2.

2 Basic concept
of Database

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Learning Outcome
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

Explain the basic concepts of database.

• Data Hierarchy
• Entity Relationship
• Data Type
• Data Dictionary
• Primary Key
• Foreign Key

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 Data Hierarchy
Data Hierarchy refers to the systematic
organization of data.

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 Database

Table Table … Table

Record … Record

Field … Field

Character …. Character

Byte … Byte

Bit

….

Bit

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Database
Database
Collection of table (Student Database)

Table 1 Table 2 Table 3

Tbl_student_info Tbl_course Tbl_hostel

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Table / File
Contains a set of records. Organize in row

Students_id Name Class_id Adress

Record 1 MS1550 Jamal Ahmad BC3T21 Sabah
Record 2 MS1551 Faridah Karim BC3T20 Sabah
Record 3 MS1552 Cristine Jery CP3T14 Sarawak
Record 4 MS1553 Suriyati Ali CP3T21 Sabah

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Fields
A single items of data common to all records

Fields 1

Students_id
MS1550
MS1551
MS1552
MS1553

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Characters
Consists of letter numbers and special character.

Field Name and

data on table is
Students_id
a combination
MS1550 of characters

MS1551

MS1552

MS1553

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Bytes
Combination of 8 bits to represent a character

Students_id

Character S come from combination

of 8 bits ( 1 bytes)

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Bits
Binary digit is a basic unit that use to represent an electric state on (1)
/ off (0).

Character S come from combination

of 01101100

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End of Data Hierarchy

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 Entity
Relationship
Diagram (ERD)
Tool that graphically shows the
connections among entities in a
system

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Entities
• An object in the system that has data.
• Examples: School have students, teachers, classroom and
students grades

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 Aka ER diagrams or Entity Relationship
Models.

Entity visualizes the relationships between

entities like people, things, or concepts in a
Relationship database.

Diagram visualize the attributes of these entities.

(ERD)
illustrate the logical structure of
databases.

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How to construct ERD
• Identify the entities
• Look at two entities, are they related? If so draw a solid
line connecting the two entities and add a diamond
between them with a brief description of how they are
related
• Add attributes
• Any key attributes of entities should be added using oval-
shaped symbols.
• Complete the diagram
• Continue to connect the entities with lines, and adding
diamonds to describe each relationship until all
relationships have been described.

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ERD Symbols

Entity Relationship

Entity
Combination
of Entity and
Attribute Attribute
Attribute
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 One to One, 1:1

Cardinality One to Many, 1:M

of
Relationship Many to One, M:1

Many to Many, M:M

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 EDR notation Crow's Foot
Chen Style
styles Notation

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Crow's Foot
Notation

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Chen Style

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Example

• An employee manages a store,

and each store is managed by an
employee.
• Customer has an account, and
each account belongs to a
customer.
• Lecturer teaches a course, and
each course is taught by a
Lecturer.

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An employee manages a store, and each store is managed by an employee.

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Customer has an account, and each account belongs to a customer.

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Lecturer teaches a course, and each course is taught by a Lecturer.

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End of ERD
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 Data Types
Specifies the kind of data a field can
contain and how the field is use

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 Text Memo Number Date / Time
Enter letter,
Number or Enter lenghtly Enter number Enter date or
special text entries only time
character

Currency Auto Number Yes / No OLE Object

Enter dollar and Unique number
Enter photo,
cent amounts or automatically Only enter
audio, video or
numbers assigned by the value Yes or No
other documents
containing DBMS to each (True or False) in other program
decimal values added record

Hyperlink Attachment
Enter email Documents or
address or web image that is
address that link attach to the
to a web pages field
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Data Dictionary /
Repository
• Contains data about each file/table
in the database and each fields in
those file
• Information about table

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Data Dictionary example
Student table

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 • Data dictionary for Student Table

Field name Data type Field size Description Default value

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eot

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