UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA(UITM), KAMPUS SERI ISKANDAR, PERAK

DIPLOMA UKUR BANGUNAN

(BST110)

REPORT TITLE :
BUILDING ELEMENTS AND MATERIALS

PREPARED BY:
BIL NAMA NO. MATRIKS
1 AINA QISTINA BINTI ALIAS 2022843548
2 MUHD DAREL ADAM BIN ROSIDI 2022462852
3 SULAIMAN BIN ISMAIL 2022469264
4 MUHAMMAD AIDIL HAKIMI BINMD 2022604068
RUSLI

GROUP :
AP1191C

PREPARED FOR :
SR. NORAZURA BT MIZAL AZZMI
TS. ZAIMAH BINTI ZAINAL ABIDIN
 CONTENT

Bil. TITLE PAGE

1 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL PROPERTIES 1
2 2.0 BUILDING ELEMENTS 1-17
3 3.0 CONCLUSION 18
4 4.0 REFERENCES 19
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Material properties are physical, chemical, or mechanical components of a specific

product that would determine its functionality and manufacturability. This would
mean that a product’s material properties would specifically define the capabilities of
the products in all aspects. Moreover, such a concept would set certain limitations—
based on product composition or property—on the product’s performance. Conversely,
a product’s intended functionality should also set specific property requirements that
need to be met for the final product to be considered useful.

These materials make up the objects around us, and each of these materials has
different properties or characteristics that can be observed or tested. Scientists,
technologists and engineers investigate these materials – they experiment with them,
compare their properties and relate the results to possible uses.

When selecting a material for a given application the material properties must satisfy
the function and the operating conditions of the component or the structure being
designed. The properties, which directly influence the choice of material, can be
summarized under the following categories such as; mechanical properties ( stiffness,
strength, ductility, hardness and toughness), physical properties ( density, electrical,
conductivity and thermal conductivity), chemical properties ( corrosion resistance )
and manufacturing properties ( form ability, mach inability and ease of joining).

The functional requirements of a product are directly determined by its mechanical,

physical, and chemical properties. However, for the product to be technically
manufacturable, the material must have the right manufacturing properties. For
example, a forged component requires a material with sufficient flow ability without
cracking during forging, a cast component requires a material that flows readily in the
molten state and fills the mould and solidification do not produce undesirable pores
and cracks.
2.0 BUILDING ELEMENT

2.1 BEAM

2.1.1 WHAT IS BEAM?

Beam, in engineering, is originally a solid piece of timber, such as a beam of a house,

a plough, a loom, or a balance. In building construction, a beam is a horizontal
member spanning an opening and carrying a load that may be a brick or
stone wall above the opening, in which case the beam is often called a lintel. The
load may be a floor or roof in a building, in which case the beam is called a floor
joist or a roof joist. Beams may be of wood, steel or other metals, reinforced or
prestressed concrete, plastics, and even brickwork with steel rods in the bond between
bricks. For weight reduction, beams of metal are formed as an I or other shape having
a thin vertical web and thicker horizontal flanges where most of the strain appears.
The beam is use in the structure for ;

a) To bear a load
b) To resist bending moment and shear forces
c) To standardize the load throughout the structure
d) To connect between the frames

2.1.2 TYPE OF BEAM USED IN PUSAT MAHASISWA

Based on Diagrams below, we can see that Pusat Mahasiswa used a Cantilever Beam.

Diagram 1
 Diagram 2
Diagram 3

2.1.3 WHAT IS CANTILEVER BEAM?

A cantilever beam is a rigid structural element supported at one end and frees at the
other. The cantilever beam can be either made of concrete or steel whose one end is
cast or anchored to a vertical support. It is a horizontal beam structure whose free end
is exposed to vertical loads.

2.1.4 ADVANTAGES OF CANTILEVER BEAM

1. Very simple to construct.

2. Only one fixed support is required, support on the opposite side is not required.

3. Cantilever beam creates a negative bending moment, which can help to counteract
a positive bending moment created elsewhere.

4. The span can be greater than that of a simple beam because a beam can be added to
the cantilever arms.

5. Because the beam is resting simply on the arms, thermal expansion and ground
movement are fairly simple to sustain.

6. Cantilever beams are very rigid, due to their depth.

2.1.5 MATERIAL OF BEAM

2.1.5.1 Reinforced concrete

 Concrete
 Steel

2.1.6 CHARACTERISTIC OF MATERIAL

2.1.6.1 Concrete
 Mechanical strength, in particular compressive strength.
 High durability
 Tensile strength
 Fire resistance
2.1.6.2 Rod Steel
 Very hard
 Made from alloy
 Non-corrosion
 High durability
2.2 COLUMN
2.2.1 WHAT IS COLUMN?
Columns are vertical structural elements where the load is transferred parallel to the
longitudinal axis as compression, and sometimes as tension. Columns are used to
support floor/roof beams and the columns of the floor above. The columns at the
bottom floor of a tall building must carry the accumulative weight of all the floors
above. This is why the location of columns ideally should be consistent throughout all
floors. This is not always possible especially with a challenging architectural design
where each floor has a different layout.

2.2.2 COLUMN USED IN PUSAT MAHASISWA

Based on Diagrams below, we can see that Pusat Mahasiswa used is Reinforced
Concrete. This is because this type of column is suitable for the structure of Pusat
Mahasiswa’s building.

Diagram 4 Diagram 5

2.2.3 MATERIAL OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN

 Concrete
 Steel
2.2.4 CHARACTERISTIC OF MATERIAL
2.2.4.1 CONCRETE
- contain gravel, sand, cement, and water. They have been mixing all together by
following the ratio of grade 25 which is the most strength concrete mix. The
gravel and sand must be graded correctly to achieve the maximum strength. Other
than that, concrete, in construction, structural material consisting of a hard,
chemically inert particulate substance, known as aggregate (usually sand and
gravel), that is bonded together by cement and water.
2.2.4.2 STEEL
- steel contain alloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon content ranges up to 2
percent (with a higher carbon content, the material is defined as cast iron). The
major component of steel is iron, a metal that in its pure state is not much harder
than copper. Despite that, the steel is weldability which is steels weldability
determines how easily a material can be welded. Materials with low weldability
are likely to crack due to the local stresses caused from heating at the weld joint.
Other than that, steel is also machineability. Machineability is dependent upon a
lot of factors. If a material is too hard it will reduce the tool life and dramatically
increase the part costs. If a material is too ductile it can spring back after being cut
leading to difficulty meeting tolerances.
2.3 DOOR
2.3.1 INTRODUCTION OF DOOR
Door is a moveable barrier that allow entry and exit. Also known as doorway
through a building wall or partition for the purpose of providing access to the
inside of a building or rooms of a building.

2.3.2 TYPE OF DOOR USED IN PUSAT MAHAWANGSA

From the Diagrams below, Pusat Mahawangsa used glass door and hard wood
door. There are advantages by using this door

Diagram 6 Diagram 7
2.3.3 WHAT IS GLASS DOOR?
One of the most common types of home and business glass outside of
traditional windows is glass doors. Safe for interior and exterior use, modern-
day glass doors are made of tempered glass, energy-efficient and come in a
variety of style
2.3.3.1 ADVANTAGES OF GLASS DOOR
 It visibility by allowing the light to pass through to see the outside of
the building
 Highly resistant to moisture and humidity
 Immune to rusting
2.3.4 WHAT IS WOOD DOOR
wooden doors are suitable as both internal doors and exterior doors. Wooden
exterior doors offer strength and security whilst wooden interior doors offer a
high-end feel.
2.3.4.1 ADVANTAGES OF HARD WOOD DOOR
 Wood doors provide much more insulation, which will keep rooms
cool or hot as needed
 Wood doors cut down substantially on traveling sound
 extremely sturdy and can withstanding years of heavy use

2.3.5 MATERIAL OF DOOR

 Wood
 Glass
2.3.6 CHARACTERISTIC OF MATERIAL
2.3.6.1 Wood
 Natural insulation
 Renewable building material
 Electrical and heat resistance
 Sound abortion
2.3.6.2 Glass
 Weather resistant
 Rust resistant
 Transparent
 Highly workable
2.4 WINDOW
2.4.1 INTRODUCTION OF WINDOW
A window is an opening formed in a wall or roof primarily to admit daylight through
some transparent or translucent material. Windows also serve an important function in
providing controlled natural ventilation to buildings and make a major contribution to
the visual appearance of buildings. As the window is part of the wall or roof envelope,
it should serve to exclude wind and rain, and act as a barrier to excessive transfer of
heat, sound and spread of fire in much the same way that the surrounding wall or roof
does.

2.4.2 TYPE OF WINDOW USED IN PUSAT MAHASISWA

Pusat Mahasiswa is using four type of window which is awning windows, fixed
windows, casement windows and jalousie windows. This type of windows is suitable
to be installed in the Pusat Mahasiswa as a medium to allow light to enter the building
and good air circulation.

Diagram 8,9,10,11 Windows that used in Pusat Mahasiswa

2.4.3 ADVANTAGE ALL OF THE WINDOWS THAT USED IN PUSAT
MAHASISWA
 More natural light let into the building.
 Meant less energy efficiency as they were more likely to let heat escape or
cold enter the building.
 Stronger and are durable from wheater.
 Creating a good air circulation in the building.

2.4.4 MATERIAL THAT USED IN WINDOWS

 Float glass
 Aluminium frame

2.4.5 CHARACTERISTIC OF MATERIAL

2.4.5.1 Aluminium
 Low density and durable
 Has a high electrical and thermal conductivity
 Excellent corrosion resistance
 Can be easily cast, machined and formed
2.4.5.2 Glass
 Weather resistance
 Rust resistance
 Highly workable
 Transparent
2.5 FLOOR
2.5.1 WHAT IS FLOOR?
The levels of a building are often referred to as floors, although a more proper term is
storey. Floors typically consist of a subfloor for support and a floor covering used to
give a good walking surface. In modern buildings the subfloor often has electrical
wiring, plumbing, and other services built in

2.5.2 TYPE OF FLOOR USED IN PUSAT MAHASISWA

As we can see,Pusat Mahasiswa used tiles floor.

Diagram 1 Diagram 2

Diagram 3
2.5.3 WHAT IS FLOOR TILES?
These floor are used for paving courtyard of buildings. Glazed tiles floors are used in
modern buildings where a high class building is desired. For constructing a tile floor,
the base course is prepared in the same manner as in case of brick flooring.Over the
base course thus prepared, a thin layer of lime or cement mortar is spread with the
help of screed battens. These floor are used for paving courtyard of buildings. Glazed
tiles floors are used in modern buildings where a high class building is desired.

2.5.4 ADVANTAGES OF TILES

1 – Water-Resistant.Tile is especially smart in areas of high humidity and moisture.
Tile resists stains, spills, and mold growth—meaning its lower maintenance, too.
2 – Durable.Tile resists dirt, stains, and wear much more effectively than most carpet
or hardwood. This is especially beneficial in high traffic areas, porches, outdoor
spaces, or households with kids or pets.
3 – Eco-Friendly.Tile is typically made of raw, eco-friendly, or recycled materials like
sand, clay, or glass. Tile can also keep your house cooler during hot summer months
which can help you save on your energy bill.
4 – Unique Style.Tile adds texture and character as a unique design element, Tile is
available in various patterns, colors, and materials and can be installed in creative
ways. With tile, your floors are sure to be completely original.
5 – Boost Your Resale Value.Tile floors are considered an upgrade and can boost the
value of your home significantly—which is a big plus if you plan on selling sometime
in the future.
6 – Affordable.Ceramic tile is extremely affordable compared to other flooring
options. While adding tile flooring to your home might be an expense upfront, the
return on your investment can be substantial in terms of value and durability.
7 – Low Maintenance.Tile requires very little upkeep especially when you maintain it
with help from professional tile cleaners In Pearland, Texas. Chem-Dry can help by
cleaning your tile surfaces and resealing grout periodically to maintain its durability
and stain resistance.
2.5.5 MATERIAL OF TILES
Tiles are most often made of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed
for roofing, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, cork, concrete
and other composite materials, and stone. Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx,
granite or slate.

2.5.6 CHARACTERISTIC OF MATERIAL

 High Strength.
 Stain Free.
 Scratch Resistance.
 Light Weight.
 Easy Washing.
 Bacteria Free.
 Insulation.
 Fireproof.
2.6 FOUNDATION
2.6.1 INTRODUCTION OF FOUNDATION
Foundation is the lowest part of the building or the civil structure that is in
direct contact with the soil which transfers loads from the structure to the soil
safely. Generally, the foundation can be classified into two, namely shallow
foundation and deep foundation. A shallow foundation transfers the load to a
stratum present in a shallow depth. The deep foundation transfers the load to a
deeper depth below the ground surface. A tall building like a skyscraper or a
building constructed on very weak soil requires deep foundation.
2.6.2 TYPE OF FOUNDATION USED IN PUSAT MAHASISWA

Our UITM construction site used to be mine area. This is why the soil in the
area is moist. So they used mat foundation . Mat foundation is a large continuous
rectangular or circular concrete slab that carries the entire load of the
superstructure and spreads it over the whole area beneath the building. It is
considered as one type of shallow foundation and is useful in controlling the
differential settlement. It is employed for the construction of commercial
buildings. In this case, the loads are commonly large. Mat foundations are popular
in areas where basements are common and it also used for low bearing capacity
soil in order to spread the load of a building and hence construct a stable
foundation

2.6.3 ADVANTAGE OF MAT FOUNDATION

 Mat foundation is one of the most dependable solution to uneven and difficult
land area.
 Can handle more heavy loads as compared to other types of faoundations.
 Distribute loads over a large area.
  Mat foundation is perfect for soil that is subjected to subsidence.
 It required less excavation.
 It shows good resistance and cannot slide during a flood.

2.6.4 MATERIAL OF MAT FOUNDATION

Concrete
 Fine aggregate
 Cement
 Water
 Coarse aggregate
Steel
CHARACTERISTIC OF MAT FOUNDATION
A raft or mat is a combined footing than covers the entire area beneath a structure and
supports all the walls and columns. When the allowable soil pressure is low, or the
building loads are heavy, the use of spread footings would cover more than one-half
of the area and it may prove more economical to use mat or raft foundation. They are
also used where the soil mass contains compressible lenses or the soil is sufficiently
erratic so that the differential settlement would be difficult to control. The mat or raft
tends to bridge over the erratic deposits and eliminates the differential settlement. Raft
foundation is also needed to reduce settlement on highly compressible soils, by
making the weight of structure and raft approximately equal to the weight of the soil
excavated.
It is employed for the construction of commercial buildings. In this case, the loads are
commonly large. Mat foundations are popular in areas where basements are common.
Mat foundation is also used for low bearing capacity soil in order to spread the load of
a building and hence construct a stable foundation.
It is used to reduce differential settlement of buildings.
Raft or mat foundation is used when the soil layer is unstable. In this case, strip
foundation would cover more than 70% of the ground area beneath the building.
There are also situations usually in mining areas that soil layer may suffer movements.
3.0 CONCLUSION

From this record, we found out that we can now define the building elements. There
are beams, column, doorways, windows, foundation and slab that may be see to gain
informations of the building’s elements.

We learned that materials properties are bodily, chemical, or mechanical additives of

a selected product that would decide its capability and manufacturability. This would
mean that a product’s building materials might specifically define the talents of the
products in all factors. Moreover, one of these idea would set sure limitations—based
on product composition or property—on the product’s overall performance.
Conversely, a product’s supposed functionality need to additionally set precise
property requirements that want to be met for the final product to be considered
beneficial.
4.0 REFERENCES

1. What Is Beam? This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy
Tikkanen.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/beam-architecture

2. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/cantilever-beams/167474/
3. https://dailycivil.com/cantilever-beam-advantages-disadvantages/
4. https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/foundation-in-construction-purpose-
functions/18963/ Gopal Mishra, 2019
5. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/advantages-disadvantages-reinforced-concrete-
reza-din Hamidreza Shojaedin, 2016
6. https://asrengineering.com/2019/09/10/properties-of-steel/ Emmet Costen, 2019
7. https://structuralengineeringbasics.com/what-are-beams-and-columns-building-
construction/
8. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=17626#:~:text=Material%20prope
rties%20are%20physical%2C%20chemical,the%20products%20in%20all%20asp
ects
9. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2659-properties-of-materials-
introduction
10. https://replacementdoor.co.uk/blog-1/2017/6/13/advantages-of-timber-
doors?format=amp THE REPLACEMENT DOOR COMPANY , 13/6/2017
11. https://gharpedia.com/blog/characteristics-properties-glass-building-material/
Characteristics & Properties of Glass as a Building Material, Krunal Baraiya,
16/7/2019
12. https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/mat-foundation-
construction/37768/?amp=1 The constructor, WHAT IS MAT FOUNDATION,
Madeh izat , 2019
13. Glass, Bob. “6 Common Types of Glass for Windows.” Www.bobsglass.com, 23
Sept. 2019, www.bobsglass.com/6-common-types-of-glass-for-windows.

14. The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Glass | Definition, Composition, &

Facts.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Jan. 2019,
www.britannica.com/technology/glass.

15. gharpedia. “Characteristics & Properties of Glass as a Building Material.”

Gharpedia.com, 2018, https://gharpedia.com/blog/characteristics-properties-
glass-building-material/
16. FLOOR
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor#:~:text=The%20levels%20of%20a%20building,a
nd%20other%20services%20built%20in.
17. ADVANTAGES
https://www.elitegreenteamchemdry.com/benefits-of-tile-flooring/
18. MATERIAL TILES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile#:~:text=Tiles%20are%20most%20often%20made,
%2C%20onyx%2C%20granite%20or%20slate.
19. CHARACTERISTIC TILES
https://theconstructor.org/building/11-properties-of-ceramic-tiles-flooring/34177/
20. moid, Engineer. “What Is Mat Foundation ? Its Types and Advantages.” Civil
Click, 7 Apr. 2019, www.civilclick.com/mat-foundation/.