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FSS tee ans att an D ERAL FOR FED! KPK BS ARE A Conceptual Approach to PHYSICS SUBJECTIVE MIAN IMRAN KHALIQ MUHAMMAD IKRAM ‘QAISAR MEHMOOD CHUGTAI AJAZ AHMAD = SCHOLAR ZAHEER ABBAS BALOCH ( PUBLICATIONS Lacan ee aalaa ia A 4 Conceptual Approach to FOR FEDERAL & KPK BOARDS PHYSICS SUBJECTIVE © ~ Prof. Mian Imran Khaliq Prof. Muhammad Ikram (Department of Physics) (epartment of Physics) Islamabad Model College for Boys _|s|amabad Mode! College for Boys Ge piece Ansent 1-8/3 ISLAMABAD Prof. usedenad Adeel Islam Prof. Qaisar Mahmood Chughtai ADepartment ‘of Physics) (Head Department of Physics) Punjab Group of Colleges, ‘Army Public College, -v Gujranwala Ordinance Road Rawalpindi i jad BY2) Prof. Zaheer Abbas Baloch Prof. Ajax Ahmed a ‘Reviewed ‘Assistant Profesor (Department of Physics) (Department of Physics) Punjab Group of Colleges ISLAMABAD IMCB H-9 ISI PUBLICATIONS ‘Preface ALLAH Almighty be thanked a million times for showering his special magnitude. Thosewho have under taken sucha Heculean iers and problems which need to be blessing a work of si task can fully understand the obstacles, bi overcome. "his book is unique in its kind and texture as it caters for the need of thé students and teachers alike. It covers a wide range of textual styles on one hagd and on the othertends to develop the knowledge, skills and appetite forateataing Practical knowledge for future fears, We also owe our deepest sense of gratitude to Scholar Publiéations for inculcating in us a self belief which proved out to be our greatest source of strength, __, Wemedge that any Suggestions from our worthy teaching fraternity shall behighly appreciated forthe improvementanda mentionabolitany mistake. AUTHORS Published by: Scholar Publications Urdu Bazar, Lahore. Ph: 042-37231595 042-37241133 ihts reserved. No part of this ion may be reproduced, stored na retiewal system, of tranmited, in any form or by’ any means, ‘electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otharwise, without the rior permission a ‘Scholar Publications & Authors. ‘AHMED RHAWAR QURESHI First Published in 2020 as FEDERAL & KPK BOAR! An Conceptual Approach To PHYSICS (Sub; Composed BY Yauqueer Hussain Design byx. Shokeel Sadiq Printedat: Sahara Punjab Printers, =e Lahore Ti 2020 - 2021 Enlarged & Comprehensive Edition: @ SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS Qazafi market, | Al - Karim Market, Urdu Bazar, Lahore | Urdu bazar, Lahore PH: 042-37231595 | PH: 042-37355555 37241133 Kiratica) : @schotarpublications pk Email; scholarpublicationsgmail com BQ rots a2 -enarzzn95 SSeS Kay Points Soived Exam Text Book, Short Quésiions of Exercise. Compfeliensive Questions, ucigical Problems. Pit Papera mca's “Self Assessment Test i Work & Energy Goncept Map Theary Formulae Kay Points: Solved Examples Text Book Exercise ‘Additional Conceptual S/Qs. Past Papars MCG’ ‘Self Agesamont Tost ‘saqdijmar qs sod iAfrastructure and provides trained personnel nee discoveries. It is important for improvement: 1 of our future. ‘cod LS [Ameontetsinancs [ni A quantity and its unit obtained and devetdped from base quanti ving any consideration to the di jal properties are called derived quanti + of the derived quantities are given by , ay TABLE 4.2: S| DERIVED-QUANTITIES AND DERIVED UNITS Peet | Bares [UA [serene nt | Se a L ae ee Se [8 [Meter pareetond squares | me? | ; These are such units waich can neither be placed as base unite nor in 36023607 Pee om 2.14373 "approximately 57° corresponds to | radian. radians = 2 3: 3.14 radians = 6.28 radians =2mrad peren at S Jog POG = SE rad = 0.01745 rad ‘The angle 8 here ix the unit for solid angle, sppratinatel radians defined as the solid angle subiended cidhe cemer of sphere by an area of its surface equal ¢ of radius of that sphere”. \2 S fo 5 millimeters (mm) Earth's surface can be expressed as 825 kilometers Pee a) x ee 1 xp a) on, erence ge ore. 3f {p) san obsolete name of a micrometer, which is. decimal fract 1% 10 moters. For examples Rad Biood Calls (RECS) 0 microns in diameter. Human hav’ is between 10 ond 100 misfen SY ‘writing pico meter, pm is wrong, correct is eS are never used. For sampler Ee soni, tent of algebra must be indicated by space or a half-high (centred) dot (-), lidus (oblique stroke, /) or by negative Pe slirvenist jelter cven if named afier scientist e.g., newton, has initial capital such as N for newton. Arcee ark a wba balers tio wel arab or OSE a and removing personal bias as far after performing the experiment ce fluctuations in experimental. it a ‘valtie that can be measured by the measuring instrument is} life readings or maseures vsiues ae poor st count error Is the error associated with the sities ‘tretcher| (the brick] wall, called 1), a8 (23.6 + O.1}em. with uncertainty in it. = Peas! a ee inty in (Ar) = Least count inr=% (a = (0.017 wacertainty in V = 12 ce em’) = + 0.6.cm" cae cant figure may or may not be significant. Wes. froction are significant, e.g, in $:200 there are 4 sig 2 \e More quantities are added or subiracted, the Wesult is as precise as the least precise adding or subtracting, round the resulb) Keeping only as many decimal paces a es that were added or subtracted. sment depends upon the number of significant di in a measurement, the better is the accuracy, and. versa. For nt 0,025 cm is indicated by two significant digits. ue. snter as shown in the Figure. ‘and clase together, there is both accuracy and precision as in id feat oe there is mathematical accuracy because the to the bulls-eye, nor close to each other, there is neither (0) Heat energy sure (8) Momentum : ‘ emt one pI ae relars to: a ’ 4 ! (8) Time period (©) Frequency (0) Forea 2 oN following are the dimensions of torque? Sn 8) [MT (C) eT} , (0) ([ML"'T) ofthe following are the dimonsions of acceleration dus to grav (8) MT} (LT) oom —O ‘the following are the dimenaions of angular velocity? j ee ALT" (e) LT Onn Orly ¢ Which of the following pair have same dimensions? - (A) Work and power (8) Momentum and impulse (C) Force and torque (0) Tore and power The dimension of E is same as that of: g (4) Time (© Energy (0) Velocity 10) Force Ths dimensions of tho relation |£*! are equal to the dimensions of Force: (8) Momentum (C) Acceleration {0) Velocity oe following are the dimensions of Pawor? ce qm) mM (Mery MT} Which of the following are the dimension of coofficient of viscosity? AML" 1") (B) (nit) (©) aT - SERETCI Ciera) Which of the following is equal to the numerical.value of one light year? 1A) 9.46 x 10° mm (8) 9.48 « 10° om 848 «1 (0) 9.46 « 10°*km Hawi many number of colors used in the pats of color printing to produce the entiea ve range of colors: 4 5 O7 Light yearis the unit of A) 4 (D) Speed MG & study of the physical word in specific and physical universe in general ational (SI): System of units is adopted specifically by the science community. ment of physical quantities. The SI units consists of seven fundamental units from which all other physical quantities developed called derived units, count or resolution: The smallest increment measurable by measuring instrument. = The doubt that exists about the result of any measurement. Uncertainty: The quantification or magnitude of error or doubt in measurentent. Precision: The degree of exactness with which a measurement is made and stated, Accuracy: The closeness of a measured value to the actual value of the measured quantity, Significant figures: In any ee Tesacel of Scoala cic Sotewe fee Dimension: Expressing a physical quantity in physical quai using: Densnsbne of a physical quantity help to understand its relation with base Solved Examples ‘Two connected goara are rotating. The smaller gear hos a radius of 0.4 gear's radius is 0.7 m. What is the angle through which the larger ear hae ee when the smaller gear has made one complete rotation? Larger gear’s radius *r,* = 0.7m Smaller gear's radivs ‘r= 0.4 m Angle of rotation for larger gear ‘0, nN The smaller gear performs-one complete rotation (0 = 2x), the length of the S arc traveled-f S = 1, «8, S=n* 8, Puiting valves $= 0.4m x 25 $= 0.8nm ‘So, an Sx are length on the larger circle would form an angle as follows Ss & nh Se uaiume 6, VSR Pasting values & = "57 = 3.6 radians Ans Extension Exercise: ‘What is the angle in degrecs thro: O.= 3.6 radians = 3,6 « $7.5 fd & Ad = (101.41 + 0.05) mm represeniis the internal diameter of the metal pipe and d= Sd = (102.79 + 0.05) mm represents.the external diameter of the metal pipe, then find the thickness of the metal part fthe pipe including uncertainty in i which the large Given Data: Internal diameter d+ Ad = (101.4) £4105) mm External diameter d+ Ad = (192{99 0.05) mm Thickness of Pipe ‘t' =? To find the thickness of the pipe we would subiract the inter + from sxiial Saco however we will addi fractional uncertainties as d= doh Sd, + Ad) ‘Putting valucs d= (1095 — 101.41) mm + (0.05 + 0.05) mm d S38 + 0.10}mm oe to subtract uncertainties when subtracting measurements uncertainty ALWAYS gets worse as sasurements are combined. difference in the radius is required for the thickness ‘t’ therefore both the diameter and the inty must be divided by 2 (as the percentage uncertainty remains the same), Hence d_ (138 210 2 The fength and width of a rectangular room are measured to be I = (I+ Al) = (3.955 + 0,008) m and w = (w + Aw) = (3.060 + 0.005} m. Calculate the area A = (A + AA) of the room and its uncertainty. "Tenth P= (4,050 0,005) m “width w = (2.955 + 0.008) m Area A=(A SAA) =? that the value for ‘g’ its uncertainty. duc to gravity “g’ = 9.81mis? ‘hth Ah) =? = CS Ne power percentage unceriainties is ipod with power. The percentage uncertainty. 11.36 273 « 100% = 136586 Hei pren ghee eatin sees ‘uncertainties is multiplied with power, therefore 693+ 2*15.4% moves through a liquid, the liquid o : of F on the coefficient of vi ‘the liquid, the radius r of the sphere F is proportional to different powe using the method of dimensions. C.3.14 midian C, deca ag is the eomecr way of writing units? B12ms C8kg eae beret times. The readings lie between one $0.2 cm. This Beeson €.60.0+ 0.2) cm Sos0nen sinty in the measurement of (3. a eae es nremierenee and the error therein cs Go=e D. G0+ 1.5)°C B. 15.0 ms 7.3% Cc 1gpRS 0.7% D, 15,0 ms # 15.3% B. 8.0m’ + 2.0% CA. Om’ + 5.0% D, 8.0m'+ 6.0% Bd avs 1a ie | B.3 ¢ 5 Ds tein ts 1513 m+27.3 m=: C2881 m D. 28.813 m { numbers, Their multiplication im significant digits is: ©. 36.72 1.36.7 ©. 1000 km 1B. 1000000 km €, magnification D. all of these D. all of these DIMLUT) yom. | it ‘of given maximum and minimum values 5 ‘50 — 20) + (0.5 + 0. 5.0% 3.0) + (49 + 3.3%) = 15-3 20m) £32.09 Ot 60% Tess z - As answer should be up to Ieeg asia places in the given data, 25 has one decimal place, so xr will be 26.6 after rounding off 1513 m4 273 m= 28813 = 28.8 m p.t0-one decimal q by values i ‘only up to this value, Seats tient piaoan ney have a least count of 0,001 cm, ofrandm eros bt win neds size; it occurs with both ly and divide quantities with different dimensions and ath ‘ of any derived quantity, As forces mass * acceleration Dimension of force= dimension of macs » dimension of sertion Gls (sqiry (F)< (MT) s those quantities can be added or subtracted athich have same dime 8 tintie standard beca rate varies as a person rests, walks and nina eto, Si pi that equation sy or may not be a rig units? What are errors? Differentiate between systomatic and random errors? Bias. Qt? _ & Whit is “uncertainiy in, measurement? explain the propagatiore? uncertainty In addition, Subtraction, multiplication and division? = See Qa 8 What are significant figures? What are the rules for determining significant figures in the final result after addition, subtraction, multiplication and division? See Qu 9 7. = Differentiate between precision and accuracy inthe measurement. jons of physleet Quan hat are limitations and applleations of = dimensional analysis? SeeQ#il < PAHS Horror _ NUMERICAL QUESTIONS circular plaza into 3aadal parts, ono ploce of pizza la taken out. Estimate the degree measure of tie single piece.of and convert the measure Into radians, What is the radian measure of the angie of the,roen: pizza? ‘of pieces of circular pizza = 3 i ‘by remaining part pizza =? ‘Angle subtended by circle Le. plaza i: 2m radian Ew “Angle mended by one ofthe ie plese is ren Ta2 xai4 Bm se =A. 100% = SE «10096 = 0.67% T=} (ads unceranty in + % age uncertain ing) 3 (0.67 % + 1.020%) md 5 (1.6916) = 0.86% = 0.8% 2.0304 117, (142 x 0.488) / (3.2 * 120) 5489 (As data has least 1 decimal place) 12S, 7.25 (As data has least 1 decimal place) 10) — (1.03 «10° 1030 1 (cae iene ey 1@2~ 120) SC ‘constant ‘G' from the formula F = G22 r ce, ‘mand ‘mm,’ are masses of objects and ‘r’ is the'distance between values of constant of proportionality in an equation cannot be sions. It can be determined experimentally or theoretically. cal relations involving logarithm, exponential o trigonometric fianctions

Te) Which of the following Is nota ape 10. 11, 12, 43. 14, 15. 16. 47, tee key From Past FRISE P Ac kgm'e? B. kgm?y C.Nm? D. pascal , cae Printing, ve range of colours can be pes by mixing colours, B. Six CFI D. Four whic ofthe yew pat have same dimen: ae A, Power, §; Force, Momentum, C, Work, ane D. Velocity, Accefetitilon Numbere aigeitoant hearer In 8.70 x 104 aro Al B33 C4 D7 Slunitoftimeis A. 60 min Bi ‘Cetlom ‘second C. Krypton 86 D. 60%, Light year Is unit of , A. Distance B. time C. Light intensity B, Speed Solld angle of sphere is ; A1257 5 B, 6.28 sr C.3.14 sr D, $7.3 se Base unit of linear momentum are ANE B. kgm/s D. None Which of the following is dimensionless? A. Stress. B. Pressure on OD, Strain Which of the following is not unit of work? A. Joule B.Nm Sthgms D. Watt see The dimensions of Power are: (ANNUAL 2087) AIMLT’] B.[MLT"} D.(MUTY The significant figures in 34.678 are: (avmeuaL 2097) Ad B.3 Which of the following pairs of unitstre both derived units? A; Kilogram, Angstrom B. Ampere/Depree C, Newton, Cande! (ON+ ANNUAL 2017) la , Watt The Prefix one peta is: (ANNUAL 2008) A10" B. 19") 10" D. 10) One year is equal to: JANMUAL 2018) A315 * 10's B54 « 10's C141 10" D. 8.6 10's ‘Which of the following may be used as valid formula to calculate speed of ocean waves? [y # speed, g= os due to gravity, 2 = wavelength, p= density, h = depth) (ANNUAL 20t8 A gh, 3 B Vig og D.pgh eeratch 500 spectators are counted one by one. How ‘the final ee many significant figures will be AMAL BH al .eats a ded at the contre of sphere of radius 'r in steradian Io; (8) 4n (0) 8x torms of base unit are: (8) kg ma? (C) kgm 5? ‘anometers are in a mater? (B) 10" (e) 10° uncertainty in mass and velocity of an object are 2% U% respectively. following is the maximum uncertainty In the measurement of its kinetic energy? (B) 8% (c) 6% Nb) 1% figures in 0.0010 are : Y a @2 ©3 ws tthe following pair have same dimensions? QO and impulse (8) Work andBower and torque {(D) Torgb@-and power E Give short answers of followings: C SECTION -@/ fadians account for circumference 6’ a circle? How many steradians account for 8 of a sphere? “sy lines the precision of a measurefnant? pulse and.the swing of a pendubim are possible time units. Why are they not offen used? at (a) Ke ~ dmv’ and (b) PE, coh re dimensionally correct (0) 4 (3x7 =21 dé gears are riatoa The smaller gear has a radius of 0.4 m and the larger gear’s radius . What is the angle through which the larger gear has rotated when the smaller gear has made rotation? _C) - een the terms, ‘precision’ and ‘accuracy’, e.sign’conventions for writing measurements and thelr units ‘Questions. Tr ‘SECTION -C on for the time period ‘T’ of a simple pendulum. The time period ‘T’ may depend upon b of the pendulum, (i) length '' of pendulum, (ili) acceleration dus to gravity ‘g" at is suspended. : 5:0) and accoraton du avy aon i accu at ‘period of the pendulum with uncertainty init. ; and three limitations of dimensional analysis, Available in For F. ae < (Eyam =o wonea dain, (aw) Catv) | = yONpOA FELeIG, eater te eaacn Ge. cy once ‘displacement, torque, momentum, acceleration, (i) Graphical representation ye ‘old face letter such as A, dr and v ete, LAG bela be roprment yee Bred homo be teeth Kap straight line with an arrow hea is one end. The length ‘Magnitude of vector oe ftable scale). Arrow head in of vector, ele not rl el ae vcr grees renee by light face Haile letter such os A, a » und atc. ot by the if es. plane: 2 an ts is isnt Sem ening SON ith 30 ele led by two different approaches, namely graphical (or 2 e ‘and analytical method. Cy ° I Method for Addition of Vectors: fee vectors are added by sketching scaled dingrams. For oe dition of vectors we use Head-to-Tail Rule, must be followed to add vectors by head-to tail ble scale for the representation of given vector . } Vectors according to the selected scale in its given direction, jtall of the 2nd vector to the head of the lor and draw its representative line according Lsenle inthe given direction and contigudhis process till last vector is added, it, joln the tail of the first veeto: id of the last vector and put an arrow on this iy from the origin. Label thigqegior as & , moana resultant vector, Same effect as the combined effect of all,the Vectors to €s resultant vector." Consider two vect and B. The is known as resultant vevior und it canbe expressed A ey are slong te sare dreedon Sere ish eS : 2 ‘yector—A Se hiaian )=6 \ ber of vectors arranged by head to tail rule forming ~ mn are equal to the produet of dimensions ee A oo ¥ eons we 19 parallel to each othor? ) (©) 10N Pf the resutant of te forces aN en i ing at right angle ta each other? (BEN iN (Q)7N isthe resuitant of two forces § Nani 12M making an angle of 80° with each other? — B)7N () 13 dition of vectors is called addition of vectors by rectangul ical in nature rather than geometrical; therefore, it is wv 0 ‘of one vector and hi San Seetion of t vector, | ahaa A) (projection of B AD oduct of position vector r, See nape Med is veetor product of velocty efi (as eh? fand cross product of wo vectors And B ts zro, when: ON (8) A and & are antiparatet ting upon a body and the lines of action ‘a common point, the forces are said to be -a piece of meat with forces F),F; and Fy as + forces are concurrent as their line of action ue = (moment arm) (magni tude of perpendicular component of forbe t = (r)(F sind) @ = (r)(F sina)a RaiaF fe < " Thstead of resolving force, we can prove ne fifiehila by resolving Position vector F as shown in the figure. 1s, We can write the torque as: r Mfahe = (moment arm i.e. perpendicular @oriponcnt of position vector #) (magnitude of force) T = (rsthey(F ) T= ‘Yinb) x $m sin8)A Lon the body will be maximum if E and # are perpendicular (0 = 9 pe ‘wi preduce large torque and thare ts a-dangar for tho “Erane 10 toppte over. awe Fercome Such a sialon, eranes have a counlar weight al d the ther sig that moves in an oppota recon rom bw oort Batis i WEIgNE exerts. 6 torque on the crane in equal and apposte virectian to the joad, Mathematically ‘ aoa = Feoucernetshe ue of torque if the body is uniform angular velocity? acting on the body will be zero, , angular acceleration is zero, so torque willbe [2" law for rotational ta & couple? Derive its formula ~~ A Couple forces that have the,sinje°magnitude but opposite in direction and are separated by a distance, form the gonpte. effect produced uple is called moment of couple. OR meni produced bshatouple is called & couple moment.” but opposite in direction i.e, and Fp =F t= X(-F)) +065 x F) © f=(-G + H)x F S f= (m%-74)x F = # = position vector from point B to A t=7xF (0) Fleming rule Bree ia given by 7=7" x F. Ithas maxtmun(yphie when? and F are at an angle of: 0" > (cy 48" (©) 30" fon nen torau wal be: (0) Negative (0) Positive (Cy Power (D) Torque (@)Paratel to the plane containing ¢ and F {0} Perpendicular to the plane F and F Scalar product and vector Product helps derstand the physical differaiée between. Physica Quantities je ©.9. work = Force. Displacement = 7? ‘and torque = Moment arm « Force = 7 > The state in which an object has c * Ifthe sum of all the forces acting on a aid to be in equilrium ie EF =0 Ifthe sum of all the torques acting ot is d to be in equilibrium > lek r=0. > For perfect equilibrium a body must sat isfy both ine le EF=0. ands ft =o tote Pele pecs . Examy ple 2.’ A ship leaves port and travels 200 km at 30° ‘travels 350 km in @direction 140° distance covered by ship? Procedure 1. Seleating scale =e oa L 330 km = 7 em, 0 = 140° with the north of east. ToFind: Resultant R =? Solution: 2. Finding the resultant: Using head to tail rule to get the Fesullant R, We measure the length of vector R (with scale) which was about 6.8 cm (6.8 x 50 = 340 km), and with the protector we also calculate the value of angle, which is 0 = 106° with east, 34 km, 106° with north of east north of east. Then it changes its o direction and north of east to reach destination. Calculate straight line Rete « M0 wn Key Points o Cartesian coordinates system provides a framework to sketch vector quantities. ° Head to tail rule is a geometrical approach to add vectors | +: Addition of vectors by rectangular components method is somehow mathematical method * Scalar product and vector product helps to understand the physical difference between phi quantities ie ©.g. work = Force, Displacement= fF. =F. and torque = Moment arm x Force = 7 « F = The siate in which an object has zero acceleration is said to.58 in equilibrium © Hithe sum of allthe forces acting on an object is equal to zavothen the object is said to be in equi ie ZF =o, bs Ifthe sum of all the torques acting on a body is equal to zero then the body is said to be in equilioa > ie Eb r=0. * For perfect equilibrium a body must satisfy Heth the following conditions. ie. BF =0. andr ¢=0 ror Peleg eee Sree mat clule(-cy Example 2.1; A ship leaves port.and travels 200 km at 30° north of east. Then it changes its o direction travels 350 kmsInva direction 140° north of east to reach destination. Calculate straight distance covered by ship? re = Selecting scale: Vet S0km =1 em ex 200 km = 4cm, 6 = 30° with the north of east L 350 km =7 em, = 140° with the north of east. JoFind: Resultant R =? Solution: 2. Finding the resullant: Using head to tail rule to get the resultant R, We measure the length of vector R (with scale) which was about 6.8 em (6.8 x 50 = 340 km), and with the protector we also calculate the value of angie, which is 0 = 106° with east, 34 km, 106° with north of east ofequilibrium = t=0 wy Hate —t% =0 «O @ Mes 2-4 (Pkt) = FX We 2. ” 6. 3 9. i. 12, BL! wt following diagrams show a uniform rod with its Choose the best possible answer Chapter 2 [Vectors & li a . Text Book Exercises Select the correct answer of the following questions. ‘Two vectors lie with their tails at the same point, When the angle between them is increased by 20" tha senlar product has the same magnitude but change es from positive to negative. The original a them was: E wali AO B. 60° c. 10° D8 = QO The miniinum number of vectors of unequal magnitude required to produce a zero resultgabls a2 B.3 C4 D. & Te the resultant of two vectors, each of magnitude A is also a magnitude of A. theangle between the py veetors will be: A.30° B, 45° C. 60” BD. 120° ‘The magnitude of vector A=2i+j+2k is a) B.S c DI ‘When F,=3.N and F=§N then F, = AGN B.4N C2N D.ON A mister stick is supported by a knife-cdge at the 50-em matie Arif hangs masses of 0.40 kg and 0.60 from the 20-cm and 80-cm marks, respectively, Where shold Arif hang a third mass of 0.30 kg to keep stick balanced? A.20cm B.70 em © docm IW Ax=1.5em, Ay=-1.0.cm, into which quadsautdo the vector A point? AT B. tl Cc. D. IV As(AxB)=2 AO B.1 C. AB D. A’B Two forces of magnitude 20 N and 50-N act simultaneously on a body, Which one of the following fores cannot be a resultant of the twa forres? A.20N By3 ON C.40N D.70N If the dot product of two nonzero vectors A and ro then the magnitude of their cross product is__ AO BI CAB D.-AB ‘The sum of magnitudes of two forces is 16N. imum force thétthe forces are J A. GN and 10) B, 8N and 8N Find the the uneven rod shown in the figure. If is c a: om Ur the resultant force is 8N and its direction is perpendicular and 12 D.2N and 14N ter of gravity is 14 cm from end Ais 30cm __» 20cm | eat End A midpoint on the pivot. Two equal forces F are applied on the ia - rod, as shown in the Figure. Which diagram shows the rod in m equilibrium? F C60" io Net torque on wheel radius 2 m as shown? ‘ow AB Cas80° = AB (0. 174) 40174 48 Now Put @ = 100°, we get AB Cosi00° = A B (0.174) = -0.174 AB 00° = 80° + 20°, soanyle is Increased by 20° oe Ifthey form a closed tridagle R= JA? +B? $AR Cost PutR=B =A VATRBPE TAB COsO VAC} A? + TAA Cost P+ 24? Cosd AML + Cos8) “a(1+ Cos8) (1+ Cos®) 7 Va Mt R A A 3 A 2 2 x 2 => e(mig, +m) = glms xr) =m = my—myr, => mass my, is hung at di its location from I" end When x component fies in 4” Quadra) ive and y component Is negative then vector 90", Aphex B) = A.C = AC cos 0" = AC (0) = 0 50 -20=30N =50+20=70N ©. ce palit may ‘e magnitude in the range from 30 N tw 70) So, 20 N resultant magnitude is incorrect. 10Nm clockwise + Band © as shown in figure, It is clear that sum of the tui] of the first vector galcides with the head of the last vector, yw the resultant vector, so resultant will be w null vector. = a ‘obtained by dividing a vector with its magnitude, As both vector and unit of unit vector, IftwWo Vectors are anti-pnrniiel (0 = 180°) then their scalar product is negati A.B= ABcos1 80° = AB(-1)=-AB ' Example: 2 Ifa body is pushed against the along the ground, then force BE friction om ome 4 displacement (d) covered by the body; then work we7a SO =fdcosd Sine friction an dslncement wre oppo auch ter(8 = 180°) So, We /dcos180=f d(—1) oN Q non-zero vectors can be zero if both vectors are perpendicular to each other, ‘Perpendicular (8 ~ 90") 10 each other then, their scalar product is sero, ke, A.Bm ABcoss0" vector and itis perpendicular to 4 then their scalar product will Are mrutually perpendicular (8 = 90") to each other then, their = ABcos90" = ABsinO’n = AB(O) a= inthis caso, magnitude of A x In case of anti ~ parallel! «B= ABsin1 80°5 = AB (0) AoPn= {sequal to zero, lude that these vector can never be perpendicular and parallel (er ly, therefore, vector Bis w null vector, Only then magnitudes of its scalar i ‘Naver use a large wrench fo tighten a small bolt’. HEI We should not use large wrench to tighten a small bolt because it may damage the nut due to appl torque. Explanation © We know that torque acting on the body is: cE © Torque = (Moment arm) (magnitude of foree) Tt is obvious from above equation that large wrench will provide greater moment arm andNerice can apply greater torque on nut even with the small force, This greater torque acting on the small nut may Gamage it nn ee ea 40. A central force Is one that Is always directed toward the same point. Can a central force give Fise to a torque about that point? No, central force e.g. Centripetal force ean not apply torque on the body. Example; Centripstal force is example of central force, Since Gravitational f {3 centripetal force, Moment arm (Displacement between earth and.suiellite 180° with the gravitational force. Formula for torque is: betwen earth and satelite wets .c, radius of orbit makes angle of ter sind since 6= 180° So, t=rF sin 180 wer F (0) r=0 $0, wo conclude that central force can not apply torque on any body. jant by vectors, Give five example of each. Also with the help of an example al reprosentation of a vector. detail whether for two vectors of equal magnitude is it possible to give a resultant of ual to thelr Individual magnitude, Just jour answer mathematical) it is possibie if angle between these vectors of equal magnitudes is 121 eason; The magnitude of the resultant vector Is given by: Rea/Fi+ Fi OFF; Cos 6 will give resultant of the magnituds equal to individual added : rectangular components of @ vector mean? Explain addition of lar product of two vectors. of two vectors. plain why it is equal to the vector product offorce and moment arm. te the solution steps of a numerical problem of equilibrium, First draw vector diagram for all forces involved jn Weoblem, Drow their rectangular components. Apply 1" condition of equilibri ‘Then apply 2" condition of equilibriuma oy t= 0 (ifrequired) + ) then solve the obtained equation to getyeduls. 2, straight up with a speed of 12 mis. If the bus is moving at 25 mis, what Is an observer on o ground? = 25mises wf - ever on ground = Vice ? ‘ ht North and the bus is moving East. Here we add the : Tati 35 shown in igure, the foot of a punter at an angle of 4° positive the horizontal and vertical components of the: football with x-axis = 0 = 54" eS 08 10° = 4e0s 70" = 2 cos 70°= 2x 0.342 = 0.684 fe sin O = Lsin 70° = 4 « 0,939m = AE =3.756m f "AD", “AE” and “w* in equation (3), we get, equation (4) in equation (5), we get [Varar F207 js ss of plane is moving on ground along x-exis. So, we are to. find X-component of the 8, Vs is the velocity of the projection. ~ ae 00 ken br we Seta a. BSy: angle between Rand R' = gous acceleration. it has a direction associated with it. The direct gs: } or slowing down (velocity decreasing) defined for displacement, , Velocity is taken positive and towards left or along n 5 velocity Is increasing (body is speeding ons increasing and acceleration is positive Teshows velocity is decreasing (body | as slope decreases and acceleration AN Displacement is decreasing lis constant i.e. uniform vel negative direction, objec " Forward and Backward ook \using above data, ie Gra ar through polis A. 8, C.D, End Fis shown in the gue s ty i shear lérval fine ix asciiar both n magne ana ecton |S (3) Tho average velocty ver ger itera of ina tin sama a yO ne Hnstantanesus velocity is tangent to the curved path culate instantaneous velocity? ‘ ¢ instantancous velocity is obtained by makin the time orter (mathematically we say that the limit jiwhich time to zero) in displacement-time graph Kt us @ series of shorter straight-line segruérity which have the nas the tangent to the curve, as showmin'Figure which represents the variasiomoy velocity with time-is called velocity-time graph.” nt of Velocity — time grap of velocity-time ap Acceleration jual to acceleration, Be talculsied by finding the slope oF'a tangent 10 nt on the curve, as shown in Fig. gives distance covered by the body. is decreasing deceleration a Velosity is decreasing B, Retardation is decreasing as slope is decreasing, wi A. Velocity is decreasing B. Retardation is increasing as slope is increasing (witty | Infinite acceleration the motion of a body as described by the velocity time graph ing the Motion Using Velocity — Time Graph ‘the velocity time graph of an objects shown _ From Ato B, its velocity is neh andi it has uniform acceleration (as its slope is a= 24 — (8) Average acceleration of bay (0) Total wark done on the: body acceleration, the velocity time graph is: i. (C) Inclined straight tine: a is moving with uniform acceleration along a straight line. Velocity is vj and after time interval t its final velocity become vr v= ita (i) s=nttbar (iv) Howto apply these equations in problems = These equations are useful only for linear motion withi \wniform acceleration, © = When the object moves along a straight fine, the directigref motion does ‘ot change. In such cases, all vectors can be treated like sealars. In problems where vectors can be treated like scalarg,the direction of initial ere. cco 1 Nowa Be 1 A negative sign is applied to all those quantitiée whose direction is opposite |otracs the bad lar ‘to that of initial velocity. ® The above equations can also be appliedto free fall motion of bodies replacing ‘a’ by ‘g’. Acceleration due to Gravity ( In the absence of air, all Il freely near the surface af earth under the action OF gravity with uaiform acceleration called acceleration due to of earth is taken as 9. 8msec” or 32 ft s?. Bei Wi tart point hn 10 sc, Finan tial ee? (B) 24.5 mis (C) 40 mvs (0) 98 mis ie hit so that it travels straight up in air and it requires 3 seconds to reach the maximum (0) 12.2 m/s ving with @ speed of 1.0 x 10’ms" passes throug 98 with a speed of 2.0 « 10'ms. Assuming unifo! ‘through the paper, 2Aw 107 Bc 1Ot 8x ioe 0 teoigt 203 eo" Q.12 Discuss Newton's laws of motion briefly. (Comprehension @.3) Explain three Newton's laws of motion. || First lew of = im Give example in each case for further alaboration. nla soe ‘There are three laws of motion given by Newton: the mraecerantof ean Newton's Firet Law of Motion / Law of Inertla and _ Newton's Third Law of Motion ‘Statement Action and reactlon are equal In moguitude but opposite dn Explanation >» When two bodies interact with each other, action and Feaction forces act for the same length of time. » They never act on the same body but always acc on different bodies, Thar why cannot balance each other, Ifa body A exerts force Fay on body B then body B exerts the fonction foree Fax on body A which is ‘equal in magnitude but Opposite {n direction, so mathematically ?, For your Information Newtenian mechanics ara limited {6 diudtions where speeds are lege th oul 1% of tha of light==tht is, lens than 8,000 Kv the begining of tha BOR ean : fs things we eneaunter In dally |sevsloped is theories of relaviy. Hs tnedres Gt ralotviy agtonied bi ite rave mush ower tan ine Newtonion rd 10 al tno | | epeed, theretore nal oa ‘pply Newion's laws. However ‘hay were refined funhar at ine wan Rodin deveepea a sn i Suppene that the maze of tho spacedfait my’ is 41 000 kg ane |} (02%, tn inky Pie mare that the mass of the astronaut-4,’ Is 62 kes a Seat of raieiy extendad - a GseuMe that the astronaut puahow with a force of Fs + 96-N 9) of Newanian maeheniog n a 10 all Gbjacts, eveR ablecta (along X-axis) on the spacecratt. Find the accelerations of the appli a and the astronaut, Bee oe are ot 7 Battal m, = 11000 & ri m= 9akg 2) 6N Find) F Acteleration jootall = ag =? __Aucelerat ait = ay =P 3 Inv, magnitude of fores on both is same but opposite in direction i. Fy. P eda ee eal ho it e of i ‘wpioeeralt (a: nawont, 2 law, ay = fk BM = 0.0039 msm? f of astrenaut ost 7 > lity of moving body which eee the g adit of wotion ts catlledl mo t of mass and velocity pee ig Sd called linear momentum. ity, so momentum is alse a vector ion is same as that of velocity. final momentum of body = Py Feo By rma of momentum x lote rate af change af momentum of ‘equal to the applied force,” he pera EN ena second een Bevause it can easily be applicable for the manasa changing » 9 how it Ia related to in large force acts on a body for a very short interval of time, then the product of force ard een ‘Impulse af force, in 0.48 8, Durl hie change | Pie net due tothe se tore 48.0 kg |o rescued from a bulldi aie which she leapt was 12.0 rsa lands In the net 80 (a) What is the average force on the CaF 10M acts on a body of mana 8 hg for one seaond whats at of che agency exerts any force, enclosed in a glass vessel at a constant temperature. 4a tn a collection of particles that ean interact with each other but whose “environment outside the collection have a negligible effect on their motions. It is external forces like frelon, airresistance or any other frees don't have any aff ‘come close to vach other and collision, aiiimed to ba much larger than any ‘mnookor balls tion between protons and nucle) ‘the colliding object must not necessarily x t ie collision of a proton with the of the Figure, Becnuse the two partic! positively ql has ocourred, 5 (v2—uy) @ collision KE is conserved therefore KE, = KEy 1 1 1 1 zm +yma =ym +3mvE lglg act zect=qinntmpeani-zmnt A Or Fo (ui-) Lm (08-13) we my(uj vj) =m (vi-u) 3) ws(ui-vi) ate no¥) 34, (u, — Vj) SC, (Us V3) . 4 Poet tobe i n 1 by equation 2 we get Or G— 1+ =m: (Vz = 1) “Vy = th +) = m3 (V2 ~ i) = Ve — Un) = a (V2 — un) = Myvz — My. = MyV2 — My mau = my = my v2 +m) Vz traffic signal. A pickup of mass 2 suming the collision is elastic, the C ‘S00 ke Pickup = mp ~2000 ke lision= Up= ? of momentum fe +mpVp p) = 1500 (10) + 2000 (0) 0 fo.. In this way, momentum of the an tackward direction ts called reo oe Mp Pp + My Yb Mp Vp = — My Y colliéés with stationary body of same mass, then after elastic collision (0) None of these g its job, its acceleration goes on: (C) Remains same (D)t moves with uniform velocity = afi. cos OF + (vi sino — gy = 4/iicost + (ei sin™ a + gr — 2 sin OX) = af Geos" G + sin") +e —2v,gtsind wY Saree —Iwgsind < = iret 2a mtane 1 vg +5 aT? (vsina)r-4 mene) —SaT? (©) 16", 00" ) Decress sty ot po fa maximum: fee tate moti (G) At hall (D) After atiking the ground cme oma 130" with horizontal le he ao chat evan angle oft (0) 420" format te thrown wie ied the velocity "i" moe angle 0 with the horizontal, the maximum herizontal } pee 2 (D) tneranoes with lime is maximum helghtand acetal range are equal: oa" (e) ©) {tin vertioally abowa the target. I misaes the targat chie ta: ‘of velosity '@ body produces an acceleration In tha diraction of the nat force, an jortional ta the force and inversely proportional to the maas of tha body; The velocity time graph shows the motion of bicyclist In @ straight line. (a) From th lope of the graph calculate the acc between segment A and E. (b) Calculate bicyclist, Also (c) Plot ration time graph for this motion, Solution: (a) The acceleration from point A to B can be calculated by mensuring the lope ns i 10.m/s~ 0 mis ul aus or i=% or ‘The'scceleration from point 1 to € by mensur = Wey 15 Y Car a tc or ae Treo ‘The aovoleration from point C to L | Pek Ooms “15 mvs | Theres | Sinillarly the acceleration from polatJ9 te E ean be calouloted ax Wen = $i | tea oor or ana l ‘Therefore (b) The avernge acceleratien can be caleulated by measuring the slope ftom polnt A to 8 as aim (Joint Fightor-17) JF Thunder 47 alroraft takes off at 70,0 wa (282 eer) Teo accelerating uniformly at 9.00 from reat that laste @.6 8 during the initial pr @ hi gine are then turned up to full pawer for an acceleration® Calculate the length of runway needed and tho total time af takeott, Data: neveloration *a;' for phase 1 = 3,9 m/s? for phaso 2= 7.1 m/s? % “For first phase of take-off, the distances can be calcu by ul ‘ lated second ath ; Simvnnrded ing ‘equation of motion Putting values Sim 0%5+23.9% (6.55) or 8,=45.9 mie! 42.2502 hase 1, can be calculated by using first equation of motion > Mae ¥a* ait) putting values v v= 0 mis + x therefore vq = 25.35 m/s Aes ee nO For second phase of take-off, the distance an be calculated by using third equation of motion 7 2 QaSevievi and Senn z Y ay The final velocity ‘yn’ at phaso 1 which Is 25.35 m/s will be initial velocity ‘va’ atphate 2, therefore vaey’ to 70.0 mm/s} — (25.35 ni's) a-4S Putting values 8, = 220 may = (25.35 ss) Tit 4257,3775 m/e O Ss and §)= 299.8153 m 14.2 mist Therefore S$, = 299.8m_ For second phase of take-off, the time 't' can be calculated by usiig first equation of motion Ya= Vn ast or Ya =¥a ™ Asta 1 70,0 m/s = tf Or ous Puing valure f= 722m =263S0 Hence ty 6.3 3 ‘The total distance covered i Putting values $ = 82,4m + 299.8m = 362.20] Hence tho minimum runway length undeh these conditions is 383.2 metres. Tho total time taken is t= t) +t Putting valuest'= 6.55 + 6.3.2 k= i284 ‘Henice the total time for takebfPunder these conditions is 12.8 seconds. an and Uniar are standing face to face on Ice wearing Ice skates. If Hassan apply & for (ON [E] on Umar (Assume no other opposing fore thi respective accelerations? If mass of Umar is 80 kg and Ha: : —\ ‘Hassan’ my = 50 kg ‘Umar’ wet kg 5 JON [E] Mpa sucscnn ay? a imar's acceleration ay =? ‘When ng other opposing force exists, the action for exerted by Hassan on Umar is 10N produced in Umar ay by Newton's second law of motion will be eae or ay™ 0.125 fe) therefore force exerted by Umar on Hassan will be equal and opposite (Le. -10.N (E), or ON [W), The acceleration produced in Hassan ay by Newton's second law of motion will be Mt s0kg of tw 02 MATE py Or ay" = 0.2 nis? [E) therefore therefore fay = 0.2 mist [W] Due to smaller mass Hassan will accelerate more than Umar, A cricket bail of mass 0.163 kg has an initial velocity of - 36 m/s as It app: The bataman hits the ball hard and the ball moves away from the bat with velociy ste +47 mis, (a) Determine the impulse applied to the ball by the bat. (b) Assuming that the time of contact Ie 1,8 ma, find th ‘arage force exerted on the ball by,the bat, ‘Given Data: mass ‘m’ = 0,163 kg Initial velocity * 36.2 mia final velocity ‘vy? =+47.0 m/s time of contact ‘At! = 1.6 mi = 1.6% 10° Required: Impulse applied ‘J = 9 Average force exerted Fy =? Solution: (a) _Abcording to the impulse-momentum relation J = mij, mv, Putting values J= (0-163 kx) (+47.0 m/s) ~ (0163 kg) (~36,20) = 7.661 kg mms + 3.9006 kg m/s = +13, 5616 kg m/s Heove The average force can be calculated by using ) Foe" putting values #,..= 5 55re 5 In a nuclear reactor. «neutron of mase 4u(iu@ 1.66% 19" kg) moving a valocity of 2,000 km/s to the right and a heavy water molecule 20.0 u moving with a velocity 5f'0.40 km/s to the left collide head-on, What are the velocities of the neutron and wilt! molecule after the collision? Given Data: Mass of neutron my li Mass of water moléctile m = 20u u Velocity of neutton before collision u, = 2000 km/s o— “Gj Velocity of Warer molecule before collision u; = 0,40 km/s . To Find: Veldely of neutron after collision v, = ? cof water molecule afer collision vy = ? oun Senne! srr? nig For head on elastic collision vy ‘Wo only want to compare these values, a is Putting values w= TERN 2000 + ABE 40k Or vy = 1809.52 kena + 0.76 km/s P Hence The negative sign shows that the neutron rebounds back after head on collision with the water molecule. Alt! Tead on elas collision a+ Fm) 2elu patting values on eB 0.40 vs A cricket ball Is hit and moves initially at an angle of 36° above the horizontal gr with @ velocity of 28.0 m/s. (a) How high will the ball go? (b) How long will i i in the alr? (c) What will be the range for this projectile? ‘angle "8° = 35° initial velocity *v,' = 25,0 m/s ‘Acceleration dite to gravity ‘g' = 9,8 m/s? To Find: (@) Maximum height ‘1 = 7 (0) Time of flight “T* (6) Horizontal range ‘Solution: 4a) The maximum height H for projectile is mathematically written as ita MEH puning vate 11 ~ SY Ase Teor (b) Time of flight for Projectile is mathematically given as. aM puting valoon T= 225m als Titre (@) Tho Horizontal Range R for projectile is mathematically written as 2 i (ald «35 page putting values R= or Therefore eae the-correct answer of the following questions. lle answer "= thrown vertically upwards at 19.6 mvs, For its complete trip (up and back down to the start 9.6 ) ite average speed ist B98 mis, €.6.5 mis, D.4.9 m/s, Myon throw ‘a ball downward, then its acceleration Immediately after lenving your hand, assuming no alr Denis B, more than 9,8 m/s? C. teas than 9.8 mia? D, Speed of throw is required for anawer 4 ‘change of moment a aca C. Acceleration D. Power ‘The area between the velocity-time graph is numerically equal to: D, Time Vv B, Displacement C, Acceleration Pec aieneo {graph gradually decreases, then the body is aaid to be moving with; ‘A. Positive acceleration _B, Nogative acceleration C. Uniform velocity D. Zero neceleration A7.0-kg bowling ball experiences a net force of 5.0 N, What will be its aceeleration? A.35 mis, B. 7.0 ms C.5.0 9 D.0.71 mis? ‘SI unit of impulse is; Ackg me? B.Ns CNet DNm ‘A ball with original momentum +4.0 kg * mis hits a wall and bounces straight back witha long ‘Minetie energy. The change in momentum of the ball " At4Ns B.-4Ns C+8Ne D.-8NG A body is traveling with a constant acceleration of 10 m s°, If §, 1s the distance traveléd li 1" sceond ang Iu the distance travcled in 2™ second, which of the following shows a correct relation ‘between §, and at ASi= 5, B.§,=3 8; C.8,535) D, 28; =3 8) During projectile motion, the horizontal component of velocity: ‘A.Changes with time -B, Becomes zero C, Remains constant D. Increases with time A projectile is thrown horizontally from a 490m high cliff with a yelobity of 100 ms”. Tike tiune takes fy Projectile to reach the ground ts A2Ss B, 3.08 Cc, $5 D. 108 ‘A projectile is launched st 45 to the horizontal with an Initial kinetic energy E. Assuming alr resistance ‘he negligible what will be the kinetic energy of the projectile when it reaches its highest point? A050E B.O71E 20,705 D.E ‘To improve the jumping record the long JumpeF abould jump at an angle of AW B.4s* C, 60" D. 90 Range of & projectile on a horizontal plarieji same for the following pair of angles: A.1S° and 18° B. 43° ands47® C. 20° and 80° D. 52° and 62° een ees EXPLANATION Uy y+ gt 28 So, total time of travel on both sides Ta2x2=4s Distance to reach maximum height Ss vit sgt? vit pot & $= (19.6)(2) +2(-9.8)(2) S §$3392-196= 19.6m So total distance covered on both sides S $22x196839.2m 1 Suan = 8 Cun? = tenes S2=5 (4-1) =5x 1 Sms =5 ald) — Sim Jaa 1) S -¢ a)3) &=5iG) S:= 3S; ___ | Remains constant_C) | Jeno hes st rojectile along horizontal, Remains co 105 ae awit +3 dat? For, axis, equition becomes Sevlyt + yayt? 2 $= (Oth ge? = 04290? 1 Saige > epee} See eee ‘rain moving In the same direction gr Gi Ifyou are riding on # train that speeds past menace! een rs adjacent track, it appears that the othar train Is m¢ os This is due to relative motion between the two trains. Explanation: When you are sitting in faster train you look outside through the then you are in rest w.r.t your train. So, when ¥ d acéming closer ta i ckward direction (as th window then poles, trees ete will appear to you moving in the backwat i you), Similarly, when you cross the slower tran then that train will also appear £9 You as losin the ground ig moving in the backward direction, which will indicate that other train is slower than yours. G2 Can the velocity of a body reverse the direction when acceleration Is constant? If you thks give an example. [XnGH 2es itcan be possible. Fa se to gravity a i ae | 8 Example: When a body is thrown vertically upward, its velocity gocs on decréasin upward Oo Motion Malan fand becomes zero at the maximum height, After that, it will fevers ‘velocity, but the magnitude acceleration remains constant ddting whole ee 3 When you stand still on the ground, how large a force does the ground exert on you? Why doesn't this force make you rise up into the’alr? GEE When we stand on the ground then we exert force on ground equal to our weight F=W=mg "This force acts as action on ground, According to newton's 3" law, ground exerts equal but opposite reactants Bi this reaction is just sufficient to keep'bs standing on ground This reaction force can not make Gs't0 rise in air. For that purpose, upward force must be greater than our Weil whi is acting downward @4 Aman standing on the top of a tower throws a ball vertically up with certain velocity. He also throws another ball vertically down with the ‘same speed. Neglecting air resistance, which ball will hit the ground {% with higher speed? e EGREH Both the balls i We ground with game speed Tower e ‘The balivhich is thrown vertically up with velocity v, will have same velocity v, breaches back to the top of tower. So the two balls have same downward at tof of tower. Hence they hit the ground with same final velocity CG Vi=vit2gh © Veni 2 ph SS) Asyj hand g is same for two balls therefore v;is also same, @s_ The cricket c>ach explains that the follow-through with wa the shi greator distance. xplain the reasoning in terms of the Te 3 Explanation: During the follow through, the bat is in contact with the ball theorem, the change in momentum is equal tothe impulse. for. longer time, According to impulse 4 j-Fxat => Jadp ™ —=____—_ > Fol ae Accident, crumple zones like bumpers collapse, that will i impact force. This will make passengers safer, Ss Say that crumple zone absorbs the energy during head-on collision, passenger will fel lesser jerk and remain safe, As y we can hit a long sixer in a cricket match than if we toss a ball for our selves? eto: OS fease the collision time (At) and hence decrease which increase the striking force. As a result /match, the time: of collision between ball an er distance AS jectile motion, A projectile has maximum range when it is hit F 45° with the ground. In ic match, this angle is possible easily to achieve but it is difficult to we toss the ball fo elves. 2 A Polen, n th the ball usually with a force and we strike it with proper follow through oe ikaetnd hoes ieceaos ihe monicanas ienacbcite lt ese to go-for longer distances. ile travelling horizontally, dropped a bomb when It was éxactly above the issed the target. Ex; velocity as that of the aero-plane when it is dropped. If the bomb is dropped y above target, it will strike a point ahead of the target due to constant Ys retin the bomb misses te tarp The bomb moves Ika prfetin os ewe ‘it will hitatT. pl and velocity — time graph. In each type give brief details for illustration. &. What Is range of a projectile, State In which condition the range will be maximum if Projection is kept constant in a uniform gravitational field. Also show that there ary projection angles for the same range. MIE Sce Q # 24 and 25 sosoe@afegeroror NUMERICAL QUESTIONS 4 5 An object Is falling freely under gravity. How much distance will it travel in 2nd and 3rd secon of its journey? —_——_ oT Given data: Sia =? Sa=? To Find: ‘To find the distance in a specific second for a freely falling bi we have: Sth = 39 Distance covered in 2" second is: 2 (tas) en Sana BQ? — 17) Sang = 4.94 - 1) = 498) = 14.7 Distance covered in 3” second is: Sana = 39.803? <3?) Seng = 4.(8 4) = 4.9 (5) 2 4 helicopter is ascending vertically‘at-a epeed of 19.6 m 5” When it is at a height of 156.6 above the ground, a stone is dropped. How long does the stone take to reach the ground? Given data: Initial velocity of the helicopter= ms" (upward) Net vertical distance covered(by the stone = s = -156,8m (downward) (There is negative sign, being displacement opposite to initial velocity) Aceeleration due to gravity = g =-9,8 ms To Find: Time = © Using the follwing equation of motion s- eke, putting the values, we get ae a= nest Cone AS = 156.8 = 19.61 -4.9¢ 490 -19.6 6 - 156.80 4.9{0 —4t-32)=0 —4t-32=0, making factors, we get Bt +4t-32=0 (qt) #40-8)=0 (t-8) (44) =0 ort-8=0,t=8sec OR But time cannot be negative, thus B=Bosec] ic. time taken by stone) 1+4=0,t=-4 sec iu, te my +m, Sit) ou: : rans) XE |\misec SE 0.600 + 0,300 (88 a = (2.666 + 12)m/sec Ay / sec =14.67m/ sec horizontal from an AK 47 rifle. (a) a time would It take to go? =. . ‘We know that tine of flight is given by, —? i oe the values in equation (3), we get, Lia el 7 MTB Player does so because it will allow him to have greater time for change in muon ap “ar (At becomes greater) => F ce = Since F= => _ So ball will exert a lesser force on his hands. Maximum height of projectile is 2 sink Yj Sin'd a Andi its time of ight is: spo Luising a) Rey sat Rete range of POMS on he moon, —_ O= Tan" (1) . | When 0 = 60" on nef (Gin 60)" wey noid) SO 26 = 30° 8 = 15° ‘of projectile is half than its maximum range at an angle of 15°. D, force, momentum C. Acceleration of momentum of a body la equalto. B, Distanos C, Acueleration 3 Momentum the velocity and acceleration at the maximum ah of the projectile is. B, 180" C. 90" nas? f projection of 45°, height of projectite will equaT Yo __times of range BM Caw D.Wa ‘Gf moving body is doubled thon stoppingdetance will become B, fourtimos ‘Cy Three times D. remain same ity of moving object Is doubi In which of following quantity b B,Kinetis Brorgy

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