Alexandria Engineering Journal (2022) 61, 2663–2672

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Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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Application of numerical methods in micropolar

fluid flow and heat transfer in permeable plates
Pooya Pasha a,*, Saeid Mirzaei b, Meysam Zarinfar c

a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mazandaran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box47166-85635 Babol, Iran
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering Shahid, Bahonar University of Kerman, P.O.Box76169-13439 Kerman,Iran
c
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

Received 10 April 2021; revised 16 July 2021; accepted 14 August 2021

Available online 30 August 2021

KEYWORDS Abstract In this paper, Micropolar liquid flow between two flat plates has been studied in Maple
Numerical methods; computational software. The innovation of this paper is to study the heat transfer and fluid flow
Permeable plates; through two parallel plates with Adomian decomposition Method (ADM) and Variation Iteration
Peclet Number; Method (VIM). Then, the results of these methods are compared with the numerical method under
Micropolar liquids a separate graph. Variation Iteration Method and Adomian decomposition method can be useful
for such problems, and the maximum difference in temperature profile and concentration profile
is observed between ADM and the NUM method is less than 1 percent. The characteristics of
the passing flow, the heat transfer from the fluid to the plates and the surroundings, and the con-
centration were examined using the Reynolds, angular velocity, and Peclet number parameters. In
other words, heat transfer increases with an increase in the Peclet number, and fluid concentration
also increases with a rise in the Peclet number. The maximum heat transfer occurs in the ƞ=-1, and
the minimum heat transfer occurs in the ƞ=1. In general, by increase the Reynolds number, the
amount of stream function decreased.
Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction polar liquids. In physical terms, they constitute liquids that are
suspended in an adhesive media and are important for engi-
The equations of motion, structural equations, and boundary neers and researchers who work with hydrodynamic liquid
conditions are obtained for a class of liquids called micropolar issues and phenomena. The theory of micro-polar fluids is
liquids. These liquids respond to rotational motion. Micropo- applicable to certain polymeric solutions, certain lubricating
lar liquids are those with a microstructure and belong to a class fluids, colloidal expansions and certain complexes. Ganji
of liquids with an asymmetrical pressure sensor which is called et al. [1] studied heat transfer and magnetic effects for nano-
fluid convective heat transfer using two models. In this paper,
convective heat transfer was studied using navard nanofluid,
* Corresponding author.
and the effect of Brownian parameters and the thermophoretic
E-mail address: Poooyaenginer@gmail.com (P. Pasha).
coefficient was revealed. Hatami et al. [2] investigated the
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
impacts of magnetic flow on the nanofluid flow between
University.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.08.040
1110-0168 Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
2664
Nomenclature
Pr Prandtel number
N micro rotation
G dimension micro rotation
ADM Adomian Decomposition method
Pe Peclet number
D* thermal conductivity
J micro density
H width of channel
parallel and opposite walls. The researchers examined the
nanofluid flow affected by the magnetic parameter using
DTM. The effects of the thermal conductivity coefficient and
the viscosity of the nanofluid were computed using the Brink-
man model. Pooya Pasha et al. [3] investigated the analytical
solution of non -Newtonian second –grade fluid flow by
VIM and ADM methods on a stretching sheet. This study
aimed at investigating the variation of heat transfer and veloc-
ity changes of the fluid flow velocity along the vertical line on a
plane drawn from both sides. Mirzaaghaian and Ganji [4]
researched the Application of the differential transformation
method in micropolar fluid flow and heat transfer through per-
meable walls. The innovation of this paper is to study the heat
transfer and fluid flow through two parallel plates with DTM
method. Seyyed Habibollah Hashemi kachapi and Davood
Domairry Ganji [5] analyzed the nonlinear equations in fluids,
progress in nonlinear science. In this book, they investigated a
lot of nonlinear equations by maple software. Nabwey et al. [6]
examined the numerical approach of micropolar fluid flow in a
permeable cone with nonlinear temperature. Mahesh Kumar
[7] studied the differential transform method for hydro mag-
netic fluid flow from a stretching sheet. The flow velocity
and the temperature increase with the Debure number in this
paper. HS. Gaikwad et al. [8] investigated the effect of Joule
heating and viscous dissipation in a channel under combined
pressure. According to this study, the velocity gradient in the
flow field increases due to higher viscosity and heat. M. Kumar
et al. [9] studied the influence of magnet nanoparticles on the
liquid between two compressed and parallel surfaces. Their
results indicate that velocity and temperature have an increas-
ing effect on liquid stress. Furthermore, the Hartmann number
increases with a rise in temperature and axial velocity. PK
Mondal [10] conducted research on the impact of entropy on
Couette liquid flow between warm parallel surfaces. He
demonstrated that the irreversibility production rate varies
with the rheological behavior of the fluid for a given wall heat-
ing. This research has analytically investigated the effects of
the Brinkman number and asymmetry on the Nusselt number.
PK Mondal [11] studied the effects of convection heat transfer
in an asymmetric porous channel. In this paper, an analysis
was performed on the convection of a Newtonian liquid
between 2 asymmetric parallel plates in a porous medium.
PK Mondal et al. [12] analyzed irreversibility minimization
in a viscoelastic liquid flow. The viscoelastic parameters, the
Peclet number, and the temperature gradient were studied in
this work. Given predetermined values of the mentioned
parameters, they produced the minimum entropy in the sys-
tem. D. Das Gupta et al. [13] researched about Thermo
P. Pasha et al.
Sh Sherwood number
Nu Nusselt number
Sc Schmidt number
P Pressure parameter
Re Reynolds number
VIM Variation Iteration Method
F dimension stream function
capillary-actuated contact-line motion of immiscible binary
fluids over substrates with patterned wettability in narrow con-
finement. Moreover; they calculated and evaluated the per-
centage of heat energy transfer. R. Sarma et al. [14]
examined the minimization of entropy generation in a
pressure-driven viscoelastic liquid flow. They reduced entropy
generation in the system using the Biot number and Peclet
number, among other parameters. S. Mukherjee and PK Mon-
dal [15] studied the viscous dissipation effects on a shear-
driven flow between two parallel surfaces with fixed flux
boundary conditions. In this work, an analytical form of the
Nusselt number has been created for Newtonian fluid flow
with constant properties for three cases of constant-heat
boundary conditions. PK Mondal and S. Mukherjee [16] inves-
tigated the limiting thermodynamic number in dissipative non-
Newtonian flows. According to the results, different tempera-
ture profiles and Nusselt numbers are obtained for different
fluids. R. Sarma et al. [17] analyzed the effect of heat transfer
on entropy generation in a microfluidic. They demonstrated
that the change in convection heat transfer due to the slip flow
and the associated nonlinear mutual effect lead to minimum
entropy generation in the system. Gaikwad et al. [18] studied
the Non-linear drag induced irreversibility minimization in a
viscous dissipative flow through a micro-porous channel.
Using appropriate wall thickness and wall-to-fluid thermal
conduction ratio they were able to reduce entropy generation
in the system. The results can improve the design of thermody-
namic systems. Abbas et al. [19] investigated the Entropy opti-
mized Darcy-Forchheimer nanofluid subject to temperature
dependent viscosity. Entropy generation, temperature, Bejan
number, and velocity were examined in this study. Abbas
et al. [20] examined numerically Hydro magnetic second veloc-
ity slip flow with nonlinear mixed convection towards a
stretched rotating disc. In this research, parameters such as
the Nusselt number, temperature, concentration, and drag
force have been calculated. The results show that the magnetic
effect influences the percentage of entropy. Recently effect of
Casson fluid, MHD parameter, nanofluid, Entropy, etc. on
heat transfer and flow has been researched by several authors
[21-33]. In the current work, we carry out a careful investiga-
tion of the impacts of the micropolar flow passing between
two flat surfaces. In addition, we use the two useful numerical
methods ADM and VIM and compare their results with the
main numeric method. The Adomian decomposition method
and Variation iteration method are some of the most accurate
tools for solving mathematical equations. These methods may
be used to solve the ordinary differential equation and partial
differential equation The innovation of this paper is to study
Application of numerical methods in micropolar fluid flow and heat transfer 2665

the heat transfer and fluid flow through two parallel plates @N @N k @u @v
qðu þv Þ ¼  ð2N þ  Þ
with Adomian decomposition Method (ADM) and Variation @x @y j @y @x
Iteration Method (VIM).This article aims to discover the effect  
l @2N @2N
of Peclet number, Reynolds number on heat transfer and fluid þ ð sÞ þ ð9Þ
j @x2 @y2
concentration, and validate ADM and VIM for such
problems.
@T @T K1 @ 2 T
qðu þv Þ¼ ð10Þ
@x @y CP @y2
2. Mathematical relationships and problem description
@C @C @2C
In this paper, a laminar micropolar flow passing between two qðu þ v Þ ¼ D 2 ð11Þ
@x @y @y
parallel plates and porous plates affected by fluid is uniformly
removed and injected with speed of v0.The plates are at a dis- Here, V is the velocity component in the y-direction, U is
tance of 2 h from each other. The upper plate is at a tempera- the velocity component in the x-direction, P is the fluid pres-
ture of T2 and a concentration of C2, and the lower plate is at a sure component, T is the temperature component, q is the den-
temperature of T1 and a concentration of C1. Also, the width sity component, Cp is the specific heat at constant pressure, l is
of each plate is W. The plates have been plotted in two- the dynamic viscosity, C is the specific heat, K1 is the conduc-
dimensional x-y coordinates, and the flow is two- tion heat transfer coefficient, j is the micro inlet density, N is
dimensional, according to Fig. 1. the micropolar angular velocity, D* is the molecular thermal
The equations for fluid flow are as follows [4]: diffusivity, and ls ¼ ðl þ k2Þj is the micro rotation viscosity [4]:
dq

þ r: q:!
v ¼ 0; ð1Þ
dt
ð12Þ
D!
v 
q ¼ rp þ ðl þ kÞr2 !
v þ ðkÞr N; ð2Þ
Dt In the above formula,C2 ¼ C1  Bx; T2 ¼ T1  Ax with B
 and a as constants.
DN 
qj ¼ k þ #s r2 N; ð3Þ The boundary conditions applied to the equations are writ-
Dt ten as follows:


qCp !v :rT ¼ k1 r2 T; ð4Þ y ¼ h; V ¼ V0 ; U ¼ 0; N ¼ s
du
ð13Þ
dyy¼h
  
v :rC ¼ D 2 N þr:!
! v r2 C ð5Þ du
y ¼ þh; V ¼ þV0 ; U ¼ 0; N ¼ s ð14Þ
The following equations are the differential equations for dyy¼þh
the fluid flow [4]: Where v0 greater than 0 matches suction, v0 less than 0
@u @v matches an injection and s is a boundary parameter and spec-
þ ¼0 ð6Þ ifies the degree to which the microelements are free to rotate
@x @y
near the channel walls. In cases, s = 0 represent streams of
 2  concentrated particulate matter in which Microelements
@u @u @P @ u @2u @N
qðu þv Þ¼ þ ð l þ kÞ þ þk ð7Þ around the wall are unable to rotate. Others Specific interests
@x @y @x @x2 @y2 @y
that have been considered in the literature include s = 0.5, rep-
 2  resenting low concentrations.
@v @v @P @ v @2v @N
qðu þv Þ¼ þ ð l þ kÞ þ k ð8Þ Streamline equations in the x- and y-directions:
@x @y @y @x2 @y2 @x

Fig. 1 Geometry of the problem.

2666 P. Pasha et al.

~
@ N ~
@ N Where N is a nonlinear operator, L a linear operator, and g
u¼ ;v ¼  ð15Þ
@y @x (t) is an inhomogeneous term. According to the following for-
mula, we can use a correction functional:
The new coupled equations using the equations and bound- Z t
ary conditions (1)–(11) are as follows [4]: unþ1 ðtÞ ¼ un ðtÞ þ kðLun ðeÞ þ Nun ðeÞ  gðeÞÞde ð28Þ
ð1 þ N1 ÞfIV  N1 g  Reðff000  f0 f00 Þ ¼ 0 ð16Þ 0

where k is a general Lagrange multiplier. Subscript n specifies

N2 g00 þ N1 ðf00  2gÞ  N3 Reðfg0  f0 gÞ ¼ 0 ð17Þ approximately n and un is displayed as a restricted variation. In
the below, we consider a correction functional:
h00 þ Peh f0 h  Peh fh0 ¼ 0 ð18Þ Z t  o
unþ1 ¼ un þ kfuns  D ðun Þunx Þx ds ð29Þ
/00 þ Pem f0 /  Pem f/0 ¼ 0 ð19Þ 0

Substituting the new boundary conditions leads to the where d D ðun Þis observed as a restricted variation. Its fixed
following: conditions can be calculated as follows:
0
ð20Þ k ðsÞ ¼ 0 ð30Þ

ð21Þ 1 þ kðsÞ ¼ 0; s ¼ t ð31Þ

Here, N represents the percentage of buoyancy, Peh denotes The Lagrange multiplier is written as k ¼ 1; and iteration
the heat Peclet number, and Pem is the mass Peclet number. Re formula can be observed:
is the Reynolds number and is greater than 0 for fluid suction Z t  o
and smaller than 0 for fluid blow. The Grashof number is unþ1 ¼ un þ funs  D ðun Þunx Þx ds ð32Þ
0
expressed using the symbol Gr.
k vs j v0
N1 ¼ ; N2 ¼ 2 ; N3 ¼ 2 ; Re ¼ h 4. Application of vim in the problem
l lh h t

tqCp t gb Ah4 First, we set linear part of the equation to zero:

Pr ¼ ; Sc ¼  ; Gr ¼ T 2 ð22Þ
k1 D t d4
f0 ðgÞ ¼ 0 ð33Þ
Peh = PrRe, Pem =ScRe dg4
Here Sc denotes the Schmidt number, N1 is the coupling
parameter, N2 is the viscosity gradient, and Pr is the Prandtl d2
g ðgÞ ¼ 0 ð34Þ
number. Next, the Nusselt number and Sherwood number dg2 0
are defined:
q00 y¼h x d2
Nux ¼ ¼ h0 ð1Þ; ð23Þ h0 ðgÞ ¼ 0 ð35Þ
ðT1  T2 ÞK1 dg2

m00 y¼h x d2
Shx ¼ ¼ /0 ð1Þ: ð24Þ £ ðgÞ ¼ 0 ð36Þ
ðC1  C2 ÞD dg2 0

where q and m express the heat flux and mass flux. The local And the equations are solved by writing boundary condi-
skin friction and shear stress can be written: tions for them:
0
du fð1Þ ¼ 1; f ð1Þ ¼ 0; gð1Þ ¼ 0; hð1Þ ¼ 1; £ð1Þ ¼ 1
sw ¼ ðl þ kÞ þ kN $ y ¼ h; ð25Þ
dy ð37Þ
0
2sw fð1Þ ¼ 1; gð1Þ ¼ 0; hð1Þ ¼ 0; £ð1Þ ¼ 0; f ð1Þ ¼ 0 ð38Þ
Cfx ¼ ð26Þ
qu2
The solution is as follows:

3. Mathematical procedure f0 ðgÞ ¼ 0:25g3  0:25g2 þ 0:25g þ 0:25 ð39Þ

g0 ðgÞ ¼ 0:5g þ 0:5 ð40Þ

3.1. Variational iteration method
h0 ðgÞ ¼ 0:5g þ 0:5 ð41Þ
To analyze the VIM method, we consider the following
equations: £0 ðgÞ ¼ 0:5g þ 0:5 ð42Þ
Lu þ Nu ¼ gðtÞ ð27Þ By calculating coefficient k and pasting into the formula,
we have:
Application of numerical methods in micropolar fluid flow and heat transfer 2667

1 X
1
k1 ¼ ðs  gÞ3 ð43Þ FðuÞ ¼ Am ð53Þ
6
m¼0

k2 ¼ s  g ð44Þ The Adomian method defines the solution U(x) by the ser-
ies [5]:
k3 ¼ s  g ð45Þ
X
1
u¼ um ð54Þ
k4 ¼ s  g ð46Þ m¼0

For N1 = 0.1, N2 = 0.1, N3 = 0.1, Re = 0.5, Pem = 0.2,

0 00 ðu  u0 Þ
Peh = 0.2: FðuÞ ¼ Fðu0 Þ þ F ðu0 Þðu  u0 Þ þ F ðu0 Þ
2!
fðgÞ ¼ 0:25000000000000  0:01562500000g7 000 ðu  u0 Þ
þ F ðu0 Þ þ  ð55Þ
 0:015625000000g6  0:00312499999800001g5 3!
 0:0031249999900000800003g4 By equating terms, the first few Adomian polynomials A0,
A1, A2,. . .[5]:
 0:25000000000000g  0:25000000000000g
3 2

0 0 1 00
þ 0:2500000000000g ð47Þ A0 ¼ Fðu0 ÞA1 ¼ u1 F ðu0 ÞA2 ¼ u2 F ðu0 Þ þ u1 u1 F ðu0 Þ ð56Þ
2!
gðgÞ ¼ 0:50000000000 þ 0:00625000000g5
5.1. Application of ADM in the problem
þ 0:01250000000000000g4
þ 0:131250000000000g3 þ 0:07500000000000g2 Given the linear part of the equation, the first sentence is writ-
þ 0:500000000000g ð48Þ ten as:

ð49Þ

ð50Þ

5. Adomian decomposition method f0 ðgÞ ¼ 0:25g3  0:25g2 þ 0:25g þ 0:25 ð57Þ

g0 ðgÞ ¼ 0:5g þ 0:5 ð58Þ

A general nonlinear equation is considered in the form of [5]:
LðuÞ þ Ru þ Nu ¼ gðrÞ ð51Þ h0 ðgÞ ¼ 0:5g þ 0:5 ð59Þ
-1
Applying the inverse operator L to both sides of (49) and £0 ðgÞ ¼ 0:5g þ 0:5 ð60Þ
using the given conditions [5]:
We write nonlinear parts and count A0, A1,A2, B0, B1,B2,
U ¼ fðxÞ  L1  1ðRuÞ  L1 ðNuÞ ð52Þ C0, C1,C2, Z0, Z1,Z2, V0, V1,V2, P0, P1,P2, Y0, and Y1, Y2
For nonlinear differential equations, the nonlinear operator and then consider the equation of the equation with respect
Nu = F(u) is observed in the Adomian decomposition method to the above-mentioned nonlinear sentences:
[5]:
2668 P. Pasha et al.

ð61Þ

ð62Þ

ð63Þ

ð64Þ

6. Results and discussion

After making the coupled differential equations (including the

equations for continuity, momentum, etc.) dimensionless and
solving these equations numerically and descriptively using
ADM and VIM, we explain the obtained graphs in detail.
Fig. 1 displays the schematic of the research article. Figs. 2–
4 show the convergence results of ADM and VIM and their
comparison with NUM. Fig. 5 displays the convergence graph
of the parameter g versus g in VIM. The convergence of g ver-
sus the range of g is shown in Fig. 6. According to the figure,
the value of g increases with an increase in Re, and vice versa.
Figs. 6 and 7 show the effect of Reynolds number in the stream
function. According to these figures, by increase the Reynolds
number, the amount of stream function decreased. Fig. 8 rep-
resents the micro angular velocity (N1) in the graph of g versus
g. As seen in the figure, an increase in the angular velocity (N1)
leads to an increase in the function g. According to Fig. 8 by
increasing the Reynolds number, the velocity boundary layer
thickness decreased. The same result is true in Fig. 9. Fig. 10
displays the graph of changes in g (amount of heat transfer) Fig. 2 The comparison of answers by VIM and ADM and
relative to the range 1 to 1. According to the figure, the heat Numeric for f(g).
Application of numerical methods in micropolar fluid flow and heat transfer
Fig. 3 The comparison of answers by VIM and ADM and
Numeric for h(g).
Fig. 4 The comparison of answers by VIM and ADM and
Numeric for £(g).
transfer slightly decreases with a rise in the heat Peclet number.
By increasing the Peclet number, the fluid temperature
increased. The trend of Pem versus phi is shown in Fig. 11,
according to which phi reduces with a growth in the Peclet
number. According to this picture, by increasing the Peclet
2669
Fig. 5 Display the g(g) function in the ADM method for
N1 = 0.1,N2 = 0.1,N3 = 0.1,Pem = 0.2,Peh = 0.2.
Fig. 6 f(g) profiles for several values of Re for VIM method with
N1 = 0.1,N2 = 0.1,N3 = 0.1.
number, the fluid concentration increased. Fig. 12 shows the
graph of g versus g in ADM. As shown in this figure, g
increases with the increase in Re in the range 1 to 1. In brief,
the value of the function g increases with a rise in the Reynolds
number and also micro rotation increased.
Tables 1 and 2 show a comparison of heat transfer and fluid
concentration between ADM and VIM methods and compare
these results with the NUM method. According to Table 1, the
2670
Fig. 7 f(g) profiles for several values of Re for ADM method
with N1 = 0.1,N2 = 0.1,N3 = 0.1.
Fig. 8 f(g) profiles for several values of N1 for ADM method
withN2 = 0.1,N3 = 0.1,Re = 0.5.
maximum heat transfer occurs in theg = -1, and the minimum
heat transfer occurs in theg = 1. The highest temperature
value ish = 1. According to Table 2, the maximum fluid con-
centration is £ = 1 in theg = -1 and the minimum fluid con-
centration is £ = -0.01 in theg = 1.
The specifications of the system used to solve the equations
are as follows.
Computer RAM = 8, CPU = core i7. According to
Table 3, the ADM method was obtained faster than VIM
method.
P. Pasha et al.
Fig. 9 f(g) profiles for several values of N1 for VIM method with
N2 = 0.1,N3 = 0.1,Re = 0.5.
Fig. 10 h(g) profiles for several values of Peclet number for
ADM method with N1 = 0.1, N2 = 0.1, N3 = 0.1, Re = 0.5.
7. Conclusion
In this paper, Micropolar liquid flow between two flat plates
has been studied in Maple computational software. We inves-
tigate the micropolar flow in a permeable channel using ADM
and VIM methods. The results obtained in the graphs for these
methods and their comparisons with NUM indicate their
acceptability and the appropriateness of the work. The same
Application of numerical methods in micropolar fluid flow and heat transfer 2671

Table 2 Numerical comparison of non-dimensional concen-

tration between ADM, VIM and Runge-Kutta method.
g £ADM £VIM £NUMERIC
1 1 1 1
0.5 0.7519 0.7443 0.7667
0 0.5000 0.5000 0.5209
0.2 0.3998 0.3988 0.4088
0.5 0.2480 0.2479 0.2530
0.8 0.0931 0.0977 0.1053
1.0 0.0116 0.0110 0

Table 3 Comparison of CPU time between ADM and VIM.

Numerical method ADM VIM
CPU time 2.77(s) 7.50(s)

Fig. 11 £(g) profiles for several values of Peclet number for

ADM method with N1 = 0.1, N2 = 0.1, N3 = 0.1, Re = 0.5.
results show that the Reynolds number is inversely related to
the Peclet number and directly related to the Nusselt number.

 The maximum heat transfer occurs in theg = -1, and the

minimum heat transfer occurs in theg = 1. The highest tem-
perature value ish = 1.
 The maximum fluid concentration is £ =1 in theg = 1
and the minimum fluid concentration is £ =-0.01 in
theg = 1.
 By increase the Reynolds number, the amount of stream
function decreased.
 By increasing the Peclet number, the fluid temperature
increased.
 By increasing the Reynolds number, the velocity boundary
layer thickness decreased.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing

financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Fig. 12 g(g) profiles for several values of Re for ADM method
with N1 = 0.1,N2 = 0.1,N3 = 0.1,Peh = 0.2,Pem = 0.2. References

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