Q.

1: Draw a comparison between administrative theory and scientific theory with logical
arguments.
F.W. Taylor, an American Mechanical Engineer, who gives the concept of Scientific
Management and give four Principles of Scientific Management while Henry Fayol is a French
Mining Engineer, who developed the concept of the general theory of administration and gives
fourteen principles of management. Both of the theorist applied the scientific method to this
problem That Taylor worked on the floor/working level, from the bottom, while Fayol
concentrated on the top-level management Managing level like scientific management is a theory
which deals with the jobs of individual employees and administrative management focuses on
managing the total organization.
Difference

Management Level

Henry Fayol focus the working of top-level management like he worked from the highest level
to the lower levels of management to improve overall management and Fayol gives more
concentration on the functions of managers at top level. Whereas F.W Taylor emphasize on the
working of production level management to increase overall productivity. He has given focus
mainly on shop floor level of Management and to Production Process. He has discussed how to
increase the productivity of workers of a factory and solve the problems of Production
Management. Taylor’s approach is mainly based on the principle of efficiency. He started his
studies from the lower level of industrial management to the upper levels, Taylor laid his
attention on the problems of shop floor.
Universality

Taylor’s principles of Scientific Management are applicable to specialized situation likely mostly
fit in to large organizations, But Fayol’s general principles of management are applicable
universally and to each and every aspect in an organization.

Creativity

Taylor theory don’t promote employer’s creativity because Taylor is not in favor of employees
including their own ideas and to bring innovation, he only stressed on following the instructions
by the manager. As compare to this in Henry Fayol theory of management, The manager
must encourage and motivate his workers to think and take actions to complete
the plan, so this increase creativity.

Base of formation

The basis of formation of Fayol’s theory is the personal experience. Conversely, Taylor’s
principles rely on observation and experimentation.
Orientation
Taylor approach is more oriented towards Engineer’s function, to Increase the efficiency and
productivity of workers on the shop floor level. On the other side, Fayol focused on production
and engineering, on delivering managerial efficiency which is a manager’s approach.
System of wage payment
The system of wage payment determined by Taylor is differential piece rate system, while Fayol
stressed on sharing of profits with managers.
Centralization

Increase in Productivity
Taylor gives emphasis on the scientific methods for increasing productivity, so the main aim of
Taylor was to enhance productivity of labor and eliminate wastages, so his principles and
techniques are relevant mainly with respect to production activities. As he focused his attention
on factory management, as a result, his principles are directly applicable at the shop floor to
increase productivity. While Fayol emphasizes on the skills and efficiency of the personnel to
increase productivity and he tried to develop a universal theory of management so Fayol’s
principles have wider relevance in functional areas and his principles can be applied to all kinds
of activities.

Centralization and foreman concept

Henry Fayol Concentrate on unity of command and unity of direction like the workers should
receive orders from on boss only while Tylor concentrated on functional foremanship.

Similarity:
 Both of the theorist applied scientific methods to the problems of management like in
workers selection and division of duties they keep in mind the scientific process.
 Both observed the importance of personnel and its management at all levels.
 Both of them developed their ideas through practical experience and experiments.
 Both of them stressed mutual co-operation between employers and employees.

Q.2: Explain disadvantages of each principle if that is not followed by the managers in an
organization?
F.W Taylor Principles
1. Science, not rule of thumb
If this principle of science is not followed by the manager, he will certainly waste human efforts
and machinery on methods which are methods which are outdated or not applicable.
2. Harmony not Discord
If this principle of scientific management is not observed by the manager, then he will most
certainly stop understanding workers, he will not understand that everyone is important for the
organization at their own place, as a result it can have greater impact on the organization’s coal
goal of “Profit Maximization”.
3. Cooperation not individualism
If this principle of scientific management is not observed by the manager, he unintentionally
strengthens individualism in the organization, which will result in conflict of interest between
manager and workers as a result of it there will be no teamwork at all.
4. Development of each person to his/her greatest efficiency and prosperity
If this principle of scientific management is not observed by the manager, he will not be able to
develop worker of greatest efficiency and prosperity. As a result of it less efficient employs are
selected which decreases earnings and quality of the organization.
Henry Fayol Principles
1. Unity of command
Unity of command is when employees get orders from one supervisor and are to report to the one
supervisor/boss.
So, what if workers get orders from multiple supervisors? It will create clashes and conflicts
between the supervisors which in result creates conflicts between the workers and resulting
grouping in the organization. It is because it is almost impossible for humans having the same
feelings, same point of view and same concept on a subject and there be problem of ego clash
between the supervisors because both want their orders to followed.So that if an individual get
instructions from many superiors so the workers will get confused about their responsibilities
and will certainly not able to perform a single task properly and can’t discharge their duties
effectively, because they will faces the confusion of “which boss to follow?”
Fayol has stated “As soon as two superiors impose their authority over the same person or
department, uneasiness makes itself felt. Dual command is a perpetual source of conflict.”
So, the disadvantages of violating this principle will be in the form of:

 Creates confusion for the workers,

 And in this confused situation there will be an escape from their tasks and duties.
 decrease the efficiency of employees.
 It will be difficult to maintain discipline in the organization.

2. Chain of command
Chain of command is by providing each level of workers with a supervisor, who must answer to
whom. If there is a large organization having many departments and a large number of
employees and only one boss so it will be difficult for the only boss to give direction to every
employee out there, and in fact it is nearly impossible for one boss to supervise and to
communicate with every workers So if this principle is not followed in an organization there will
be no proper connection and communication between the boss and workers which can in result
cause confusion because workers can’t know properly that what exactly their task is, how to
perform. Another consequence is that “Soldering’ can occur in workers and the feeling of
accountability will decrease, so workers will not perform their tasks on time.

3. Division of work
This means to divide tasks and responsibilities into departments and small parts so that each part
is handled with easily and efficiency by the worker. Today as business are growing, there is
diversity which demand different capabilities in employees but when Managers assign the whole
work to an individual employee, it will be a burden on a worker and in result there will be
wastage of time and resources. And Before assigning the task to employees when it is not
assured that either the individual possesses the required skill or not then it is assured, they can’t
perform the task with efficiently, So the level of productivity will decrease because of the
conflicting situation. Indeed, it is difficult for human be a “Jack of All trade”. So multi-tasking in
organizations can minimizes the focus and specializations of workers.

4. Discipline
It means obedience, respect for authority, and following of established rules. A Manager/boss
needs to develop sense of discipline in their employees for the smooth functioning of the
organization. But when a manager is not giving proper attention and not implementing discipline
there will be a situation of disorder, chaos and confusion. The most significant consequence of
this neglecting this principle will a conflicting situation and wastage of resources and time.it is
like when the workers are not obedient to the supervisor, there will be no proper communication
and in result it prevents the organization from flourishing.

5. Order
It is the right arrangement of task, activities and things(resources)means a proper order of
everything, tasks in a fit and correct condition for a smooth running of organization. If this is not
followed there will be very serious consequences like the resources i.e. human, material and time
will be scattered and are begin wasted which can cause in delaying of tasks and operation,
Wastage of energy and time in search of right men and materials and not able to be fine the right
thing and men at right time this can Losing efficiency and productivity. And the most important
thing is that workers are wasting financial resources and their energy by doing it in a wrong way.

6. Planning
The success of every organization depends on so many things, one of which the most significant
is planning, planning of resources and actions. If there is no planning or poor planning by
manager, the organization has to face severe consequences like manager don’t plan they will not
Understand the scope of the project, so It’s impossible to perform a task if you don’t know where
you’re going and wasting the resources in wrong place. If manager don’t plan before they are
ignoring the risk factor as without identifying risks, the organization can loss its resources as the
future is uncertain, if manager don’t Plan, they are inviting the future uncertainties and thus
maximizing business risk without getting ready for them and will not be able to adapt change in
time. If there is no planning, there will be lack of systematic and orderly performance of his
assigned duties.
7. Authority and responsibility
According to Henri Fayol, there should be a balance between Authority (Power) and
Responsibility (Duties). Authority must be equal to Responsibility.so when there
the power is more than duties it is possible that manager will mis use that
authority and vice versa when responsibilities is more than power that there are
chances of that manager will get the feeling of powerless, frustrated and will
not able to discharge his duties effectively. Although the manager has the authority to
supervise, give orders, directions to employees and to maintain discipline but also have his own
defined responsibilities, So if a manager ignore his duties, the worker will also do the same and
there will be a situation of conflict between the manager and workers.

8. Unity of direction
This principle is about that workers having the same task must be under the supervision of one
head if this principle is violated it can create issues like unnecessary duplication of work which
will be the reason to wastage of resources, having two head for one activity at a time can lead to
lack of coordination, problems in reaching the targets and set goals because of the confusion and
also it can weaken team work in the organization.

9. Remuneration

Henry Fayol is of the view that workers must get reward so that the workers can be
satisfied but when this is neglected it can lead to more employee’s turnout rate and
secondly the efficiency and productivity will decrease creating incomplete work.
Employees will demotivate, unable to contribute their best and productive work.

10. Centralization
According to Fayol there needs to be a proper balance between centralization and
decentralization but if the top management completely ignore employees during decision
making it can create a feeling of inferiority and powerlessness in workers so, this will
disturb timely competition and functioning of activities because some time it can happen
that employees are not in the favor of doing a particular task and also it can increase burden
on top manager. Further consequence, it may create ego clashes, due to different
approaches between the manager and workers.

11. Equity

Unequal behavior and discrimination among employees have ill effect, it can seriously
demotivate workers so in result they will not participate whole heartily toward the achievement
of their organizational goals. This biased behavior in their dealing with the employees can create
dissatisfied, disloyal and rebellious workers. This unequal rules for workers can lead to
disrespect of manager, bad manager-employee relationship and lacking team spirit.

12. Stability
when this rule is ignored like when an employee is removed frequently from his/her current
working position, shuffling or appointing a new tasks frequently before completing the last one,
it can create feelings of insecurity in employees ,then they can’t put their maximum effort for the
organization goals and this dissatisfaction can also lead to more turnover rate. Moreover, this
non-stability can create non-professional employees and can loss efficiency because they will not
able to know their task complete due to this frequent changing.

13. Imitative
If manager is not letting their employees to be imitative this will make the working process
boring and less effective. Before doing any plans if the employee’s suggestions are not
welcomed, they will feel that these plans are not in their benefits and thus will not able to work
with honesty and in result this will increase resources wastage , importantly creativity will
decrease and there will be no innovations because workers are working at floor level ,they know
much better of the work and can give much better suggestions.

14. Esprit de corps

In any organization if a manager is unable to create team spirit and unity in their employees and
sense of togetherness is absent then there will be a conflicting situation between employees
because lack of sense of togetherness there will be no Cooperation and coordination among
employees and their management.