Values Norms
Education Education as character
building, which in turn, has
resulted in a positive,
progressive change in the
pattern of employment. The
right type of education
increases the quality of the
labor input leading to higher
labor productivity, which is
then reflected in higher
wage earnings. Hence,
diffusion of education
opportunities correlates with
equality of income. It is at
least partially for this reason
that the East Asian
countries, as a group, have
a remarkably even
distribution.
Thrift and This contributes to capital
industrio- formation, restrains inflation
usness: and reduces the cost of
capital borrowing, leading to
an increase of investment
and production.
This attitude to thrift persists
despite their increase in
affluence.
Social Establishment of a national
integration bureaucracy to lead in
administrative
centralization over large
populations advanced
social integration.
Implications
Confucian philosophy
stresses the importance of
pursuing learning not only
as an end in itself, but also
as a vehicle to self-
betterment ⇒ All East
Asian societies subject to
the influence of
Confucianism have invested
heavily in human capital.
This dedication to
learning and the drive for
self-advancement has
eased the transition from
primary to secondary and
secondary to tertiary
activities,
A second feature of the
Confucian ethos is thrift.
This characteristic has
contributed to the high
household savings rate in
East Asia.
It facilitated the
strengthening of family
and lineage solidarity, an
essential foundation that,
by entrusting families to
control deviance and
save face by following
ideal ethical standards,
reduced much of the
arbitrariness of life
what the survival
mechanisms are and
how they can operate in
a society that accepts
increased universalism
and opens itself to
increased globalization.
Strengthened family
solidarity, offering the
individual household
opportunity and security
Nothing that willingness to
work hard, to lead a frugal life
and to maintain a high
savings rate makes it
possible for many Chinese
entrepreneurs to adopt a low-
margin-and-high-volume
strategy. With this strategy in
mind, those Chinese
entrepreneurs could
successfully survive in the
market place and force out
less efficient competitors
through accepting a profit
margin lower than what the
market expects.
Chinese families-to form
relatively small and flexible
firms able to respond to
rapidly changing market
conditions and motivate
maximum efforts for modest
pay-are most suited to low-
and medium-technology
industries operating in an
export-oriented environment.
These tendencies enabled

Social Government is charged not
stability only with maintaining law
and order and providing the
basic necessities of life, but
with offering educational
opportunities for its
citizens.
Social Confucian societies often
interaction acknowledge family affairs
as public interests rather
than private matters.
Arising from the Confucian
principle of family cohesion
is the importance of forming
harmonious and cohesive
relationship with others in
the business environment.
Civil society provides a
variety of mediating cultural
institutions that allow a
fruitful articulation between
family and state.
A society that encourages
self cultivation as a
necessary condition for
human flourishing is a
society that cherishes
virtue-centered political
in return for greater Chinese societies in Asia to
control over its members. take over niches in the world
market from Japan for
themselves. However, as
those niches close or are
taken over by countries
like, Vietnam and the
Philippines, there is pressure
to make the transition to high
technology industries and
here family orientations might
prove problematic.
A government that is Korea and Taiwan carried out
responsive to public comprehensive land reform
needs, responsible for programs; Hong Kong and
welfare of its people Singapore undertook massive
accountable to society at public housing projects; in
large is vitally important several countries
for the creation and governments assisted
maintenance of order. workers' cooperatives and
established programs to
encourage small
and medium-sized
enterprises. Whatever the
form, these programs
demonstrated that the
governments in East Asian
intended for all to share in the
benefits of wealth
Family as the home for In Japan, business relations
learning to be human. operate within the context of
The principle of wa, which stresses group
reciprocity in human harmony and social cohesion.
interaction defines all Wa refers to the emphasis
forms of human that the Japanese place on
relatedness in the family. group loyalty and consensus.
The dynamic interaction To achieve wa, members of
between private and the group are expected to
public enables submerge their individual
civil society to offer (selfish) goals in favor of that
diverse and enriching of the group. Wa also
resources for human demands that members of a
flourishing. group, whether a work team,
Civility as the normal a corporation, or a nation,
pattern of human cooperate with and trust each
interaction other, Hence, Japanese
prefer, and usually insist that
all business dealings take
place among friends.
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