Tạp chí Khoa học và Kỹ thuật - ISSN 1859-0209

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND

MICROSTRUCTURE OF PERFORM 700 STEEL BUTT-WELDING
JOINTS USING IN HIGH LOAD-BEARING STRUCTURES

Tuan Anh Phung1,*, Quoc Hoang Pham1, Duc Manh Dinh1, Hong Phong Nguyen1,
Xuan Hung Le1, Ngoc Tan Nguyen2, Van Thuong Luc3
1Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
2Hong Ha Shipbuilding Company/General Department of Defense Industry
3National Key Laboratory for Welding and Surface Treatment Technology (KEYLABWS)/
National Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering (NARIME)

Abstract
In this paper, an experimental study on butt-welding technology of high strength PERFORM
700 steel plates was reported. The weldability of the base material, the adaptability of the
materials to welding, and the mechanical properties of welding joints were assessed by the
Radiographic testing (RT) technique, metallographic analysis, tensile test, bend test. The
results show that PERFORM 700 steel has good weldability when using Kiswel K-110TK3
MAG flux-cored wire. The weld joint has fine ductility and after the bend test, there is no
appearance of cracks or other defects. The welding joint reaches a high strength with yield
and ultimate tensile strength of (712.0-720.0) MPa and (830.0-844.1) MPa, respectively.
These results are the basis for manufacturing the high load-bearing structures and
moreover, it allows a significant reduction of structural mass in comparison with
conventional carbon steel structures.
Keywords: PERFORM 700 steel; butt-welding; Radiographic testing (RT) technique; tensile test;
bend test; microstructure.

1. Introduction
In high load-bearing structures, high-strength low-alloy steels (HSLA) are always
the most popular choice because they ensure both strength and weldability. Moreover,
HSLA steels allow reducing the structural mass [1-3]. HSLA steels have a carbon
content of (0.05-0.25)% to maintain weldability and other alloying elements including
up to 2.0% Mn and a minor amount of other elements such as Ni, Nb, V, Cr, Mo, Ti... to
change the microstructure in the direction of increasing strength, increasing abrasion
resistance, improving atmospheric corrosion resistance, reducing the formation of
cracks in the welding process. Otherwise, because of their high strength-to-weight ratio,
HSLA steels are adapted particularly for the structures that meet the demand for

*
Email: phungtuananhmta@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.56651/lqdtu.jst.v17.n01.301
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substantial weight savings. Typical applications of HSLA steels are truck bodies,
frames, structural members, cranes, conveyors and many other structures [4-13].
PERFORM is one of the HSLA steel types which is capable of responding well to
high-strength structural applications. This is a trademark of ThyssenKrupp AG
(Germany). Among the PERFORM steel grades, the popular steel grade is the
PERFORM 700 steel (S700MC). In recent years, many scientific works on this steel
were performed, such as improving some properties of welding joint by heat treatment
before and after the welding process, effects of minor additions on microstructure and
properties of welded steel... [12-33].
For instance, Gorka J. et al. [14-17] studied the effect of heat treatment on some
properties and the microstructure of S700MC steel. The results show that, with
annealing at (100-1300)oC, the bainitic structure of the steel is maintained stably in the
range of (100-600)oC. In the range of (700-1000)oC, the steel has a ferritic-pearlitic
structure with a small grain growth. The heat treatment above 1000oC increases the
amount of ferrite in the structure with strong growth of grain size. Tested steel retains its
mechanical properties after the heat treatment at a temperature less than 600oC.
At 600oC, the tensile strength and hardness are significantly lower in comparison to the
base material [14].
The influence of Ti on the toughness of the fine-grain heat-affected zone
(FGHAZ) and the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of high-strength micro
alloyed S700MC steels was studied by Spachinger S. J. et al. [23]. There is no change in
the matrix structure of the base material and the CGHAZ when increasing the Ti
content. According to almost every study performed, an excessively high Ti content
leads to a severe drop in the toughness values of S700MC steel. Meanwhile, A. A.
Bhatti et al. [27] studied fatigue strength improvement of welded structures using
S960MC and S700MC steels by using the chromium nickel based filler wire and
chromium manganese based filler wire. These filler materials undergo phase
transformation at a temperature close to room temperature which will reduce the tensile
residual stress in the weld and in some cases result in compressive residual stresses.
Ilin I. A., Krasnoperova A. A., et al. [29] investigated the effect of thermal cutting
methods on the Edge’s microstructure of S700MC steel. The main purpose of the work
is the metallographic analysis of laser and plasma cutting methods of S700MC steel for
application for the preparation of specimen edges without subsequent machining. The
results show that the phase, chemical and structural composition of the steel change in a
relatively narrow area of the cutting zone. The length of the heat-affected zone (HAZ)

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in plasma and laser cutting is 261 μm and 337 μm, respectively. From the point of view
of minimizing the area of HAZ it is better to use plasma cutting methods.
Besides, Vuorinen E. et al. [33] studied the influence of the crash on the
mechanical behavior of the steel for road restraint systems (RRS). The results showed
that although RRS manufactured with S700MC undergoes severe mechanical
deformation, the risk of brittle fracture is very low. The use of S700MC decreased the
fatalities and injuries resulting from accidents against these barriers, yielding industrial
and social benefits.
Clearly, HSLA steel has good weldability. Welding materials play a very
important role in the formation of strong welding bonds and the strength of this steel. In
this work, we studied the weldability and the mechanical properties characteristics of
PERFORM 700 steel butt-weld joint by using Kiswel K-110TK3 MAG flux-cored wire.
The obtained results can be applied for manufacturing the structures that meet the
demand of high strength.
2. Materials and experimental methods
The welding experiments were conducted on steel plates PERFORM 700 with a
thickness of 6 mm. The chemical composition of PERFORM 700 steel (equivalent to
S700MC grade steel in the standard DIN EN 10149-2:2013 [34]) is given in Tab. 1.
Tab. 1. Chemical composition of PERFORM 700 steel (S700MC)
Chemical composition, %
C Si Mn P S Nb Ti Mo B Fe
≤0.10 ≤0.60 ≤2.10 ≤0.025 ≤0.010 ≤0.08 ≤0.20 ≤0.50 ≤0.005 Remainder
The chemical composition of experimental steel was analysed by using an
emission spectrometer SPECTROLAB as shown in Tab. 2.
Tab. 2. Chemical composition of the experimental steel
Chemical composition, %
C Si Mn P S Nb Ti Mo B Fe
0.054 0.176 1.77 0.017 0.0017 0.06 0.14 0.005 0.0002 Remainder

The data from Table 2 shows that the chemical composition of the experimental
steel is within the permissible limits of PERFORM 700 steel (S700MC). The mechanical
properties of this steel before welding are given in Tab. 3.
Tab. 3. Mechanical properties of the experimental steel
Yield strength 0,2, Ultimate tensile Elongation ,
Steel
[MPa] strength b, [MPa] [%]
705.0 845.0 23
PERFORM 700
733.0 862.3 18
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For weldability, it is important to define the carbon equivalent (CE). CE of

PERFORM 700 experimental steel is given in Tab. 4.
Tab. 4. CE of the PERFORM 700 experimental steel
Standards Formula [%] Reference CE [%]
CE (IIW) = C + Mn/6 +
International Institute of Welding (IIW) [35, 36] 0.355
(Cr+Mo+V)/5 + (Ni+Cu)/15
CE (JIS) = C + Mn/6 + Si/24
JIS and JWES (Japan Welding
+ Ni/40 + Cr/5 + Mo/4 + [37] 0.362
Engineering Society)
V/14
CE (AWS) = C + (Mn+Si)/6
American Welding Society (AWS) + (Cr+Mo+V)/5 + [38] 0.379
(Cu+Ni)/15
According to [39], with CE value of less than 0.4%, the experimental PERFORM
700 steel has very good weldability with no risks of cracking.
The chosen welding process is the butt-welding technique by using the MAG
flux-cored wire. The choice of welding material always must ensure the mechanical
properties, especially the ultimate tensile strength of the welding material is similar or
as close as possible to the one of the base material. In the welding process, the welding
material is melted directly at high temperatures, so carbon in the welding material is
released into the atmosphere. That reduces the strength of the welding joint when
bonding with the base material. Therefore, the welding material usually is chosen which
has a strength not less than the strength of the base material. The PERFORM 700 steel
(equivalent to S700MC grade in EN 10149-2 standard) has very high strength. So, in
this work, we chose the welding material of Kiswel K-110TK3 flux-cored wire (Kiswel
Group, Korea) according to AWS A5.29-2010 standard with a diameter of 1.2 mm. The
chemical composition of the welding wire is shown in Tab. 5. The typical mechanical
properties of the all-weld metal that can reach by using Kiswel K-110TK3 wire are
given in Table 6. The schematic illustration of welding blank plates according to AWS
D1.1/D1.1M:2020 standard is shown in Fig. 1.
Tab. 5. Chemical composition of Kiswel K-110TK3 flux-cored wire (AWS A5.29-2010)
Shielding gas C Si Mn P S Ni Mo Fe
CO2 0.04 0.51 1.72 0.011 0.009 2.04 0.42 Remainder

Tab. 6. The typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal using Kiswel K-110TK3
flux-cored wire (AWS A5.29-2010)

Yield strength 0.2, Ultimate tensile strength Elongation ,

Shielding gas
[MPa] b, [MPa] [%]
Min. 680 760-900 Min. 15 CO2

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Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of butt-welding joint (AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020).

The welding process parameters were chosen for the welding specimens based on
the AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 standard and the Kiswel manufacturer’s recommendations
as follows: flat welding position, welding current (260 A), welding voltage (28 V) and
welding speed (0.4 cm/s). After the welding process, the whole welding line is tested by
the non-destructive testing (NDT) with RT technique on Portable X-ray Machine XXQ-
2505 (Zhongyi NDT Co., Ltd.).
After the testing process of the NDT, the tensile test specimens (according to
TCVN 197-1:2014 standard), bend test specimens (see Fig. 2a, 2b) (according to TCVN
5401:2010 standard) and the specimen for metallographic analysis (see Fig. 2c) (according
to ASTM E3 - 11(2017)) were cut from the welded steel plate to determine the plastic
deformation resistance and investigate structural zones and heat-affected zones of the
welding joint.

(a) (b)

(c)
Fig. 2. Specimens for tensile test (a) bend test (b)
and metallographic analysis (c) after the non-destructive testing process.
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The testing equipment includes MTS 810 Servo Hydraulic Machine (MTS
Systems Corporation), Axio Imager A2M Optical Microscope (Struers Inc.) at Le Quy
Don Technical University, and Super L120 Bending Tester (Tinius Olsen Ltd.) at the
Center of Material and Failure Analysis (COMFA), Institute of Materials Science,
Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology.

3. Results and Discussions

The test results by the NDT in Fig. 3 show that there are no obvious pores, cracks,
inclusions and other defects within the welding joint.

Fig. 3. Non-destructive testing of fusion-welding butt joint by X-ray technique.

The specimens after the tensile test and bend test are shown in Fig. 4. The results
of the tensile test and bend test are given in Tab. 7 and Tab. 8.

(a) (b)
Fig. 4. Welded steel specimens for the tensile test (a), bending test (b).

Tab. 7. Tensile test results for butt-weld joints

Yield strength Ultimate tensile Elongation 
Specimens Fracture position
0,2 [MPa] strength b [MPa] [%]
Specimen 1 712.0 830.0 20
Specimen 2 718.3 844.1 19 Butt-weld joints
Specimen 3 720.0 841.0 17
Avarage 716.83.1 838.45.6 18.71.1

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Tab. 8. Bending test results for butt-weld joints

Dimension of Dimension of tool for Bending

Type Specimen Bend test angle
Specimen of around Result Remark
mark bend Width Thickness Diameter Distance of
test (mm) of punch two supports weld
(mm) root
(mm) (mm)
Root No
Specimen 1 20.0 8.0 32.0 52 160o Accepted
bend crack
Face No
Specimen 2 2.0 8.0 32.0 52 160o Accepted
bend crack
Face No
Specimen 3 20.0 8.0 32.0 52 160o Accepted
bend crack

The test results in Tab. 7 showed that the tensile test specimens are broken at the
welding joint position. This is acceptable because the experimental PERFORM 700
steel has the higher strength (see Tab. 6) with the yield and ultimate tensile strength of
(705.0-733.0) MPa and (845.0-862.3) MPa. Meanwhile, the yield and ultimate tensile
strength of all-weld metal using Kiswel K-110TK3 flux-cored wire reached (712.0-
720.0) MPa and (830-844.1) MPa, respectively (see Tab. 7). However, the difference is
not quite significant between the two measurement results. The bend test results (see
Tab. 8) show that cracks or other defects do not appear. Moreover, the NDT process
with RT technique did not observe any microcracks, lack of fusion, slag inclusions, gas
pores and other defects.
The microstructure of the base material and the welding joint metal zones is
shown in Fig. 5. Delimitation between the base material and butt-welding joint metal
zones is shown in Fig. 6.
The microstructure of the base material and the welding joint metal zones (see
Fig. 5) has the microstructural characteristic of bainite [15, 16]. The metallographic
image in Fig. 6 shows that the bond between butt-welding joint material and PERFORM
700 base material is a strong metallurgical bond. The microstructure of butt-welding
joint is quite uniform. It is possible to recognize the different particle sizes of fusion
zone, coarse-grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ), fine-grain heat-affected zone
(FGHAZ). The welding joint zone (fusion zone) has the largest particle size (about
25-30 m), followed by the CGHAZ (about 13-15 m) and FGHAZ (about 5-7 m),
respectively.
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(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Fig. 5. Microstructure of base material (a), FGHAZ (b), CGHAZ (c)
and fusion zone (butt-welding joint metal zone) (d), x200.

Fig. 6. The delimitation between the substrate and butt-welding joint metal zones, x100.

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4. Conclusion
The experimental results show that PERFORM 700 steel has good weldability.
Welding materials play a very important role in the formation of a welding bond
(metallurgical bond) and the strength of this steel. The strength of the butt-welding joint
of PERFORM 700 steel plates using Kiswel K-110TK3 MAG flux-cored wire is quite
high. The yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength of welding joint reach values
of (712.0-720.0) MPa and (830.0-844.1) MPa, meanwhile with the base material these
values are about (705.0-733.0) MPa and (845.0-862.3) MPa, respectively. The bend test
results show that the welding joint is quite flexible without cracks and other defects.
There are no micro cracks or slag inclusions, as well as gas pores within the welding
joint when testing by the Radiographic testing (RT) technique. The results of this study
are the basis for manufacturing the structures that require high strength or allow
significant mass reduction to replace conventional carbon steel structures.
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KHẢO SÁT THỰC NGHIỆM CƠ TÍNH VÀ TỔ CHỨC TẾ VI

CỦA MỐI HÀN GIÁP MỐI THÉP PERFORM 700 ỨNG DỤNG
TRONG CÁC KẾT CẤU CHỊU LỰC CAO
Phùng Tuấn Anh, Phạm Quốc Hoàng, Đinh Đức Mạnh,
Nguyễn Hồng Phong, Lê Xuân Hùng, Nguyễn Ngọc Tân, Lục Vân Thương
Tóm tắt: Bài báo trình bày kết quả nghiên cứu thực nghiệm công nghệ hàn giáp mối các
tấm thép cường độ cao PERFORM 700 bằng dây hàn có lõi Kiswel K-110TK3 dưới lớp khí bảo
vệ MAG. Tính hàn của vật liệu nền, sự thích ứng với dây hàn cũng như cơ tính của mối hàn
được đánh giá bằng phương pháp kiểm tra chụp ảnh phóng xạ (RT), soi tổ chức tế vi kết cấu
mối hàn và thử kéo, thử uốn mẫu hàn. Kết quả nghiên cứu chỉ ra rằng kim loại PERPORM 700
có tính hàn tốt, mối hàn chắc và ngấu, không ngậm xỉ, mối hàn khá dẻo dai, không xuất hiện vết
nứt, rách. Cơ tính của mối hàn đạt giới hạn chảy và giới hạn bền kéo (712,0-720,0) MPa và
(830,0-844,1) MPa. Kết quả nghiên cứu là cơ sở để ứng dụng thép PERPORM và dây hàn
Kiswel K-110TK3 trong chế tạo các kết cấu yêu cầu chịu lực cao, hoặc cho phép giảm khối
lượng đáng kể khi sử dụng nó để thay thế trong các kết cấu bằng thép các bon thông thường.
Từ khóa: Thép tấm PERFORM 700; hàn giáp mối; kỹ thuật chụp ảnh phóng xạ (RT); thử
kéo; thử uốn; tổ chức tế vi.

Received: 19/03/2021; Revised: 14/02/2022; Accepted for publication: 03/03/2022

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