with liquid. 378 KJ Heat is required to increase the temperature of liquid from 20° C to 45° C of the container. The density of the liquid is 1000 kg/m’. [Shaheed Bir Vian Lt. Anwar Giris Clexe, Dhaka) a. What is the co-efficient of linear expansion? 1 b. Why itis easy to lift a heavy object in water.—Lxplain, 2 ©. Determine the value of the final temperature of liquid in Farenhite Seale. 3 d. Will it be possible to determine the specific heat of the liquid Analyse mathematically. 4 Answer to the question no. 22 BY The coefficient of linear expansion is denoted by «. [An object is easy to move in water but it is not thar much easy to move keeping it out of water, The object is felt considerably lighter in immersed condition as upward thrust acts on it Therefore, the thrust acting vertically upward is equal to the weight of equal volume of waier displaced by the submersed body. For this reason an immersed body apparently losses its ‘weight so it becomes easier to lift a heavy object in water. | temperature of the liquid is given T,= 45 We know, Te 5 (Tr- 32) = 45=5* (1-32) = 81 T)-32 => Ty=81+32=113 So, final temperature of the liquid is 113 Fahrenheit. HU eis possible to determine the specific heat of the liquid. ve ees We know, specific heat, S= ory Here, Initial temperature, T= 20°C Final temperature, T;= 45°C Heat required increasing temperature from T; to Ts, Q= 378K) Mass(m) of liquid can be determined by multiplying : volume of water and density of water. Since, the liquid is fi the container, so the volume of water is as same as volume of the container. Now, Height of the container, h = LSem, Width of the container, w = 20cm, Depth of the container, d= 12cm Volume = h x d x w= 15*12x20=3600em? Density of the liquid is = 1000kgm” = Iem/ee Mass of the liquid, m = 3600* | = 3600gm = 3.6kg. So, specific heat S=3 Raga 784" Ke! 4000100 Tea OEE se00 mm bese" Fig: Mtl pie Fig : The surface area of the the rise of temperature 30°C. [Adame Canuonmeni Pubtte School. Pha a, What is regelation? 1 b. Why docs a thick-walled glass bottle crack when hot water is poured into it? ¢. Find the co-efficient of linear expansion of the metal piece, 4d. What will be the increase in temperature to increase the surface area of that metal 5%’ Analyze mathematically. 4 Answer to the question no, 23. EI Ihe process of tuming a solid matter to liquid using pressure and again tuming it back to solid state by decreasing pressure is called regelation. If fot water is poured into a glass it breaks. AS hot water is, poured due to heat the inner side of glass expands but as glass is heat non-conductor the outer side remains same, So, though the inner side expands, outer side does not and this expansion force causes the glass to break, But if the glass is thinning, the heat can casily get out so the expansion occurs everywhere equally, JGiven that, Length of metallic piece, L = 4000 mm = 4m Width of metallic piece, B = 3000 mm = 3 m Temperature increase, AO-~ 30°C =30 K ‘Area increase, AA = 0.1 m? Initial arca of metallic piece, A\=LxB=4mx3m=12 Co-cfficient of area expansion, figure is increased by 0.1m* for a0 0.1 m* “Tan «30K =2.77x10"K Ifthe co-efficient of linear expansion of the metallic piece is a, B=2a a0 2 L277 104K"! 2 = 1.39 x 104 K"'(Ans,) (From the ‘c’ part, Initial area of metallic piece, Aj = 12 m? ona Co-efficient of area expansion, B= 2.77 x 10K"!According to the question, area increase, AAA, x 5%= 12m? x755 =0.6 m? 100 {Peemperature increase is 0, AA, B= A,06 or, Ap =A ae = 1805°C AixB 12m x277x10°K™ Therefore, temperature needs to be increased by 180.5°C to increase the area of the metalic piece by 5%. satin adem (tn Tae Pines — (108 Tiga ete) Feder) ‘Same amount of heat is applied on both the object and the ice separately. Due to the application of heat temperature increases 80°C and area increases 0.12m? of the object in figure A. The specific heat of the object in figure A is 840JKg'K™ and specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.36%10%}k". [Birsreshiha Noor Mohammad Public College, Phako) What is regulation? 1 ‘Why is air of fan felt cold in sweating body? 2 Calculate coefficient of linear expansion of object A. 3, How much ice can be melt by applying same amount of heat which is mentioned is stem? Explain mathematically. 4 Answer to the question no, 24 Regelation: To melt a solid substance into liquid by applying pressure and again to bring it back to the solid state by reducing the pressure is called regelation. D1 Air of fan is felt cold in sweating body. in a sweating body, ‘sweat is present what is mainly water vapour accumulated on the skin. As air passes by the human body, water absorbed heat from the body and rejects it in the air. So, human body losses heat and air of fan is felt cold HiGiven that, temperature increase, A@ = 80°C = 80K area increase, AA = 0.2m? length, I= 60cm = 0.6 m width, W=40em=0.4 m Initial area, Ay = WI = (0.6*0.4)m* 0.24m? | expansion, B= a b, & d Coefficient of superfi We know, B Ag-Ay A. 8) AA, A408 0.12 0.2480, 6.254107 K ‘As we know, coefficient of linear expansion a=8, sowe get, G6.25K107 * 2 a =3.125x107 k" (Ans.) Given that, temperature difference, 46 = 80° specific heat of A, $= 840Ikg” mass of A, m= 10kg = 80K We know, required heat, Q= msA@ (10*840*80)F = 6720003 Again, latent heat of fusion of ice, 1y= 3.36*10° JK Let, amount of mass = m, ‘Therefore, Q= mr = 672000 = m*336000 m= 2kg (Ans.) Mercury of volume 200cm* and of temperature 298k kept in a glass vessel. ‘The co-efficient of apparent expansion with respect to glass is 14.66 x 10™k! and co- efficient of linear expansion of glass is 0.00001K™!, IBAE Shaheen Colle, Kurmicle, Dhaka} a. What is frequency? 1 Explain the mechanism of flying of bat. 2 ©. What will be the volume of mercury when its temperature is raised to 313K? 3 4. What portion of a glass tube of diameter of Imm can be filled by the hot mercury? 4 Answer to the question no. 25 1 The number of complete vibrations in one second of a wave transmitting particle is known as its frequency. Ba: flies using the echo of sound as it eannot see. But can produce and hear ultrasonic sound. It produces. ultrasonic sound and spread it forward which reflects back to the bat from a relfector. Bat can understand from the reflected sound if there is any object before it. It the sound doesn't reflect back then it ccatr understand that there is open space and it flies that way. So, this is the flying mechanism of bat. Given that, Co-efficient of linera expansion of glass, = 0.00001 k* So, co-efficient of volume expansion of glass is, a 0.00001 2. 7=0,00003 k* Now, initial temperature, T) = 298K final temperature, T; = 313 K initial volume of glass, V; = 200cm? final volume of glass, V>=? We know, Vi-V, : Wav 3 Tt = 1(z-T) *Vi+Vi=V2 = 0.00003 (13 - 298) x 200 +200= V2 = V2=200.09 cm? So, expansion of the container = (200.09 ~ 200) em’ 2 V, = 0.09cm* Now, Coefficient of apparent expansion = 14,66 « 10 Va, = So, coefficient of apparant expansi > 14.66 «10% x (T]—T) x Vy FV, => 14.66 « 10° x (313-298) « 200 + 20 => V2= 200.4398 em? *.Apparant expansion of mercury, 'Y,, = (200.4398 ~ 200) cm’ = 0.4398cm?So, the real volume of mercury at 313K, =VitVy (0.4398 + 0,09)em? = v, = 0.5298 em? So, the final volume of mercury at 313K temperature, Veea! = (200 + 0.5298 em? 100.5298 om’? WGiven chat, Glass tube diameter, d= | mm = 0.1 em So, volume of glass tube 3 d? = L [L~ length of tube} From (c), the aparant volume is 200.4398cm” So, 200.4398 cm’ mercury will fulfill some portions of the glass. So, 200.4398 =F d? * L, 200.4398%4 7x(0.1) = 25520.728 om =255.21 m So, 255.21 1m length of the tube will be fulfilled by mercury The length of copper wire is 100m at 25°C. Due to increase in temperature i's length becomes 100,02. The co-efficient of linear expansion of the wire is 16.7 x 107 cm cu [Beagles Intereaional School and Celege, Dhak) a. Whats the specific heat? I b. Why thermal expansion occurs due to increase of temperature? 2 ¢. What was the increase in temperature of that wire? 3 d. If the wire was made by Aluminium and if 87.5°C is needed to 100,02m length of the wire then could you determine the co-efficient of volume expansion of Aluminium? Explain mathematically. 4 Answer to the question no, 26 The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a body of mass I kg by 1 K is called the specific heat With the increase of temperature the Kinetic energy of the atoms of the matter increases. The atoms inside matter vibrates and try to separate with each other thus it increases the distance with one another. With the increase in the interatomic distances, the length of the body also increases. With the decrease the length decreases up to a certain amount. Bere, LSU +aaT) Given that, or, 100,02 Length, L= 100m = 100(1+1.67x10°SxT) | increased length, or, 1.6710 AT = 26104 100.02m 2 AT =119.76°K initial temperature, 19,76°C T= 25°C = 298K rease in temperature, ATK coefficient of linear expansion, = 16.7x10°K* HLex, the co-efficient of linear expansion be 0, Given, Therefore, length initial, L= 100m L=L+La(t;-T)) increased length, UL 100.02 “Lh —T) initial temperature, T,= 25°C or @ 100.02 - 100 final temperature, 100(87.5 - 25) T,= 875°C =3.2010°K" coefficient of volume expansion, y= ? Therefore, the coefficient of volume expansion of aluminium is » a. *3.2510°K =9.6*10°K (Ans) The initial length of the wire is 2m. The length increased by 0.1m for the rise of temperature 25°C. [BIAbA Model School and Coleg, Dhak Define tkeivin, ‘Why is air of fan felt cold is sweating body? Explain. Find out the co-efficient of volume expansion of the wire. ‘What will be the increase in temperature to increase the length of that metal 102? Explain mathematically. 4 Answer to the question no, 27 Ed The temperature of the tripple point of water is considered Bese 1 as 273K and 557g th part of the temperature of the tripple point of water is called 1k, Sweating body has many sweat drops all over the body. These sweat drops takes some heat from the body. So, the temperature of the body decreases. When fan blows, it takes ‘more humid air away from the body. So that the sweat drops can cyaporate more quickly. So, temperature decreases further. So, air of fan felt cold in sweating body is equal to the weight of the displaced water. Here, both of the weights are 1.96 N, which are equal So, the stem follow Archimedes law. Given that, Initial length, ly = 2m Increase of length, I= 0.1m Rise of temperature, A= 25°C Now, co-efficient of linear expansion, +y=30 y=3 * 0,002" y=0.006k" So, co-efficient of volume expansion of the wire is 0.006K" Given that, Initial length, 1, = 2m Increase of length, Al ~ 210% = (2*0.1L)m = 0.2m Co-efficient of linear expansion from (c), & = 0.002k* Increase in temperature, At =? We know, __02 > At F0,002 => At=50k So, the increase in temperature is 50k.240001 heat is applied to inerease the temperature of @ rod of length I m having mass 3 kg from 30°C 10 S0°C, whose expansion of length is 2.34 x 10~ m. The expansion of length of another similar rod is 2.2 x 10% m for the same change of temperature. fat Cotman Pit Shel nd Coty Bete a. What is regulation’? b. Explain the Effect of pressure on the melting point 2 ©. Find the specific heat of the 1 st rod 3 d. Whgt is the reason for the different value of linear expansion of these two rods? Explain with mathematical logic. 4 Answer to the question no, 28 EI The process of converting solid substances into liquid by applying pressure and bring back to solid from liquid state but decreasing pressure is called regulation, [iI If pressure is applied on a substance its melting point goes down, for this reason when pressure is applied, two pieces of ice unite together to form a single piece. Where pressure is applied on an ice, the melting point decreases there and the ice melts, after the removal of pressure the melting point again goes back to the previous value. As a result the water obtained from the fusion of ice again freezes into ice. Given that, applied heat, Q= 24,0005 mass, m=3 kg =30°C = 50°C initial temperature, T; Final temperature, Ts specific heat, $=? We know, Q=msae I From the given data, For first rod, coefficient of expansion of length, ha(T = Th) 2.3410 = T0-30) 234x104 20 710% For 2nd rod, Coefficient of expansion of length Al 20 = 110%! The different value for linear expansion of these two rods is due to their different values of coefficient of expansion of length. We know, coefficient of length expansion depends on the composition of the material, For this reasons though these two pipes are similar in length and having some temperature difference, the value of linear expansion are different. 30°C Jsteel wire ered 41. = 0.00035 ‘Netu heated the uniform iron, copper and brass metal of sane length with above mentioned temperature and found the following in length. ‘Materials Tron] Copper] Brass Tncrease in length (mm) | 0.00036 | 0.00055 | 0.00060 [Miler Sobol School oe Coles, Bogs} a. What is heat capacity? 1 b. Show thet, 2 €. Find out the co-efficient of linear expansion of steel. 3 d Compare in the above table the co-efficient of lincar expansion of the substans, 4 Answer to the question no. 29 El The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a body through 1K is called the heat capacity of that body. Bl Let, O amount heat is required to increase the temperature of body through aé. ‘Therefore the amount of heat required to raise the temperature ofthe body through 1K is iz e ity. C-- + Heat capacity, C=35 01, Q= Cad If the mass of the body is m and specific heat is S then required heat, Q=mSA@ Therefore, we get, CAO = mSAO So, $ Bitere initial length of steel, |; = Lm increase in length = |, ~1; = 0.00035m. [shown] m temperature difference, ®; ~ 8, = (80—30)K The coefficient of expansion, “nea 0.00035 =" p50 = 710K (Ans) [Hl Co-cfficient of expansion of iron, t 0.00036 ~ 1x0 2 ay = 7.2%10°K Co-efficient of expansion of copper, @2—|0.00060 150 = 12«10%K Therefore, oy < de < Og, KOQESEEL The volume of a led bullet was 2.5 x 10 ‘m? at 0°C. temperature while it was inside gun. But firing the gun increased the temperature because of the fiction between the bullet and ‘guns tube ad as a result the volume of the bullet increased. The calculation showed that if the friction increased temperature to 98°C then volume of bullet increased to 0,021 x 10m’. [Dinajpur Laboratory Schoo and College, Dinajpur] a, What is co-efficient of superficial expansion? 1 b. What is meant by co-efficient of linear expansions of iron 17x 10° K'7 2 ¢. Find out the co-efficient of volume expansion of lead. 3 4. If the length and width of the bullet is 3 cm and 1 om respectively, find out the change in its length and area. Prove Mathematically. 4 El The amount by which unit area of a material increases when the temperature is raised by one degree is called the coefficient of superficial expansion. And is represented by f (Greek beta). {Bl The coefficient of linear expansion of copper is 17x10°K"! ‘means if the temperature of iron rod of Im is raised through 1K, its length increases by 16.7«10m. [We know that, oma Given that, 1 Wh=T) volume, y = 2.5*10-%m? Av increase in volume, vat Av=0.021«10° m? 0.021x10S — | change in temperature Zed E | AT=98°C=98K 85710 | co-efficient of volume expansion, 1) From’e’ we get, Y=8STOK weknow that y=3a1 eB asctotne We know, Lin Li +aL(T,-T)) | Here, length, L =3 em or, L,-L,=aL,(1 change in temperature AL = 2.8610" TT) =AT=98K 8.408410, increase in length aL=? Again, we know, P=20 B =2x2.86x10 = 5.72*10K, Area, ai width/diameter of the bullet is, Any d=1om 3.1416 ‘Temperature increase, 4%! T,-T,=98K = 0.7854 em? change in area BA=A)—Ay Here, Ag A, + BA) (Th Ty) of AA, = BAY (T2— Th) = BA = 5.7210" %0,7854598 = 4.403 «107m? {[Mamamot\ Internationa Schl, Camila} ‘What is the specific heat? 1 ‘What is the thermal capacity? 2 Write down the Fundamental principles of calorimetry, 3 ‘What is the final temperature TP 1 titer of water temperature 20°C is added to 2 litter water at temperature 75°C? 4 Answer to the question no. 31 BY The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of @ body of mass 1Kg through IK is called the specific heat of the material of that body. Bi The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of an object by one unit is called the thermal capacity of that object. If the mass of a body is m and the specific heat is s, then thermal capacity is, C = ms, [In winter during a bath we often pour a little boiling water into a bucket of cold water. The boiling water stowly becomes cold by giving up heat to the cold water. The cold water of the bucket also slowly becomes hot by absorbing the heat from the boiling water. Within a short time, all the water will get to comfortable temperature of the cold water. The principle of calorimetry is- If no heat is lost during donation and reception of heat, then the amount of heat given up by the body at higher temperature will be equal to the heat gained by the body at a lower temperature, Meaning, Heat lost = Heat gained. So, the fundamental principles of calorimetry will be, 1.” The body at higher temperature gives heat to the body at the lower temperature until they reach thermal equilibrium. 2. The amount of heat given up by the bodies at a higher temperature will be equal to the heat gained by the bodies at the lower temperature. (Assuming no heat is lost during the process). Biter, m, Let us consider the final temperature is T, so the temperature of 2 liter of water reaches T by decreasing the temperature from 75°C. Absorbing this amount of heat the temperature of 2 liter water reaches T by increasing the temperature from 20°C. So, mjs(75~T)=mys(T -20) 25m + 20m; 6 coe = anys = 386°C So, final temperature will be 56.6°C. ‘The length of a copper wire is 100m at 25°C. Due to increase of temperature its length became 100.02m. The coefficient of linear expansion of the wire is 16.7X10""° K~'. [Cantonment Enghsh School & College, Chatogram] 4, What is electromagnetic induction? 1 b, P=n function works as a rectifier - explain. e ¢. What was the increase of temperature of the wire? 3 4d. If the wire was made by aluminium and if 87.5°C to 100.02m. length of the wire then would you determine the coefficient of volume expansion of aluminium? Explain mathematically. 4Answer to the question no. 32 BY The phenomena to produce electric current in a closed circuit by variable magnetic field is called electromagnetic induction. [I The main application of P — n junction diode is in rectification circuits. These circuits are used to describe the conversion of AC signals to DC in power supplies. Diode rectifier gives an alternating voltage which pulsates in accordance with time. The filer smoothes the pulsavion in the voltage and to produce DC voltage, a regulator is used which removes the ripples. There are two primary methods of diode rectification. They are half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier. So, P-n junction works as a rectifier. T Given that, ial length, f, = 100m at 25°C (T,) final length, f= 100.02m at T coefficient of linear expansion, = 16.7x10" increase in temperature, AT =? We know, eee. : 4(T,-Ti) hol aaah = OS NAT ap ==100.02 = 100 = 100x16.7%10% = AT=11.976°C So, the increase in temperature is 11.976°C. Hi Ifthe wire was made by aluminium, initial length, f, = 100m final Length, f= 100.02m initial temperature, T, final temperature, Tz So, increase in temperature, AT =T)—Ty = (87.5-25)K =62.5K So, co-efficient of linear expansion of aluminium, hal ear 100.02 ~ 100 2a = am Togeeng KT 3.2K10 Let, co-efficient of volume expansion = y We know, y=30 = 7233.2«10% et 2 Y= 9.68107 So it is possible to determine y of aluminium, The distance between two pillar of electric is 30m. ‘The upper wire of length of 30.01m with two pillars in certain day. The temperature was that day 30°. The linear co-efficient cof upper was 16.7«10°SKJ. In winter temperature of air was 4c of certain dey the wire was breakup that day. Memon Grammar Schoo), Chatogra What is evaporation. 1 b. Explain the mathematical relation between heat capacity and specific capacity. a. ¢. Express in Pahrenheit Scale the air temperature. 3 . ‘The reason for breaking the wire, Explain with mathematically analysi 4 Answer to the question no. 33 BI Evaporation: The phenomenon of converting substances from liquid state to gaseous state is called evaporation BB Heat capacity C is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature IK of a body. And, the amount of heat required to increase the temperature 1K of @ body of mass | kg called specific heat, So, If the mass of a body is m and the specific heat is s, then the heat capacity will be: C=ms Bi Given thar, air temperature is 4°C We know, Given that, C= Celsius scale temp. F = Fahrenheit scale temp, or, or, 4x9 =5(F-32) or, 36=SF-160 or, 36+ 160 F=39.2°F (Ans) |Given that, Initial length, 4, = 30.01m Initial temperature, Ty = 30°C = 303K Initial temperature, T; = 4°C=277 K Coefficient of liner expansion of wires = 16,7x10% Kt Final length, f=? We know, bah a “ar 4-30.01 430.01 Oh ISTO" G03 -277) or, 16.7104 B30 or, /~30.01 = 16.7*10**26%30.01 or, = 0.01303 + 30.01 2. [= 30.02303 m It is seen that due to increase in temperature difference the length increased is greater than the initial length 30.01m. So, the upper wire was broken ‘The Padma Bridge is the name of a pride for Bangladesh. Engineer Shafa suggested joining electric wire of length 50.03m between two poles separated by a distance of 50m at 30°C temperature to connect electric line with the Padma Bridge. The project Director comments “In the winter season if the temperature falls to 10°C the wire may be tom due to contraction.” Engineer Shafa ensures the project Director that it will not be torn. fy= 50.1 x 10°K™'} [IBAE Shaheen College. Chatigram| What is latent heat? 1 b. What is meant by Co-cfficient of superficial expansion of ron 22.6 x 10K"? Explain, 2 ©. Calculate the initial temperature as mentioned in the stem in Fahrenheit scale. 3 4. Isthere any possibility of tearing the wire or not at 10°C as mentioned in the stem? Explain Mathematically. 4 Answer to the question no, 34 EN Latent heat: The amount of heat required to change the state of mater without changing its temperature is called latent heat. The amount of heat to transform the solid into liquid islatent heat of fusion, The amount of heat required to convert the liquid into vapour state is called latent heat of vaporization TI The coefficient of superficial expansion of iron is 22.6x10°K"'means that if the temperature of iron is raised through 1K, then its area increases by 22.6% 10° m’, where this area is equal to the apparent expansion and the expansion of the container. a ‘We know, Cc F-32 Given, ‘Temperature in Celsius scale, C=30°C ‘The temperature in Fahrenheit seale, F=? or, or, or, P= 86°F So, the temperature of the mixture in Fahrenheit seale is 86°F. (Ans) WI The passage states that— the initial length ofthe wire, /, = 50.03 m standard temperature of air, 0; = 30°C the temperature of air, that day, = 10°C. Decrease of temperature of air that day, (8, ~ @3) = 30°C - 10C = 20°C co-efficient of linear expansion of the wire, 2 _ 50.1*10%K gh ae = 16.10%" ‘Now let us find out the new length of the wire (/3) by applying the following formula, heh & 718) = 83) or, b= a * 1(0)- 03) or, —h=a* 18-8) —h or, /2=h a x 1,(8, - 8) = 50.01m This length is little more than the distance between the two poles, measuring 50m, So, there is no possibility of the tearing of the wire at 10°C, [BAF Shahoon College, Chatogramn) 1 a. What is stress? ‘Why is it easier to swim in the sea than that of river? 2 ¢. Determine the needed amount of hat to change the state of ice from A to D. 3 d. How docs producing solar cnergy from solar cell act as an alternative way to remove the crisis of fossil fue!? 4 Answer to the question no. 35 HY The pressure or tension exerted on a material object is defined as stress. By Sca-water is denser than water in a river, because the dissolved salts add to the mass of the sea-water. Because objects float better on a dense surface, they float better on salt water than fresh water (river). This is why itis easier to swim in the sea, than a river. [We nced mass to calculate the heat required. Let’s assume m= 100g) We know, AH =mcA0 So, from 0°C to 30°C, the energy required, ‘SH = 0.1 x 4200 x 30 = 12600 J= 12.6 KI. Also, it has been given that Q= mir, So, Q= 0.1 x 336000 = 33.6 kI ‘Thus, the amount of heat needed to change the state from A to D. is 33.6 + 12.6 = 46.2 ki (46200). (Ans.) The reliance on fossil fuels brings many problems, from damage to the Earth to pollution of the atmosphere and waters. Solar encrey offers power without the need to bum fossil fucls. In its basic form, it needs no distribution grid as it comes from the sky. It is under intensive development as a source of electric power, however, sometimes its applications can be much smaller and simpler. Solar energy offers clean power. It does not present the risk of a nuclear spill or the emission of greenhouse gases, as from fossil fuels. Solar cnergy can be scaled to any size or complexity, from warming a room to powering a utility grid. In this way, producing solar cnergy from solar cells acts as an alternative way to remove the growing crisis of fossil fuels body. ‘The temperature of the copper wire is increased by 150°C [Mittary Collegiate School, Khulna (MCSK)) a. What is called triple point of water? 1 b. Pressure is a thermometric property of matter— Explain. 2 ¢. Determine the required amount of heat applied on the copper wire. 3 4. Will the copper wire be made to penetrate after applying heat through a ring of diameter 10.06mm? Explain with mathematical logic. 4 Answer to the question no, 36 El The triple point of water refers to the particular temperature and pressure at which water remains at all its three states— solid, liquid and gascous, By Pressure of some gas sealed in a container depends on its ‘temperature. If temperature is increased, pressure increases too. So, temperature can be determined by measuring pressure. So, pressure is a thermometric property of matter. Bere, Length of copper wire, /= 100 em= 1 m Diameter, d= 10 mm Radius, r= 5 mm=5 x10 m Specific heat, $= 400 J kg! K* Density, p= 8960 kg m? Increase in temperature, A@= 150°C = 150K Required heat, H'=? We know, mass of object, m = pV=pxarl 960 ke m”? x 3.1416 x (Sx 107 my? x 1m 0.7037 ke Now, required heat, H = mS0 = 0.7037 kg x 400 J ke K"! 150K 22x 103 (Ans.) Bitere, ‘Volume expansion coefficient, y= 50.1 x 10°°K"! So, Length expansion coefficient, £= 16.7% 10°K"Increase in temperature, A= 150°C = 150K Initial diameter, 4 = 10 mm = 10x 107 m ‘Changed diameter, ds = ? We know, length expansion coefficient, had 4,40 or, dy = dae 2 dy = a\(1+ a6) 10 « 107 m (1 + 16.7 x 10° K x 150 K) = 10.025 « 107 m = 10.025 mm As the ring’s diameter is 10.06 mm and wire’s diameter is 10,025 mm so the wire can penetrate the ring. Seep ‘The radius of the solid sphere is 4om which is shown in fig: A and the area of the circular ring is 25.12cm? which fig: B. Duc to application of heat, the temperature of the solid sphere and the circular ring is inereased 50°C. Then the radius of the solid sphere will be 4.5 cm. The linear expansion of the circular ring is 1,67 « 10-7 K* {SCHOLARSHOME, Sythet} (Diameter is @ type of length.) a. What is absolute temperature? 1 b. Why do two pieces of ice cube connect if they are held together? 2 ‘c, Determine the volume expansion of the solid sphere. 3 4. Either the solid sphere can be inter through the circular ring ‘ornof? Give your cpinion with mathematical arguments, 4 sw wwestion no. 37 BB Absolute temperature is the temperature measured using the Kelvin scale where zero is absolute zero. DW As the pressure acts on the surface of contact of the two pieces of ice, the melting point goes down ie the melting point becomes less than O°C. But the temperature of the surface of contact remains at 0°C, So, ice at the surface of contact melts. The required amount of heat needed for melting is collected from the ice. After the removal of pressure, the melting point again becomes 0°C, As a result, the water obtained from the fusion of ice at the surface of contact again freezes to ice. For this reason, if pressure is applied then two pieces of ice unite together to form a Bi Volume expansion = Here, V2 = volume afer expansion 43 adm, V, = volume before expansion - = 5m ai C3) TW Solid sphere can be inter through the circular ring if it’s radius is less than circular ring linear expansion of the circular ring, a = 1.6710 °K +. Superficial expansion, B= 2a = 2x1.67x107K =3.34107K™ 83cm of sphere = 4.5em > Radius of circular ring 2.83cm. So, the solid sphere cannot be inter through the circular ring EY For establishing railway line ‘Construction -R’ designed a 100 km railway line on Padma bridge. They left 1.5 cem gap between two consecutive fees plates of 25 m long for the possible 16°C increase of temperature. [silabod Cortonment Publi Scheel & College, Seif a, What is called triple point of water? 1 5, Why do you fel cold when air blows over your sweating body? 2 ©. Find the coefficient of linear expansion of the set rail. 3 4d. Ifthe coefficient of linear expansion of the rail is 12 * 10 K"", will the train move safely for the 25°C increase of temperature 4 El The triple point of water refers to the particular temperature and pressure at which water remains at all its three states~ solid, liquid and gaseous. BW It takes a substantial amount of heat to evaporate water, If the water is on skin when it evaporates, it absorbs heat from skin to do so. ‘Transferring that heat to the water means there's less heat in the source, so it gets cooler. When the wind blows, it increases the rate of evaporation, which increases the rate at which the water is absorbing heat from body. So, we feel cold when air blows over our sweating body. ‘We know that, Given that, length, /=25m oF: -T) rise of temp. AT = 16°C Here, : available linear expansion, and T)—T, = AT Al= 15cm = 0.015m Therefore, coefficient of linear ieal—i_ al expansion, a =? fe iat 75x10! g We know that, Given, P=!+la(T:-T)) coefficient of linear or, 0 -1=/aST expansion, or, Al =/xaxAT 12510°K"! =25%12%10°%25 | increase in temperature, =0.0075m AT=25°C length, /= 25m ‘The expansion is less than that of the provided gap between fess plates. Therefore the train can more safely.