2.

Sources of water
supply: surface water

Sudha Goel, Ph.D.

EEM, Civil Eng., IITKgp
Kharagpur 721 302
Sources of water
 Surface waters (SW)
 Rivers
 Lakes,ponds
 Impounding reservoirs

 Ground waters (GW)

 Springs: gravity vs. artesian
 Wells: shallow vs. deep, gravity vs. artesian

 SW or GW or both
 Infiltration galleries or wells
2
 Infiltration gallery or horizontal wells
 Infiltration galleries are
horizontal wells constructed at
shallow depths (6 to 9 m) along
river banks (>15 m away) to
collect GW from the water
bearing strata in this area
 Wells are constructed in open
cut
 masonry walls with roof
slabs and porous lateral
drain pipes
 width about 1 m, depth
about 2 m, and length from
10 to 100 m
 Method of obtaining naturally
filtered water

3
SKG
USAID (?) Designing intakes for rivers
and streams, Water for the World,
Technical note, RWS 1.D.3

4
 Infiltration gallery

KND 5
Design of infiltration gallery

Infiltration gallery can be designed using Darcy equation for flow

through an unconfined aquifer

Q = KL[H2 – h2]/2R where

Q = flow rate or pumping rate, m3/min

K = hydraulic conductivity, m/min
L = length of gallery, m
R = radius of influence of pumping well, m
H = depth of water in gallery, m
h = depth of water in pumped well

6
KND 7
 Radial collector wells or ranney
wells

SKG 8
 9
SKG
 Infiltration wells
 Shallow wells constructed in
series along river banks to
collect river water seeping up
through the bank soil.
 Objective: filtration of
river water
 Brick masonry with open
joints
 generally, covered at the top
and open at the bottom
 with porous plug at
bottom (see next fig.)
 Radial pipes with strainers are
placed horizontally from
interior of a large jack well (3 –
6 m) – next fig.

SKG 10
 Infiltration wells

KND 11
Intakes
 Main components
 Conduit with protective works
 Screens at the open end
 Gates and valves to regulate flow
 Design considerations
 Reliability
 Qualityof water
 Structural strength
 Economy of construction
 Types of intakes
 Reservoir intakes
 River intakes
 Canal intakes 12
 Reservoir intake
 Intake towers: no
water inside chamber,
only water pipes
 Open for inspection
and operation
 Constructed at the
upstream toe of earthen
dams or inside masonry
Water flow dams
 Multiple inlet pipes at
different levels are
fitted with screens

13
KND
 River intakes
 Cross weir intake
 Built across river (seems analogous to a barrage)
 Best when there is no water fluctuation and river is not too wide
 Side weir intake
 Chamber in river with bar screen to prevent entry of floating
debris
 cheap and easy to construct
 banks should be steep and stable
 intake siting should ensure that even low flows can be collected

14
KND
 Cross weir on a river without intake or damming of
water

15
http://www.aboutcivil.org/lateral-intake-weirs-advantages-disadvantages.html
 Cross weir on a river with
intake (canal diversion) and
fixed water level behind weir,
i.e., some damming of water

https://energypedia.info/wiki/Micro_Hydro_Power
_(MHP)_-_Ethiopia,_Ererte

https://energypedia.info/wiki/Micro_Hydro_Power_(MHP)_
-_Ethiopia,_Gobecho_I

16
 River intakes
 Floating pontoon intake
Pumps  best for rivers with very
high fluctuations in water
levels
 a buoyancy tank (pontoon)
to keep the intake afloat
would be an advtg for
variable water levels; pump is
Pontoons mounted in picture in the
http://www.deleonirrigation.com/id17.htm
middle of 4 floating pontoons
tethered together
 anchoring is a must
 Piled Crib Intake
 for static water levels
 inlet pipe has wire mesh
grating

17
KND
 "Walking on Cleveland water crib that pumps millions
of gallons to city and suburbs". 10News. 2012-10-02.
Retrieved 2016-06-12.

Water supply to the city of Cleveland,

Ohio: Water crib in Lake Erie

Water supply to the city of Buffalo: Water

crib in Lake Erie fed by R. Niagara 18
http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=299
 Canal intakes

19
KND
Types of conduits

 Choice of conduits
 Topography, soil type, volume of water to
be conveyed
 Gravity conduits
 Canals, tunnels, flumes and aqueducts
 Pressure conduits
 Pipes
of iron, steel, wood, plastic (PVC,
HDPE) and RCC

20
 Mathur Aqueduct, Tamil Nadu
21
KND Wikipedia, 2011
 Pipe materials
 Factors affecting choice
 Strength, corrosivity, capacity, maintenance,
economy, availability, portability, assembly
 Types of materials
 Cast iron pipes
 Wrought iron and steel
 Concrete and RCC
 Hume steel
 Asbestos cement
 Wood
 Lead
 Plastic
22
KND
 Lake intake: submerged crib intake

Canal intake
23
http://theconstructor.org/water-resources/intake-structures-types-of-intakes/11233/
END

24