Measurement 172 (2021) 108896

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Measurement
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/measurement

BH hysteresis measurement system for thin soft magnetic materials

Sobhan Mohammadi Fathabad a, Farzad Shahri b, *
a
Department of Engineering and High-Tech., Iran University of Industries and Mines, Tehran, Iran
b
Department of Advanced Materials and Renewable Energy, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this work, a computer controlled automated system is designed for the evaluation of magnetic properties of
Magnetic hysteresis loop thin soft magnetic materials. Magnetic measurements were conducted using a National Instrument Data
Soft magnetic properties Acquisition card, a signal generator, a power amplifier circuit for the signal voltage, and an AD620 voltage
LabVIEW
amplifier circuit for the induced voltage in the secondary coil. The LabVIEW software was used for controlling
Flux control feed-back loop
the hardware and processing the experimental data points to draft a BH-hysteresis loop for the sample. A
dedicated feedback loop algorithm was designed for controlling the waveform of the flux density at the sec­
ondary coil during the magnetization process. Based on the results obtained, it is shown that the accuracy of
coercivity measurement is increased using the sinusoidal flux density. The high accuracy instrumentation
amplifier circuit together with the flux density control feedback loop made it possible to examine the magnetic
properties of thin samples.

1. Introduction
Soft magnetic materials are of great interest in both industrial and
scientific fields and are utilized in a wide variety of applications such as
magnetic amplifier cores, converters and sensors [1]. The BH-hysteresis
loop determines almost every non-intrinsic aspect of ferromagnetic
materials non-destructively [2]. The hysteresis curve specifies the
saturation induction (Bs), residual induction (Br), coercivity (Hc), and
core loss (W) of the soft magnetic materials [3]. Nowadays, Manometer
techniques such as the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE), the super­
conducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and the vibrating
sample magnetometer (VSM), which provide the M− H hysteresis loop,
are utilized to evaluate the magnetic properties of the thin and ribbon
samples [4]. However, these techniques don’t provide the required
precision measurement of permeability and coercivity of soft magnetic
materials [5]. Therefore, more advanced measurement systems are
needed to estimate the BH-hysteresis loop of soft-magnetic thin samples.
As a result of immense progress in digital technology and computer
designing, numerous automatic magnetic measuring systems have been
developed. For instance, Novikov et al. [6] have designed an automated
system, using a functional-module principle consisting of controller,
timer, digital-analog converter and analog–digital converter modules to
measure the magnetic characteristics of soft magnetic materials.
Urbański et al. [7] have developed a hysteresis loop measuring device
using the LabVIEW software, a data acquisition card, a function gener­
ator and a fluxmeter device. Furthermore, in the recent decade, the
functions regarding the fluxmeter device have been entrusted to the
LabVIEW software. Generally, two methods have been developed to
measure the magnetic induction of soft magnetic materials; in the first
method a resistor–capacitor integrator circuit is employed [8–10],
whereas in the second method a digital integrator is utilized [11–13].
Although the basic technology already exists, one of the limits for
measuring magnetic BH hysteresis of thin samples is the ability to more
precisely measure the magnetic induction. Because the magnetization
reversal is performed mainly by domain wall displacement of a low
number of domain walls [14,15]. In the current study, a highly sensitive,
low-cost magnetic hysteresis measurement device with a digital flux
density control feedback loop is presented to evaluate soft magnetic
properties of thin samples of Ni-Fe, Co-based amorphous ribbon, and a
reference toroidal ferrite core based on the ASTM A697 standard [16].
2. Measurement system structure
The schematic of the presented magnetic hysteresis system is illus­
trated in Fig. 1a. The signal generator and the Data Acquisition Card
(DAQ), as well as the feed-back loop, were controlled by a dedicated
LabVIEW measurement software (Fig. 1b). The specifications of the
equipment used in this work are presented in Table 1. The voltage

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: Fshahri@irost.ir (F. Shahri).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108896
Received 19 July 2020; Received in revised form 22 November 2020; Accepted 14 December 2020
Available online 17 December 2020
0263-2241/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
S. Mohammadi Fathabad and F. Shahri Measurement 172 (2021) 108896

Fig. 1. a) Schematics of components employed in the magnetic hysteresis loop measurement system, b) Interface of the measurement software.

defined in LabVIEW measurement software. Then a magnetic field

Table 1
waveform was submitted to the signal generator device (i.e. GW INDTEK
Features of the hardware equipment used in this study.
AFG 2010) to be amplified by the 100 W power amplifier circuit and be
Equipment Device name Properties flowed through the excitation coil to magnetize the sample. In accor­
Data acquisition NI USB 6009 Max voltage range ±20 V, min voltage dance with Ampere’s law [17], if a current, i(t), flows through a coil
card range ±1 V, Resolution 14 bit with NP rounds, wrapped around a cylindrical mold with the length of l,
Signal generator GW INSTEK AFG Maximum 4000 samples per waveform,
the magnitude of the magnetic field within the coil can be expressed by
device 2010 Resolution 10 bits
Power amplifier PAMP Maximum power 100 W
[17]:
circuit MJ11015G 0.01 Hz to 10 kHz bandwidth
Np i(t)
Voltage amplifier INAMP AD620 Maximum amplification 10000X H(t) = (A.m − 1) (1)
circuit 0.01 Hz to 10 kHz bandwidth l
Excitation current, i(t), is determined using equation i(t) = E(t)/
Rshunt where E(t) is the electrical potential difference across the shunt
amplifier’s circuit is designed based on the AD620AR amplifier; on the
resistance which is measured using the DAQ card (Fig. 1a). The l in the
other hand, the power amplifier circuit is designed based on MJ11015
equation (1) is the effective magnetic length of the sample and it can be
and MJ11016G ON transistors. The GW-INSTEK AFG 2010 was used as a
calculated via [17]:
signal generator in the measurement system. The NI-USB 6009 data
( )
acquisition card with a sample rate of 48 kS/s was utilized to simulta­ do − di
l= π(m) (2)
neously measure the shunt resistor and secondary coil voltages in the 2
circuit.
In order to evaluate the magnetic properties of the samples, first, the where di and do are the inner and the outer diameters of the toroidal
sample’s dimensions, the number of turns of the excitation and sec­ sample, respectively.
ondary coils, and also test conditions such as frequency and amplitude of Magnetic flux density can be obtained by measuring the induced
the applied magnetic field and shape of magnetic flux density were voltage in the secondary coil using analog input 1 of the DAQ card

2
S. Mohammadi Fathabad and F. Shahri Measurement 172 (2021) 108896

Fig. 2. Block diagram of the designed filter, based on the Fast Fourier Transform, in the LabVIEW programming environment.

Fig. 3. a) Block diagram of the flux density control feedback loop in the LabVIEW program, b) Flowchart for the magnetic flux density control feedback loop.

3
S. Mohammadi Fathabad and F. Shahri Measurement 172 (2021) 108896

Fig. 4. a) BH-hysteresis loop of 49Ni-Fe thin sample at frequency of 50 Hz and magnetic field of 2400 A/m, and b) relative magnetic permeability curve.

(Fig. 1a). The magnetic flux density is shown to be expressed by [11]: 2.3. Controlling the waveform of the magnetic flux density
∫t
1
B(t) = B0 − E(t)dt(T) (3) Advanced measurement systems can evaluate the magnetic proper­
Ns S t0
ties of materials based on two modes: a) Sinusoidal magnetization mode,
which uses a perfectly sinusoidal signal waveform to magnetize the
where B0 is the magnetic flux density at t0 and S is the cross-section of
sample and draft the hysteresis loop. b) Sinusoidal Flux density mode, in
the sample. Here, E(t) and Ns are the induced voltage and number of
which the magnetization waveform is adjusted in order to obtain a si­
turns of the secondary coil, respectively. Since the induced voltage in the
nusoidal flux density waveform in the sample. A dedicated feedback
secondary coil is usually very small, especially in the case of thin
loop algorithm (Fig. 3a) was programmed in the LabVIEW measurement
toroidal samples, therefore the voltage is amplified by an AD620 voltage
software to control the shape of the sinusoidal flux density waveform in
amplifier circuit. The gain value in this circuit is adjustable within 1 to
the sample. First, the feedback loop applies an initial magnetic field
3000 times and it is considered in the LabVIEW measurement software
waveform to the excitation coil to magnetize the sample and then
while calculating the magnetic flux density using the Eq. (3).
compares the induced flux density waveform in the secondary coil to a
reference sinusoidal waveform and lastly adjusts the magnetic field
2.1. Magnetic permeability and core loss measurement
waveform in the primary coil based on the differences (Fig. 3b). This
adjusted magnetic field waveform is subsequently applied in the exci­
In order to measure the magnetic permeability, in accordance with
tation coil and the feedback loop is repeated until reaching a sinusoidal
the standard ASTM/A722 [18], firstly the sample was demagnetized by
flux density waveform in the sample.
a magnetic field which is ten times more than the sample’s coercivity
If the difference between the induced flux density in the sample and
and then the permeability curve was drawn by considering that [19]:
the reference sinusoidal waveform is determined using the equation:
ΔB Diff(t) = B(t) − Bref (t), then the adjusted waveform of the applied
μ= (H.m − 1) (4)
ΔH magnetic field is corrected using Eq. (6) [9]:
Relative permeability, µr, can be determined using the equation:μr = Hadjusted (t) = H(t) × α × Diff(t)(A.m − 1) (6)
μ/μ0 , where μ0 = 4π × 10− 7 H/m. Also, core loss, W, regarding each
hysteresis loop can be expressed by [19]: where α is an experimental correction factor which is dependent on the
∮ Bm magnitude of the magnetic field. As long as the mean square error of the
W= HdB(J.m − 3) (5) Diff(t) waveform is more than 0.1, the applied magnetic field waveform
0
is modified by a feedback loop (Fig. 3b). Here, if t is the number of data
points in the Diff(t) waveform, then the mean squared error of the
where Bm is the maximum induction of the sample.
waveform is expressed by [20]:
2.2. Applying digital Band-Pass filter 1∑ t
MSE = Diff(t)2 (7)
t i=1
In order to reduce the noise of the measured signals in both the
voltage of shunt resistance and induced voltage at the secondary coil, a
3. Hysteresis loop measurement results
band-pass filter algorithm, based on the Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT)
was programmed in the LabVIEW measurement software. As can be seen
In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the presented device’s
in Fig. 2, the developed filter eliminates frequencies outside the low to
performance, magnetic properties of 49Ni-Fe thin sheet, Co-based
high bound ranges from the measured signals. The lower bound of the
amorphous ribbon, and commercial Ferrite core were evaluated in
filter gains significance as it removes the offset from the induced voltage
accordance with the ASTM A697 standard [16].
in the secondary coil, since otherwise this offset causes a remarkable
drift during the numerical integration of the voltage based on Eq. (3).

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 S. Mohammadi Fathabad and F. Shahri Measurement 172 (2021) 108896

Table 2 wheel speed of 40 m/sec using extra pure constituting elements. The
The resultant magnetic characteristics of the evaluated samples using the pre­ average sizes of the ribbon used for the magnetic hysteresis evaluation
sented measurement system at a frequency of 50 Hz. were 32 µm thickness and 2 mm width. Fig. 6 shows the variations of
Sample Maximum Remanence Coercivity Core magnetic induction versus magnetic field for the Co-based amorphous
Induction (T) Induction (T) (A.m− 1) Loss (J. ribbon. The coercivity, saturation induction, residual induction and
m− 3) permeability obtained for the as-spun ribbon at a frequency of 50 Hz
Co-Based Ribbon 0.60 ± 0.007 0.38 ± 0.016 4.3 ± 0.044 9.5 ± were 3.64 A/m, 0.60 T, 0.39 T, and 273.8 k, respectively which is in
sinusoidal 100 0.097 close agreement with BH-hysteresis data obtained for the Co-based
A/m magnetic
samples [25]. The soft magnetic properties of the samples are summa­
field
Co-Based Ribbon 0.60 ± 0.008 0.38 ± 0.016 3.25 ± 7.4 ± rized in Table 2.
adjusted 100 A/ 0.033 0.076 Fig. 7 demonstrates the effect of using the sinusoidal flux density
m magnetic field mode on the magnetic hysteresis loop of the amorphous Co-based rib­
49Ni-Fe Ring 1.51 ± 0.014 0.74 ± 0.032 157.2 ± 615.5 ± bon. The average coercivity of the sample obtained by sinusoidal
sinusoidal 2400 1.619 6.341
A/m magnetic
magnetization and sinusoidal flux density modes of the measurement
field were 2.55 and 1.93 A/m, respectively. Comparison of the coercivities
49Ni-Fe Ring 1.51 ± 0.01 0.75 ± 0.033 95.8 ± 340.1 ± values revealed that more accurate results are obtained using sinusoidal
adjusted 2400 0.987 3.503 flux density mode.
A/m magnetic
Fig. 8 shows the BH-hysteresis loops of the Co-based ribbon at fre­
field
quency ranges of 1 to 900 Hz. The upper frequency limit is imposed due
to the sample rate of the NI 6009 DAQ, on the other hand, the lower
3.1. The 49Ni-Fe thin sheet frequency limit is due to the minimum frequency allowed by the AFG
signal generator and also the bandwidth of the amplifiers (Table 1).
49Ni-51Fe thin sheet (thickness of 120 µm) was annealed at 1150 ◦ C
for 3 h in a dry H2 and then the sample was cooled inside the furnace to 3.3. Verification of the measurement system
200 ◦ C, followed by air-cooling to room temperature. In order to eval­
uate the dynamic magnetic properties of the alloy, the ring-shaped The commercial F3001 toroidal ferrite produced by Zmm Polfer
samples were prepared according to ASTM A34 standard [21]. (Ferroxyd) was used as the reference sample. The comparison between
Fig. 4(a,b) displays the variations of magnetization and permeability measured and reported values [26] for this sample is shown in Table 3.
versus applied magnetic field at a frequency of 50 Hz, respectively. As Measurements error with variance equal to 0.5% for saturation induc­
can be seen, the magnitude of measured saturation induction (Bs), tion and about 4% for coercivity were observed, which are acceptable
remanence induction (Br), and maximum permeability (µmax) derived for a BH-hysteresis tracer [16]. Also, the measurement uncertainty of the
from the BH-loop were 1.51 T, 0.75 T and 9.2 k, respectively which are developed system was estimated through the repeatability test. The
in close agreement with previous reports [22,23]. In order to obtain the standard deviation of the 5 times repeated measurement on the refer­
initial permeability curve of the alloy, the demagnetization process was ence sample is shown in Table 3. The measured data for the F3001 ferrite
done on the sample. Other properties of the samples such as coercivity sample are in close agreement with previous reports [7,27,28] (Fig. 9).
and core loss are presented in Table 2.
The resultant hysteresis loops using sinusoidal magnetization and 4. Conclusion
sinusoidal flux density for the 49Ni-Fe alloy are illustrated in Fig. 5a.
The coercivity of 97.23 A/m and 68.35 A/m is obtained in the sinusoidal A low-cost measurement system equipped with a LabVIEW based
magnetization and sinusoidal magnetic flux density modes of the mea­ software was developed for the analysis of the BH-hysteresis loop of thin
surement system, respectively. As can be seen in Fig. 5a, the measured soft magnetic materials. BH-hysteresis characteristics of the three sam­
data points of the hysteresis loop using sinusoidal flux density mode are ples were analyzed and summarized in Table 2. The most highlighted
spread more uniformly around 0 A/m field which in return improves the features of the system include the following:
accuracy when determining the coercivity and remanence induction.
Furthermore, Fig. 5b shows that a sinusoidal magnetic field generates a 1. The system is designed to study the BH-hysteresis loop of soft mag­
sharp slope in the magnetic flux density waveform of the sample, nets at a frequency range of 0.1 to 900 Hz.
whereas, Fig. 5c shows that the slope of sinusoidal magnetic flux density 2. Utilizing the AD620 Amplifier circuit in the measurement system
changes more gradually. Therefore, in order to measure the coercivity of made it possible to amplify the induced voltage in the secondary coil
the sample accurately, obtaining sinusoidal flux density mode is pref­ up to 3000 times to readily investigate thin ferromagnetic samples.
erable to sinusoidal magnetization mode. 3. A FFT filter algorithm was implemented in the LabVIEW measure­
It is also worth noting that the obtained maximum relative perme­ ment software to remove the offset and noises from the measured
ability from sinusoidal magnetization mode (7.5 k) is found to be less voltages. Using this filter, it was possible to perform numerical
than the obtained permeability in the sinusoidal flux density mode integration on the induced voltage of thin samples and calculate the
(10.85 k). This is in accordance with the ASTM A772 standard regarding magnetic flux density accurately.
the magnetic field-permeability curve [18]. Typically, it is recom­ 4. The measurement system presented here has two measurement
mended that the soft magnetic properties of materials can be evaluated modes, i.e. sinusoidal magnetization and sinusoidal flux density.
using the sinusoidal flux density mode [16]. However, in the case of 5. A feedback loop algorithm was implemented in the LabVIEW mea­
magnetic amplifier cores, it is suggested that a sinusoidal magnetization surement software to adjust the magnetization waveform to obtain a
must be utilized to report the soft magnetic properties [24]. Thus, both sinusoidal flux density in the sample. Furthermore, it is shown that
the sinusoidal magnetization and sinusoidal flux density modes were using a sinusoidal flux density improves the accuracy of coercivity
implemented in the presented magnetic measurement system. due to uniformly spread data points around 0 A/m.

3.2. Co-based amorphous ribbon CRediT authorship contribution statement

Amorphous Co-based ribbons of nominal composition Co69Fe4.5 Sobhan Mohammadi Fathabad: Software, Validation, Formal
Si11.5B15 were prepared by the single-roller melt-spinning process at a analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original

5
­
S. Mohammadi Fathabad and F. Shahri Measurement 172 (2021) 108896

Fig. 5. a) Comparison between BH-hysteresis loops in sinusoidal magnetic mode and sinusoidal inducted flux density measurement modes of the system regarding
49Ni-Fe sample at a frequency of 50 Hz and magnetic field of 860 A/m, b) sinusoidal magnetic field waveform and resultant induced flux density, c) modified
magnetic field waveform and resultant sinusoidal induced flux density waveform after undergoing the feedback loop.

draft. Farzad Shahri: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, References

Software, Writing - review & editing, Supervision, Project
administration.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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Reported 0.349 0.087 14 3k

Data
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Data 0.005 0.15

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Fig. 9. a) BH-hysteresis loop using sinusoidal magnetization mode of the system for the F3001 ferrite at a frequency of 50 Hz and magnetic field of 600 A/m, b)
relative permeability curve derived from the BH-hystersis loop.