1 Basic Maths

1. Binomial theorem no. of

term
(1 + x)2 = 1 + 2 × 1x + x2
if x <<< 1 then Tn = a + (n-1) d
(1 + x)2 = 1 + 2x Common
last 1st
diff.
feel term term
MR*
(Carrier + love)2 = Carrier + 2 love no. of terms.
Because carrier >>> love

n n
n
Δx Δx Sn = 2 2a + (n-1) d
x+Δx = Xn 1 + = xn 1 + n
x x
Δ X >>>>X. NOTE:- n = no. of terms not last term.
n
 (1 – x) = 1 – nx
GP series
–n
 (1 – x) = 1 – nx
–n Next term = Previous term × Common ratio
 (1 + x) = 1 – nx
a , ar , ar2 , ar3 , ar4
2. Imp formula Ex 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, so on

(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab nth term

(a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab r (Common ratio) =
(n-1)th term
a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b) a
Sum = , valid when r < 1.
(a + b)3 3 3
= a + b + 3ab (a + b) 1-r

(a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b) Ex- 1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , ....

2 4 8 16 1/4 1
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 + b2– ab)
r= =
1/2 2
a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + b2+ ab)
1 1
Sum = =
3. AP series 1-1 1/2 = 2
2
Next term = Previous term + Common Ex-
difference 1, - 1 , 1 ,-1 , 1 ,-1 , ....
2 4 8 16 32
a , a + d , a+2d , a + 3d , a + 4d.....
1
r= -
Ex 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, so on. 2
1 1 2
d = Common difference Sum= =3 =
1--12 2 3
  = nth term– (n–1)th term
4. Quadratic equation (c) logy x = 1
logx y
ax2 + bx + c = 0
1
(d) logen x = loge x
a, b, & c are constant in n
which a can not be zero
(e) logexn = n logex

- b
(f) logba × loga b = 1
b2-4ac
X=
2a. (g) logaa = 1
-b c
Sum of roots = , Products of roots = loge1 = 0
a a

Q. Find roots of equation x2 – 5x + 6 = 0; log102 = 0.30

find value of a, b & c by comparing with
log101 = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Ans. a = 1, b = –5 & c = 6 log103 = 0.48 ≈ 0.5
- (-5) 2
(-5) - 4×1×6
X1 = loge(sin90°) = 0
2×1
5 + 1 log105 + log1020 = 2
= =3
2
X2 = 2 log103
log23 = 48
2
=
Q. x – 4x = 0 log102 30

 Concept of Anti-log
2
x = 4x
log ex = Y
x = 4 wrong
By taking Anti-log
(convert into concept of power)
x(x - 4) = 0 x = ey
x = 0 ; x = 4 correct ka
a tad
*k
MR log → Concept of Power
Q. x2 – 4x + 3 = 0 then find roots.
Power
Ans. x2 – 3x – x + 3 = 0 23 = 8 log 28 = 3
↑Result
x(x-3) –1 (x – 3) = 0 Base

(x - 3) (x – 1) = 0 Base wahi Power Result interchange

x = 3, x = 1
6. Role of Power
5. Logarithms
log yx = log x on the base y 1. If Power of any non-zero number is zero
then result will be one.
loge x = 2.303 log10 x
Ex- 8° = 1
(a) loga (xy) = loga x + loga y
2. Negative Property of exponent (x is non
x
(b) log = log x – log y zero number)
y

2
Physics
 1 1 = x-n 9. Important property
xn =
x–n xn 2∞ = ∞ e∞ = ∞
1
3
= 10-3 1∞ = 1 e–∞ = 0
10

4–∞ = 0 eo = 1
3. Product Property of Exponent
7. Trigonometry
n m n+m
x x = x
Arc = Rθ algebraic function
3 4 7
10 × 10 = 10 Angle
4. Division Property sinθ/cosθ/tanθ Trigo. function
n 3
x 10 Angle have unit radian. but dimensionless.
= xn-m = 103-2
xm 10 2

For algebraic function, we always use

5. Power of a Power:
S.I. unit radiant but for trigonometric
(xn)m = xnm function we may use rod/degree.
(102)3 = 106 180° = π rad
π 180
6. 102 + 103 = 100 + 1000 = 1100 1° = rad 1rad =
180 π
7. Fractional exponent
(x)3/2 = (x3)1/2
(Anti-clock)
8. Multiplication with fraction. + ve rotation
1 4
0.5 = 1.33×12 = × 12 = 16 (clock wise)
2 3 – ve
rotation
6 1
0.6 = 16×.25 = × 16 = 4
10 4
4 Q. Total Angle moved by object in
0.4 = 3
0.75×.16 = × 16 = 12 π-rotation?
10 4
2 Ans. - θ = π(2π) = 2π2 rad.
0.66 = 1
3 0.33×.15 = × 15 = 5
3
4
1.33 =  Some Important Triangles
3
3
0.75 =
4 10 13 25
1 6 12 7
0.33 =
3 53° θ θ
8 5 24

0º 30º 45º 60º 90º 120º 135º 150º 180º

Sin θ O 1
2
1
2
3
2 1 3
2
1
2
1
2 O
Cos θ 1 3
2
1
2
1
2 O -1
2 –
1
2 – 32 –1
Tan θ O 1
3 1 3 Not - 3 -1 -1
3 O
define

3
Basic Maths
 1 1 1 Sin2θ + Cos2 θ = 1
Sin θ = Sec θ = Tan θ =
Cosec θ Cos θ Cot θ
1+cot2θ = Cosec2 θ
Sin (90 + θ) = cos θ
Tan2θ + 1 = Sec2 θ
sin (180 – θ) = sin θ
8. Phasor diagram
sin (90 – θ) = cos θ
Vector representation of trigonometric
cos (180 – θ) = – cos θ function
cos (90 – θ) = sin θ Cos θ

sin (θ + 60°)
cos (90 + θ) = –sin θ -30°
or Cos (θ – 30°)

sin (–θ) = – sin θ 60°

-Sin θ sin (θ) Let
cos (–θ) = cos θ
tan (–θ) = – tan θ -Cos θ

Sin θ = P Cos θ = B )
H H 5°
53º
+ 13
5 3 (θ
in
Tan θ = P Sin 37º = 3 o rs
37º B 5 )
4 + 45 Cos θ
s (θ
4 4 3 Co
Cos 37º = Sin 53º = Cos 53º = cos (θ - 60°)
5 5 5
45° or sin (θ + 30°)
Cos (-60°) = 1 1
Sin (-30°) =– 2
2
30°
tan (-135°) =–1 sin θ
-Sin θ
40°
Unique Relation
-Cos θ
cos (θ - 40°)

Equation-1 Equation-2 Phase difference

I = Io sin (θ + π/3) I = Io sin (θ - π/6) Φ = 90°
I = Io sin (θ + π/3) I = Io cos (θ - π/6) Φ = 0°
I1 = Io sin (θ) I = Io cos (θ + π/3) Φ = 2π/3
I1 = sin (θ - π/3) I = Io cos (θ + π/3) Φ = 7π = 210°
6
I1 = sin (θ - 60°) I = Io cos (θ - 30°) Φ = 2π = 120°
3

4
Physics
 9. Sin (A + B) = Sin A cos B + cos A sin B n(n+1)
11. Sum of 1st n-natural numbers =
Sin (A – B) = Sin A cos B - cos A sin B 2
Cos (A + B) = Cos A cos B - Sin A sin B Sum of Squares of 1st n-natural
Cos (A - B) = Cos A cos B + Sin A sin B n (n+1) (2n+1)
tan A + tan B numbers =
6
tan (A + B) =
1 -tan A tan B
Sum of Cubes of 1st n-natural numbers
2
tan A - tan B n(n + 1)
tan (A - B) = =
1 + tan A tan B 2
(a) A = B = θ
Sin (A + B) = Sin 2θ = 2sinθ Cos θ
12. Differentiation DC = - ve

Cos (A + B) = Cos 2θ = Cos2θ – Sin2θ

dy
(b) 2 Cos2θ = 1 + Cos (2θ). = The rate of change in y w.rt.x
dx
2 Sin2θ = 1-Cos (2θ) = Slope of y-x graph.
If Angle is Small:- d2 y
= Double diffn of Y w.r.t x
Sin θ ≈ θ tan θ ≈ θ cos θ = 1 dx2
dy
Sin (2°) = 2° (wrong) = The rate of change in w.r.t x
dx
Sin (2°) = 2 × πrad = π rad = Slope of Slope
180° 90°
Cos (4°) = 1 = Change in slope w.r.t x
πrad
tan 3° = 60 dsinx
= cos x
10. dx
d tanx 2
Trigonometric Maximum Value = sec x
function dx

Y = 3 sin θ Ymax = 3 Ymin = –3 d cotx 2

= - cosec x
dx
Y = 4 sin (5θ) Ymax = 4 Ymin = –4
Y = 3 sin θ + 4 cos θ Ymax = 5 Ymin = –5 d logex d lnx 1
= =
dx dx x
Y = 3 sin θ + 4 sin θ Ymax = 7 Ymin = –7
Y = 5 -2 sin θ Ymax = 7 Ymin = 3
dcosx
=- sin x
dx
4
Q. Force acting on object F = d secx
3sinθ + cosθ = sec x tan x
dx
Then find minimum magnitude of force.
d cosec x
4 =- cosec x cot x
Ans. Fmin = dx
(3sinθ + cosθ)max n
dx n-1
4 4 = nx
Fmin = = dx
9 + 1 10

5
Basic Maths
Rules :-
Y = e(5x) Y = e-4x
1. Addition Rule:-
dy 5x dy
dy dA dB dx = 5e dx
= -4 e-4x
Y = A + B = +
dx dx dx
Y = (x2+4)3 Y = sin(4x2)
2. Substraction Rule:-
dy 2
2
2 d(x +4) dy
=3 (x +4) 2
Y = A - B
dy dA dB dx dx dx = Cos(4x ) × 8x
= +
dx dx dx = 3(x2+4)4 × 2x
3. Multiplication Rule:-
Y = A sin (wt - kx)
dy A dB B dA
Y = A B = + dy
dx dx dx dx = A cos (wt - kx) × (-k)

4. Division Rule:- Q. If radius of sphere is increasing 1/π m/s

then find rate of change in volume w.r.t.
A dy dA dB time when radius is 3m.
Y = = B - A
B dx dx dx
Ans. V = 4 πR3
B2 3

d sin(90°) dy dv = 4 π3R2 dR
Y = t2 find dt 3 dt
= 0
dx dx
= 4πR2 1
π
d ex dy dt2 dt dv 2
= ex = × dt = 4R = 4(3) = 4×9 = 36
2
dx dx dx dt

d e2 dy dt 13. Maxima and minima:

= 0 = 2t
dx dx dx MR* for maxima/minima
dy
 For location of maxima/minima put
* dx
MR
The (slope) = 0 and find value where x will be
Outside Inside Rule
maxm/minm.
Y = f(z(x)) = y is function of z and
 For exact maxima and minima dont check
z is a function of x. double differentiation. Just put value of x
and find y.
dy differentiation
diffn of Inner  For locatin of maxima/minima put dy/
dx = of outer function × fun w.r.t x
keep inside as it is dx = 0 and find value of x where y will be
maximum or minimum.

Q. y = sin (3x)  Double differentiation check nahi karna

just x ki value put kark y nikala jo y jayda
dy d(3x) wo maximum y ko kam wo minimum y.
dx = Cos (3x) dx
Maxima
= 3 cos(3x) dy d2 y
=O = - ve
dx dx2

6
Physics
 Slope
Cosθ

ymax ++ +

O 2 – –
3
2
2
θ
ymin

x1 x2
Chain Rule → MR*
Applicable when power of x is one
Minima
Integration of outer function
dy d2 y keep inside as it is.
= O = + ve y dx =
dx dx2
Coefficient of (x)
Slope
(2x +3)5
4
(2x+3) dx = +C
14. Integration: 5[2]
→ Area under the curve → Inverse of
–cos(3x-4)
differentiation sin(3x-4) dx = +C
3
n xn+1 15. Co-ordinate geometry and graph:
x dx = + C Not valid for x = -1
n+1
y Q (x2 y2)
Addition Rule:

(u + v). dx = u.dx + v.dx

P (x1 y1) x
sin x dx = - cosx + c.
distance = (x 2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
cos x dx = sinx + c. y2 − y1
tan
= θ slope
=
x 2 − x1
x x
e dx = e + c
 Slope of straight line remains same at all
the point
1
x dx = lnx + c.
 If 0° ≤ θ < 90° then slope is positive

sec2dx = tan x + c  If 90°< θ ≤ 180° then slope is negative

 If θ = 90° then slope is infinite

e3x
e3xdx = + c.  If θ = 0° then slope is zero
3
 If straight line parallel to x-axis then slope
θ
Sin zero
m3
m2
3
+1 +1 2

O –1 –1 2
2 θ
m1

7
Basic Maths
 m3 > m2 > m1 y
S
R
Q yx = 7
P yx = 5
yx = 2 x

x ka pawer jitna jayda graph utna niche

jayga.
mP = mQ = mR = mS
m1

m2 1
y=
m3 x 1
y= 2
x

y = x2 + 3
y
m1 = m2 = m3 y = x2
3
y
x
y
+c -3
m = +ve y = –x2

x y = –x2 – 3

m = +ve c = –ve y y y = -x2 + 4

y = x2 - 4
+4

y x x
y
+c -4
m = –ve
m = –ve
x c = –ve y
y = x2

y = x
If two straight line perpendicular to each
y= x
other then product of their slope is –1.

16. Rectangular Hyperbola: x

K  graph for PV = nRT

y y =
x P
T2 > T1

T2
x
T1
V
K is value Jitna Jayda graph utna upar
shift hoga.

8
Physics
 P2 1 17. Equation of Circle
 K.E. = graph b/w K.E. and m for
2m
constant momentum. (x – x0)2 + (y – y0)2 = R2
K.E. R is radius & centre is at (x0, y0)
x2 + y2 = 52 centre at (0, 0) R=5
2 2
(x + 4) + (y – 3) = 49 centre at (–4, 3)
R=7
18. Ellipse y
1
m x2 y2 2b
x
a2 + b2 = 1
MR* → Jisko x- & y-axis pe plot krenge 2a
uska power dekhte hai.
e
T2 Slop
For
MR*
2 3
T = KR

g¡lrk gqvk jkeyky jksrk gqvk jkeyky

R3 Slope always increasing Slope always decreasing

For magnitude of slope → Now we are

T
talking about value of slope, we will ignore
+ve & –ve only consider magnitude.
MR* → Locate where slope is zero
 Starting me zero then increasing
magnitute of slope.
R
 Last me zero then decreasing magnitude
of slope and becomes zero.
y = e–x y
y = ex

x Slope → Increasing Slope → Decreasing

magnitute of slope magnitute of slope
1st decreasing then 1st decreasing then
increasing increasing

y y y y

x x x x

Slope → decreasing increasing decreasing increasing

Magnitute of slope → decreasing increasing increasing decreasing

9
Basic Maths