FOURTH EDITION The European Union Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration edited by Brent F. Nelsen & Alexander Stubb_eles 204 ye Re Pi Ai ne aro Conon Caton Paton an Sie Be Ro alsuan eae eer BCom ot ge ‘Ae eta ua, ems ben a Lois Nelsen and Gran Sabb ‘and othe memories of Christel rab and Front C. Nelsen18 Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the Nation-State and the Case of Western Europe ‘Stanley Hoffmann heey 1940 were optim years fer tens of tgiaon Th Eso ean Ecos Commun was rosin grt rar wt id pace re ermcnains soomed a have Sacoveted te rests by wich eae ncsbmized nation cols push the itenetone communiy Ieee Se eretg ate ond crn atcaly reve te posi of wa Hele oe loc i and of the ratinatte? Os Gavles precin of se et a cin 1968 manta to many tomate bearer IBecetacherstot ma ave and wal One of ar ws Stale Honann ‘end Unversy fname ho was brn n Vienna and alee in wartime Franco wound awry ong 1966 anda aril ch Doar ese eding "Pete tot be sear of Europe ore stl safinrrestd eos wt Cane et rir lingua ergage nse” cooperation see oe pate, auch a agtcntre ang rede. The members of he itrtpean Conmunte stubborn hag onto the sverigry ta ounce [LESS frlgn poly, neal seu, ond the use 0 ocr high Soitee hte only relat Berganing ny control ove portant pales ofthe ccorones i sxharge fo lear material bereft This Tee a cratan Holman gues rancid nits vy uch gto tne Europe “bojond the nabon stat (ae scopes trata saons does not nat to ay Legis coegen hi aa orl be a elt wo sows aration Fee ees tno ckintated wate that protect tha ver, cee mm snare war At tho sme eo, he eats hepossbily of epi om Dai om he a ne Trac nd Cans vel 25, SSSI Ped peed woh person om MI res Soul Cor ha Sebo acme Asdony Aru Sse Nees oes,182 Obst or Obst? lng intraoral bono, andthe inpact of dome pois on sae inert sec ooo fal, se to paostae ‘Epoot snes ae charge te stam of tate rc, but tent timate ste sovereignty Integration occurs, ecoring to Hofmann thon sovralgn sats, pursuing tanto interest ngorata con ekctocctnts new olin bled “engoranienaia” Wise [Sovermertal bugining eon resale smieant cooperation whan he [aye o the negotiate eoise Bu when sista Sagres ove ‘hoes cou of scion shoperton al at n Earp inte 30s Ineigovermataon this empha onthe rng of hans state, preidons treretal counter Te neokncloaten Chapt 1 wih [acento the roston of sovereign by supranational actor ona ttsne of he fest itergovenmentalis to calange th cor esimptons (fhe neounesonlas and us hlped ly the Mundin ar he great ‘hcreteal debate ofthe wal 1970 ‘The critical issue for every student of world ordar is the fate of ‘he atone. Inthe clear ag, the fragmentation ofthe Word lato ‘ules anit, eah of which as acai fo independence, s obviously Gangeous fr peace and Wogial fer welfare. The dynaisn wich a ‘utes thee nts, when they we pt merely ete of Limited expanse tr dynasties manipulate ty the Princes cakaations, bt noses ‘tat po ino thle oe policy the collective pid, ambos, eas, prejaies, and image of lng maser of peopl, prcuul fornia Se, Anata! teori could go hat aky stem of auonorous uns follows the sune bale ras, whatever the notre of hase uals, Bat a astice that in strytersbsapce mates as mach tei fom; {he str of woul atu since the Peach Revelution isnot merely o2e ‘mor sequence inthe bullet of sovecgn sates: i isthe sor of te es nd optesval propagated by maori, A elim to sovereign Based oo Tivol maior ans dyrase lemiey lone hat nover Bade free, ‘heselfrighoosr tersvenes which sir lm bane on he en ad ‘eninge of aloo pes! in word plies, the dyoasic fsa of ‘ational le the conetation of aaton ses by amalgamation or by fplistrng and ite emetional faction ithe supplying of «formidable good conscience eae wh seer tsk asthe achievement of ation ood, the fence ofthe nono he expsnson of ain ison. "Tis where the dams ls. The naon-sat athe sme ne & form of social ganization and—in pace if not im overy brand of ‘henry later of iteration! nominterain; but thse who are | favor of «mow istgrted word ether under more cesalies power ‘Seough various petwodaof regia or functional apecis, tnd Toge Seeders area eee ee eae eae eae Sealy Hofman 153 gue Com’ ol maxim ta on drut ec on rpc: he 208 mala have prove aot nl not od, at al Kd ‘Foc eration nwa adr, ce, ad eines fathom Serene po genes ov wht suo lt sea Taomenater oft ache cont abd sine me ‘Machi and imptet er ageoseetenton porn he se a nape fl the emonsenio nl exits They £0 08 ated este i eeges hss ide nny ny ‘itm mas nap tring soot a te r,t Vy ioe efollett whet epee Tire ves one pa of ho world n whch en of ool hot hth auton sate cond be sped, was Wester Bape, One of Fane's met ae Srastars on nec ples a sey ‘Sea of Cry pedean of AE ea te sins Euopsef ene ande nord of ore than silent ov Sie sts gil ure erie Ws ‘Sx Burpe “oye the mons dpi cet ve ded tiretors wi eae om wich soe! olvennt we ct ie In. Te cules sexed On fhe one td toes ene IM oat cone oe, an ont ola nd method for baling tue tad openly een deve wea Yarn th end of x nt song sth lo rar eaves ve to rvse wel jdgnent ot optinote at elRoe a in ‘iach fate may lb, tan nthe popaling power of Sheps th opis oe, ke my, ply eae share wrong. ‘iyovn soon sn singl The santas ti band the nev leon hs buen proc toa ie mae ia Wem oops hve nate eo op tne no igen pe Pll wr ental eset on bn, ee ns a ot {Sig no wpa! filet cons rer bth of proeenly Site eal evcamstaes sd nee npc, sd te hee Sey a een aires concent en wonmniy sng” voces fl ptm ier ose i eno itn eke often Doe ifn int we ves obviously ‘sander foreign pls: th ovolvaneat fhe poy 2 sre among which emeniynig” sme oe has ne ee ‘hing aoa oes, of hse diverges. The ease low: thei ln movement haben he sin, a tb rival natn ‘Steone, fte facts owe of whic caters oe inal ‘Sum, ale tr to oly x pet sytem very neon ‘Groner is mar np nd nding ote very of domete ter tin, peste stuns, and Oxo among wl aySee ee eee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee eee 154 Obwinat or bse? ination este bas on fenton eds true the yamics of ‘mevenes (well understood rape ont economic envennss, by sn to reprdace divest. However tar oberon aso at he lof he gene intrstioal sytem sould ae ou by elt 40 evelopment in which he ers othe ain-se ave pu tet bets fiir hopex Why mst it eaves of natas? Could it not be iver fy of exon, of “osecang” lcs, supereding he ton tat 25h Syma tte had eplacd th feudal puzzle? Or ese, why does the voy oak of couapations fa by hosity no lat the kind of extastropic tiesto of exhaaed yet terpenes, sketched ou by Ka? crue remeber that the nity movement in Berope was ecco an ‘emp crevting region ent, and tht oie and is Spgs ‘esembled, on he oud see aleutieny, tbe oes eared WP ‘Kann hi ea of Unter. | "The amwers te oo cniely povided bythe two factors hat come 9 ‘ind immediately. One the legitinacy of nana elders, te ly praepa wich rancend Scr an elope, since al pay lp rv to en provides he foondstion for te al "irl str” of ‘he inerntions syten: the United Nations. The oki he neues of smany ofthe ae, which ve weed hi independence by «nana {proge andar therefore tly to iow or give any what they ave ‘sie ony to recealy Howeve, the leptimacy ofthe ations ‘ot by elf uate the aatlon-rate's vival a he inten tat ‘trate sad the apes of nationals ae an omneipsting pasion So ‘ots tha th aio fest everywhere remain he baie form of SSclalogenizaton, int word in which many nation ae old ad sete td the shoncoming ofthe nation sae sre vious. The el anes a oviedby to sna fener ofthe peteat rato syste. One, Te the fit ty lol nteratna system: the vegioalubuytems Bare tly a ace atnany the “rlaoshpe of major tension” Bnet he ‘hae planet the dames poles are omiagied not so much by the Teen poles by purely ocala purl bal oe, whic ome Toelver the region's meets rom he intra aff oftheir ae, and Indeed weld mae an ele trestnent of toe aus imposible As reel each aston, new or ol, fn el placed in as oP af ov, fiom wich fi ate eifficult to move sway ort etmacion of te ‘egies offset by the pl o all the te faces. Ot change he Toronto, thse nao that vee inthe same apperentyseprae “hom” of geogephical region find temsclves beh expeed the sels alates ht come fom oatide through al ther windows and door, an looking atthe ouing houses fom which the interference {ses Coming fom dives pasts, moved by diverse tempers, ving dt ‘rent pts of he hose, neal et ern subjeted nd aad Sent Hefirem 155 tothe ouside wort tore cobebtn ect unevenly totes eposne and ‘Sette coltingly how they could eter reduce the distance or ‘itect ie cum al hose who Lie elsewhere The aust of thee ow ‘altos mihi be owe becomes sorted ht dvegenes abot the entice word in “regional sbeyetam”beeoes ase i the rary ‘of emenbers bout the syste sa Wk However te conics ofthe common hone could sil revatio inbabitnts ware fore fo come to tem, ele by ove ofthe, o by he fear of a iestening neighbor. Thins pessly where the eecond algae Fentr of the prosen station intervenes. Was eds fo perpetuate the tion states dessvely int sytem whowe avery seas © sharpen other tan shin hie vere ithe new ae of coadiions tat gover ‘Endres the rl offre: Datols word as become x boomeran Ihe Weslogica iginacy of th tint rotted by te eave ad foved tamenos of he worl ange Force in be mclear age sil the nivife of ocr” inofer a rvaluoory wae either breeds new ‘ten she egimes im existing natos: but the mc offre along ‘Sina lin, or conqest aad expason the yery we at ae he "pe ‘reblfeal wit ot nly esol but clipe an replaced then wih tovem ses often buon “lod and ion”—asbacome to dangerous. the eiimacy ofthe fal ait cold be andere a two ways: bro ily byte role of foro the big ie swallowing sul thy national night sub o eglmately 0 apeak, tough elf anderaining—e logic of dye meding onogeisios that eonsliates ager unit. ‘Spc based oo tational sele-eteritin cls ov th te: ‘which wats, nce creed, ld force a much luted weapon ees ‘te former Th ngalomeration by engoest rou fear of eongoes Fale tke place The now condone of vince tad even to pay tonal bord th uo ito vie: vslnce wich dows he lak i revolton rade ha tre was, ox pri in the form of such Vrs only when they socompenyreoltionso confit in dviedeoan- Ir perveanly rpc border by ifluting unde her rather thas by ‘hose thm vet. Tho al at et for anifition is wha ne might ‘slintlonlsetaeaon” or sel-anezaon, th event willingness “tnaons fo ty something ee bu retely global aelveneat Bbders to ha ei and heap of war removes the most pressing ines ‘he What enon se etnot provide loge is econo, cr Sefese— ican al wie tough means fr les dane has hare "Thee fo fee give i wl to the praipe of rational el israel ae ronene to he U.N, They also ive ts pes sd gute gue, shape fo te “relationship of major tension’: te ‘eee between as and West Tis confi s bth ted anf uve — tnt hth aspest conn ta th survival ofthe aos AS he pe !155 Obninu or bse? owers find ht what makes ir power overwhsing asp makes ess ‘ble, of ate usable only deer one another and to deny coh her {ashe lesser sates docover under he unbrllafthe racer salemate ‘they ae not condented to Gehan ht indeed thelr malsanes power isimpresive especially Wes he kind of violas tht prevals in preset ‘Sreorrianees favors the poreupine orc he elephant. The superpowers xpeence intr own camps te baclesh of elon against doin {Son hat ejye trad pany, and aan en ost or ere i pt Sos lato agslomeration under thir tatlge- Yt they rein the mena 0 vent ther powers fom aglomcrting sway om tir latches Tes, {the superporers compet, wi od uly ll over he lob, tho ation: fete becomes tn universal plat of sunco, owe the aew language of ‘Staeg)—the lowest common dnominater ine competion. ‘Othe ineatonasystes were merely conserve of diversi: the preset syst profouely conservative ofthe diversity of nitonates, {spite all se rovoutonry feats, The dream of Rowsea,conceoed Sat about the potalene oh ener wil he nto tte—and shout peice, vaste retin of communes ised from one aot In history, where "th essence and darn of nationalism spt be aloe ft the world” the cash of oon-oslated states has tended to bred both non-state nd mars. Toa, Rousea's als come close ely, ba inthe most or-Rouseatenn way: te nation-ses preva in eee, ey remsin unwoperseded beeass a fragile poace keeps the Kentan doctor faye are onreplacedtncaue their very invlvemeat in the eld, ee very lnabiiy wo insulse emseves rom on noe, reserves ie Sepurtccss Ths “new Bop” dreumad By the ropons cou tbe stubbed by force, Left ode wil ad clelaons of ss members, the ew foul has ot led becuse they could ot are on sole a he ‘vl. The fre (0 fe) of en experiment ried a eppaecl lal com Sion tls ws a grat deat abet contemporary wor poles, and abot the factional apoach fo wfcation, Fort sbows th the mover=i an {aint nly when hare sue of ations Ino pot at at sco when there ae dferece a abet of the aoa nee fale out arose onthe shape aod on the Weld ee of he aw, sepa tonal wie Since isthe proces of European ntepatin iat ss [Westen Europe's) "ot oii exe, we mut examine it alo, We ave been wiestng 3 [ad of ce, between the loge of interation ot op by Monel anda Iyzed by Hl, ad he loi of very analyzd show, According fhe flamer, the doable pes of tees (be lnerdpenience ote Sil ‘ir, which wil oblige ssesmen fo arta even sco: cial lft Sine Hetnaon 157 sncordinatd) and of mon (the ation of the supranational agents) wil [dally rst th eed of movement of te maonalsovemeats by ‘ming the minal vation fo oe of lesen. In such len, ‘oral wil ba Tue execs lo sachvouism, andthe tional on: ‘eiounse let Wl, 501 pea, be imprognsed by an arareres of he [pie imerest in union The lg of iver by coma ets is he ere to which the "plover proces” can i the freedom of action of the goverment trees the domain in whi he lope of fnctonal Intearation epee tte tea of ofr: 10 he eect ta ‘reper ver he ther ares begin o preva oer he Isbvius bao ‘slzaon in wef, even les belonging ro he ltr ape may become {sfc bythe damon) whch is In hse ote reas. TH logic of ineration i tof «blender whlch erences the mos vere pros, vecones the difeeatmstes ud prunes, and replaces he With oo tronumably dlsioar jie. One lt ech fem be grosnd becuase oa Sxpets a fer eyabesis that is, ambigity lps eaer hun hinders Sse cach “nee can ope it sew roval a tcod The Tope of vera the opps sugges ha, in areas of key impor leoce tothe aaa! terest, aoa prefer the certainty, oF the set ‘nto enor, of sua seltvcliee, othe uaconole woe: {emg of he ened Weer, ambigut cares one only apr of he wa The lone a nogreton assures ht ts possible to fol tach one of te ‘ssoclaes some ef tbe tie beewse his overall ain wil sil exceed hi ‘ctsonnt fess even ths xeon tm oat wrong ere or here. The Tope of very imple atonal se los ae a amped hy asin on ter (and ees ot cm othe ls vil) auc! nobody want be fone. The logie of ingation dems the nesta ofthe ‘Wpranaiona unton proces eat; the log of dvr sexe hem a save pass ceraln threshold Rossan out sie ony as org. as he guns filed with Banks. Ambiguity lesan alls the mos! eon ‘cious int integration as Yong as te eae are igh, the costs ow, Ihe expectations eonsierae. Ambiguity nay aoase ad ifn national “ssousess to nationale if the eae slo, he sss gh, the hopes dated or deferred. Functional niepain's gamble could Ye woo nly he tod had sunt pony to rome &pemaent exces of fai ove losses, an of hopes over rasratons. Teorey, is my be tio of economieintgrso. Ie wot tue of polite integration i the seme of “high poi), "The sient of he approach symbole by Fesn Monae depended, tnd depends il oo is winning ple gable on goals on methods, test A for lt pablo the ponsilty a satin mon ‘ean end fo lf, fo prearen on eade Tas that the wanton ‘opin dies dd na gro oa wheter the objet of he coneuniy-188 tne or Cbslte? ‘wilting etarrite ought to be the connracion of anew sper stato 1 edo poten ration, Ta U.S.A, moveable Beas oft es ‘source to ply th Udo! gee of power un the dared nao of ‘Wester Ewopeor whether he objet Was 0 cemeastats that over Is cond be overcome trough copention and compromise 0 bald te fist example ofa radelly new Kind of unt aceve a cng inthe ‘tare not mae inthe sal ofthe me, Monnet hist has boo Smbiuous opt coe Halim hs heen ean nthe fi irecton, ‘many of Monnet’ plc relations meni he cod. Nori te es Hoi agtee om whater Ihe sain goal was the eeaion of velo “seu commu” dat the puteation ofa farmer hated of Wes cr whether the mais goal was th creation of en cay Whose poston aad ‘might cold decisively affect the course ofthe cold warn arcu, of Iratioal elation in geoecal. Now Is petty possible fort move- ‘ett fed on ts harboring cotinetal nationalists ne well sat power "deals, nwardloking plicins and outmartloking pltiians bat nly song at there bo aed makes eke, Deco on ast sot eqe such choles. Decins on agriculture easy rause basi robs len of eietaon. Decisions on foreign poley and menbeship ead eens cannot be rached unless the gol re claifid. One canet be all ‘hings al people all of he tine “As fer methods, tere was a gamble a the ness ise of suprana- ‘ional Fneioatism, I asomed, ft chat rational soverinty, andy ‘svnand by evens coud be eed plea lea tke a aihk 1k Svumed, second, thatthe dems of governments faving fo choue lctwean pursing an inegraon Ut is Us bands sad sloping « move ‘en a ents tr people could be explo ia avr of eration by ‘en represen he commen god, endowed with te advantages of supe- or experi, inating propos, propped agin tof desiins, and ‘wing for tee cause the Yectnigoe of package deals. Foal, i yas ‘Sst he! hi sporoch would Bak ascot the eres of he reser per and prevent he crushing of he smaller ones. Th roubles ‘itn is pmb fave been numerous One, even an arihok ats Ret, ‘hich reais (ct afer the Ives have ben sen I sof cure Hs ‘hat a sucvsfl economic ad socal ietgrsion Would consider) Lait the feadom governments would tl exjoy ia thar for tas diplomacy tnd sategy: tt why hoa ae ass that they wold nat be amare of [VAs the mich’ bear gs roe at more dene, the goverment nave getemore and mare alee. Tobe gee, he reson seumton| Jmpie tht he ope fhe movement woul proven hem from dingy ‘would be tue oly i governments never put what hey cones eset Intrs f the atlon above the prc irs fcr eaogras Seley Hota 199 ‘atonal if superior expertise were lay iter the Commission's non by ortheslotion of tessa t hand i package deals wee este ia tray argument, tad shove aly ifthe gover representatives were ‘aye determined to behave a2 “community erga rahe than toe zn of atts ta re not wing to esas commaiy ner ay co “tows. aly intel intgration may ined give lading faction tothe snails powers, prosly bcuse is fr he aera of wel fie poer to nigh pois ib hghet and tat tho eoaco of gating box sis through iecgovermeatal methods that ele ater has erect he ower dierent between te big and th srl is poorest but i 80 ‘hy the metho snot Hkely a ia longus to salty the bigger owes ruc facing them, te supranational vil servant, for al hi kl aod egal pers, ae ai ke formes tying to tn nfs ft sith. OF ‘nse, he erika o ave foe an senile Procedure in wich supranational cv servants eater aisiogu with ational ministers, oe tly federal ose in Which eTeeraleabicet responsible to a ede pies; bat whats thus presets nat ropes ma) tu ut Be soar el, inc he mins Bode Ky ‘ethe wantin, and ma rf ula he esl adie ed he ‘at aeaty coved are esac. "Tre was a gamble aout rents well. The experience of imgra- ton wend eatal bests for alan rng abot clear prose toward ‘onmunity formation, Such progress coal be messre by te following Yardstcks: inthe realm of iter Telations, an ceasing wanstr of over to the row common agencies, andthe prelene of solions ngrading the common ners over fhe Kinds of compromises in he scan of tansatoal cet, an ineaing Now of earruneatons tbe ‘eu of nal concours x portant bth for inert le Hi, Bocas Sem above ay st Kimi fo the semen nee te and fer wansnatioa sony, ecase afl he ape ad meaning ‘communication Nows—progrss would be nested by leresing com tality of view aor exeral sue, The reat achoved far re Innes egntive onthe lst coun (se below), ited 0 he sect ad marked onthe fist by features tat the enhsists of ineretion did at ‘upset On th oe and ther at bon some eengthening fsbo of the Commision, adn varios arate has boon some "wparaing of ‘stam etre” On the other Ban, she Commision’ anor ‘pt consist those gags at de Gale's exper, athe spring oF tas boop abon arin seb fo th whol exepeies more coin tir egitions th mtbr hav conepieuosyfd ofid ‘common interest in some vial reas nrg. England's ent) rd some Timor sees in ehing spacey “ineprating” deine oy arte ‘os uaguiny, teional nds of Saganing, neo wacom ke160 Obsinne or Oban? reshode a det, latuns end ealiatory woes, were wed. In the ‘rd, eltert sal as ot ached, oi as casi in way that Was Ss th posto he eal nd inal its desboyer. Ife look athe lesions ofthe Common Macket as an incipient politcal mem a Europ, we find that te ahory remained, nretere weak, opel bese ested an distant. ‘Ther are wo zoportant ger esoas ob can re from a study of the process of integration. The fist coacems the limi ef the functoea ‘bod: very (ative) sucees inthe rately pales area in whch ‘kwon slatvely wel ite th ppt th evel of fees wich Jt coes no apply well arymore—Iike swimmers whos sills at moving quickly away foe th ore deny brings them ote poit where the Steers ae ormi apd deepest ats ne when fg le seg a and tone of th ouston abou the ult go, dection, and length of im fas been anavered. The factional process was ued in order to "make urope once Earoe began being mae, the process collided wit the ‘ution: “making Europe, who for?” The procrs is ike grinding ‘Baciae tht can Work only if someone keeps sing it something to red. ‘When te users stat quaeting an sto proving, the machine sos. For ‘while the mactine worked Seca he govermans poured ino t's com ‘mon sotemination to ilgrte their cconomie in ordr 19 mune ‘neh tits her weal seca, equ of what to do Wi it Ws going ae: ateclgue capable of sopplyng means does not ipso {Jato provide theo, adits aout hos eas that goes ave broken ‘oa They might have ben avoided ifthe situation bad beea mor com> poling—i th Six had ben so conped up that ech oes horizon would Ive Been nothing tera i fv pater. Bu i as ever ac hele ‘aloo, na ny mene their cen acca Wiig te Wh The ober, bat ot on em to diferent rom i va ane Six we ot 5 te postin ft tre sera prisorars of No El. rnsferaiog a ‘pendant ays” pone oboe things dfnng rete tal ter subsystems an ote lerotoal syst in genera stares ot tote lt amotherinded, so formidable a mater at keep the aso matog ofthe sbsytem in abeyance ntl those elton cn be defined. “Te mode of fencton! integration, subtite for the ind of instant federation which poverments hed no men propard io acep, ows ‘vii in iportat epee Oae ese an smistetve ode, ‘rhc elie ureters expris forte promotion ofa pale deficed Uy the policy auton, endfor th dfiniton of poliy thet poliel Aeisooates are techalealy Incapable of shaping—somsting Tike French planing under the Foch Reb, The bope was han the Seni Hotineen 181 sos of plc bickering the adit could ud wp cone ‘he ike war to olve ht fom ta wt well wha craln Tit pannces—and that oven within the inte of "welfee plies” ‘dinsvative sil ean lays ovecome be dsnsous effets of piel lyse or mismnagenent (he npc of into, orbs of ay smears, on plaig) Tro th ode sees thatthe basi pol (dein ow pepe and pursed bythe cl evans et fray ‘rade by te goverment would bo vache! hough We proces f shor {em bral, by plicane whoee mode of pein i epi mud dling Group of he ind tht pus named advange above longa sls ths model conesponds well othe ature of psiameatary ples ‘ih weak Executive, for oxampe te pots ote Fourth Rep, Det te mistake vaso belive ta al plicl regimes would conform is ‘ater som image, ad abot ignore th disastrous sults which he i isl example prodaceé whenever conflicts over Yalus ed fundamental sfoies made mee empire poping sles or wore than welts ‘coloiation "The second lesson even mare dlcouagng forth advocates of func- tinal, Tove th analogy ofthe grinder, want as happened sth tie machine, piqued by the slowing down of supply, ual sagaeted © is ners hain he fate te sppiying of sinling teil then ot of | tecome tn actor with a ain own survival td expansion, But bre sve deal nt with oe bet wih sx pita ystems nthe reat for he Tetecvenxs ofthe Counc of Minster ofthe Six may te he exe ‘oughnes, not be Weakzes, of te matorl palit yeas invaled. Ia ‘er words, by uying to ea Fre te bueanrey ee inevia.kes Tue even rote ofa snk tha the ations yt coe rt ns ae "Nes compotion has aed al ee abate eae hat vie its paiian Wat ar ho prospect la Werte rope? What geeraliztions can on dw fom te mile expen? eas besome posible for schol fo argue both ht integration i ro- ‘coding a hn the exin-site sore than evr th bane uni thot onan each ter, for eset dations of ltgzaton “beyond the ‘tion-t" polat ot toward tho emergence of « ae ind of paca mun bt merely tard “un cbscuring of th Bounario batoos tiesystem of intentional organs un te environment roid by meer sates" There are wo epreanimpicatons,162 cbs or Obie? ‘Te fst oe, 01 2 paraoxialy vito fe nations the basic unit ofa, acyting thts “beyond” is "es: thal re te coopertive tangeteate wil ating depot of autonomy, pow, tn legiticy, bo there has bee no teanafr of alleane tows thle ‘ssn an teat inte codon, depots tnd reverie, There more tha a eel ft inte Fedele of fnctional iteration Fenetoalom fends to bocone, at beat, ke 2 el tha cols ain, So fr, the testering (ot xcasve expectations of bnefs rom the aan att ore lage” lane hen ‘Soe oth asthe main focus of expectation. and atthe nin, pce= ‘er, supervisor and olen dor of th ape en forint ne “atonal aes the se e ilh lgest poser of power, nd while aot ‘very sate i pltieal ommunay ere is ye o poll commit ‘more inclive fan the sate, To be sie, ce miliary Tanetion of te “ian I it ee: bt ier ath whole world le "permeable" to cee weapoes, any nw type of mit would faethe sme horror an, Insofar a the prospect of such honor makes war more sb and crs est es iy de dline a he ses espa to defend eae ‘her oa no fice! ofc heaton ao lint decline. The ‘sstice of the matin sas proven nat al y the fran of fn "onan bt als y ath the promise and he feof Fede, One ue ban, Federal ofr way of ging “beyd the nation sae” Det Ieonsn in buing 8 new and larger nation sas The cle enews at the soy th gauge ot the pe. Indeed, te Federal model apie 0 the "aking af Europe the Reusesuiatic eheme for the cio of ‘ton it ams eetblitng uit ned by sonal power and bas on the general will fa European pop. The Feels ae ight ie nsing ta Westen Earpe's st ance of ele a eee ent wou be ot to go “beyond te nation st” bu fo become ger nation sae the ‘rocest of formation and in the business of wos pis: tat i 0 Become a sovereign politcal commarity Inte formal ese a leet The soceess of Feetlisn would be ut tothe daly of the nation State; is Tare so fr dae wo the ielevance of the nad. Not oly ‘her no gectl wil of « European people because tee 8 cf now no Bropern people tte Inston tht could greeny (and theo tally shape he separate nations noone people ae no the mos ily 0 oo. For he domestic problems ef Europese mats for ecniea ons by civil servants a sisters cuter an for genera il a ‘ssembles (a general wl to prompt i not very operational) The exter Tel oben of Htzpe are mates or eesti oa cpm, As er he ‘ommon oun ut up by the national governments, wha he ty a 481 Barpean excite aad paaments hey are both condemned opt isin the fog mained around tem by te govenments and slapped Serle Hota 168 own fey uy wo dispel he fog and each he people themes. In ter ‘onde, Emope camo! be what soe ton ave ee’ people dat r= "ets tater or can bs wt some ofthe ols sates are and aay of thenew one apie to Be «people ereted by the tat It ast wal al "te separate ses decide thar thee peoples ar close enough ost "ropan sata whose ak Wil be te welding ofthe many no oe nd We fave os cxamiaed why sah a Jon eclson has ben missing. The Yo ‘tacks which tke the Foterist mal irelevant oman too diver “nd divided lo make all forms of anon sor of Feseralise pero. Fnetonliem to wale forthe ek of complet pole! wan, Ima neg economes, bt either te nas wil hen proceed oa fall lial merger (whe ecunanisitgraton dos ot grants) —in ha ‘Sse te federal model il be vadested the ed, he new un wl be & ate forging ts ov paopo by como and trough te abcaton ofthe evous spurs, bt Ue codons for soccess dsc above wll, Ive to be tor elo he ntooastntions wl remain to divergent, ‘nd fenton wil be meray way of ting together oe preeising ton in aris deem of common noes. Between te eopeation af “ining nations an the being anew one there iso stable idle round A federation that reseed Besomes saan one ht fl leads teecenios balay ates ke prenatal fetal st te ‘sowtall oral back BUI he amon, posed as the basi nit, sarives transfered ‘Ameag the en whe se in "oionsl sovesimty” the Newest of| ‘mankind, dose who pt cs hopes i the development freon oper “tes are local, those who ps their hops othe eablishmeat of 4 ‘ord state are opin, tose who pa thei hopes inthe growth of ane Visnal politisl communities more snlsive than the aaa-att ao 120 ‘nine. What as te derstood and sixed aoW-—far more tan has ‘eo de, nd carly fr more than hs sey Was ble to dois, rater tan he creat of svat communities, te tansormatin of "atonal ‘reign cas not ben superseded at to arses it has Pen ep "dof former ng; there rn speaen, a yet he sre Bae Been somewhat tamed The mods ofthe nation state derved ro he inter ‘ional aw snd eso ofthe past hen thre wa itd amber of| Players on stage that was less cowed aid in which violence was less ‘ity, alice aly fly to he stun of aay. The basen, having fwolested, bas also become touch more heergenaoa the rage hat nk, at is occupied by plajers whose very number forces each 0 10 That, brits combust nevertelos scares tom frm pahing their ick to ar. Te tons oy ina new wine ol ots, oro Bo Usha are somtimes only a medion imitation ofthe oli aot he ‘Sine win, Wt at be ariel i no jute lege of he164 beta 7 obec? sovesgn ite, but he eat apc ats psa granted the so Sts euory, bow mock of eat tee, a hh a re Tae {ae many wig of gong "beyond th alo te" ad sue my ‘utes wit eng the form oeeting ew fu, To Bees longa ld frm a her, longa he et te athe see thor, tee is ange for pence fr wes elves te yi “pts ae han rsd ty Ts an wat nd rea eet he at a Glee Westen wh ig ut with send ives, puns n+ chen gag al nc te freedom af tion i ot he sm. Aa examina ofc onl implications of nao stucood ony end peed) i kat snp Mat her otek on he pont Note. litt tow vin nana iia ad ic slic Recs of Tow Acer an fae Kel od ‘pes Nees Lang, MTom ena (989 68 3 19 The Theory of Economic Integration: An Introduction Bola Balassa Feats fuctonaits ond neafunctinats the posta pefod were lngeyeorcrnad ith the poten tse af itagrasin even ome of (im fn” move oderafte and fenconalst) pot to stortion tothe Doll dnersion of integration proce. They wera, aa hey ‘Starred tne pent revluton oferta cones Porua ecm ‘Sst wae ao eretog nto moron prouae Europe but fr a ‘irnt scone thoy nee engaged haesrong the proces of economic ‘agro a osc on wore Ae war rang West European nto beckmeundinab in he yours irri flowing Wert Wr he scorer gar of tration became the chat mate er canting te [oats Thm the wor of tbe economia on adie Inport. “ela Bales (1928-1990), «profesor of pols sconmy a lho opine Unvrsey wes one of he mor produce stuots of aconomie ‘ngraton Dwg on te work of aco Vier ane athe, Bln a ‘moor conmbuton to our undartnaing of te elects of eration on Tats and ether econo acho nthe 184s ane 1970 Ins ro ‘ctor duptart he Impartant work, The Thar of Ezonome tegration (9961 falc deinen exami lngrtion ates sages, acres Dolla and dosagial arpa othe ingraton proses, od Joes tht he means by Seaoomie wale." Fth, lus argue that ne {tinegraten, whe perhaps pokey axpecars iat oeeonoricly ‘efenbicoe"thesmalonecuswiograton ofa sor ‘The Concept and Forms of Intogration In everyday sage he word “ington denotes the bringing together of te lt wn nthe esoomeiertre the ten “xo tga” Aid om The Toren aan 8, 196 Ne