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First Yr Passing Package
First Yr Passing Package
PASSING PACKAGE
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4. What is the IUPAC name of the element with atomic number 120 (any number >100)?
Ans: Un-bi-nilium
5. What are isoelectronic species? Out of Mg2+ and O2- which one has smaller ionic radius ?
Ans: Species which have same number of electrons but different number of protons.
Mg2+
6. Define ionization enthalpy? How does it vary along the period and down the group of the periodic
table?
Ans: “ Amount of energy required to remove the outermost electron from a gaseous atom”
Along the period: Increases
Down the group: Decreases
7. Define electron gain enthalpy? How does it vary along the period and down the group?
Ans: “ Energy change involved when an electron is added to an isolated neutral gaseous atom’
Along the period: More and more negative
Down the group: Less negative
8. Define Electronegativity? How does it vary along the period and down the group?
Ans: “ Ability of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself”
SANDEEP GANIGA , HOD CHEMISTRY, SVPUC KUNDAPURA 1
Along the period: Increases
Down the group: Decreases
9. Define atomic radius? How does it vary along the period and down the group?
Ans: “ Distance between the centre of the nucleus and the outermost shell of an electron”
Along the period: Decreases
Down the group: Decreases
5. Define molarity.
Ans: No.of moles of the solute present in one litre of the solution.
6. Define molality.
Ans: No.of moles of the solute present in one kg of the solvent.
10. A compound contains 4.07% hydrogen, 24.27% carbon, 71.65% chlorine. Its molar mass is 98.96g.
What are its empirical and molecular formula? ( Ans: M.F C2H4Cl2).
11. An organic compound containing 40%carbon, 6.67% hydrogen, and rest of oxygen has the molar
mass 180 g/mol. Find out the empirical and molecular formula. (Ans: M.F. C6H12O6)
12. An organic compound contains 40% carbon, 6.66% hydrogen and 53.34% oxygen and its
molecular mass is 60. Calculate its empirical and molecular formula.
13. An unknown compound was found to contain 47% potassium, 14.5% carbon and 38.5% oxygen.
What is its empirical formula. If its molar mass is 166.2 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?
(Ans: M.F : K2C2O4)
14. A sample of a compound contains 48.97% carbon , 2.73% hydrogen and 48.3% chlorine and its
molar mass is 147 g/mol. Calculate its molecular formula.
15. A compound with molecular mass of 34 g/mol is known to contain 5.88% hydrogen and 94.12%
oxygen. Find the molecular formula of the compound . ( Ans: M.F : H2O2 ).
3. Structure of atom
1. Write any four postulates of Bohrs atomic theory.
Ans: (i) Electrons revolve around the nucleus in certain circular paths called orbits
(ii) The energy of an electron in the orbit does not change with time.
𝑛ℎ
(iii) The angular momentum of an electron in given orbit can be expressed as 𝑚𝑣𝑟 =
2𝜋
(iv) If an electron jump from higher energy level to lower energy level, energy is emitted and
when electron jump from lower energy level to higher, energy is absorbed .
4. What are the experimental observation made by Rutherford during his scattering experiment?
Ans: i. Most of the alpha particles passed through the gold foil undeflected.
ii. A small fraction of the alpha particles was deflected by small angles.
iii. A very few alpha particles bounced back.
8. Using s,p,d notations ,describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers .
(i) n=1, l=0 (ii) n=3, l=1 (iii) n=4, l=2 (iv) n=5, l=3
Ans: (i) 1s (ii) 3p (iv) 4d (iv) 5f
𝑒
9. Name the fundamental particle of an atom that has highest value for its ratio.
𝑚
Ans: Electrons.
Problems:
12. Calculate (a) wave number and (b) frequency of yellow radiation having wave length 5800 A°.
Ans: (a) ⋋= 5800A° = 5800 ×10-10m.
1 1
𝜗= = −10
= 1.724 ×106 m-1
⋋ 5800 ×𝑥10 m
𝑐 3×108
(b) Frequency 𝜐 = = = 5.172 × 1014 s-1
𝜆 5800×10−10
13. Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength (𝜆) of 580nm. Calculate the frequency
and wave number of the yellow light.
14. Calculate the wavenumber for the shortest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of the
hydrogen spectrum.
3. Write the electronic configuration of H2 or Li2 or He2 or C2 or O2 molecule . What is its bond order
and magnetic property ?
4. Define hydrogen bonding . Mention the compound showing intermolecular and intra molecular
hydrogen bonding .
Ans: ‘Electrostatic attraction between hydrogen and more electronegative atom (O,N and F) is called
hydrogen bonding.
Intermolecular H-bonding : HF, H2O, ethanol, methanol etc
Intramolecular H-bonding : o-nitro phenol, o-nitro benzoic acid
7. What is ionic bond ? Write any three favourable factors for the formation of ionic bond.
Ans: The bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions is called ionic
bond
Favourable factors :
(i) Donor atom must have low ionization enthalpy
5. Equlibrium
1. Define Lewis acid and base. Give an example.
Ans: Lewis acid: Species which accept electron pair. Ex: AlCl3, BF3, FeBr3 etc
Lewis base: Species which donate electron pair. Ex: NH3, H2O etc
2. Define Bronsted acid and base ? Identify the two conjugate acid base pairs in the following
+ -
NH 3 + HCl NH4 + Cl
Ans: An acid is a proton donor while base is a proton acceptor.
Conjugate acid base pairs: i.NH3 and NH4+ ii. HCl and Cl-
9.Explain the effect of pressure , concentration and temperature on N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
ΔH= - X kJ , using LeChateliers principle.
11. Give the relation between Kp and Kc for the equilibrium N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Ans: 𝐾𝑝 = 𝐾𝑐 (RT)-2 (Δn = 2-4 = -2)
13.Write the expression for Kc for the equilibrium N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
[𝑁𝐻3 ] 2
Ans: 𝐾𝑐 = [𝑁2 ][𝐻2 ]3
14. What is meant by conjugated acid-base pair ? Write the conjugate acids for CN- and H2O.
Ans: A pair of an acid and a base which differ by a proton is called a conjugate acid –base pair.
Conjugate acid of CN- is HCN
Conjugate acid of H2O is H3O+
6. p-block element
1. Mention the type of hybridization of carbon in diamond.
Ans: sp3
5. Graphite is good conductor of electricity but diamond is bad conductor of electricity. Give reason.
Ans: Because graphite contain one free electron but in diamond no free electrons are present.
7. Hydrocarbons
1. Explain mechanism of chlorination of methane .
2. Explain Wurtz reaction with an example
Or
How is n-butane obtained from bromoethane ? Write equations
dry ether
Ans: 2C2H5Br + 2Na C2H5 -C2H5 + 2NaBr
ethyl bromide butane sodium bromide
(bromo ethane)
8. Redox reactions:
1. Define oxidation in terms of electron.
2. Define reduction in terms of electron.
3. Calculate the oxidation number of (i) Mn in KMnO4 and MnO2 (ii) Cr in Cr2O72-
(iii) O in H2O2 and OF2 (iv)Fe in Fe3O4
4. Balance the redox equation using oxidation number method.
(i)Cr2O72- + SO32- Cr3+ + SO42- (acidic medium )
(ii) Cr2O72- + Fe2+ Fe3+ + Cr3+ (acidic medium )
- -
(iii)MnO4 + Br MnO2 + BrO3- (basic medium )
(iv) MnO4- + I- MnO2 + I2 ( basic medium)
2-
(v) Cr2O7 + SO2 Cr3+ + SO42- (acidic medium )
9. Environmental Chemistry
1. What is greenhouse effect ?
Ans: The increase in temperature of atmosphere due to presence of gases like CH4, CO2 and water
vapour, which absorbs infrared radiation.
2. How is ozone layer formed in stratosphere ? Name a chief chemical that causes its depletion.
Ans: Due to action of UV radiation on oxygen
Chief Chemical: CFC or chlorine containing compounds.
3. Name two gases which are responsible for green house effect .
Ans: CO2 and CH4
10. Thermodynamics
1. State first law of thermodynamics. Write its mathematical form.
2. What is intensive property? Give an example
3. What is extensive property ? Give an example.
4. Define entropy. Write its SI unit.
5. Write Gibb’s equation .Explain the terms in it.
6. What are the criteria for spontaneity?
7. Write the relation between Cp and Cv.
Problems:
8. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of benzene. Given, the enthalpy of combustion of carbon and
hydrogen are -393.5 kJ/mol and -285.83kJ/mol respectively. Also it is found that during the
combustion of benzene 3267 kJ/mol of heat is liberated.
9. Calculate the standard enthalpy of combustion of methane, given the standard enthalpy of combustion
of carbon and hydrogen are -393.5kJ/mol and -285.83kJ/mol resply. Standard enthalpy of formation
of methane is -75.16kJmol
10. Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of methyl alcohol from the following given data Standard
enthalpy of formation of carbon dioxide ,water and methyl alcohol are -393.5kJ/mol and -
285.83kJ/mol and -238.86kJ/mol resply
11. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of methane from the following data
C(g)+ O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H= -393.5kJ
H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) H2O(l) ∆H= -285.8kJ
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) +2H2O(l) ∆H=-890kJ
12. Calculate the total workdone when 1 mole of a gas expands isothermally and reversibly from an
initial value of 20dm3 to a final value of 40dm3 at 298K
R= 8.314 J/K/mol
6.Write Vanderwaals equation for one mole of a gas and name any two terms in it.
𝑎
Ans: ( 𝑝 + 2 )(𝑉 − 𝑏) = 𝑅𝑇
𝑉
Where T is temperature, a and b are called vanderWaals constant.
10. How is sulphur detected using sodium fusion extract of the given compound ?
Ans: On heating sodium fusion extract(SFE) with sodium nitroprusside , appearance of a violet color
indicates the presence of sulphur.
12. How do you estimate carbon and hydrogen in an organic compound using Liebig’s method?
13. Explain Carius method of estimation of halogens.
14. Write any two differences between resonance effect(mesomeric ) and inductive effect.
Ans:
Resonance effect Inductive effect
1. It take place in conjugated system 1. It take place in saturated system
2. It involves delocalization of pi electrons. 2. It does not involves delocalization of electrons.
3. It is a strong effect 3. It is weak effect
15. Write any two differences between inductive effect and electromeric effect.
Ans:
Inductive effect Electromeric effect
1. It is a permanent effect 1. It is a temporary effect
2. This occurs in saturated system 2. This occurs in unsaturated system
3.Attacking reagent is not required 3. Take place only in the presence of attacking
reagent
Br