7/30/2023

Entity Relationship (ER) Model

&
Diagram

Presented by

Md. Zafurul Alam Khan

OCP (DBA)
Senior System Analyst, BCC

What is Data ?

DATA consists of Letters, Numbers, Characters, Alphabets or

combination of Alphabets & Numbers for facts.
Data is the name given to Symbols, Numbers, sounds, patterns etc.
which can be used to represent quantities and value of concepts.

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What is Information/Record ?

When defined meaningful related data are arranged in a systematic

way for meaningful purpose, is called INFORMATION. i. e,
Processed data is an Information.

Table/File/Relation
Record/Row/Tuple
Field/Attribute/Column

SL Name Designation Dt of Birth

01 ZAHID PROGRAMMER 301256

02 SAIFUL PROGRAMMER 231162

03 RAFIQ EXECUTIVE 200858

04 AHMED ACCOUNTANT 030554

05 HASAN SALES MANAGER 270967

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Field :

Consists of some Characters of the following types : i.e Numeric,

Alphabetic, Alphanumeric, Date etc.

Record :
A combination of related fields.
File / Table :
Collection of Records.

TABLE 1

TABLE 2

TABLE 3
DATABASE
TABLE 4

TABLE 5

TABLE N

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What is Database ?

Database is a collection of related information. Database is a

self-describing and organized collection of integrated records.

A database is a single organized collection of structured data

with a minimum of duplication of data items so as to provide a
consistent and controlled pool of data.

TABLE 1

TABLE 2

TABLE 3
DATABASE
TABLE 4

TABLE 5

TABLE N DEFINITION

DATABASE STRUCTURE
MANAGEMENT
MANIPULATION
SYSTEM (DBMS)
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Design Phases

 The initial phase of database design is to characterize fully the

data needs of the prospective database users.

 Next, the designer chooses a data model and, by applying the

concepts of the chosen data model, translates these
requirements into a conceptual schema of the database.

 A fully developed conceptual schema also indicates the

functional requirements of the enterprise. In a “specification of
functional requirements”, users describe the kinds of
operations (or transactions) that will be performed on the data.

Design Phases

The process of moving from an abstract data model to the

implementation of the database proceeds in two final design
phases.

 Logical Design – Deciding on the database schema. Database

design requires that we find a “good” collection of relation
schemas.

 Physical Design – Deciding on the physical layout of the database

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Design Approaches

Entity Relationship Model

 Models an enterprise as a collection of entities and relationships

 Entity: a “thing” or “object” in the enterprise that is

distinguishable from other objects
Described by a set of attributes
 Relationship: an association among several entities

 Represented diagrammatically by an entity-relationship diagram:

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ER model -- Database Modeling

 The ER data model employs three basic concepts:

– entity sets,
– relationship sets,
– attributes.

 The ER model also has an associated diagrammatic

representation, the ER diagram, which can express the overall
logical structure of a database graphically.

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Entity Sets

An entity is an object that exists and is distinguishable from other 0bjects.

– Example: specific person, company, event, plant

An entity is a set of entities of the same type that share the same properties.
– Example: set of all persons, companies, trees, holidays

An entity is represented by a set of attributes; i.e., descriptive properties

possessed by all members of an entity set.
– Example:
instructor = (ID, name, street, city, salary )
course= (course_id, title, credits)

A subset of the attributes form a of the entity set; i.e., uniquely identifiying
each member of the set.

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Entity Sets -- instructor and student

instructor_ID instructor_name student-ID student_name

Instructor
Student

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Degree of a Relationship Set

binary relationship
– involve two entity sets (or degree two).
– most relationship sets in a database system are binary.

Relationships between more than two entity sets are rare.

Most relationships are binary.

 Example: students work on research projects under the

guidance of an instructor.

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Mapping Cardinality Constraints

Express the number of entities to which another entity can

be associated via a relationship set.

Most useful in describing binary relationship sets.

For a binary relationship set the mapping cardinality must
be one of the following types:
– One to one
– One to many
– Many to one
– Many to many

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Mapping Cardinalities

One to one
One to Many

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Mapping Cardinalities

Many to one

Many to one Many to many

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One to one

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One to many example

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Many to Many Relasionship

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Draw ER diagram using following entity/table

EmployeeInfo SalaryCode Designation

EmployeeID PK SalaryCode PK DesigID PK

Name SalAmount DesigName
SalaryCode FK
DesigID Fk
DoB
Address AcademicInfo

EmployeeID PK
LastEducation

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Thank you

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