KAREN HORNEY, mo. Feminine Psychology Edited and with an Introduction by HAROLD KELMAN, ™.v. ‘The Norton Library New Yak W+W*NORTON & COMPANY + ING132 Feminine Prychology ings of the partner. We could, ater all, forgive him for not being. able to give us more than the limitations of his navure permit him; but we would ako have to give wp our other claims, which, ‘expressed or implied, poison the atmosphere all too easly. We ‘would have to give up the claims to digerent ways of seeking and, finding satisfaction of other drives within ourselves, not only sexual ones, which the partner let lie fallow and unfilled. In ‘other words, we must seriously review the absolute standard of ‘monogamy by reexamining with an open mind its origin, ts valu, and it dangers. ‘THE DREAD OF WOMAN Observations on a Specific Difference in the Dread Felt by Men and by Women Respectively for the Opposite Sex" [eee fees acne Yet at length comes lll o'er the mighty commotion, Az the whirlpool sucks into black smoothness the swell (f the white foaming breakers—and eleaues through the ocean A path that seems winding in darkness to hell. Round and round whirled the waver—deeper ond deeper sil ‘riven, Like a gorge through the mountainous main thundersioen! Happy they whom the rosehues of daylight rejoice, ‘The ay and the hy that 10 mortals are given! ‘May the horror below never more find a zoice— [Nor man stretch too far the wide mercy of Heaven! [Never more—mever more may he lif rom the sight ‘The veil which is woven with Tervor and Night! [Relow at the foot ofthe precipice drear, Spread the glowing, and purple, and pathless Obscure! ‘ble Angi vr det rea Cher eaen speiichen Unteled In der minnlches uit wailcbon Angie or dem anderen Gurhleci” rt [sue fPoehoone XVI (iy pp. gs fet. J. Prychondnal XO, (oh pe. Reintad wid he pettioa of The fternationl Journal of Bychodaatpe4 Feminine Psychology A silence of Horrar that slept on the ear, That the exe more appalled might the Horror endure! Selamander—snake—dragon-—vast repils that dwell In the deep, coil about the grim jaws oftheir hell (BANSLATION BY WULWER LYTTON) “esa de is expend though far mone let, nthe Song of he iherbey a hn Tale The clear siting lke woo'd to bathe init deep, A boy om ite green shore had laid him to sleeps ‘Then heard he a melody Flowing and soft, And sweet ar when angele are singing aloft ‘And as Uilling with pleasure he wekes from his ret, The waters ore murmuring over his breast; Anda voice from the deep cries, "With me thou must go, charm the young shepherd, lure him below. (russuarion ny rironone ARN) ‘Men have never tired of fashioning expressions for the violent force by which man feels himself drawn to the woman, and side by side with his longing, the dread that through her he mighe ‘die and be undone. I will mention particularly the moving expres: ‘sion of this dread in Heine's poem of the legendary Lorelei, who sits igh on the bank of the Rhine and ensnares the boatman with her beauty. ‘ere once more itis water (representing like the other “ele sens,” the primal element “woman”) chat swallows up the man swho succumbs t9 a woman's enchantment. Ulysses had to bid his seamen bind him to the matt in order to eseape the allure ment and the danger of the sirens. The riddle of the Sphinx can be solved by few, and most of those who attempt it for their lives. The royal palace ia fairy tales is adorned wih the Iheads of the suitors who have had the bardihood co try to solve the riddles of the king's beautiful daughter. The goddess Kel 1. See Dalys aroun in his arte, “Aindumytholgie wn Kestrtione sonfies teas, Bac ors me The Dread of Woman 135 dances on the corps of slain mea. Samson, whom no man could feonquer, is robbed of his strength by Delilah, Judith beheads Holofernes after giving herself to him. Salome caries the head. fof John the Baptist on a charger. Witches are bumt because Imale priests fear the work of the devil in them, Wedekind’ “Earth Spirit” destroys every man who succumbs to her ciatm, rot ecatse she i particulary evi, but simply because itis her nature to do 40, The series of such instances infinite; always, everywhere, the man strives to rid himself of his dread of women by objestifying i." is that she herself i mali prey, a vampi Peronifeation of what is sinister” May not dhs be one of the principal roots of the whole masculine impulse to creative work the neverending confice between the man’s longing for the ‘woman and his dread of her?® "To primitive sensibilities dhe woman becomes doubly sinister in the presence ofthe bloody manifestations of her womanhood. Gontact with ber during menstruation is fatl:t men Tose their strength the pastores wither away, de fisherman and dhe hunts- man take nothing, Dellorstion involves the utmost danger to the ian, As Freud shows i “The Taboo of Virginity"" it is the Inusband in particular who reads this act. In this work Freve, too, objectiies this anxiety, contenting himself with a reference to the eastrationimpulses that actually do occur in women. There fare two reasons why this is mot an adequate explanation of the Phenomenon of the taboo itself In the frst place, women do not fo universally react to defloration with castration-impulses ree ‘ognizable as soch; these impulses are probably confined to women ith a strongly developed masculine attitude, And, secondly, even tsa cxpon the Umpaie o ani aton a he weh nies erp fie tins he ght, bu be ont fe Er Sethe ano, sa hs expen eed Sen cms tine wie pres, mse, th perege Gone fume anata Pyaar eg) ‘winks, "ie Pobertioitn der MSdeen wd the Sen im Miche ge Ba Ge. pad Pt of Vig” (4), Cole Paper, Va136 Feminine Psychology if defloration invatiably aroused destructive impulses in the ‘woman, we should still have to lay bare (as we should do in very individual analy) the urgent impulses within the man himself which make him view the fust—forcible--penctration of the vagina ar so perilous an undertaking; so perilous, indeed, that itcan be performed with impunity only by a man of might fr by a stranger who chooses to risk his Ife or his manhood for ‘a recompense. "sit not really remarkable (we ask ourselves in amazement), ‘when one considers the overwhelming mass of this wanxparent inaterial thet $0 little recognition and attention are paid to the fact of men's secret dread of women? It is almost more remark able that women themselves have so long been able to overlook. ia, Y wil discus in detail elsewhere the reasons for their auicude fn this connection (ie, their own ansiety and the impairment of their selfrespec}. The man on his side has inthe fist place very bviows strategic reasons for keeping his dread quiet. But he also tries by every means to deny it even to himself. This isthe pur- © pose of the eflors to which we have alluded, to “objectify” ft in ie and scientific creative work. We may conjecture chat even his glorifeation of women has i source not only in bis cravings for love, but also in his desire to conceal his dread. A similar relic, however, is also sought and found in the disparagement of ‘women that men often display oxtentatiously in their aides "The atinude of love and adoration signifies: "There is no need for me to dread a being to wonderful, so beautiful, nay, 50 faintly." That of disparagement implies: “It would be too ridicw- Tous to dread a creature who, if you take her all round, i such poor thing” This lst way of allaying his anvdety as a special dventage for dhe man: It helps to support his masculine sl fespece The latter scems to feel ivelf far move Uteatened at its Vey core by the admision of dread of women than by the Tamission of dread of a man (the father). The reston why the {eltfecling of men i s0 peculiarly sensitive just in relation to ‘sel zanember how spied Tat mpl the St ine X heard the ato ASRS rea te aap ota nena prepeen The A SON SR rheetans oe en ae ato TRSUSIN ting Grotaea han epee) pba i Far The Dread of Womsn 137 women can only be derstood by zelerence to their erly devel ‘opment, 0 which Iwill eta Inter. “in analysis this dread of women is revealed quite dssty “Male bomnwexvality hat frie bai in common indeed with all the other perversions the desire to ecape from the female genial for todeny its very existence. Froud has shown tha this sa funds sental tai in ft in particular e believes it tobe bse, fRowever, not om anxiety, but on a feeling of abhorrence due 19 the absence ofthe pens in women. T Hhith, owever,thit even ftom his account we ate abroltelyfored t0 the concesion that there is anaiery at work a8 well. What we actualy sei dread of the vagina thinly Ungued under the abhorrence. Only anxiety Isastrong enough motive co bold back fom his goal a man whote {ibid is ssuredly urging bim on fo union with the woman. But Tretd’s account fal explain this anxiety. A boy's aration tniety in relation to his father not an adequate reason for his fread ofa being to whom this punishment has already happened SBesdes the dicad of the father, there must be a forber diese, the objec of which isthe woman of the Female genial. Now this dread ofthe vagina ise appears unmistakably not ony in hono- Sewuals and perverts bat also inthe dreams of male analysand ‘All analyts ae familiar with creams of this sore and 1 need only fire the meret outline of them: eg, a motoar is rushing along Sind suddenly alls into a pit and i dashed to pieces; a boat is Sailing in narow channel snd suddenly sucked nto whirl pool there is cellar with uncana, bloodstained plants and ani Ina: one is climbing a chimney and is in danger of falling and ‘ei ile ‘De Baumeyer of Dresden allows me wo cite a serie of experi rents that are out ofa chance observation and illustrate thi {read of the vagina, The physidan was playing ball with the Ghildeen at a eatnent comer, and after time showed them {hat the ball had a alt ni. She pulled the edges of the slit pict and put her finger i, so havi was held fast by the ball, Gr 28 boys whom she sked to do the same, only 6 did it without Fret, Petia. J ccna VOLIE. Po SURI ere ested by Bal Dr, Haran 2 2 ees inline138 Feminine Psychology fear and 8 could not be induced to doit at all. Of 19 girs 9 put their fingers in without a trace of fear; the ret showed a slight ‘uneasines but none of them serious anxiety 'No doubt the dread of the vagina often conceals itself behind the dread of the father, which i also present; or in the language fof the unconscious, behind the dread ofthe penis in the woman's, vagina "There are two reasons for this. In the frst place, as T have already said, mateuline seltxegard suflers less in this way, and secondly, the dresd of che father is more tangible, less uncanny in quality. We might compare it to the differonce between the fear of a real enemy and of a ghost. The prominence given to the anxiety relating to the cstrating father js therelore tendentious, ‘as Grodideck hat shown, for example, in his analysis ofthe thumb- Sucker in Struswelpeter itis» man who cats off the thumb, but tis the mother who utters the threat, and the instrument with ‘which itis carried out—the scssors—is a female symbol ‘From all thie I think fe probable chat the masculine dread of ‘the woman (the mother) or of the female genital i more deep- seated, weighs more heavily, and is usually more energetically Feprosed than the dread of the man (lather), and that the enr ‘deavor to find the penis in women represents frst and foremost ‘convulsive atlempe to deny the exisience of the sinister female genital. 1 there any ontogenetic explanation of this anxiety? Or is it not rather in human beings) an integral part of masculine exist- fence and behavior? Ie any Light shed upon it by the state of leth- ‘angy_—even the death—after mating, which occurs frequently in tale animals Are love and death more closely bound up with fone another for the male than for the female, in whom sextal ‘union potentially produces a new lie? Docs the man fee, side by side with his desire to conquer, a secret longing for extinction 4 oon, Begs ae Pyle de Hommes. Zt ren Re Gat santa any Sep o the pee Con: fire tet el Wa (un “Toe loporeee of Sy ono sree Delon of the bg nt J. Pychodne, Vos I (oh ‘aay Src, no tl nae an cra, hcgee und Benning The Dread of Woman the act of reunion with the woman (mother)? Is it ‘his Jonging that underlies the “death instinct"? And is to live that reacts to it with anxiety? “When we endeavor to understand this anxiety in psychological and ontogenetic terms, we find ourselves rather at a Tow if we take our stand on Freud's notion that what distinguishes infansile from adolt sexuality is precisely that the vagina remains “undlis ‘avered” for the child, Aecording to that view, we cannot properly speak of a genital primacy; we must rather term it a primacy of the phallus, Hence it would be better to describe the period of infantile genital organization as the “phallic phase." The many recorded remarks of boys at dat period ef lite leave no doubt of the correcines of the observations on which Freud's theory based, But if we look more closely at the esential characteristics, cof this phase, we cannot help asking whether his description really ‘ums up infantile genitality ax such, in its specific manifestation, ‘or applies only to a relatively later phase of i. Freud states dat it is characteristic that the boy's interest is concentrated in a ‘markedly narcisistie manner on hit own penis: “The driving force which this male portion of his body will generate later at puberty expresses itself in childhood essentially as an impulsion fo inguire into thingr—as sexual curiosity." A very important partis played by questions as to the existence and size of the phallus in other living beings. ‘But surely the estence of the phallic impulses proper, staring ag they do from organ sensations, is a desire to penetrate. That ‘hese impulees do exist can hardly be doubted; they manifest ‘themselves too plainly in children’s games and in the analysis of litle children. Again, it would be dificult to say what the boy's sexval wishes in relation to his mother really consisted in if not in these very impulses; or why the object of his masturbation anxiety should be the father ab the eastrator, were ie not that masturbation was largely the autoerotic expression of heterosex- ual phallic impules. In the phallic phase the boy's psychic orientation is predomt- nanily narcissistic; hence the period in which his genital impulses (on, to. Trend, “The Toute Genel Organon of the Lb cote Paper, VoL140 Fominine Peychology axe directed toward an object must bea eavlier one. The pon biligy that they are noe direwed toward female gents, of which he dastinctively divins the existence, must certainly be Eonedered. Tn dems, both of calier and later life, a well 3 fn symptoms and particular modes of Behavior, we find, itis truer representations of coitus that are oral, anal, or sadistic Without specific loalzation. But we cannot tke ths asa proof (Of the primacy of corresponding impulges, for we are uncertain ‘thee, or how fs, these phenomena dread express a displace tent ffom the genital goal proper. At bottom, all that they mount (0 is to show hat a given individual is influenced by Specie oral anal or sadistic tends. ‘Their evidential value is the les bectuse these representations are always arocited with ‘erain aflect directed agaist women, so that we cannot ell ‘thether they may not be esentially the product or the expres Son of thee af, Fr instance, he tendency to debase women inay expres itself in anal representations ofthe female genial, ‘hie oral representations may expréss anxiety. "But besides allthis, there are various reasons why i scems to sme improbable that the existence ofa specific female opening Should remain “sndiscovered." On the one handy of coune, 3 boy will automatieally conclude that everyone else is made like Himself; but on the other hand his,phallic impulses sorely bid thm instinctively t0 seth for the appropriate opening in the female body--an opening, moreover; tat he himself lads, for the one sex way seks in the other that which fs complementary tov or of a nature diferent from is own. If we seriously accept ‘Freud's dictum thatthe sexual theorgs formed by children are Jove om theft own sexsal constitytion, ie most surely mean section thatthe Boy, urged on by his impulses to pense, pictures in fantasy 2 complementary female organ. ‘Robt tn nse what we shovld infor from all the material T ‘Red atthe outset in connection with the masculine read of the female genital ein not at all probable that this anxiety dates only from puberty. Ae the beginning of that pesod the ancesy manifest Pe cuite cary, if we look bekind the offen very exiguows Read ot boyish pre that conceals it At pert a boy's tsk The Dread of Women ar is obviously not merely ta re intel! rom his ncn tach Zeno hie mothe, bot moe gneraly oar is ead of the te feat sexs His sacs 4 leony gral fst fF all he trns his bach pr altogtie only hen hi scl iy avant de er ead oxic But we Know that ea rle the conics of puberty {fo bu revive, muta muta conics belonging the ey Siping of infant sense Sd hat he couse they take ofan exenily a faithful copy of ure of evr expeieness Moreover, he grows character of he oxy te ese itm th sbi of enn and teary progeon, Point tinmistakably tothe peti o aly ida aay TA pues a normal boy hav alesdy aed concious nomi othe en, bu Wt eee in women isomedhng {can unfamilg ad meio the rowenta ones toreped woman ave gent mer ia vbr ia ecret he n= to diving, ti fcling of his cam only slate ultimately to one thing inher the sysery of motheod, Everything ee eel the yeidue ot hi dread of hi ‘What sche origin of this sty? What ave it characteisi? And what ae the aos tnt cloud the boys say lations ih tirmoter? van acl on female sexuality Freud his pointed out dhe st obvious of test faciom tthe mother no Bs bis Fiuinual acide, bee Ic he who tends the cid in 1 Tabyhood. Secondly the cid evidently experiences sate ime pulse fs she’s body pestshly connected wth the age evoked by her elibitins and agcording to Ue talon prin- ‘ip this anger ha et behind aresdue of nner. Fnally—and ‘tain etna th principal poine the pete ae ofthe gota Sopubes fast constitate another such factor. The anatomieal {rence betwcen the sees ead to 2 totaly diferent sitaton {gs and in ops and way ondertand bod tee araety anc ehe every of thi nty we mist take fo account ist Sta he etre yea situation nthe period of tht en Sexe “ha Int. J. Piycho-Anat., Vol. XX (1936) P. 284 ty SAPARD TL ak tt sui tte142 Feminine Peychology uality, The gels nature a biologically conditioned gives her the desire to receive, to take into herself; she feels or knows that her {genital i too «mall for her father’s penis and this makes her react fo her own genital wishes with direct anxiety; she dreads that if ther wishes were fulfilled, she herself or her genital would be de- strayed. ‘The boy, on the other hand, fels or instinctively judges that his penis fs much too small for his mother’s genital and reacts with the dread of is own inadequacy, of being rejected and derided. "Thos his anxiety is located in quite a diferent quarter from the is original dread of women is nor castration anxiety at all, Duta reaction to the menace t his selfxespec. "in order that there may be no misunderstanding, let me em- pphosize that I believe thete processes take place purely instine: tively on the basis of organ sensations and the tensions of organic reeds; in other words, I hold that these reactions would occur ‘even ifthe git had never seen her father’s penis or the boy his mother’ genital, and neither bad any sort of intellectual know! ‘edge of the exisence of these genitalia. ‘Because of thie reetion on the part of the boy, he is affected {in another way and more severely by his frustration a¢ the hands fof his mother than is the gi by her experience with her father. 'A blow is struck at the Hbidinal impulses in either case. But the igi has a certain consolation in her frusration—she preserves hher physical integrsy. But the boy i hit in a second sensitive spot his sense of genital inadequacy, which has presumably accom panied his libidinal dsies from the beginning. If we assume that fhe most general reason for violent anger i the oiling of impulses {Guat at the moment are of vital importance, it follows that the ‘boy's frustration by hi mother mast arouse a twofold fury in him: first through the thrusting back of his libido upon itself, and sec- fondly, though the wounding of his masculine selfregard. At the ame time old resentment springing from pregenital frustrations fs probably also made to flare up again, ‘The resol is that is 1g, This otto be equated with pam 1 Teter peps ul dm he gestation mori AE Tact ce ve sto she pags Tas in per eed “Das ialZicaavbcen den Conia” Die prychemnache Bewegung (990 The Dread of Woman 3 phallic impulses to penetrate merge with bis anger at frustration, and the impulses take on a sadistic tinge ‘Here let me emphasize a point that is often insuflciently ‘rough out in peychoanalyticalIterature—amely, chat we have zo reason to assume that these phallic impulses are naturally ex te and that therefore i€ is inadmissible, in dhe absence of specifi ‘evidenoe in each case, to equate “male” with “sadistic.” and on Similar lines “female” with “masochistic” If the admixeure of destructive impuler it really considerable, the mother's genital ‘mist, according tothe tlion principle, become an object of direct anxiety. Thus if is Sst made distasteful to him by its associae tion with wounded selfregard, it will by a secondary process (by ‘way of frustration anger) Become an object of castration anxiety ‘And probably this is very generally reinforced when the boy ob- ferve traces of menstruation. ‘Very often this later ansiety i its turn leaves a lasting mark fon the man's atitade to women, as we learn from the examples already given at random from very different periods and races. But I do not think thae it occus regalaly i all men in any com- ‘iderable degree, nd certainly itis not 2 distinctive characteristic of the man’s relation ta the other sex. Anxiety ofthis sort strongly resembles, mutatis muandis, anxiety we meet with in women. ‘When in analysis we fnd i occurring in any noteworthy intensity, the subject i invariably a man whose whole attitude tovard ‘women has a markedly neurotic twist. ‘On the other kand I think that thé ansfety connected with his selérespect leaves more of lis distinct waees in every man and, fives his general atiude toward women a particular stamp that Either does not exist in women’s attitude CO men, or if it does, is Acquired secondarily. In other words, is no integral part of thei feminine nature. ‘We can only grasp the general significance of this male ati- tude if we study more clotely the development ofthe boy's infu tile anxiety, is efforts to overcome it, and the ways in which it manifests itself ‘According to my experience, the dread of being rejected and derided isa typicel ingredient in the analysis of every man, no matter what his mentality or the strcture of his neurosis. Theae Feminine Psychology ‘analytic situation and the constant reserve of the woman analyst Dring out this anxiety and sensitiveness more clearly than they appear in ordinary life which gives men plenty of opportunity 19 ‘ape from these feelings either by avoiding situations calculated to evoke them or by a process of evereompensation. The specific basis of this attitude i hard to detect, because in analysis it is ‘generally concealed by « feminine orientation, for the most part "To judge by my own experience, ths latter orientation is 0 less common, though (Gor zssons which I will give) less blatant, than the masculine aseude in women, I do not propose 9 diss tte various sources here; Twill only say that I eonjectre that che carly wound to his seléregard is probably one ofthe factors liable to disgust the boy with his male role. "His typical reaction to that sound and to the dread of his mother that follows from it is obviously to withdraw his libido from her and to concentrate ion himself and his genital. From the economic point of view this process is doubly advantageous Htenables him to escape from the distressing or ansey fraught ration that has developed between himself and his mother, and Ftrestores his masculine elfsxespect by rectively strengthening his phallic narisiom. ‘The female genital no longer exists for him: the “undiscovered” vagina ie a denied vagina. This stage of is ‘evelopment is fully identical with Freud's phallic phase. "accordingly we must understand che inquiring attitude that “docninates this phase and the specific nature of the boy's inquiries fs expresing a retreat from the object followed by a narcissist. cally tinged anxiety. Tis frst reaction, then, is in the direction of a heightened phallic nares, The reule that to the wish to be a woman, hich younger boss utter without embarrassment, he now reacts parly with renewed anxiety lst he should not be taken seriously {hd parly with castration ansety. Once we realize that masculine ‘Gusution anxiety is very Targely de ego's response to the wish 10 dea woman, we cannot altogether share Freud's conviction that bisexuality manifest itself more clearly in Uhe female chan in the 1; CE Bock, "The Fenty Capex In Men." Zt. J. Payehovnaly vol XL G9 The Dread of Woman 5 smale* We mut Ieave it an open question. "A feature ofthe phallic phase that Freud emphasizes shows up with special clearness the narcissistic sear left by the litte boy's elation with his mother: “He behaves as if he hada dim idea that this member might be and should be large.” ™ We must amplify the observation by saying that this behavior begins, indeed, in the Dhallic phase, but doce not cease with it; on the contrary, itis Lisplayed naively throughout boyhood and persists Tater as a ‘deeply hidden anxiety about the size of the subject's penis or his potency, or else as a les concealed pride about them. "Now one ofthe exigencies af the biological differences between, the sexes is this that che man is atually obliged to go on proving his manhood to the woman. There is no anslogows neoesity for ther. Bven if she is frigid, ehe can engage in sexual intereourse and. conceive and beara child, She performs her part by merely being, without any doing-a fact that has always filled men with admira tdon and resentment. The man on the other hand has to do some thing in order to fli himself. The ideal of “ficiency” is expt ‘al mascyline ideal “This is probably the fundamental reason why, when we ana- lyze women who dreed eheir masculine tendencies, we always find that they unconsciously regard ambition and achievement ‘auributes of the male, inspite of the great enlargement of wo- ‘men’s sphere of activity n rea Tif. “in sen life itself we See how the simple craving of love that drives men to women is very often overhadowed by their over. ‘whelming inner compulsion to prove their manhood again and fgain to themselves and others. A man ofthis type in its more ex tueme form has therefore one interest only: to conquer. His aim is tw have "posesed” many women, and the most beautifal and most soughtaiter women. We find a remarkable mixture of ehis iparcisistic overcompensaton and of surviving anxiety in those men who, while wanting to make conquests, ave very indignant fwidh a woman who takes their intentions too seriously, oF who ‘herb a lifelong gratieude to her if she spares them any farther ‘reo, “Femi Somulny” Iter. J.Preho-Anal Vo XE (95). 8 PISS SHARES ental Grpantatin o he Litt” collected oper. VOL146 Feminine. Psychology proof oftheir manhood. “Another way of averting the soreness of the narcissist sear is by adopting the attitude described by Freud as the propensity 19 Ldebase the love objec Ifa man does not desire any woman Who {sis equal or even his superior—may it not be that he is protect. ing his reatened selvegard jn accordance with that most useful principle of sour grapes? From the prostitute or the woman of easy virtue one need fear no rejection, and no demands in the sexual, ethical, or intellectual sphore. One can feel oneself the superior? “This brings ws toa third way, the most important and the most ‘ominous in is cullnral consequences: that of diminishing the self. respect of the woman. think that Ihave shown that men's di ppatagement of women is based upon a definite psychic trend toward disparaging them—a tendency rooted in the man’s paychic ‘eictions to certain given biological facts, as might be expected of, mental attitude 20 widespread and so obstinately mai ‘The view dhat women are infantile and emotional ceaeares, and assuch, incapable of responsibility and independence is the work ff the marculine tendency to lower women's self-respect. When. ten justify such an attitude by pointing out that a very large number of women really do correspond to this description, we rust consider whether this type of woman has not been cultivated, by asjstematicselection on the part of men. The important point {snot that individual minds of greater or lescr caliber, from Aris- tolle to Mocbius, have expended an astonishing amount of energy and intellectual capacity in proving the superiority of the masci- Tine principle. What really counts isthe face thatthe everprecari= fous seltrespoct of the “average man" causts him over and over again (0 choot a feminine type thet is ifanile, nommaternal, and hysterical, and by so doing to expose each new generation 10 the influence of uch women. so, Few, "Contsbuions tothe aycholgy of Lave,” Collected Papers This de not dei trom the Smporanee of the eter for that sve ten to proves whieh ave been Geib by Pre in his "Coa Seem he Picco Lane ate Pope, Ya 1 3 by Beak {nip "Belge ror Prtepie der moss, Daten Zeck. ‘hooey WE (ga) and. VI Ge) ‘THE DENIAL OF THE VAGINA A Contribution to the Problem of the Genital Anxieties Specific to Women* rormneatconewons to which Freed’ inetign [ier oie pate sarc ft devo fave led him re as fllos fst, tht in lie ge the casty development of instiet hes the tame coun ns bore teu in respec of Ue eugene zones ithe wo exe ony ne enlace, che pen pls 2 par the vagina remaining SEsnvered) and so in repec of the fst ce of objee (Or tech the mther he fat Tove objec), Secondly, tat the gest. iterencs tha netrtheles ext betwen the wo sexs as from the fot tht thy mir of Homa end dow ot go Wh Similar anaemia and blogic foundations, rom ths remie {efellow logcaly and inevitably that pl fel tenselve inode tqumely equipped tor ths phat ovietaon af thet Tide and Glave but ey boys thelr peror endowment at rept (ner and above whe conlics with the mother, which the gi Shaws with the boys aa crac ove af he on hea at ter mothers dor te Dame for het ack 2 pes This ot itu becuse its jst dis reproach whichis een or ber Gtuchent (om bet mother ade turing t her tates Tene Feud has chosen pay peo designate the p= Fiod of blosoming of cdi seal, te pov of ie ena pracy ng aswell ar bys wih e als he alc Prat bie Yeo er gina Rg oe Fe eth we ‘ween Gotan tn tac cil pst ee Ink Pgchsdnale 14 Gow). Ph s-P. Repaid wh the Pasion ot ‘Phe International Jornal of Poco