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WH O LOV E D O L D E N G L I S H L I F E AN D L I T E R A T U R E
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b efore t h e C o n q u es t .

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U N I V E RS I T Y o p V E R M O N T
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I N T RO D U C T I O N p m

I . T H E C O M PA R ATI V E STUDY OF R I D D LES

II . O R I GI N A LS AN D A N ALO G U ES OF T H E E xE T E R B O O K RI D D LES
S Y M P H O S I US
A LD H E LM
T ATW I N E
E U S E B IU S
L AT I N E N I G M AS A N D TH E E X E TE R B O O K
B O N I F AC E
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PSE U D O B E D E
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THE R I D D L E S AN D C Y N E W U LF
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IV . S O L U TI O N S OF THE E X E T ER BO O K RI D D LES l xx i x
V . THE FO R M AN D S T R U C T U RE O F TH E E X E T ER BO O K RI D D LES l x x x i v
VI . T H E M AN U S C R I P T S

B I B L I O GR A P H Y
A B B RE V I A T I O N S

T E XT

N OTE S

G L O S S A RY

I N DE X O F S O LUT I O N S
 I N T RO D U C T I O N

THE C O M PA R A T I V E STUDY OF R I D D L ES

W h a t is a ridd l e ? M a n y s c h o l a rs h a v e so u g h t t o a n s w er t h is q u es
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t h e h i s t o ry o f o u r s u bj e c t w a s c re a t e d h o w e v e r i n 1 8 9 7 b y t w o m o n u m e n t a l , ,

w o r k s : R i c h a r d W O S S idlo s c o l l e c t i o n o f o v e r a t h o u s a n d c a re f u l l y l o c a l i z e d N o rt h
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a r e m o re c l e a r l y c o n s c i o u s o f h a v i ng l e a r n t s o m e t h i n g fr o m t h e i r s e n s e
.

o f s u r p ris e a t t h e w a y in w h i c h t he s e n te nc e e nd s a nd t h e i r s o u l s e e m s ,

t o s a y Q u i t e t r u e a nd I ha d m is s e d th c p o i n t
,
, T h is t o o i s t he re s u l t .
”
, ,

o f pl e a s u r e a ff o rd e d by c l e v e r ri dd l e s ; t h e y a r e i n s t r u c t i v e a nd m e t a
’
o r ic a l in t h e i r t x r c s s io n i s A ris o l e s o i n i o n t h a t no t o n l y a r e
’

p h p I tr f

t t p . . .

m e t a p h o rs t h e ge r m s o f ri dd l e s b u t t h a t e n ig m a t i c c le r r n n t s a pp e a r in ,
.
‘
t

a ll m e ta p h o rs si nc e t h e s e a r e de ri v e d fro m o bj e c ts w h i c h a r e c l o s e l y
,
,
‘

re l a te d t o t h e t h i ng i t s e l f b u t w h i c h a r e no t i m m e d i a te l y o b v i o u s .
’

G a s t o n I a r is d e fi n es t he ri dd l e a s a m e ta p h o r o r a gro u p o f ln e ta
’ ‘ '
'

p h o rs t h e
,
e m p l o y m e nt o f w h i ch h as no t p a sse d i nto c o nn n o n u s e ,

’f
a nd t h e e xp l a na t i o n o f w h i c h i s no t se l f e v iclr nnt f I nd e e d m a n y ri d -
,

d l e s go b a c k to a t i m e w h e n e xt e r na l o bj e c t s i m press e d t he h u m a n
m i nd v e r y d iffe re n t l y fro m t h e i r p rese n t effe c t a nd c o n s e q u e n t l y s u g
ges t e d m e t a p h o rs w h i c h a t fi rs t s e e m to u s a l m o s t in c o m p r e h e n s iblt- t
,

'

b u t w h i c h c h a r m u s w h e n we h a v e t h e c l u e to t h e i r m e a n i ng "
I he .

’
m a k i n g O f ri dd l es s a y s ,
req u i re s a fa i r po we r o f i d e a l c o m p a ri ‘

s o n a n d k no w l e d ge m u s t h a v e m a d e c o n si d e ra b l e a d v a n c e b e fo re t h e
,

o c e ss c o u l d b e c o m e s o
’

p r fa m i l i a r as to fa l l fro m e a r nes t i n t o s po r t .

L i nd l e y n o t e s 13 t h a t R idd l es p l a y u po n a na l o g ie s a m o ng t h i n gs pe r
‘

c e ive d E sse n t i a l l y t he p ri m it i v e m o d e o f i n v e n t io n i s a s fo l l o w s : S o m e
.

o ne d i s c o v e rs a n e w a na l o g y a m o n g n a t u r a l o bj e c t s f o r m u l a te s a q u es .

t i o n c o nc e r n i ng t h i s a nd t h u s a n e w ri d d l e i s bo r n
, ,
An d h a v i ng .
,

i t s d ee pes t r o o t s in t h e p e r c e p t i o n o f t he a na l o gies o f na t u re t he ri dd l e ,

i s b ro t h e r to t h e m e ta p h o r w h i c h h a s b e e n s o i m po r t a n t in t he ,

( i u m m c r e p o i n t s o u t in h is
’
m e n t o f l a n g u a ges a n d m y t h s .

(
If f ue l/y ” t h a t m e t a p h o rs o f t h e s u b s ta n t i v e m a y we l l h a v e bee n
‘

t h e o rigi n o f t h e ri dd l e s i nc e e a r l y k e n n i ngs o f te n re a d l i k e ri dd l e s
,

in Fi nn i s h t h e s u n s h i n e i s c a l l e d t he c o n t e n t s o f Wa in a m o iii e n s
“ ' ’

I n t ro d u c t i o n t o Ro l l a nd ,
p . V III .

1
“

C H I /a r e, edit io n of 1 903 , I , 90 - 9 1 .

I A m e r ica n jo u r na V I I I ( 1 8 96
l o
f 4 84
[ ay e /1 0104 7 ,
.

L i n d l e y re m a r k s w i t h a c u t e n e s s : W h i l e t h e m os t p r i m i t i v e fo r m s h a v e c h i e f
‘
.

re fe re n c e t o n a t u r a l o bj e c t s t h e e v o l u t i o n o f; t h e r i d d l e re fl e c t s t h e s h i ft i ng o f
,

m a n s c h i e f i n t e res t fro m e x t e r n a l n a t u re t o m a n h i m se l f S o m e of t h e m o s t
'
. .

f a m o u s r i dd l e s a m o n g t h e G re e k s h a v e t h i s h u m a n fo c u s S o wi t h o u r A N KIO .
’
'

S a x o n r i dd l es .

II N e w Y o r k 1 9 0 1 p p 4 5 1 4 5 2 C f S c h e re r ( Je /1
, , . d n /r e in L it p p 7
- . .
,
re . e . .
,

a nd R M M e ye r A/{r e r n m m i / e F e ie p 1 6 0 ( c i t e d by ( J u m m e r e ) ; a n d n o t e
. .
,
r
re z a r
, .

i l l u s t r a t i o n s i n G roos [N e le r M n u /z e n p 1 9 5
, ( e ,
. .
xiv I N TROD UCT I O N

m i l k bow l
-
. ri dd l e i s w i t h o u t its e l e m e nt s of
H a r dl y a A fe w
e xa m p l es w i l l ser v e a s w e l l a s a h u n d re d I n o n e o f th e m os t f am o u s .

of t h e riddl es of Sy m ph o s iu s ( N o 1 1 ) T F l oo d a n d F i s h a pp e a r a s n o i sy .

h o u se a nd q u ie t gu es t I n t h e p o p u l a r O ld G er m a n ri dd l e Es flo g e in .
,

V oge l fe d er l os u s th e fe a t h er l ess b i r d i s t h e S n o w a n d t h e m o u t h
, . .
,

l ess w o m a n t h e W i n d An d in t h e ri ddl es of th e E xeter B oaé t h e P en i s .

ca l l e d the j
‘
oy o f the W i n d h e a v e n s t oo t h ( R id a nd
‘ ’ ’
.

t h e s t o n e s o f t h e B a l l is t a t h e t re a s u re of it s w o m b R M 92 is .

b u t a serie s of k e nn i n gs S o m e t i m es t h e u se of ri ddl e k e n n i n gs i s v ery

.
-

'

c l ose to t h a t of t h e R z m z r P oem ” .

I n it s origi n s t h e ri dd l e i s c l ose l y c o nn e c t e d n o t o n l y w i t h th e m e t a
h or b u t w i t h m y t h o l ogi ca l p erso n ifica t io n F ro m o ne t o th e o t h e r i s b ut
p .

a s te p . S o t h oro u g h l y d oes ri ddl e m a k i ng b e l o ng to t h e m y t h o l ogi c s ta ge

‘ -

of t h o u g h t s a y s Ty lo r fi t h a t a ny poe t s si m i l e if n o t to o far —
,
’
fe t c h e d ‘ ’
, ,

n ee d s o n l y i n v ersio n t o b e m a d e a t o nc e i n t o a n e n ig m
’
a A s the m e ta .

h o r l a y s a n i m m e n se r ol e in t h e fo r m a t io n of m y t h o l ogies so t h e ri dd l e
p p ,

i s e a r l y a sso c i a t e d w i t h i m agi n a t i v e c o n c e p t io n s of n a t u re a nd t h e d i v i n e
**
s p iri t U h l a nd is rig h t in s a y i n g
. t h a t m y t h s a n d ri ddl es a pp ro ac h m o s t .

c l o se l
y t o o n e a n o t h er in t h e c o n c e p t io n of t h e e l e m e n t a l for c es of t h e
gre a t er a n d m ore p o w erf u l n a t u r a l p h e n o m e n a : W e n n nu n da s R éith s e l ‘

d iese l b e n o d er ab u l i c h e G ege n s t an d e pe r s onlich ge s ta l t e t u n d in H a n d l u n g

se tz t so ers c h e i nt e s se l b s t n ac h a u sges p ro c h e ne m R a t h w o r t au f g l ei c h er
,

S t u fe d e r B i ld l i c hk e i t m it d er M y t h e n b es a g t er Ar t T h e ri dd l e l i k e t h e .
’
,

m y t h a ri se s o u t of t h e d esi re t o i n v es t e v er y d ay t h i n gs an d t h o u g h t s
,

w i t h t h e g a r b of t h e u n u s u a l a nd m a r v e l o u s S o in th e ri ddl e q u es t io n s .
-

Th e of W a c k e r n a g e l [l m / Ms Z r I I I 2 5 h a v e b e e n oft e n c i t e d : V e r
wo r d s ,
a .
, ,
‘

s inn lic h u n g d e s g e i s t i g e n v e r g e is t i g un g d e s s i n n l i c h en p e r s o n ifi c ie r u n g d es u n
, ,

p e r s on lic h e n v e rs ch o n e n d e e r h e b u n g d e sse n w a s a llt aglic h v o r u n s l i e g t a l l e s da s

' '

, ,

ge h or t z u m w e se n d e s r at h s e ls w ie e s z u m w e se n u n d z u d e n m i t t e l n d e r p oe 5 1 e ,

ge h or t ; u n d so m oc h t e k a u m e i n v o l k s e i n da s p o e s i e b e s as s e u n d k e i n e fre u d e
a n r at h s e ln
’
.

TFo r t h e h i s to ry o f t h i s w o rl d r i dd l e se e m y a r t i c l e AI L JV X V I I I 3 5 ;
. -
,
.
, ,

a n d n o t e s t o k id 8 5 . .

t T h i s a p p e a r s i n L a t i n fo r m a s e a rl y a s t h e t e n t h c e n t u ry ( R e i ch e n a u M S 2 0 5 .
,

M iille n h o ff a n d Sch e re r D e n b n af e fl 1 8 9 2 p F o r i t s v a r i o u s v e r si o n s se e
'

.
, , ,

W o s s idlo N o 9 9 , . .

27
7
f u g l e s w yn ; c f 5 2 4 9 3
, .
,

It S e e n o t e s t o R id 5 6 9
73 .
.
, .

1TP r im itiv e Cu lt u r e e d i t i on o f 1 9 03 I 9 3 , , , .

H S c /z r
f t e z z m Ga r /1 1 11 16 a e r D ie / du ng a n d S ag e S t u t t g a r t 1 8 66 I I I 1 8 5
'

' ’
z r 5 , , .
, ,
 TH E C O M P AR A T IVE S T U D Y O F R I D D LE S XV

*
o f th e V e d as t h e t h i ngs t r eate d ar e no t nam e d w i t h t h e i r u s u al u ni
v e r s ally u n d e r s t o o d n a m e s b u t ar e i n d i c a t e d t h r o u g h s y m b o l i c e x r e s
p
s i o n s o r s i m p ly t h r o u g h m y s t i c r e l a t i o n s Th e s u b j e c t s ar e d r aw n l a r ge ly .

fr o m t h e w o r l d o f n a tu r e — h e a v e n a nd e a r t h su n an d m o o n t h e k i ng , ,

do m o f a ir t h e c l o u d s t h e r a i n t he c o u r se o f t h e s u n y ear s se a so n s
, , , , , ,

m o n t h s d ay s a n d n i g h t s Fo r i n s ta n c e N i gh t a n d Au r o r a a ppe ar in a
, .
,

h y m n u s ( I 1 2 3 ) as t wo s i s t e r s w ho wa nd er o v e r t h e s a m e p a t h gu id e d
, , ,

by t h e go d s ; t h e y n e v e r m e e t a nd a r e n e v e r s t i ll I n o n e o f t h e T i m e .

r idd l e s
( I t h e y ear is p i ctu r e d a s a c h a r i o t b ea r i ng se v e n m e n
, ( the
I n d i a n se a so n s a nd d r a w n b
y s e v e n h o r s e s ; in a no t h e r ( I 1 as a ,

t w e l v e s p o k e d w h ee l u po n w h i c h s ta n d 72 0 s o n s o f o n e b i r t h t h e d ay s
-
, (
a nd n i g h t s
) T h i s is c e r t a i n ly t h e e a r l i e s t v e r s i o n o f t h e Y e ar p r o b l e m
.
,

w h i c h in o n e fo r m o r o t h e r a p pe ar s in e v e r y la nd T a nd is o n e o f t he ,

m o s t s t r ik i ng o f t h e m o t iv es in th e E xeter B ook c o ll ec t i o n ( R id .

U h l an d ea r ly p o i n t e d o u t i t h e w ea l t h o f t h e O ld N o r se p r o b l e m s o f
‘

n a tu r e in m y t h o l o g i c a l r e fe r e n c e a n d s u gge s t i o n § T h e w a v es ( ff ez ai eés
'
'

Ga t u r N o 2 3 ) a r e w h i t e l o c k e d m a id e n s w o r k i ng e vi l a n d in t h e s o l u
,
.
-
,

’
t i o n a r e c a ll e d G y m ir s d a u gh t e r s a nd R a n Eldir s b r id e s
’ ’
in a no t h e r
ri dd l e t h e m i s t t h e d a r k o n e cl i m b s o u t o f G m ir s b e d w h i l e in t h e
’
, y , ,

fi n a l p r o b l e m ( N o 3 5 ) th e o n e ey e d O d i n r id e s u po n his h o r se S l e i pn i r
.
-
,
.

As I h a v e t w i ce s h o w n u po n t h e id e a o f h o s t i l i t y b e t w e e n S u n an d ,

M oo n t h e po e t o f R M 3 0 a n d 9 5 b u i l d s a n e x q u i s i t e m y t h w o r t h y .
,

o f th e V e d a s i n d ee d n o t u nl ik e t h e Sa n s k r i t p o em s o n t he po w e r s o f
,

n a tu r e a n d b e ar i ng a s t r o n g l ik e n e s s t o t h e fam o u s O s s i a n i c a dd r e ss
,

to th e S u n O f t h e r idd l e o f t h e M o n t h ( RM 2 3 ) I h a v e s po k e n M a ny
. . .

t r a i ts o f t h e e a r ly a tt i tu de t o na t u r e a r e fo u n d in t h e S to r m r idd l e s ( R id .

2 t h e r e is a t o u c h o f m y t h o l o g i ca l p e r s o n i fi ca t i o n in th e w o r l d o ld -

m o t i f o f I ce ( R id 3 4 ) ll a nd if m y i nte r p r e t a t i o n b e c o r r e c t t h e r idd l e
‘
.
, ,

o f th e S i r e n s
( R M 7 4 ) is b a se d u p o n a k n o w l e d ge o f a n c i e n t
.

T h u s t h e Ang l o S a x o n r idd l e s l ik e th e R u ss i a n e n i gm a s p r i nt e d by
-
,

H a u g, V e disc h e R at s e lfr a ge n de r k o m g l
‘

und R at s e ls p r ijc h e , S itz z m g s be r z c fi te

’
'
’
.

A éa a de f I/ Vz s r Af fi n e /z e n , P h i l -H is t C l a s s e 1 8 75 , I I 4 5 9
' '

. . z u . .
, , .

l O h le r t , pp 1 2 2 —1 2 6 ; W iin s c h e lr o c /z s Z s N F , I X 4 56 ;
'

. .
, .
, . .
4 2 5-

W o s s idlo p p
’

, . 2 77 2 78 ; — a nd my ar t c e i l M L N . . . XVI I I , 1 02 .

I S c /z z zf t e n III 85
'

1
'
.
,

Cf A n dr e a s H e u s le r di s c u s s i o n iddl e s f t h e H er S ag a ( H e id
’
f the
'

. s o r o va r a r

r el s
'
Z r . a
’
. V .
f . Vl '
. XI , 1 90 1 , 7 f ; and th e
1 1 . c o s m lc i ddl e s
r of th e

a nd A lw f s m a l
’ ’
. AI L / V . X X I 1 02 , , 1 04 .

—1 0 4
. .

1TAl L J V l
. . XVI I I , 4 .
“ 9 Ih . X VI I I , 1 00 ; XXI ,
1 03 .
xvi I N T RO D UC T I O N

“
Rals to n fi t i m e s c o n d en se d m yt h s a n d m yt h i ca l fo r m ul as
so m e
‘ ’
ar e , .

I t is ce r t a i n ly n o t w i t h o u t s i gn i fi c a n c e t h a t th e w o r d e n i gm a is de ‘ ’

r iv e d fr o m t h e G r ee k a ft 0 s w h i c h is e a r ly ass o c i a t e d w i t h t h e id e a o f
/
,

fab le T O f t h e R dfs e/m a r c/z en I s h a ll s p e a k l at e r

’
. .

E ar ly in t h e d i s cu s s i o n o f r idd l e p o e t r y a d i s t i nc t i o n m u s t b e d r a w n b e -

t we e n th e Ku m tr citse/ a n d th e Volks r citsel b e tw ee n l i t e r ar y a n d po p ul a r

’ ’

r o b l em s T h i s d i s t i n c t i o n is n o t a l w a y s e a s y t o r e c o n iz e o n a c co u n t
p .
g ,

o f t h e c l o s e c o n ne c t i o n b e t wee n t h e t w o t y p e s As I h a v e s o u gh t t o .

s h o w e l s e w h e r e 1 t h e l i t e r a r y r idd l e m a
, y co n s i s t l ar ge ly o r e n t i r e ly o f
p o p ul ar e l e m e nt s m ay b e ( a nd o ft e n is ) a n e l ab o r a t e d v e r s i o n o f a n
,

o r i g i n a l cu r r e n t in t h e m o u t h o f t h e fo l k ; c o n v e r s e ly t h e p o p u l ar r idd l e ,

is o ft e n fo u n d in ge r m o r in fu ll d e v e l o pm e n t in s o m e p r o d uct o f t h e
s t u d y a nd o u r t a s k is t o t r a c e it s t r a n s m i s s i o n fr o m s c h o l a r t o p e a s a n t
,
.

T h r o u g h a m o r e c o m p l i ca te d se q u e n c e a ge n u i ne fo l k r idd l e m ay b e ,
-

a d a p t e d in a n a r t i s t i c v e r s i o n w h i c h in a l a t e r day o r in ano t h er l an d , , ,

b e c o m es aga i n c o m m o n p r o p e r ty ; o r by a n a tu r a l c o r o ll ar y a l i te r a r y , ,

r idd l e h a vi n
g p a sse d i n to t h e s to c k o f c o u n t r y s id e t r a di t i o n m ay fa il o f
-
, ,

it s p o p u l ar l i fe a n d s u r viv e o n ly in so m e p e d a n t i c r e wo r k i ng t h a t k no w s ,

n o t h i ng o f t h e e a r ly a r t fo r m § E v e n a fter t h e t h o r o u gh e x a m i na t i o n o f
'

-
.

t h e s t yl e an d t h e ca r e fu l i n v es t i ga t i o n o f t h e h i s to r y o f e a c h r idd l e so

u r ge ntly r e co m m e n d e d by P et s c h Ha n d h i t h er to so m u c h n egl e ct e d we ,

c a nno t b e s u r e t h a t t h i s a pp ar e n t ly po p ul a r pr o d uct is n o t a n a d apta t i o n

o f s o m e cl a ss i ca l o r i gi n a l o r t h at t h i s e n i gm a s m e ll i ng so s t r o n gly o f th e
,

l am p is no t a r e s h a p i ng o f s o me p u z z l e o f p ea sa n ts I n his e x c e l l e n t .

d i sc u s s i o n o f t h e po p ul ar r idd l e P e t sc h cl a i m s fo r t he fo l k a ll th e m a t e r i al ,

t h a t it ta k e s t o i t se l f r e m o d e l s in its o w n fa s h i o n a n d s t a m p s w i t h it s
, ,

o w n s t yl e a n d m et e r Afte r co n t r a s t i ng S c h i ll e r s w e ll k n o w n e n i gm a o f
’
-
.

t h e S h i p w i t h p o p u l a r t r e a t m e n t s o f th e s a m e t h e m e a n d m a r k i ng in fo l k ,

p r o d u c t s t h e c h o i c e o f a s i ngl e s u b j e c t a n d o f a fe w s t r ik i ng t r ait s h e ,

n o t e s t h a t t h e t y i c a l Volés r cits d is c o n fi n e d t o a s c an t y fr am e w o r k a
'

p ,

h u r r i e d s ta t e m e n t o f th e ge r m e l e m e n t n aiv e d e s c r i pt i o n a s u dd en c h e c k -
, ,

in o u r p r o gr e s s t o t h e go a l o f t h e so l u t i o n a n d fi n a lly a w o r d o f s u m m a r y ,
.

I n l i t e r a r y e n i gm a s — t o w h i c h c l a s s b y fa r t h e gr e a te r n u m be r o f t h e
E xeter B oo k R iddles b elo ng fil — a ll t h e s e d ivi s i o n s m ay a n d do a pp e a r ,

S o ng s o f t / wR u s s ia n P eop le , L o n do n , 1 8 72 , c h a p V I ( c it e d b y
. P it r e, p . xxxv iii) .

t O h le r t , p .
4 .
1M L N . . . XVI I I 2 , .

ir a b l e I nt r o duc tio n p
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a te ur .
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1 M L IV X I I. . . V I , 97 .
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but c h o f t h e m is pat i e nt ly e l a b o r a t ed w i t h a co n sc i o u s d e l i gh t in w o r k
ea .

m a n s h i p a nd r h y t h m w i t h a r e ga r d fo r d e ta i l t h a t o v e r l o o k s n o a s p e c t
,

o f t h e t h e m e h o w e v e r t r ivi a l — in a w o r d w i t h a p o e t i c s u b o r d i n a t i o n o f ,

t he e n d in v i e w t o th e fi n i s h o f t h e s e v e r a l p ar t s .

I m ay i llu s t r a te t h e d e r iv a t i o n o f l i te r a r y e n i gm a s fr o m p o p ul a r p u z z l es
b y e x a m p l e s c i t e d in t h e fi r s t o f my a r t icle s fi Sy m ph o s iu s, in o n e s e n se
“

t h e fa t h e r o f t h e r idd l e s o f o u r e r a u s es in m a n y e n i gm a s fo r e x a m p l e , ,

t h o se o f S m o k e V i ne Ba ll S a w a n d S l e e p ( 1 7 5 3 5 9 6 0 9 6 )
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r i e s o f t h e P a l a t i n e An t h o l o y c u r r e n t in t h e m o u t h s o f m e n fo r ce n t u
g
r i c s b e fo r e h is da T T h e e n igm a t o gr a p h L o r ic h iu s H ada m a r i u s w h o se
y .
,

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t i o n o f R e u s n e r i b o r r o w s a ll his m a te r i a l fr o m th e w id e ly k n o w n S i n u s
,
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!) m g B oo/ ( y c
I n d e e d t h o u gh s c h o l a r s h a v e h i t h e r to o v e r l o o ke d ,

t h i s o b v i o u s c o n n e c t i o n his e n i gm as a r e m e r e ly c l as s i ca l v e r s i o n s o f t h e
,

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.

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h e x a m e t e r s N o r w a s t h i s o ld p e d a n t a l o ne in his m e t h o d s o f b o r r o w i ng
. .

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, , ,

s id e o f t h e G e r m a n fo r m t h e w id e ly e x t e n d e d S u n a n d S n o w r idd l e in ,

L a t i n a n d G r e e k d r e ss Ha n d H a d r i a n Ju n iu s fil fo s s i l i z e s in l ik e fas h i o n t h e
,

ge n u i ne ly p o p ul a r r idd l e o f t h e C h e r r y T h e r a n de r w h o s e Aefl z gm a z a
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r a /z z a o f 4 2 0 n u m b e r s r o r t s t o b e a G e r m a n i z i ng o f h
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fam o u s a n d e x ce ll e n t L a t i n w r i te r s a n c i e n t a n d m o d e r n is u s u a lly in ,

d eb te d e i t h e r i n d i r e c t ly o r d e s p i t e h is a s se r t i o n o f so u r c e s d i r ec t ly , ,

to c u r r e n t v e r s i o n s in t h e v e r n ac u l a r H is t h e m e s o f S c r i pt Pe n .

[l] L . . IV . XVI I I , 2 —3 . T O h le r t , pp . 1 38 f .

1 N i c h o l a s R eu s n e r Aem gm a z og r ap /z z a Sy llog e A e m gm a z z m z Gr ip /20m m ;

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de r , or J o h a nn S o m m e r , fo r suc h w a s h is t r u e n am e , te l ls us in h is p r e fa c e t h a t
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s it i dl e at h o me wh en o t h e rs w e r e w o r k i n g in t h e fi e l ds , h ad t u r ned t h es e i nto
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W e a t h e r co c k ( 3 0 4 H aw , O ak
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r idd l e a t t h e b e gi nn i ng o f t h e se v e n t ee n t h c e n t u r y ; a n d w e c a n h ar d ly

d o u b t t h a t S o m m e r h a d h ea r d t h e s e p u z z l e s o n t h e l i p s o f p ea sa n t s o r
—
m e t t h e m in t h e r idd l e b o o k s t h e n p o p ul a r
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Bu t w h e t h e r t h e c o nn e c t i o n .

b e t w e e n h is l i t t l e p o e m pr o b l e m s a n d t h e m o r e n a iv e v e r s i o n s o f t h e fo l k
-

b e m e d i a t e o r i m m e d i a te his b o o k b r i ngs e v e r y w h e r e s t r o ng p r o o f o f
,

t h e c l o s e i n t e r d e pe n d e n ce o f a r t r idd l e s an d t h o se o f t h e p e o p l e -
.

T h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w ee n t h e r idd l e o f t h e s t u d y a n d t h e r idd l e o f t h e
c o t ta ge r e p r e s e n t s o n ly o n e o f m a ny o v e r l a pp i ng d ivi s i o n s t h a t p r e s e n t
t h e m se l v e s in a ny e x t e n s iv e c o n s id e r a t i o n o f t h e v a r i o u s k i n d s o f r idd l e s .

I n h is i n t r o d u c t i o n t o R o ll a n d s c o llec t io n TG a s to n P a r i s m a r k s t h e dif
’

fe r e n c e b e t w ee n e n i gm e s de m o t s a n d e n i gm e s de c h o se s ; Wo s
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‘ ‘ ’

s idlo d iv id e s t h e r idd l e s o f h is fa m o u s c o ll e c t i o n i n t o t h e t h r e e gr o u p s o f

r idd l e s p r o p e r i e co m p l e t e p r o b l e m s o r r idd l e s o f t h i ngs

,
. .

j e s t r idd l e s o r r idd l e q u e s t i o n s
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a n d fi na lly r idd l e s t o r i e s o r ,
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a nd r e a l r idd l e s I n t h e fo r m e r c l a ss h e .

r i gh t ly i n c l u d es all t h o se q u e s t i o n s w h i c h a r e a dd r e ss e d r a t h e r t o k n o w l

e d ge a n d l e a r n i ng t h a n t o r e a so n a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g ,

a n d S e/z er z f mge/ z T h e m a n i fo l d d ivi s i o n s o f F r i e d .

r e i ch i n t o r idd l e q u e s t i o n s w o r d r idd l e s syll ab l e r idd l e s l e tt er r idd l e s

-
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.

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, ,

p o r t a nt p a r t in t h e e v o l u t i o n o f t h e r idd l e T h e Q u ee n o f S h e b a c am e t o .

th e co u r t o f S o l o m o n t o p r o v e t h e w i s d o m o f t h e gr e a t k i ng b y q u e r i e s
‘

L e ge n d a t t r i b u t es t o h e r s e v e r a l t h a t t a k e t h e ir p l a c e a m o ng w o r l d
r idd l es § O f t h e s e q u e s t i o n s o f Q u ee n Bil is
.
q p r e se r v e d in t h e M id r a s h ,

M is h le a nd t h e S eco n d T a r gu m t o t h e Bo o k o f E s t h e r t h e b e s t k n o w n ,
-

is t h e e n i gm a o f L o t s D a u gh t e r s w h i c h is fo u n d in o u r co ll e c t i o n ( R M
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-

It is , go i n g t o o fa r t o de c l a r ew i t h M u lle n h o ff, W o l f s Z
h o wev e r d A] III
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t h a t T h e r a n de r s r i ddl e s a r e s i m p l y e xp a n s i o n s o f t h o s e in t h e
’
130,
F r a n k fo r t , 1 562 . S e e H o ffm a n n , ll/ o n a t s e /z r ifl van za
f
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z ir S e/z /es ie n I 1 60 ;
[ Va n es A n z eégr e r II ,
310 .
T P . v ii i .
iP 5 . .

H e r tz H a up ts Z X XVI I 1— V iins c h e R a is e /w e is /z e z t éez [I e én z er m

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p . 1
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5 6
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 TH E C O M PAR A T I VE S T U D Y OF R I D D LE S xix

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T y r e d e s c r i b e d by Fl a v i u s J o s e p h u s
,
T h e s e a r e t h e fi r s t o f a l o ng .

s e r i e s o f s u c h w o r d c o n t e s t s w h i c h a s s u m e t w o m a i n fo r m s o f
gr e a t
-

i m po r tan ce in r idd l e l i te r at u r e : t h e R ats elw eftéa mpf o r m a tc h i ng o f -

,
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w i t s fo r s o m e h e a v y s t a k e a n d t h e C o ll o q uy o r D i a l o gu e
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T h e se ‘ ‘
‘

, .

t w o c l a s ses o f q u e s t i o n s a r e n o t a l w a y s d i s t i n c t ; b u t t h e fo r m e r b e

l o ngs r a t h e r t o t h e r e gi o n o f s to r y o r fab l e th e s eco n d t o t h e fi e l d o f ,

d id ac t i c o r w i s d o m l i t e r a t u r e I n a n e x ce ll e n t d i sc u s s i o n o f t h e fi r s t .

c l as s P r o fe sso r C h ild T s u b d iv id e s t h e I/V ez z éa mpf i n t o t h e s t r u ggl e fo r

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a h u ge w age r u s u a lly l i fe i t s e l f a n d t h e c o n t es t fo r t h e h a n d o f a l o v e d
, ,

l a d y o r k n i gh t M a n y e x am p l e s o f e a c h m ay b e m e n t i o n e d Th e ga m e
. .

o f r idd l e —fo r fe i t s is a s o ld a s t h e e n igm a o f t h e S phin x l o r a s t h e s t o r y

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o f S a m so n
( J u d ge s x iv a n d a pp ear s in G e r m a n i c l i t e r a t u r e s in ,

t h e H em a r a r S aga Ha n d in t h e in th e b a ll a d o f King
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J o h n a n d t h e Abb o t a n d it s co n t i n e n t a l an a l o gu e s T T in th e fam o u s
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Wa fi bm g ér z eg i i; in w h i c h K l i ngs o r a n d Wo l fr a m c o n t e n d ; a nd in t h e
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in w h i c h a h o s t t e s t s a w a n d e r i n g s t r a nge r t o ,

w h o m s e v e n ty t w o l a n d s a r e k n o w n N o t t h e l ea s t i m po r ta n t o f s u c h
-
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r idd l e c o n t e s t s ar e t h e m o d e r n
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t h o s e gr u e so m e p r o b

l e m s b y m ea n s o f w h i c h a c o n d em n e d c r i m i na l is s u ppo se d to s a v e
'

h im se l f fr o m t h e e xt r em e pe n a l ty II II .

A n tigm ties vi i i Ap z o n e m I 8 See W u n s c h e p 2 4 ; O h le r t p 6

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, 5 Co n t r a , 1 7, 1 .
, .
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. 84 ; O h le r t p p 3 1 —3 5 ; L a is t n e r D a y
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,

B e r l i n, 889
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Sp /z z n x , Gr m z a z z ige
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a er e z fz e r 1 .

F r i e dr e i c h , 5
— 1 pp
55 ; W ii ns ch e.
pp 1 I —I
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. A XVI I I
2 . . 2 62 .

II B u gge , [Vo r r m z e S h affer pp 2 0 3 f ; V igfu s s o n , . . and Po we l l Co r p u s P o et , .

B or ea le T h e s e r i ddl e s o f K in g H e iOr e k a r e
I , 86 f .
ge n u i n e p r o b l e m s r a t h e r t h a n
t e s t s o f w i s do m a n d k n o w l e dge o f c o s m o go n y l i k e t h e Vaffi r z ld m s m a l a n d t h e
’
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H S t r i c k e r s T a l e o f Am i s a n d t h e Bis h o p L a m b e l s s e c o n d e di t i o n E w a ll
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lz m g e n e t c 1 88 3 p 1 1 ; a n d E in S p il v o n e i n e m K a is e r u n d e im Ap t ( F a s t
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f a n d t h e c a r e fu l di s c u s s i o n b P t h pp T h e m o s t fa m o u s o f s u c h
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XX I N T RO D U C T I O N

Th e se co n d fo r m of IM lt/ a ngff, t h e e
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th e belo ved , .

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t he P e r s i a n s to r y o f P r i nc e C a l a f t h e ul t i m a t e s o u r ce o f S c h i ll e r s
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do m t h e go d T h o r s d a u g h t e r ; in t h e E ngl i s h b a ll ad s o f C a pt a i n
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o f A o ll o n i u s
p of T y r e § w h i c h is l a te r i nc o r p o r a t e d i n to t he Ger m
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p g t o ge t h e r ,

a n d W iin s c h e r ] p o i n t s o u t t h a t
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t h o u gh a t l a s t t o w a r d s d i ffe r e n t e n d s

m a n y o f t h e n u m b e r p r o v e r b s o f S o l o m o n ( xxx 1 8 3 3 e t c ) a r e n o t h i ng
-
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m o r e t h a n r idd l es S o t h e D i a l o g u e w h i c h h o l d s so i m po r t a n t a p l a c e in
.
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t h e l i t e r a t u r e O f t h e M idd l e Age s is a t o n c e e n i gm a t i c in it s p h r a s i ng a n d ,

did a c t i c in it s p u r po s e Bo r n o f G r ee k p h i l o so p h y it w a s ea r ly a d o p t e d
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b y t h e C h r i s t i a n c h u r c h a s a m e a n s O f in s t r u c t io n Ji a n d l e a d s a d u ll
b u t h ea l th y l i fe in v a r i o u s gr o u p s o f q u e r i e s Am o n g t h e c h i e f o f t h e s e .

a r e t h e S o lo m o n a n d Sh h / 1 7 1 3 5 t h e F lo r es o f t h e P s e u d o Be d e II Mt h e
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m any co u n tr e s o f i ( l i t r e So ut h
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er n Europe ’
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l ik i ng fo r th e a c r o s t i c is se e n in t he i n t r o d u c t i o n t o h is e n i gm a s t u r n s ,

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c o ns i de r e d .
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, p . 282 .
 I N T RO D UC T I ON

t h a t t h e co n t r a s t o f d e a d a n d l ivi ng a p pea r s in m a n y r idd l es : O a k a n d

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l a n d ; b u t t h i s c r i t i c s co n c lu s i o n s r e ga r d i ng t h e r idd l e b e fo r e u s m u s t b e
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 T H E C O M P AR A T I VE S T UD Y O F R I D D LE S XXV

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w h o s e so l e e x c u se fo r b e i n g ( o r l a c k o f e x c u se ) l i e s in d o u b l e m ea ning

a nd co a r se s u gge s t i o n An d t h e r ea so n fo r t h i s u n ce r t a i n t y o f a n s w e r is
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t h a t l i t t l e a tte n t i o n is pa id t o t h e a p t n e s s o f t h i s I t is a fte r a ll o n ly a .

p r e te n s e n o t t h e c h i e f c o n ce r n o f t h e j e s t Al m o s t a ny o t h e r a n s w e r
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a n d h o r s e l a u gh t e r o f t h e r idd l e ; so e v e r y co u n t r y i n d ee d e v e r y s e c t io n
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s u pp l i e s d i ffe r e n t t a gs t o t h e s a m e r e p u l s iv e q u e r i e s W o s s idlo s m a t e r i a l .
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da n t ly p r o v e t h e ab s u r d i ty o f do gm a t-i z i ng O v e r t h e a n s w e r s t o t h e Ang l o
S a x o n r idd l es o f t h i s c l as s .

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l o c a l i t i e s T h r e e h y po t h e se s in e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h i s s i m i l a r i t y h a v e b ee n
.

a dv a n ce d b y G a s t o n P a r i s in his s u gge s t iv e I n t r o d uc t i o n t o R o llan d z §

H o lm e R id H a l l iwe l l r \ u r s e 7y R /z y m es , p 75 , N O C h am b e rs P op
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. VVO S S il N O 2 09 n o t e s , .
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, ( O n i o n) ; Be r n M S . 61 1 ,
NO 37 .

( P e pp e r ) S e e a l s o R oy a l R iddle B oo / p 1 1
.
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x xvi I N T RO D UC T I O N

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y e a r s t h r o u gh th e t r a d i t i o n s O f e v e r y peo p l e I n t h i s l i s t a r e t h e r idd l e o f .

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t h e S ph in xfi t h e q u e r i e s o f t h e V ear i L o u s e i F i r e § S u n a nd S n o w “ ' ‘

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r idd l e s l ik e p r o v e r b s a n d fa b l es a nd t a l e s b e l o n gs t o t h e C l a s s o f
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o n e r a c e in it s v a r i o u s b r a n c h e s D i s t i nc t iv e ly T e u to n i c e x a m pl e s a r e t h e .

G e r m a n— Engl i s h p r o b l e m s o f C h e s t n u t a n d N e t t l e a nd R o se H ( e) L e s s .

e x t e n s iv e s t i ll a r e t h e r id d l e s o f o n e fo l k in it s m a ny s e c t i o n s a n d d ia l ec ts

fo r e x a m p l e th e G e r m a n q u e r i e s o f T e n B i r d s ( W o s s idlo 1 70 ; k n o w n
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fo r c e n t u r i e s in e v e r y co r n e r o f t h e F a t h e r l a n d ) M i r r o r ( Wo s s idlo ,

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t i o n t h a t it h a s b e e n b o r r o w e d b y n e i gh b o r i ng n a t i o n s fr o m t h e l an d o f

r a c e s t h o u g h b u t d i s t an t ly r e l a t e d
it s b i r t h .
p o s s es s in c o m , ,

m o n fa r m o r e r idd l e s t h a n w id e ly s e p a r a t e d p e o p l e o f o n e s t o c k In .

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o ll a n d a n d V V
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fo u n d r e a d y a d o p t i o n in t h e n e w l a n d a n d s pe e c h An d S c h l e i c h e r s l i s t
’

O f L i t h u a n i a n r idd l e s i n c l u d e s a s c o r e O f co r r e s po n d e nc e s to G e r m a n i c
q u e r i e s w h i c h s u r e ly c a n no t a ll b e t r a c e ab l e t o t h e c r a d l e o f th e t w o
,

r ac e s . B u t t h e b es t p r o o fs o f b o r r o w i n g a r e t h e s e S o m e t i m es w e a r e .

ab l e to o b s e r v e t h e v e r y a c t o f t r a n s m i s s i o n Th e D em n t i a /es joy o u s . e

9" F r ie dr e ic h p 87; O h le r t pp — TN o t e s t o R id 2 3
. .
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L XVI I I —4 § O h le r t pp 6 0 72
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s e l ec t i o n s fr o m t h e D em a n n des joy eu s es en nz a n z ér e de on olz lz etz j a s

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p o s i t i o n s a s t h e s e : t h e y m u s t p e r fo r ce b e d i r ec t ly l e nt o r b o r r o w e d .

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t r y ge n u i n e fo l k p r o d uc t s t h o u g h t h e y m ay a pp e ar w e m u s t O ft e n b e
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Th e fe w p a r a ll e l s b e tw ee n t h e t h i r ty fi v e H eld/ e ns Ga t n r in t h e
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m e d i a t e l i t e r a r y w o r k i ng o f t h e O ld N o r s e q u e r i es .

( )
C I D E N TI TY O F M E N TAL P ROC E SS E S T h e t h i r d c a u se o f t h e s i m i .

la r ity o f r idd l e s m u s t a l w ay s b e t a k e n i n t o a cco u n t a ft e r c a r e ful s t u d y ,

o f o r i gi n s a n d co m pa r i s o n o f m o t iv e s h a v e e l i m i n a t e d a ll p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f

a c o m m o n s o u r c e a nd o f d i r e c t o r i n d i r ec t t r a n s m i s s i o n W h e n t h e .

c o u n t e r p a r t o f th e Fl o o d a n d F i s h r idd l e o f Sym ph o s iu s ( N o 1 2 )
‘ ’
.

m e e t s u s a m o n g T u r k i s h q u e r i e s “ we a r e n a t u r a lly i n c l i n e d t o b e l i e v e ,

t h a t t h i s w id e ly k n o w n r idd l e h as p e n e t r a t e d e v e n t o t h e Bo s p h o r u s ;

b u t w e ca n h a r d ly e x p l a i n t h u s t h e s i m i l a r i ty O f t h e m o t iv e s in t h e
P er s ian S h i p p r o b l e m o f N a kk a s h d 9 3 8 A D Jl — I t m a k es it s
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w ay o n ly u p o n it s b e lly c u tt i ng t h o u gh fo o t l e s s t h r o u g h t h e g i r d l e o f
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to t h o se in t h e 1 5 r s t r idd l e o f t h e f s
i

th e e ar th len z lz a r Ga t n r ; o r t h e
s u r p r i s i n g l ik e n es s o f m a n y S a n s k r i t r idd l e s t o o u r m o d e r n c h a r a d es ;

o r e v e n t h e p a r a ll e l s b e t w ee n t h e An gl o — S a x o n p r o b l e m s o f m u s i ca l in
( r iddle s T T
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s tr u m en ts R z d. 2
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T h i s i n t e r es t i ng l l ecti o n p r i nte d in H a r t s h o r n e A n ez e n t
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co wa s re s

Ta les , L o n do n , 1 8 2 9, pp . 1 —8 .

TA co py of th e Fr enc h t e xt —a ver y r ar e l i tt l e o cta v o — is in t h e B r i t i s h

M u se u m . I t b e ar s no da t e , b u t is a ss i gn e d b y the C a t a l o gu e t o 1 5 20 by , Kem b le
w i t h g r e a t e r p r o b a b i l i t y t o 1 5 0 0 o r b e fo r e .

i S a lo m o n a n d S a t u r n n s , p 2 8 6 C o m p a r e . . der d S /z . .
-
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2— § Z d H f Vl XI 1 28
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11 Sc h l e ic h e r p , . 2 00 .
xxvi i i I N T ROD UC T I O N

t h e c a se s e e m s t o W h i l e a s w e h a v e s e e n s i m i l a r i ty o f s u b j e c t
be th i s .
, ,

d o e s n o t n e ce ss a r i ly i m p ly s i m i l a r i ty o f m o t iv e s t h e r e a r e o f c o u r s e ,

c e r ta i n t h e m e s t h a t fr o m t h e i r l i m i t e d n a t u r e p r e s c r i b e a p a r t i c u l a r
, ,

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-
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m a r iz e d S u r e ly a ll l ik e n e s s e n t a i l e d b y t h e v e r y n a t u r e o f t h e t o p i c
.

c a nn o t b e r e ga r d e d a s i r r e c o n c i l a b l e w i t h a p e r fe c t ly i n d e p e n d e n t c r e a

tio n . R idd l e s r e m o t e a n d u n r e l a t e d t h o u gh t he y b e m u s t a fte r a ll say

, , , ,

s o m e w h a t t h e s a m e t h i ngs o f t h e co m m o n p l aces o f l i fe At t i m e s i nd e e d .

— a n d no w I m u s t o i n t t o m r e se n t h ea d i n t h i s co r r e s p o n d e n ce
p y p g
is c a r r i e d fa r b e y o n d t h e n e c e s s i t i e s o f t h e s u b j ec t t h r o u gh m a n y co m b i
n a t i o n s a n d p e r m u t a t i o n s o f m o t i v e s fo r r idd l e l i t er a t u r e l ik e e v e r y o t h e r
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s i n c e d iv e r s i ty o f de v e l o p m e n t u n l ik e n e s s in l ik e n e s s is h e r e a s e l s e
, ,

w h e r e t h e b a d ge o f i n d e p e n d e n c e T h e r a r i t y o f ca s es o f co m pl e t e r e .

s e m b l a n c e b e t w e e n t w o r idd l e s w i t h n o h i s t o r i c a l k i n s h i p g iv e s t h e m a

e c u l i a r v a lu e fo r u s ; a n d t h e e v id e n c e o f s u c h D z ¢j > el dn er fo r a so l u
g g
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t i o n is s u r e ly o f fa r m o r e w e i gh t t h a n t h e r a n d o m gu e s se s o f a m o d e r n

in te r
p r e te r .

In d i s c u s s i ng t h e o r i gi n a l s a n d a n a l o g u e s o f t h e E xe ter B ook R id dles

I S h a ll s ee k t o a pp ly t h e p r i n c i p l e s a dd u ce d in t h e p r e s e n t c h a p t e r .

O R I G I N A L S AN D AN A L O G U E S O F THE
EXE TER BO O K RI D D LE S

SY M P H O S I L S ’

Au gu s t H e u m a n n x c e ll e n t e d i t i o n o f t h e B ing/n a iled o f
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Sy m pho s iu s fi s e t u p t h e t h e s i s t h a t Symph o s iu s w as t h e l o s t Sy m
’

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p o s ru m o f L a c t a n t iu s r m e n t i o n e d b y Je r o m e f l O t h e r e d i t o r s n o t a b ly ,

M i gn e § a nd Fr itz c h e ” fo ll o w H e u m a n n in i n c lu d i ng t h es e 1 0 0 r idd l e s
,

I la no v e r , 1 22 .

i Go e tz
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l/ n s e n nz X L I , 3 1 8 , s o w s o n t h e e v de n c e o f
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c e n tu r y C o de x C a s s in u s 9 0 , s im p o s iu m v e l s im p h o s iu m ( M S . s im p h o n iu m )

aen i gm a q u o d F ir m ia n u s (M S . et ) L a c t a n t iu s co m p o s u it (MS .

t h at th e e n i gm a s w e r e a t an ear l y t i m e a tt r i b u t e d t o L a c t a n t iu s .

1 D e Vir is I llu s t r iou s , c ap . 80 . P L . . VI I , 28 5 .

II I I , 2 98 .
XXX I N T RO D U C T I O N

t e m po r a fe s ta
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in g t o s u b j e c t i nt o s ix c a te go r i e s : ( 1 ) l iv i ng t h i ngs e s p e c i a lly b ea s t s l es s
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fr e q u e n t ly m a n in s t r a nge a s p ec ts ; ( 2 ) p l a n t s as fl o w e r s o r fo o d ; ( 3 )
c l o t h i ng a n d o r n a m e n t s ; ( 4 ) d o m es t i c i m p l e m e n t s ; ( 5 ) s t r u c t u r e s — t h e

s h i p t h e b r id ge t h e l a dd e r ;
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po p u l a r s i n c e his day,
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v e r n ac u l a r At l e a s t t h r e e o f th e Sym ph o s iu s r idd l e s ( N O S 1 1 8 9 1 3 )
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t o E aldfe r t h , K i n g o f D e i r a a n d Be r n i c i a , in t h e t e n t h y ea r o f h is r e i gn ,

69 5 , a nd w h i c h w as p e r h ap s
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k n o w l e d ge s h is i n d eb t e d n e ss to Ar i s to t l e a n d t o t h e b o o k s o f t h e O ld
T e s ta m e n t b u t c h i e fly t o Sy m ph o s iu s fr o m w h o m h e d r a w s a t l ea s t a
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.

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. .

TR e u s n e r , Ae n igm a t ogr ap li ia s iv e Sy llog e A e n ig m a tn nz e tc . F r a n k fo r t , 1 60 2 .

t ] A G il e s S A ld/z elm z Op er a
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, 1844 , pp .
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Ges ta P o n t ifi e n nz A ng lo r n nz V , 1 96 , R o l l s S e r ies , 1 8 70 , pp .
3 4 3 34 4 .

C f a u t h o r i t i e s c i t e d b y F r i e dr e i c h , p
. . 191 .

fl G ile s S A/dlz e lm i Op er a
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TT T h es e ar e C ted i in f u l l b y M a n i t i u s , A ldlz elm and B a eda , p .

5 1 .
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en

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,

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t h c p r e c e d e n t o f t h e Hib le i E b e r t h a s n o t e d § t h e c h i e f d i ffe r e nc e s b e

t w e e n t he p o e ts To t h e c a t c go r ic s o f s u b j e c t s w h i c h a r e t r e a te d b y
.

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y o u nge r w r i t e r a d d s ne w t h e m e s : t h e h e a v e n ly b o die s th e e l e m e n ts a n d , ,

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.

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w ii h ic n d S y m plm s iu s a ls c in R o m a n o lic b c r da s v e r s tandn is m as s igc u n d
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c s p r it v o llc S p ic lc n u n d l ii ndc ln in u nd s u ch t Eb e r t
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a l s o p o i n ts to t he p r e s e n c e in t h e s e e n i gm a s o f t h e C h r i s t i a n e l e m e n t ,

w h i c h is t o ta ll y l a c k i ng in t h e r idd l e s o f S y m ph o s iu s fi l T h i s is s e e nn o t
o n l y in t h e p r o b l e m s o f F a t e
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t h e r e a r e m a n y r e fe r e n ce s to c l a s s i c a l m y t h o l o gy t o t he M i no t a u r ( i i 1 I ) , ,

t o t h e t h r e a d s o f t h e l a r c a c ( iv
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t o S cy ll a ( x ) a n d fr e q u e n t ly in his p o ly s t ic h t h e D e Cr ea tu r a
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a nd M o o n ( v i i i ,

All c r i t i c s h a v e n o te d t h e l a r ge r s c a l e a n d fr e e r t r e a t m e n t o f Al d h e l m s
’

e n i g m a s c o m pa r e d w i t h t h o s e o f his m o d e l ; b u t w h i l e t h e w r i te r o f .

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l i k e t h a t o f t h e b i t e r b i t t e n m o r de o m o r de n t e s ( S ym
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B r i t i s h M u se u m m a n u sc r i p t s o f his e n igm as fi “

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i T h e s e a r e p r e s e r v e d in t w o M S S in c o m p a n y w i t h t h e e n i g m a s o f E u s e b i u s .

( inf r a ) ; t h e o ne a t C a m b r i dge M S G g V 3 5 ; t h e o t h e r in t h e B M M S R o y a l , . .
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, , . .
xx x iv I N T ROD UC T I O N

of d o gm a . T h at he is
p h i l o s o p h e r b e co m e s a t o n c e a ppar e n t in his
a

fir s t a nd l o nge s t p r o b l e m , D e a n d is fu r t h e r i n d i c a t e d b
y
h is l o v e o f a b s t r a c t i o n s a nd o f T h a t h e is a gr a m m a r i a n
is a tt e s t e d n o t o nly by t e h s e lec i
t o n o f s u c h a to p i c a s
‘
P r e po s i t i o n s

go v e r n i ng b o t h ca se s ( N o
’
b u t b y th e n ar r o w r ange o f h is fa n c y .

a n d t h e so b r i e t y o f h is s ty le T .

T a t w ine v e r y l i tt l e t o h is p r e d e c e sso r s U n l ik e Eb e r t :t a n d l ik e
o wes .
,

H a h n § I c an d e t e ct n o s t r ik i ng r e s e m b l a n ce s b e t w ee n h is e n i gm a s a n d
,

t h o s e o f Sy m p h o s iu s o n s i m i l a r o r k i n d r e d t h e m e s I n t h e s ix r idd l e s .

( N os 6 7 1 1 2 0 2 8 3 2
.
, , ) t h a t i n v i t e co m p a r i so n w i t h t h e ear l i e r e n i m a s
, , , g ,

th e v e r y s l i gh t l ik e n e ss e s s e e m t o m e t o lie r a t h e r in t h e co i n c id e n ce o f

s u b j ec t s t h a n in ac t u a l b o r r o w i n g T o Al d h e l m h e m ay a c k n o w l e d ge .

p e r h a p s a s m a ll d e b t w h i c h h as b e e n gr e a t ly o v e r s t a t e d b , y M a n i t i u s in
h is l i s t o f a ll e ge d p a r a ll e l s b e tw e e n t h e An gl o L a t i n r idd l e r s II a n d e v e n b y -

E b e r t I n t h e e i gh t r idd l e s c i t e d b y H a h n a s s u gges t i n g a s l i gh t r e s e m
.

b l an ce t o t h e o l d e r c o ll e c t i o n 1I w e s o m e t i m e s h a v e m o t iv e s co m m o n t o
a ll t h e An gl o L a t i n r idd l e s ( 4 5 6 ) a nd v e r y p o s s i b ly t h e po s se s s i o n
-
, ,

o f t h e fo l k Bu t a n o c cas i o n a l l i ft i ng o f Al d h e l m s p h r a se s n o t o n ly
’
.
,

w h e n h e is d e a l i n g w i t h l ik e s u b j e c ts ( 1 2 3 1 b u t e l s e w h e r e in , ,

th e gr o u p ( T 1 1
1
A iv 3 ; T 1 7 A i 1 4 ; T 2 4
1
.
4
,
3 5
. A D e Cr a m/ m ,
.
, .
,
.
,
.

2 1 ,
etc
) p u ts bey o n d d o u b t a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n
. H a h n o b ser v e s w i t h n o t .

a l i t tl e Be i de r gr o s s e n N e i gu ng der G e l e h r t e n de s 8 .

Ja h r h z u r w i r k l i c h e n Au s b e u t u ng i h r e r litt e r ar is ch e n V o r b i l d e r is t der
.

We gfa ll s o l c h e r Pliin de r u ng e i ge n t l i c h fiir die U na b h angigke it z w e i e r

’
S c h r i ft s t e ll e r v o n e i na n d e r b e d e u t u ngs v o ll Y e t w h e n w e r em e m b e r .

t h a t Al d h e l m h i m s e l f o r d i n a r i ly a m i g h t y l i ft e r gr e a t ly r e s t r i c t e d h is
, ,

b o r r o w i n gs fr o m h is m o d e l Sy m ph o s iu s H a h n s ar g u m e n t l o s es m uc h
’
,

o f it s w e i gh t .

EU S E B I U S

O v er the id e n t i t y o f E u se b i u s t h e a u t h o r o f th e s i x ty r idd l e s w h i c h ,

ac co m p a n y t h o se o f Ta tw in e in t h e C a m b r id ge a nd B r i t i s h M u s e u m

m a n u s c r i p t s t h e r e h a s b e e n m u c h d i sc u s s i o n
,
Eb e r t TTd ec l a r e s t h a t w e .
‘

k no w n o t h i ng o f h im b e c a u s e t h e c o nj e c t u r e o f G iles i i t h a t h e is t h e ‘ ‘

S e e M a n i t i us , C/z r is ll L a t P o es ie ,
. . p .

503 .

TS e e E b e r t , dear i i/ ill {m A be n dl am z e I , 6 5 1
i
.
’
.
1 B er . ( i . r
. . G .
, p . 26 .

P 61 . 1 . A id/1 8 111 1 z w a B a m a , p p 79—

’ ’
82 . .

‘
ITTa t win e 4 , A l d h e l m iv , 1 T .
5 , A . v, 9 ; T . 6, A . v,
3 ; T . I 2, A . v i, 4 ; T .
3 0,
A iv ,
. 10 ; T .
31, A . v ii, 4 ; T .
3 3, A . v, 1 0 ; T .
39, A .

p 11 A n ec do m P r e fa c e p
'
9”
P 612 . . i i B er . a . s
.
‘

. G , . 27 .
, , . x .
 O R I G I N AL S A N D A N A L O G U E S xv

E u s e b i u s to w h o m Be d e d e d i ca t e d his co m m e n ta r y u po n t h e Apo c a ly p s e
is w i th o u t s u ppo r t
’
Eb e r t a d m i t s h o w e v e r t h a t n o t h i ng in his r idd l e s
.
, ,

m i l i ta te s a ga i ns t t h e th e o r y t h a t h e w a s a c o n te m po r a r y o f
”“
I Iahn
-

fo ll o w s G i l e s in id e n t i fy i ng t h e a u t h o r o f o u r e n i gm a s w i t h
E u s e b i u s t h e fr i e n d o f Be d e
,
H e h ad p r e v i o u s ly p r o v e d b e y o n d a ll
.

do ut t h a t t h i s fr i e n d w a s I I w ze t b e r t Ab b o t o f We a r m o u t h in N o r t h
-

u m b r i a 1 I I w z c tb e r t E u s e b i u s is c l ea r ly r e v e a l e d by H a h n ; b u t t h a t t h e
.
‘

gr e a t a bb o t o f t h e N o r t h is th e m a k e r o f o u r e n i gm a s is m e r e ly a h a p py
"

c o nj e c t u r e i nca abl e o f
p po s i t iv e p r o o f Th e co nj e c t u r e r e s ts h o w e v e r .
, ,

o n s u c h h i gh
p r o b a b i l i t i e s o f t i m e a n d p l ac e § t h a t a b r i e f s k e t c h o f
I I wae tb e r t m ay b e d r a w n fr o m H a h n s a m p l e m a te r i a l H e w as b o r n
’
.

abo u t 6 8 0 h is e a r ly t e a c h e r S i f r id d i e d in 6 8 8 a nd s e tb c r t w as
( g , , ,

’
y o u ng e no u gh t o b e ca ll e d j u v e n i s in a n d w a s in h is y o u n g m a n

h o o d a t R o m e u n d e r P o pe S e r g i u s ( 6 8 7 H e was o r d a i ne d pr i e s t
in 70 4 a nd c h o s e n Abb o t o f W e a r m o u th o n J u n e 4 7 1 6
, T h a t he ,
.

H e w a s h o no r e d
’
w as a s c h o l ar is e vid e n ce d b y Be d e s t r i b u t e
b y t h e d e d i ca t i o n no t o n ly o f his fr i e n d s c o m m e n ta r y u po n t h e Apo c a
’

ly p s e b u t o f his s c i e n t i fi c w o r k o f 72 6 D e [fa rm/ m He ,

w a s p r o b a b ly t h e a u t h o r o f t h e a n o n y m o u s L i fe o f h is p r e d ec e s s o r in ‘ ’

t h e a bb ac y C e o lfr id w h o m in a n a d m i r a b l e l e t t e r s t i ll e x t a n t h e c o m
, , , ,

m e n d s to t h e k i nd ly o ffi c e s o f G r e go r y I I ll T h a t h e w as s t i ll l ivi ng in
‘
.

t h e fo r t i e s o f t h e e i g h t h c e n t u r y is p r o v e d b y a l e t te r a dd r e s se d t o h im

b y th e m i s s i o n a r y b i s h o p Bo n i face b e tw ee n 74 4 a n d
O t h e r t h i ngs s pe a k fo r h is a u t h o r s h i p o f o u r e n i gm a s b e s id e s fa v o r ,

a b l e c o n d i t i o n s o f t i m e a nd p l a c e I n fa v o r o f t h i s v i e w is t h e i n te r na l .

e v id e n ce o f t h e e n i gm a s t h e m s e l v e s ; a l t h o u g h u po n t h i s w e m u s t n o t

la y u nd u e s t r e s s a s h is e n i gm a s a r e n o t n e a r ly s o d i s t i n c t iv e a s t h o s e o f
,

T a tw ine T he r idd l e r E u s e b i u s s ee m s t o h a v e b ee n a t h e o l o gi a n a nd
.

d iv i n e ( N o s 1 a l t h o u gh
. u n l ik e T a tw in e h e a v o id s s u bj e c ts o f th e
, ,

F am e/z . z m '
( le ft is t / mu C ar d i ff /716 X XVI 6 0 1 f C ff E r le m a n n , l / er
. r ny
A r c /l it? C X I 58 .

TB a n i/ 21 2: u m ! L 14 1, L e ip z i g , 1 883, pp .
—
3 2 18
2 1 .

i Be de h u s s p e a k s o f h im in h is
t the fi r s t b o o k o f Sam ue l the r em a rks u p o n

p r o p h e t ( G i l e s O/ W a Hed da V I I I
,
'
I I u e tb e r t um j u v e n e m c u i a m o r s t u di
,

a m o l i m E u s e b ii c o n o m e n in didit
’
u m q u e p ie t a t is
j g .

T h e i de n t i fi c a t i o n is a c c e p t e d b y E b e r t L i/t fies {Vi/t im Me n d/ wade I 1 88 9 , . . { ( , ,

p 6 5 2 a n d M a n i t i u s Cli f fs /l L a t P oes ie p 5 0 2
.
, , . .
,
. .

G i l e s Ope a V I 1 3 9 1 4 0
, r ,
-
.
TI H a h n pp 2 1 6 —217 ,
. .

J a ffe I I I 1 8 0 N o 6 2 ; di s c u s s e d b y I I a h n b o m a z p 2 1 3
’
’
. .
, , , . , ,
 I N T R O D U C TI O N

C h r i s ti a n c ul t : h r o n o l o gy ( N o s 2 6 2 9 )
he s h o ws a k e e n i n t e r e st in c .
,

a nd g r a m m a r ( N o s 9 1
9 3 9 42) ta s t e s b e fi tt i n g a fr i e n d o f Be d e ;
.
, , .

a nd in h is l a te r e n i g m a s ( N o s 4 1 w h i c h w e r e p e r h a p s w r i t te n a s .
,

E b e r t s u gge s t s fo r u s e in t h e s c h o o l h e d i s pl a y s a n a c c u r a te k n o w l e d ge
, ,

‘
A s t r ik i ng
'

o f t h e gr e a t t e x tb o o k o f h is t i m e I s id o r e s ,

c h a r a c te r i s t i c o f his e n i g m a s is h is lo v e o f c o n t r a s t s ( N o s 8 1
5 18 2 1 . , , , ,

2 4 2 7 ,
E b e r t r i gh tl y r e ga r d s his l i te r a r y w o r k m a n s h i p a s i n fe r i o r
,

Th e fir s t fo r ty o f his e n i g m a s c o n s i s t e a c h o f fo u r
'

t o t h a t o f l a t w ine
‘

h e x a m e te r s ; t h e l a s t t w e n t y s o d i ffe r e n t fr o m t h e i r p r e d e c e s s o r s in ,

o r igi n m a t t e r a n d fo r m a r e o f a r y ing l e n g t h s
, , ,
'
-

N o w w h a t is t h e r e l a t i o n o f t he e n i g m a s o f I it lSC lfi tlS to t h o s e o f
,
‘

l a t w in e w h i c h t h e y a c c o m p a n y ? Eb e r t § a d v a nc e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t
r ‘

'

Eu s e b i u s s o u g h t b y s u p p l e m e n t i ng T a t w in e s fo r ty r idd l e s w i th s i x ty
,

o th e r s to m a k e a n e w r idd l e b o o k o f o ne h u nd r e d q u e r i e s l ik e t h e
,
-

g r o u p s o f S y m p h o s iu s a n d A l d h e l m ( c m n pa r e a l s o t h e n i n e ty l i v e p r o b
-

l e m s o f t h e fa r / r l b w/c) T h a t w e m a y no t a s s u m e th e r e v e r s e r e l a t i o n
e .

'

s e e m s e v id e n t fo r t w o r e a s o n s : l a tw in e lir m h e s ta b l i s h e s t h e n u m b e r
‘
’

o f h is r o b l e m s b y h is a c r o s t i c ; Eu s e b i u s is h a r d
p p u t t o it to r a i s e his
o w n n u m b e r t o s i x t y a n d is d r iv e n to n e w s o u r c e s Fr o m t h e
i n te r n a l e vid e nc e o f t h e s i ngl e e n i gm a s w e c a n d r a w n o v a lu a b l e c o n
e l u s i o n r e ga r d i n g t h e r e l a t i o n o f t h e t w o g r o u p s a s w i t h o n e e x c e p t i o n , , ,

t h e r e is n o l ik e n e s s in t h o u gh t a n d w o r d b e t w e e n t h e p r o b l e m s t h a t

h a nd l e l ik e t h e m e s ( E 7 T 4 ; E 8 T 3 3 E 1 7 T o ; E 2 4 T 2 3 : .
,
. .
, . .
,
. . , .

'

E 27 T 25 E 32 T 5 E 36 T I n th e l e n p r o b l e m s ( E 3 5 ‘ ‘
. . . . . .
, , , .
,

T . w h e r e w e h a v e a t l e a s t o n e c o m m o n m o t iv e n o t o n l y a r e b o t h ,

w r i te r s in t h e w a k e o f Al d h e l m ( v b u t b o th a r e e m pl o y i n g id ea s c u r .

r e n t in a ll r idd l e
po e t r y o f th e t i m e l ho ug h t h e m a n ne r o f Eu s e b i u s is
' ‘

n o t u n l ik e t h a t o f S m p h o s iu s t h e r e is l i t t l e t r a c e o f d i r e c t b m r o w ing fr o m
'

y ,

t h e e a r l i e r a n d w i t t i e r w r i te r T he r e s e m b l a nce s ( E 1 6 S 8 1 E 34 . .
, . . .
,

l E 3 8 S 1 4 ; E 4 3 8 3 8 ) a r e n o t s t r ik i ng a nd m a y w e ll b e e n
.
, . .
,
. .

ta i l e d b v t h e d e m a nd s o f l ik e s u b j e c t s O f t he fir s t fo r t y r idd l e s o f .

C f E b e r t , B ar
. p 28 . .
‘

i . G , . .

i Biic h e le r l fm X X X V I 3 4 0 a n d I l a lm p p 6 1 9 —
,
-
u .. .6 2 4 g iv e a b u n da n t
l
.
. , , . ,

p r o o f t h a t E u s e b i u s did n o t go di r e c t ly t o P l i n y a n d S o l i n a s a s E b e r t s u p p o s e d , .

b u t de r i v e d f r o m t h e s e a u t h o r s t h r o u g h I i do r e S e e a l s o E b e r t L ift o er ll ff
'
’
s . . . . z .

{m A da m /A I 1 8 8 9 p 6 5 2 N , , . , .

I S e e M a n it i u s C h i /l L a t P es ie p 5 0 4 I l i ar t (f p 27 ‘

o .i
, V . .
, . . . . .
,
. .

I! C f E b e r t [l m p /y Z s X X I I I 2 0 0 ; t h e w r it e r
.
, i X X I 1 0 2 a nd no tes
.
, , , ,

to M il 5 2
. .
x xxvi ii I N T RO D UC T I ON

48, h o w c l o se v e r b a l b o r r o w i ngs fr om Sy m ph o s iu s w h il e R M 3 6
a nd 6 1 s
'

.
,

n d 4 1 a r e d e r iv e d s e n t e n c e fo r s e n t e n c e fr o m Al d h e l m I n RM 6 14
39 ,
a . .
, ,

"e
2 9 37 5 1
, 5 4 i n d ivid u a l p o i n t s a r e b o r r o w e d fr o m t h e L a t i n e n igm a s
, , ,
.

I n t h e so ca ll e d s eco n d s e r i e s D i e t r i c h n o te s a fr ee r e m pl o y m e n t o f Sy m
-

a n d a fe w t r a i t s fr o m Al d h e l m
p h o s iu s R id 6 6 8 4
( 8 5 8 6 .
, , ( R id
,
6 4 ,
.
,

7 1 ,
H e d r a w s fr o m h is v e r y d o u b t fu l p r e m i s e s t h e co n c lu s i o n t h a t a

c l o se r d e p e n d e n c e u p o n L a t i n m o d e l s is a c o n s t an t t r a i t o f t h e fi r s t s e r i e s ,

’
a fr e e r m o v e m e n t p r e d o m i n a t es in t h e s e co n d F r o m t h e r e fe r e n c e s t o .

w r i t i ngs in R z a 4 0 fr o m t h e C a n d B r u ne s w h i c h p r e c e d e R z a 9 a nd
' ’

‘ ’ ’
. .
,

1 8 a n d w h i c h m ay s t a n d fo r t h e L a t m m em z a n d bi l l/is m D i e t r i c h co n .
,

e c t u r e s a t h i r d L a t i n so u r ce b u t n o n e h a s b e e n d i s c o v e r e d w h i c h cas t s
j
‘
,

D
’
an l i h t u o n t h e p r o b l e m s in q u e s t i o n i e t r i c h a l s o p o i n t s o u t t h e po p
y g p .

u l a r e l e m e n t s in s u c h r i dd l e s a s R 221 2 3 1 4 5 2 3 4 4 3 1 0 e t c a n d .
, , , , , ,
.
,

M ull e r s c o n t r i b u t i o n
L ’
n o t e s p a r a ll e l s a m o ng t h e G e r m a n fo l k r iddle s )
-
.

P r og n w z m ( 1 8 6 1 ) a dd s n o t h i ng t o D i e t r i c h s t r e a t m e n t
’
to the

o f so u r c e s Bu t in 1 8 77 E b e r t in his e s s ay u po n t h e r idd l e p o e tr y o f
.
,
-

t h e An gl o S a x o n s 1 s ee k s t o s h o w t h a t o u r r idd l e r w h o m h e id e n t i fi e s
'

-
, ,

w i t h C y n e w u l f p r o b a b ly u se d T a t w in e s e n i gm as a n d ce r ta i n ly t h o s e o f
’

, ,

E u s e b i u s T h e E ngl i s h r idd l e s w h i c h h e b e l i e v e s t o b e i n d e b te d t o t h e
.

L a t i n a r e R id 7 ( E 1 0 ) 14
( T 4 E . 1 5 9 3 ( E . 21
(T .
,
.
,
. .

27
( 5
T 6
.
; E , 3 0 E
( 3 9 ( E. b u t a s I s h a ll s h o w . .
, ,

t h e r e is in n o n e o f t h e s e c a s e s a ny c o n c lu s iv e p r o o f o f a d i r e c t l i t e r ar y

c o n n ec t i o n .

I n a m o n o gr a p h w h i c h b y it s p e r v e r s i o n o f m e t h o d a n d u n w a r r a n te d ,
‘

c o n c l u s i o n s h a s do n e n o l i t t l e h a r m t o t h e p r o p e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e
,

E xefer [30017 p r o b l e m s a nd t h e i r r e l a t i o n s P r e h n a i m s t o fi n d fo r n e a r ly ,

e v e r y An gl o — S a x o n r idd l e a L a t i n pr o t o ty pe a m o ng t h e e n i gm as o f Sym
h o s i s Al d h e l m T a t w in e a n d E u se b i u s H e t h u s s u m m a r i z e s his r e
p u , , ,
.

s u lt s : II An e x c l u s iv e u s e o f Sy m ph o s iu s is fo u n d in t w e l v e r idd l es o f
‘
.
,

Al d h e l m in s e v e n te e n o f E u s e b i u s in fi v e w h i l e T a t w in e is n e v e r u se d , ,

9“
All of D i e t r ic h
’
s s t a t e m e n t s r e a r din
g g s o u r ces m ust be co ns i de r a b l y m o di fi e d
and di s c o u n t e d in the l igh t of my i n v e s t i ga t i o n s ( ll L A X V I I I 98 See
'
f
. . . .
,

fi a , and no p a r a t e r i ddl e s
'

te s t o s e
'

z u .

TD ie t r ic h
’
s tr ea tm e nt p oe m s o f o u r c o l l e c t io n
o f the c o nn e c t o n i b e twe e n t h e
a n d p o p u l a r r i ddl e s is c o n fi n e d t o a s i n l e p a r a r a p h X I — 8 a nd m u s t b e
g g ( 4 5 7 4 5 ) .
,

s u pp l e m e n t e d a t e v e r y p o i n t
( s e e m y a r t i c l e in Kl] L J V X V I I I 9 8 f m y di s c u s
s i o n inf r a a n d t h e n o t e s t o t h e s e v e r a l p r o b l e m
. .
, .
,

, s) 1 B er d s G p 2 9 . . . . .
, . .

A o m p o r z l io n Q u e/Zen P a de r b o r n , 1 88 3
' '

a nd der R dtr el deaf E xete r bu c /z es . .

HP . 1 58 .
 O R I G I N A L S A N D A N AL O G U E S x x x ix

t o P r e h n , o u r a ut h o r fr e q u e nt ly b u i l d s
’
l
a o ne . Bu t , ac o r c d i ng up h is r id

dle by s plu n de r in gs fr o m m o r e t h a n o n e a u t h o r : h e t h u s
u gges t i o n s an d

e m p l o y s Sy m ph o s iu s a n d Al d h e l m s ix t i m e s , Sy m p h o s iu s a n d T a t w in e

t w i ce , Al d h e l m a n d T a t w in e o n c e , Al d h e l m a n d E u se b i u s fo u r t i m e s ,

Al d h e l m ,
Ta t win e , a nd Eu seb i u s t h r ee t i m e s, bu t
v e r T a t w in e a n d .
ne

Eu s e b i u s a l o n e t o ge t h er S o m e t i m e s h e e m p l o y s m o r e t h a n o n e r idd l e
.

o f h
t e sa e au ho :
m t r h e hu
t s u se s Sy pm h o s iu s t w i ce a n d A l d h e l o n ce
m *
.

Aga i n s t t h e se r es u l t s o f P r e h n s t o o fr u i t fu l so u r ce h u n t t h e r e h a v e b e e n
’
-

m o r e t h a n o n e p r o t e s t fr o m s c h o l a r s Z u pitz a Ta y ear l at e r t o o k i ss u e .
, ,

w i t h P r e h n s co n c lu s i o n s o f w h o l e s a l e b o r r o w i n gs fr o m l e a r n e d so u r c e s
’
,

a n d a ffi r m e d h is b e l i e f in t h e p o p u l ar o r i g i n o f m a n y E xez er B o o k p u z
‘

z le s H o lth a u s i a l so t h i n k s t h a t P r e h n h a sfa i l e d t o e s t ab l i s h t h e gr e at
.

d e pe n d e n ce o f th e Angl o S a x o n r idd l e s H e po i n t s t o t he po p u l a r i ty o f
-
.

s u c h c o m p o s i t i o ns a m o ng m o n k s a n d l a y m e n T h e n u m b e r o f u n iv e r s a lly .

k n o w n r idd l es w as far l ar ge r t h a n t h o s e e x ta n t ; a nd t h e se , in fo r m a n d
e x p r e ss i o n w e r e n a tu r a lly m u c h a l ik e
,
O n ly t h e t r u e p o e t s ga v e t h e m a .

n e w d r e ss R e ga r d i n g t h e v o gu e o f t h i s r idd l e m a t e r i a l h e b e l i e v es a s
.
-
, ,

d o e s Te n Br i n k o f th e e p i c § t h a t th e p r o d u c t o f p o e t i c a c t iv i ty w as n o t
,
‘

th e p o s s e s s i o n t h e p e r fo r m a n ce o f a n i n d ivid u a l b u t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y
’
.
, ,

O t h e r a r gu m e n t s o f H o l t h a u s w i ll b e co n s id e r e d l a t e r So H e r z fe l d l] .

d ec l a r e s t h a t in t h e ca se o f th e E xeter B oo le R iddles o n e c a n n o t s p e a k
‘

o f a co n s t a n t ly cl o s e a d h e r e n ce t o d e fi n i te m o d e l s P r e v i o u s i n v e s t i ga .

l s h o w t h a t so m e fe w o f t h e s e a r e l i te r a l t r a n s l a t i o n s o f t h e L a t i n
‘
t io n s l ,

o t h e r s a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e L a t i n r idd l e s o n ly in s i ngl e t r a i t s an d t u r n s o f
'

t h o u gh t w h i l e t h e m aj o r i ty h a v e t h e i r r o o t s in p o p u l a r t r a d i t i o n fr o m
, ,

w h i c h t h e p o e t s o f b o t h t h e L a t i n a nd t h e O ld Engl is h r idd l e s h a v e
’
d r a w n i n d e pe n d e n t ly .

q u o t es t h e w h o l e o f Al d h e l m s r idd l e D e L ns a m o s id e b y
’ ’
’
Br o o k e
s id e w i t h R id 9 in o r d e r t o co n fo u n d t h o se w h o s ay t h a t C y n e w ul f in
.
,
‘

h is R iddles is a m e r e i m i t a t o r o f t h e L a t i n I n t h e L a t i n t h e r e is n o t a .

t r ace o f i m agi n a t i o n o f c r e a t i o n I n t h e E n gl i s h b o t h a r e c l ea r
,
I n the . .

* E v e n in ca s e s w h e r e P r e h n is u na b l e t o de m o n s t r a t e b o r r o w i ng, h e de c l a r e s
(p . I n de s s e n h i h r e S e lb s t an digk e it n u r a u f die W a h l de r
b e s c h r an k t
'

s ic

S t o ffe w a h r e n d de r I n h a l t di e s e l b e n t yp i s c h e n Z iige a u fw e i s t w e l c h e w ir b e i de n
, ,

V o r b i l de r n k e nn e n ge l e r n t h a b e n TD ems c /z e L iltz lg 1 88 4 p 8 72
’ ‘
. .
, , . .

1 A li V I I A 1 2 4 G / i l t d E l L iz a p 1 7 P 2 6 —27
ng a 72 2 , es c z c
. z e er i z.
g p .
, . . . .

1TH e r z fe l d c o m p a r e s J H K i r k l a n d A S t u dy of fl u A ng lo S a xo n P oe m T/z e
. .
,
-
,

fl o r r o wz vi g of H e ll H a l l e 1 8 8 5 pp 2 5 f B u t in w h a t r e s p e c t t h i s r e fe r e n c e e s
'

, , , . .

t a b lis h e s l a r ge r e s u l t s I fa i l t o s e e ,
” E E L it p 1 4 9 fo o t n o t e. . .
, .
, .
xl I N T RO DUC T I ON

o ne a h o l a r is a t p l a y in t he o t h e r a p oe t is m a k i ng Al m o s t e v e r y
sc , .

r idd l e t h e s u b j ec t O f w h i c h C y n e w u l f t o o k fr o m Al d h e l m Sy m p h o s iu s o r
, ,

E u s e b i u s is a s l i tt l e r e a lly i m i ta t e d a s t h at E v e n t h e R idd l e D e Cr eo
,
.

t u m t h e m o s t cl o se ly fo ll o w e d o f t h e m a ll is co n t i n u a lly a l t e r e d t o w ar d s
, ,

’
i m a gi n a t iv e w o r k .

*
E r le m a n n d i sc u s se s t he c l o s e r e l a t i o n o f t h e R iddles t o th e L a t i n
e n i gm as o f t h e e a r ly e i gh t h c e n t u r y All o f t h e se e n igm a to gr a p h s .
‘
,

Al d h e l m T a t w in e a n d E u s e b i u s w e r e co n t e m p o r a r i e s o f Be d e ; a nd a s
, , , ,

H a h n h a s s h o w n TE u se b i u s is id e n t i ca l w i t h H wae tb e r t E u se b i u s Ab b o t
,
-
,

o f W e a r m o u t h t o w h o m B e d e s u b m i tt e d h is w o r k o f 72 7 D e Temp o mm z
, ,

R o fio /z e Th e Angl o S a x o n p o e t [
.

]
s o E r le m a nn k n e w a ll t h e L a t i n c o ll e e
-

t i o n s o f r idd l es a n d e m p l o y e d E u s e b i u s in p a r t i c ul a r T h e r e is n o s m a l l .

r o b a b i l i t y t h a t t h e An gl o S a x o n p o e t t h r o u h s c h o o l i ns tr u c t i o n w a s
-
g
p , ,

fa m i l i a r w i t h t h e w o r k s o f Be d e a s w e ll a s w i t h t h e r idd l e— po e m s o f
E u se b i u s T a t w ine a n d Al d h e l m
, ,
I t is i n d e e d po ss i b l e t h a t h e o b t a i n e d
.

h is sc h o l a r ly t r a i n i ng in o n e o f t h e m o n a s te r i e s W e a r m o u th a nd J a r r o w
’
.

E r le m a nn b e l i e v e s t h a t t h i s a id s u s in fi x i ng t h e d a te o f o u r co ll ec t i o n .

E u s e b i u s e m p l o y e d t h e r idd l e — co ll ec t i o n o f Ta t w in e , w h i c h fa ll s in
73 2 ;
a n d t h e r e fo r e c o m p o se d b e t w ee n t h a t d a t e a n d t h e m idd l e o f t h e fo r t i e s

w h en he d i e d H is s i x ty e n i gm a s p r o b a b ly s u p p l e m e n t T a t w in e s fo r ty
.
’

s o t h e y a r e c l o s e t o t h e m in t i m e N o w if t h e Angl o S a x o n p r o b l e m s
.
,
-

a r e du e t o t h e a w a k e n e d i n t e r e s t in r idd l e s t h e y m ay b e p l a c e d b e tw e e n ,

2 an d in a n c a s e b e fo r e in N o t h u m b i — th e t i m e a nd
73 74 0
y , 75 0 r r a ,

e t o w h i c h S i e v e r s a n d M a de r t ( ii i/ m w o ul d a s s i gn t h e m
p l a c ) Bu t a ll .

t h e se a r g u m e n t s fa ll t o t h e gr o u n d if w e d e n y d i r e c t l i t e r a r y c o n n ec t i o n

w i t h T a t w in e a n d E u s e b i u s .

L e t u s n o w e x a m i n e t h e r idd l e s I n t h e fo u r r idd l e s t h a t o w e m o s t t o
.

t h e c o ll e c t i o n o f S y m p h o s iu s R id 4 8 6 1 8 5 8 6 t h e r e l a t i o n is no t
, .
, , , ,

n e a r ly a s c l o s e a s t h a t o f R id 3 6 4 1 t o A l d he l m . I t is c e r t a i n ly n o t
, ,
.

co r r e ct t o y w i t h H e r z fe ld l t h a t t o e ac h l i ne o f Sy m p h o s iu s 1 6
‘

sa ,
.

T il/ m t w o l i n e s o f R id 4 8 co r r e s po n d
,
. Th e s ix l i n e s o f t h e E n gl i s h .

v e r s i o n r e p r e s e n t a v e r y u n fo r t u n a t e e x p a n s i o n in w h i c h t h e a n s w e r is ,

b e t r a y e d a t t h e o u t s e t n o n e w id e a s e x ce p t t h a t o f t h e h o l i n es s o f t h e
,

b o o k a r e a dd e d a n d t h e s h a r p co n t r a s t s o f t h e L a t i n a r e s a c r i fi c e d
,
.

T h e t h r e e m o t iv e s o f t h e Ar u nd o e n i gm a o f Sy mph o s iu s ( N O 2 ) a r e
‘ ’
.

a d m i r a b ly d e v e l o p e d in t h e s e v e n t e e n l i n e s o f R id 6 1 a s D i e t r i c h h as .
,

9“
H ar r ies A r c /z it ! C X I 58 .

T For s c /z . 2 71 X XVI , 5 97 .
I P . 29 .
 O R I G I N A L S A N D AN A L O G U E S Xl i

s h o w n in pa r a ll e l co lu m n s H e r e t h e L at i n s i m p ly s u gge s t s R id 8 5
.
*
. .

fo ll o w s o n ly in it s fi r s t l i n e s t h e Flu m e n e t P i sc i s p r o b l e m ( Sy m ‘
.

t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e s h o r t p o e m is a n i n d e p e n d e n t d e v e l o p m e n t in w h i c h

n e w m o t iv e s a r e a dd e d O n ly t h e s e co n d l i ne o f t h e Sy m ph o s iu s e n i gm a
.

L u s t /i s a lliu m ton e/1s ( N o 9 4 ) is u se d in t h e m o n s t e r —. r idd l e o f s e v e n

l i n e s ( R id 86 ) w h i c h t h u s l a vi s h ly e m p l o y s th e h i n t Th e fo u r Engl i s h
. .

r idd l e s ,
t h o u gh so m e w h a t d i s s i m i l a r in m e t h o d o f b o r r o w i ng r e s e m b l e ,

e a c h o t h e r in fr e e h a n d l i ng o f s o u r c e s ; N o s 8 5 a n d 8 6 in t h e m a n n e r .
,

o f d e v e l o p m e n t fr o m a Su gge s t i o n in t h e o r i gi n a l ; N o s 4 8 a n d 8 5 in .
,

th e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f C h r i s t i a n e l e m e n t s Bu t th e t r ea t m e n t o f so u r ce s .

di ffe r s e n t i r e ly fr o m t h a t in th e s m a ll Al d h e l m gr o u p ( R id wh er e .

t h e L a i n ( A v i 3 a n d D e Cr ea t u r e ) is c l o se ly fo ll o w e d ( N o te s)
t .
, , .

A d o z e n r idd l e s e m p l o y m o t iv e s o f Sy m ph o siu s a n d Al d h e l m in su c h
fa s h i o n as t o s u gge s t d i r e c t b o r r o w i n g fr o m t h e L a t i n e n igm as T I n R id . .

1 0 t h e r idd l e r
giv e s e v id e n c e o f his u s e o f Sym ph o s iu s 1 0 0 ( n o t in R i e se )
in h is d e sc r i pt i o n o f t h e d e se r t i o n o f t h e c u c k o o b y p a r e n t s b e fo r e b i r t h
a n d it s a d o p t i o n b y a n o t h e r m o t h e r b u t t h e add e d m o t iv e o f t h e c u c k o o s
’

i ngr a t i t u d e a s i n d e e d t h e w h o l e t r ea t m e n t s h o w s a n i n ti m a t e ac q u a i n t
, ,

a n c e w i t h t h e fo l k l o r e o f t h e t i m e
-
Th e t h r ee m o t iv e s o f Sy m p h o s iu s .

6 1 a ppe ar in t h e An c h o r r idd l e ( R id b u t o n ly t h e s eco n d is so

‘ ’
.

cl o se ly fo ll o w e d a s t o i n d i c a te ac t u a l i n d e b te d ne ss Th e leitm o tif o f Sy m .

s iu s 73 is n o t i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e B r idd l e R id 3 8
’
h e ll o w s u n t i l it s
‘
p o , .
,

fi ft h l i ne a n d t h e n a ft e r r ece ivi n g a t h r ee l i ne t r ea tm e n t is di s m i ss e d by
, ,
-
,

t h e p o p ul a r m o t iv e t h a t c l o se s t h e p r o b l e m : in t h e se co n d fr agm e n t ar y

v e r s i o n o f t h e En gl i s h r idd l e ( R id 8 7) th e Sy m ph o s iu s t h e m e is n o t .

T h e t w o c l o s i n g l i n e s o f R id 6 6 ( co m p a r e O n i o n se e m
’
r eac h e d
‘
. .
,

C e p a e n i gm a o f Sy m ph o s iu s ( N o
’
t o b e v e r b a lly i n d e b t e d t o t h e
‘
.

b u t t h i s b i t e r b i t te n m o t iv e is a c o m m o n p l a c e o f r idd l e po et r y a n d w e ll
’
-

k n o w n t o co n t e m po r a r y e n igm a t o gr a ph s .

A m o t iv e fr o m Al d h e l m v 3 a n d y e t an o t h e r fr o m v 9 see m t o b e t h e
, , , ,

so u r ce s o f se v e r a l l i ne s o f R id 2 7 Bo o k a n d Al d h e l m v 3 a n d iv 1
.
, , , , ,

P e n ; b u t in b o t h E ngl i s h r id
’
s u gge s t t h e st r ik i n g t h e m e s o f R id 5 2
‘
.
,

d l e s w e a r e d e a l i n g w i t h t he c o m m o n p r o pe r ty o f v e r y m a n y e n i gm a s
’
o f t h a t da y R id 1 3 a nd 3 9 Y o u n g O x m a y c l a i m a s a n a l o gu e s
‘
. .
, ,

n o t o n ly A l d h e l m i i i 1 1 v 8 an d Sym ph o s iu s 5 6 b u t m a n y o t h er L a t i n
, , , ,

*X 1, 4 52 .

TR id 1 0 ( S
. . 1 7 (S .
38 (S . 66 (S . 2 7 (A . v,
3, 52 (A , v, 3;
iv , 37 (A . v i, 1 3, 39 (A iii .
, 1 1 ; v, 8 ; S .
50 (A ii .
, 64 (A . v i,
Xl ii I N T RO D UC T I ON

r idd l es of the t im e ; a nd the two E ngl i s h p r o b l e m s cl i ng t o t h e t r a d i

t io n a l m o t iv e s , i but w i th a ce r t a n fr ee d o m o f l i te r a r y t r e a t m e n t R id 5 0 , . .

’
‘
Bo o k ca se is co n n e c t e d t h r o u g h it s l as t l i n e s a n d p a r t i cu l a r ly t h r o u gh
, ,

t h e w o r d 71 71 70 17 : ( 1 1 a ) w i t h Al d h e l m i i 1 A r m L ili m r ia ; b u t it
, ,

is n o t e w o r t h y t h a t t h i s is t h e v e r y m o t iv e w h i c h w e m ee t in t h e Bo o k
m o t h p r o b l e m ( Sy m 1 6 ; R id R id 6 4 o w e s it s r ul i n g id e a t o
’
. . .

Al d h e l m v i t h o u g h it is n o s l a v i s h c o p y o f t h e L a t i n t h e m e
,
the ,
‘

k i s s o f t h e w i n e c u p w h i c h a pp e a r s n o t o n ly in Angl o L a t i n r idd l e s
-
,
’
-

( ) u t in t h e m o d e r n E n gl i s h H o l m e r idd l e N A l h el m s
’
s f/p m b O 1 28 d . .

‘
Wa t e r e n i gm a s i ii 1 a n d e s pe c i a lly iv 1 4 a r e fr e e ly fo ll o we d in t h e i r
’
, , , ,

m a i n o u t l i n e s b y t h e w r i t e r o f R id 8 4 ; b u t t h a t l o ng p o e m d u r i ng it s .

l a r ge r p a r t d ec l a r e s its i n d e pe n d e nce o f L a t i n s o u r ce s To s u m m ar i z e .
,

t h e m o t iv e s o f t h e L a t i n e n i gm a s a r e s o w id e ly d i ffu se d t h r o u gh o ut r idd l e

o e t r y a n d m o r e o v e r t h e se t h e m e s a r e s o fr e e ly h a n d l e d in t h e E ngl i s h
p ,

v e r s i o n s t h a t it is i m po ss i b l e t o d e d u c e a ny b u t t h e m o s t ge n e r a l co n
,

e lu s i o n r e ga r d i ng e it h e r r e la t io n t o s o u r ce s o r t h e id e n t i t y o f t h e a u t h o r
‘

O n ly t h i s m u c h m a y b e s afe ly s a id : t h a t t h e E ngl i s h r idd l e s j u s t co n

s ide r e d a r e a l ik e in c o m b i n i ng a ce r t a i n d e p e n d e n ce in t h e i r l e a d i ng
id e a s w i t h o r i gi n a l i t y o f e x p r e ss i o n a n d fr e e d o m o f d e v e l o pm e n t .

Y e t a n o t h e r gr o u p o f r idd l e s b e a r t o S y m ph o s iu s a nd Al d h e l m o n ly a
v e r y s l i gh t r e se m b l a n ce — p e r h a p s in a s i ngl e p h r a s e o r l i n e so s l i gh t

i n d ee d t h a t t h e l ik e n e s s m ay o fte n b e a c c id e n t a l o r e l se p r o d u ce d b y
“
id e n t i ty o f t o pic fi E d m u n d E r le m a n n h a s po i n te d o u t T t h a t th e
‘
S t o r m r idd l e s R id 2 —4 a r e i n d e b te d fo r o n e o f t h e i r ce n t r a l id e a s
’
,
.
, ,

1
n o t t o Al d h e l m s l i n e ( i )
’
2 C e r n e r e m e n u l l i p O SS Llrl t n ec p r e n d e r e
,
‘

’
h i ch a pp ea r s in b o t h t h e B e r n R idd l e s a n d Be d e s F lo r es
’
a lm is w
p ,

( s up r a
) b u t t o t h e sc r i p t u r a l so u r c e s o f t h i s
, ( )
s ee N o t e s ; a n d I r e ga r d

t h e o t h e r a ll ege d p a r a ll e l s o f P r e h n T a s v e r y n a t u r a l co i n c id e n c e s Th e .

r e se m b l a n ce b e t we e n R id 6 a n d Al d h e l m iv 1 3 is v e r y s l i gh t
.
, ,

a n d t h e m e r e o u t co m e o f a c o m m o n t h e m e : e ac h s h i e l d s p e a k s o f it s

wo u nds I t is b a r e ly p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e a u t h o r o f R id 9 o w e d so m e
. .

t h i ng t o Al d h e l m s b u t I do n o t b e l i e v e t h a t
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t h e An gl o S a x o n p o e t h a d t h e n i gh t i n ga l e in m in df I t is a far c r y fr o m
-

Al d h e l m s E s olz i m ( i v 1 1 ) t o t h e Ba r n a c l e G o o s e o f R id 1 1 ; s o
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4 g, 6 0 (A v i, 54 (A .

v, 5 7 (S . 1 7; A . iv , 3 , 58 (A . v i,
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9 1 (S l H et lgs A r c /Mo C X I
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. r z ,
 O R I G I N AL S AN D AN A L O G U E S xl i ii

th e l ik e n e s s b e t we e n th e O p e n i ng l i ne s o f th e t w o w h i c h is v e r y s ligh t , ,

is o b v i o u s ly a cc id e n ta l T h e r e is ce r ta i n ly a r e s e m b l a n c e b e t w ee n a s in
.

gle p a ss age in Al d h e l m s
N o x e n i gm a ( x i i 9 ) a n d R id
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bu t
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t h i s is n o t s u ffi c i e n t t o e s t a b l i s h a ny d i r e c t c o nn ec t i o n b e t w e e n t h e L a t i n

a n d t h e An gl o S a x o n R id 2 1
’
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S w o r d is d e v e l o pe d in a t o ta lly dif
. .
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fe r e n t fa s h i o n fr o m Al d h e l m s e nigm a ( iv 1 0 ) o n t h e sa m e t o p i c ; a ny
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a r a ll e l s o f t h o u gh t — an d t h e s e a r e fe w — a r e i n h e r e n t in t h e s u b j e c t
p .

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w h i c h a l so a p ,

pear s in R id 2 8 is fo u n d no t o n ly in o t h e r L a t i n e n i gm a s o f t h e t i m e
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o f it s m o t iv e s a ge n e r a l l ik e n e ss t o A l d h e l m v i i 2 it is p o s s i b l e t h a t , ,

t h e L a t i n m a y h a v e b ee n c o n s u l t e d b y t h e a u t h o r o f t h e se b i b ul o u s

p r o b l e m s b u t it is d i ffi cu lt t o s ee h o w h is t h e m e s co ul d h a v e be e n de
,

ve lo p e d w i t h o u t m e n t i o n o f t h e se t r a i t s Th e s l i gh t l ik e n e ss b e tw e e n .

th e R a k e r idd l e ( R id 3 5 ) a n d Sy m ph o s iu s 6 0 , Ser r a m ay e as i ly b e
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,

e x p l a i n e d b y t h e d e m a n d s o f s i m i l a r s u b j ec t s D ietr ic h fi n d s t h e ge r m .

o f R id 4 9 6 0 in Al d h e l m v i 4
.
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p r a c t i c a lly l i m i t e d t o th e r e d go l d o f b o t h t h e L a t i n an d E ngl i s h v e s
‘

s e l s a n d co n s e q u e n t ly an i n e v i t a b l e r e s u l t o f id e n t i t y o f t h e m es is n o t
, ,

i r r e co n c i l ab l e w i t h co m p l et e i n d e p e n d e nce O n ly in t wo l i n e s o f R id . .

Ba tt e r i ng r a m is fo u n d a ny a n a l o gu e t o Al d h e l m v 8 w h i c h h a s
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-
, , , ,

a fa r d i ffe r e n t p u r p o se a p u n u po n Ar i e s ,
Th e L o o m r idd l e R id ‘
.
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57 ,
b e a r s o n ly a v e r y fa i n t r es e m b l a n c e t o t h e e n i gm a s o f S m h
y p o s iu s
a n d Al d h e l m
( N O .1 7
) ( iv 3 l ik e s u b j ec t s co u l d h a r d ly b e t r e a t e d
,
.

w i t h gr e a t e r d i ffe r e n ce o f m e t h o d R id 5 8 h as c e r t a i n ly t w o t r a i t s in . .

co m m o n w i t h Al d h e l m vi 1 b u t n o d es cr i p t i o n s o f t h e S w a l l o w co u l d
’

fa i l t o m e n t i o n it s w o o d h a u n t s a n d it s gar r u l o u s n o t e -
Th e o r i gi n .

r ec a ll s Al d h e l m
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P ug io i z e ; b u t t h e t w o e n i gm as a r e o f v er y d iv e r se so r t Th e L a n c e
‘
.

r idd l e
( R id 73) s u r
. e ly o w e s l i t t l e t o A l d h e l m ( v i 8 ) in t h e p i ct u r e o f ,

its o r i gi n a nd it s d e l i gh t in b a t t l e T h e ge n e r a l l ik e n e s s in r idd l e m o t iv e .
-

— c h a n ge o f co n d i t i o n b y fi r e — b e t w ee n R id 8 3 a n d Sym ph o s iu s 9 1 .

m ay w e ll ar i se fr o m t h e d e m an d s o f t h e t o p i c Or e An d fi na lly t h e r e ,
.
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Key in t h e
’
is b u t a dim s u gge s t i o n o f t h e l iv e ly m e ta p h o r s o f R id .
,

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‘ ’
.

s u b j e c t s s p h e r e o f ac t i o n I n n o ne o f t h e t w e n t y r idd l e s j u s t c o ns id e r e d
’
.

9“ X I . 4 74
is it po s s i b l e to es ta b l i s h di r e c t l i te r a r y c o n ne c t o n i w i t h the L a t i n en i gm as
—i
.

I n t he la r t r a ns m iss io n f rn o t ivc s t h i s l ik e
'

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co n d i ti o n s u bj e c ts —go fa r to w a r d s e xpl a i n i ng a ll r c s c np
o f co mmo n s ,

bla n c e s I n o t h e r r i ddl e s t h a t t r e a t th e s a m e th e m e s a s t he L a t i n
.

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gm a s e v e n t h i s fa i n t l ik e n e s is l a c k i n g
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m y p r o te s t Ta g a i ns t t h e c l a i m s o f l a t w ine
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a n d I lu s c b in s a s c r e di t o r s o f t h e Boo t l idd/ s I n a fe w c a s e s I
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no t i c e a r e s e m b l a n c b e t w e e n t h e / idd/ s a nd t he s e L a t i n c n ig rn a s f l
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Y e t in a ll t h e s e e x e p t l id 1 5 a n d 4 4 t he En gl i s h a nd L a t i n w r i te r s
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, c r . ,

a r e b o t h w o r k i n g w i t h m o t iv e s e m p l o y e d n o t o n l y b y S y m p ho s iu s o r

Al dh l m b ri t b y o t he r e a r ly e n ig m a to g r a p hs w ho s e d i r e c t c o n n e c t i o n
e

w i t h l a t w in c a n d llu s c b in s is m o r e t h a n r lo n b t fu l §
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' ’

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i R d 8 0 w h i c h d o s n o t r c fc r to t h e l lo r n s o r i i n ) ; a nd t h e B ody
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p cc c , . ,
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a nd S o u l p r o b l m ( Ai d 4 4 ) is s t r ik i n gl y r liffc r c n t in m o t iv e fr o m Eu s o
e .

b iu s s t r e a t m e n t o f t h e s a m e fa m i l i a r t h m e ( N o I c a n no t t h e r e
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e .

fo r e a g r e w i t h Eb r t a n d l r e h n t h a t t h e s e Ang l o L a t i n e n i g m a s
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in lh rc ne c d t h A n gl o S a x o n in m a tte r a n d fo r m c .

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s t ng ii g m a s is o c c u p i e d
p la c e a m o ng e i gh t h ce nt ury La t i n en

b y t h e t w e n t y r idr llo p o c rn s o f t h e g r e a t m i s s i o n a r y b i s h o p Bo n i fa c e “ .

H e r e t h e r idd l e h a s ta k e n o n a p u r e l y t h r is t ia n a nd t h e o l o gi c a l c h a r a c
‘

te r T c n v i c e s a n d te n vi r t u e s pe r s o n i fy a n d c h a r a c te r i z e t h e m s e l v e s
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wo l hn \ h n lic h k o it e n de gl is c h e n R iit s e l m it z w e i o de r r lr e i l a t e in i s c h e n
‘ ’

re r en

l ‘ic h t c r n n a c lr w c is t , w ir r c n w ir ge n e i gt n ic h t a n u n rn it t e lb a r e En t l e h n u n g z u de n k e n

S o n r le r n t n gl a u b e n l
«a s s s o wo l ( lie ( l e g e n s t iin r lc , w ie a u e h die A r t de r Be t r a e h
t u n g t i c rn e in g n t de s Vo l k e s ge w o r de n w a r a n d s o u r it de r l l ic h t c r u ri r b e k a n n t e s .

a u fg e n r n n m e n h a t t e ub e r e s do c h e ige n a r t ig w ie t le r ga b T h is v ie w is c e r t a in ly
, .
‘

su pp o r te d b v t h e li k e nes s e s t o t h e La t in in t h e E n g l i s h r iddl e s o f Bo o k . a nd ,
’

I ( A) t h e s e t r a its a r e c o m m o n pl a c e s in e a r ly e n i g m a s
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en .
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X in e o f t h o s e w e r e p r in t e d b y t hug l it l 3 5 2 f r o m t h e in . . . .

c o m p l e t e v e rs io n in M S Ro y a l 1 5 B X I X .
, . , f. r . l a te r the co m p l e te co l l e c t io n
w a s p u b l is h e d b y Bo c k f N iba r t w b y D um m
g , l ll ( i 8e 8) . 2
32 , a nd

le r . l l v ta e l at . ( li r a/m i e tc. His t . ( fo r m) I 1 f.

 I N T RO D U C T I ON

BERN R I D D L E S

A v e r y i m p o r t a n t gr o u p ll ec t i o n o f s i x ty t h r e e of L ati n en i gm a s is a co -

“
r idd l e s p r e se r v e d in se v e r a l ea r ly m a n u sc r ipt s fi T h es e co n s i s t o f h e x a ‘

) H
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s t ic h a r h y t h m ic a b a r b a r ic h o r r id a ( R i age n o v e r r a t e s t h e m i in
‘
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e se .

r a n k i ng t h e m a b o v e t h e r idd l e s o f Sy m ph o s iu s in fe i n e u n d ge m iitlich e ‘

Cha ra k t e r i s t ik ; b u t t h e y a r e c e r ta i n ly n o t w i t h o u t m e r i t ; t h e y t r ea t
’

t h e c o m m o n t h i ngs o f l i fe w i t h c l e v e r i nge n u i ty Y e t in r a nge o f s u b .

j ec t s in p o w e r o f i m agi n a t i o n a n d p ar t i c ul a r ly in w id t h a n d d e pt h o f
, ,

sc h o l a r s h i p t h e y a r e i n fe r i o r t o t h e Angl o L a t i n r idd l e s
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.

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o n e re fe r e n c e t o t h e C h r i s t i a n J e w i s h c ul t u s ( 9 o n ly o n e t o -
,

c l a s s i ca l m y t h o l o gy ( 4 1
6
M ace d o n ec L i b e r n ec o n ly ,
‘

o n e t o h i s to r y ( 2 8
5
A s t r ik i ng t r a i t is t h e i r o r i gi na l i ty
, .

T h e y d e a l o fte n w i t h t h e s a m e t h e m e s a s Sy m ph o s iu s ( Be r n 2 S 6 7 ; ,
.

B 9 ,
B 10 S 78 ; B 1 1 S 1 3 ; B 1 3 S 5 3 ; B 1 8 S 79 ;
.
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,

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.

d i ffe re n t fa s h i o n O n t h e t w o o cc a s i o n s w h e n t h e s e r idd l es i n v i te cl o s e
.

co m p a r i so n w i t h t h e o l d e r e n i gm a s it is s i gn i fi ca n t t h a t t h e a u t h o r is ,

u s i ng m o t iv e s d e a r t o r idd l e t r a d i t i o n : th e fi s h a n d h is m o vi ng h o u se ‘

) e b i te r b i tt e n
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'

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e n t i r e ly i n d e p e n d e nt ( B 3 A iv 8 B 21 A ii 3 B 45 A i or .
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e l s e h e e m p l o y s mo t iv e s t h a t a r e t h e c o m m o n s t o c k o f r idd l e p o e t r y -

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t h e s e r idd l e s ( B 2 3 2 4 a n d ce r t a i n l ik e n e sse s in p h r a s e o l o gy §
.
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* AS ear ly as 1 83 9 , Mo ne ed t e d a i ve rs o n i of t h ese fr o m V i e n n a M S . 6 7 in
A yz z ezige r fi ir A m z de fe r de u ts ch e/ z Vo r t V III 9f In 8 6 9 H a ge n p r o du c e d
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( z ez , 21 _
. 1

A n t /z o /q gia L a t in a I 96 , t h i r t y fi v e h ese e n i g m a s fr o m a m a n u
'
’
in R ie s e s r
, 2 -
of t

scr ip t of e igh t h to n nt i h centur y , Be r n 6 1 1 , f 73. r .

—80 v . Th e n e xt y ear Riese,
in t h e s e c o nd v o l um e h is A m/z o lqey ( p l xv i ) , s h o w e d t h e i de n t i t y o f t h e V i e n n a
of .

and Ber n en i gm a s , a n d de r iv e d v a r i a n t s fr o m M o n e s t e xt
’
F i n a l l y , in t h e l a s t .

i
e dit o n o f th e An t h o l o gy ( 1 8 9 4 p p 3 5 1 —3 70 ) R i e s e c o l l a t e d w i t h t h e a l r e a dy , .

p u b l is h e d m a n u s c r ip t s t h r e e o t h e r v e r s i o n s L ips ie n s is R e p I 74 o f n i n t h t o , .
,

t e nt h c en tu r y f 1 5 v — 24 r a n d two P a r i s M S S
,
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.

5 5 96 an d .
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8 0 71 ( e a c h c o n t a i n i n g a fe w e n i gm a s ) F o r a di s c u s s i o n o f t h i s gr o u p o f e n i gm a s .
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c f H a e n A i m] ? a n d 1 8 77 p p 2 6 4 6 TP 4 6
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m y n o t e s t o R id 8 5 6 6 O t h e r w o r l d r i ddl e s a r e t h o s e o f t h e I c e ( B 3 8 ) a n d
.
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.

th e Ro s e (B § C . f M a n it i u s A la lz lm z w a B a ea a pp —
79 8 2 .
,
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 O R I G I N AL S A N D A N A L O G U E S l ii

u n d o u b t e d ly s u gge s t a d i r e c t l i te r a r y co n n e c t i o n Eb e r t a n d M a n i t i u s .
*

see m t o m e t o e x agge r a t e gr e a t ly t h e r e s e m b l a n ce s b e t w ee n t h e Be r n

e n i gm a s a n d t h o se o f T a t win e a n d E u s e b i u s ; a n d t h e r e fo r e t o b e t o t a lly

u nj u s t i fi e d in t h e i r co nc lu s io n t h a t t h e fo r m er is o n e o f th e s o u r ce s o f
'

th e l a tte r I nd ee d in a ll ca s e s o f a ll e ge d r e s e m b l a n c e s a v e o n e th e
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e nigm a t o gr a ph s a r e d r a w i n g u p o n co m m o n s t o r e s o f r idd l e t r a d i t i o n -

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t h es e co n d i t i o n s t h e l ik e n e sse s a r e v e r y s l i gh t n e v e r a m o u n t i ng t o a ny ,

t h i ng m o r e t h a n ge ne r a l p a r a ll e l s o f m o t iv e B e r n N o 5 h a s m u c h in . .

c o m m o n w i t h Ta t w ine N o 2 9 D e M 725 d l b u t e v e n t h i s l ik e n e s s m a y
.
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b e e x p l a i n e d b y t h e r e s t ri c t e d d e m a n d s o f th e t o p i c T h e r e is h o w e v e r .
, ,

n o d o ub t t h a t t h e Ber n e n i gm a s b e l o n g t o t h e sa m e c i r c l e o f t h o u gh t
‘

a s t h e An gl o L a t i n p r o b l e m s ; a n d a l t h o u gh n o E n gl i s h m a n u s c r i t o f
p
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t h e m e x i s t s w e a r e n o t s u r pr i se d t o fi n d t h e m fo ll o w e d b y r idd l e s o f Ald
,

h e l m ih P ar i s M S 5 5 9 6 Y e t w h a te v e r m ay b e th e p r o b ab i l i ty w e h a v e
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n o c o n vi n c i ng e v id e n ce t h a t t h e y a r e fr o m t h e h a n d o f a n E n gl i s h a u th o r .

L O R SC H R I D D L ES

A l l b u t v a lu a b l e gr o up o f e n i gm a s is t h e co ll e c t i o n o f t we l v e
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b i te o f the O n i o n ( N 0 a nd th e r u n n i n
g o f Fl o o d a n d F i s h ( N o
. .

e v e n t h o u g h t h e s e fo u r m o t iv e s a r e p r o m i n e nt a m o ng t h e e n i gm a s o f

Sy m ph o s iu s ( s up r a ) An a l o gu e s s ee m to s h o w t h a t c e r t a i n l e a d i n g id e a s
.

in t h e r idd l e s o f F i nge r s a n d G l o v e s ( N o P e n a n d F i n ge r s ( N o . .

M o o n ( N o s 3 0, 4 0 R a m , a n d L a n c e ( N o s 5 4 a n d 73 ) w er e
. .

t r a dit io n al i Bar n ac l e G o o se ( N o 1 1 ) an d S i r e n ( N O 74 ) b e l o ng t o t h e . .

fo l k -
lo r e idd l e r s of r .

N o t o n ly in t h o se r idd l e s t h a t b e a r in fo r m a n d s tyl e th e d i s t i nc t im

p r e s s o f t h e fo l k do w e fi n d o
p p u l a r e l e m e n ts M a n y e n i gm as o f t h e .

E xez er B ook — l i t er a r y t h o u gh t h e i r m a nn e r p r o cl a i m s t h e m — ar e in
‘
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d eb t e d t o t h a t s t o c k o f c o m m o n p l a c e d o m e s t i c t r a d i t i o n s t h a t Si m p l e ,

l o r e o f l i tt l e t h i ngs w h i c h w e r e c o gn iz e a s t h e j o i n t p r o p e r ty o f k i n d r e d
,

r a ce s T h o u gh t h e An gl o S a x o n p u z z l e s a r e o fte n e nt i r e ly i n d ivid u a l
.
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a nd i s o l a t e d in t h e i r t r e a t m e n t o f fa m ila r t h e m e s
y e t t he l ik e ne s s o f ,

t h e i r m o t iv e s t o t h o se o f o t h e r G e r m a n i c q u e r i e s is s u r e ly a s r e m a r k a b l e

as t h e i r d i ffe r e n ce s L e t u s c o m par e t h ese p r o b l em s o f e a r ly E ngl a n d

.

9" T h ese ar e p r e s e r v e d in co m pany w i t h th e .

en i gm a s of T a t w in e a nd E u s eb i u s
in t h e C a m b r i dge M S G g V , 3 5 , a n d in B r it M u s M S R o y a l 1 2 , C X X I I I , a n d
. . . . . .

a r e p r i n t e d in W r i g h t a n d H a l l i w e l l s R e liq z i ia e A n t iq u a e I , 1 6 4 , a n d b y L M ul l e r ,
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.

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Wi t h t h o s e of u s l e r h a s i nvi te d a t t e n t i o n t o th e co r r e
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s po nde nc e s b e t w ee n t h e t h e m e s a n
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d m o t iv es o f th e E xefer B ook a nd o f
’

t h e H eidi eks G imr ; b u t t h e s e p a r a ll e l s a r e s u r p r i s i n g ly s l i gh t S e ve r al

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r .

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r o b le m s ie ld a n i n t e r e s t i n g c o m p a r i so n R id B o ok
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. .

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a k e 3 8 a n d 8 7 B e ll o w s
5 7 W e b a n d L o o m an d 6 8
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’

l ik e s u b j e c t s 1 O n t he w h o l e t h e l ik e ne s s b e t we e n th e q u e r i e s o f t h e
.
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t w o gr o u p s 1 5 t o o ge ne r a l t o b e t r a y a ny v e r y i n t i m a te co nn ec t i o n ; b u t

t h e a pp e ar an ce o f s u c h s i m i l a r e l e m e n t s in t h e [s le1z l a/ r Ga z z 1 1 fu r n i s h e s
’
e ‘

n o s l i g h t p r o o f o f t h e p o p ul a r c h a r ac te r o f E xeier Boo k r idd l e ger m s -

.

I a dd a fe w co n t i n e nt a l p a r a ll e l s t o t h e q u e r ie s in o u r co ll ec t i o n T h e
'
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fe a r fu llv 1n 1 dc c r eat u r e s in t h e Angl o S a x o n p o e m s o f m u s i c a l in s t r u

m e n ts ( N o s a r e n o t u n l ik e th e p r o di g i es in t h e L it h u a n ra n a n d
M ec k le n b u r g Ge n e r id dle s i ; t h e O n i o n o f R id 6 6 is a b i te r w h e n
r ‘

b i tte n a s in t h e G e r m a n r idd l e § s ; t h e C o m m u n i o n C u p o f R id 6 0 is
’
.

c l o se ly a k i n t o h e s u b j e c t o f th e T y r o l e s e p r o b l e m [ I an d fi n a lly , t h e
t
m o t iv e o f t h e h i gh ly i m a g i n at iv e q u e r y o f t h e O x ( R id 72 ) a pp e a r s aga i n .

fa r a fi e l d in t h e r idd l es o f Li t h u a n i a an d Bu k o w in a fil
Am o n g t h e m o d e r n fo l k r idd l e s o f Eng l a n
’

d the n u m b e r o f p a r a ll e l s -

t o t h e B r eier Boo k R id d les is n o t a t all l a r ge U n l ik e t h e i n flu e n c e o f .

S ym ph o s iu s t h r o u gh o u t E u r o pe o r t h e d i r e c t l i t e r a r y w o r k i ng o f t h e
H ez dr el s Grimr in I ce l a n d a n d t h e F a r o e I s l a n d s t h e m o t iv e s t h a t
’
,

a pp e a r in t h e An gl o S a x o n c o ll e c t i o n if w e m a
y d r a w a co n c lu s i o n fr o m
-
,

t h e s c a n ty e v id e n c e a t o u r c o m m a n d s e e m t o h a v e a ffe c te d l i t t l e t h e ,

c u r r e n t o f n a t iv e r idd l e t r a d i t i o n A fe w E ngl i s h r idd l es o f t h e p r e se n t

-
.

H
m i
b l e n t h e e a d t e a t m e n t t h e E efe B ool R id dles ;
m a nd m o r e
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r e se n r r r e
,

n o te w o r t h y e t t w o o r t h r e e o f t h e s e a r e 1 1 11 1 u e a m o n r ece nt u z z les
y , q g p
in t h i s r e s e m b l a n ce I n t h e l a t te r c a s e w e m a y s a fe ly r e ga r d t h e m o d
.

e r n r idd l e s t u ff n o t a s a n e u c r e a t i o n b u t a s a s u r x1 \ al o f t h e o ld .

En ou gh h a s b e e n sa id I h o pe t o e s t a b l i s h t h e E 1 e1 e1 B ook p r o b l e m s ‘

in t h e i r p r o p e r p l a c e in r idd l e l i t e r a t u r e
. I h a v e s o u gh t n o t o n ly t o -
.

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See 1 11 L A. .
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. XVII I , 1 0 , 11
3 .
3 2 .
i ll L
.
s
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. . . V . XVI I I , 1 0 4 a nd n o t e s .

i S c h le ic h e r , p . 200 ; V o s s idlo , N o
-

. 2 30 a .

\ V o s s idlo No Pe ts c h pp —6
, . 1 90 ; , .
95 9 .

I] R e n k , Z s . d [i f . 17 1
. V, 1 49 , NO . 1 7
.

1l S c h le ic h e r pp Ka in dl, Z I l I VI I I , 3 1 9
'

2 0 7, 2 1 1 ; s d I if '
'

, . . . . .

” S e e 1 117 L . . 11 1 XVI I I , 1 05 and n o tes t o R id 2 0 , 2 6, 2 8 .

, 2 9, 6 5 , 77 8 8 . .
liv I N T R O D U CT I O N

in d i s c a r d i ng t h i s s u ppo se d p r o o f o f C y n e w u lfi a n a u t h o rs h i p ; a n d in
an i m p o r t a n t a r t i c l e o f 1 8 9 1 1 S i e v e r s p r e s e nt e d co n cl u s iv e l i ngu i s t i c
“

’
r e a so n s fo r a b a n d o n i n g L eo s far fe t c h e d a n d fa n c i fu l h y p o t h e s i s -
.

’
T h r e e y e a r s b e fo r e S i e v e r s s e s sa y Br a dley i a dv a n c e d th e v i ew t h a t ,

t h e s o c a ll e d ( fi r s t) r idd l e is n o t a r idd l e a t a ll b u t a fr agm e n t o f a dr a

‘ -
,

m a t i c s o lilo q u y lik e D oor a n d l e B a e z s/z ed Wif e s C omp /a im t o t h e

'
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’

, ,

l a t t er o f w h i c h it b e a r s b o t h in m o t iv e a n d in t r ea t m e n t a s tr o ng r e
, ,

s e m b l an c e T h i s o p i n i o n h as fo u n d w id e acc e pta n c e a n d is a l m o s t
.
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,

c e r t a i n ly co r r e c t I t h as b een fa v o r e d b y H e r z fe l d § b y H o l t h a u s e n “
.
, ,

a n d b y G o lla n c z 1l U po n t h i s h y p o t h e s i s L a w r e n c e a n d S c h o fi e ld
. bu i lt
u p t h e i r i n t er e s t i ng a n d i n ge n i o u s t h eo r y t h a t t h e F i r s t R idd l e is o f ‘ ’

L
N o r se o r i gi n a n d is co n n e c t e d w i t h t h e V o l s u ng S aga ; a n d I m e lm a nn h
'

his c l a i m t h a t t h e ly r i c b e l o ngs t o t h e O d o ace r s t o r y Bu t t h e s e t h eo r i e s .

a r e t o o fa r fr o m t h e fi e l d o f r idd l e po e t r y t o c o n c e r n u s n o w a n d w i ll
’
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, ,

m o r e o v e r b e c ar e ful ly w e i gh e d in a p r o m i s e d e d i t i o n o f Old E nglis li

,

T h o u gh th e F i r s t R idd l e is t h u s u n q u e s t i o n a b ly a ly r i c a l m o n o l o gu e
’
,
’

I h a v e i n c lu d e d it in m y t e x t n o t o n ly o n acco u nt o f it s h i s t o r i c a l a s so c i a
,
‘

t i o n w i t h t h e e n i gm a s o f o u r co ll e c t i o n b u t b e ca u se o f t h e e l e m e n t s o f ,

R dz s elm dr eli en t h a t r e n d e r its i n te r p r e t a t i o n s o d i ffi cu l t

‘
.

O t h er c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h i s p h a s e o f th e a s so c i a t i o n o f t h e R iddles
w i t h C y n e w u l f a r e t h e a r t i c l e s o f th e E r le m a n n s :t 1 w h o h a v e a t te m p t e d
’

t o p r o v e t h a t t h e L o ri/z R iddle ( 9 0 ) is a c h ar a d e u po n t h e po e t s n a m e
’

an d t h e r e fo r e p o i n t s t o C y n e w u l f a s c o ll e c t o r o f t h e e n i gm as a n d m y ,

e v id e n ce § § t h a t t h e l a s t o f t h e R iddles r e fe r s n e i t h e r t o Wa n d e r i ng ‘

S i n ge r n o r to R idd l e b u t l ik e it s co m pan i o n p i ec e R id 3 0 to t h e
’ ‘
,
’
,
-
.
,

j o u r n e y s o f th e M o o n .

T h e id e n t i fi c a t i o n o f th e a u t h o r o f th e R iddles w a s h o w e v e r m a d e t o , ,

r e s t o n o t h e r gr o u nd s t h a n t h e e vid e n c e o f R id 1 a n d 9 0 I n h is fi r s t . .

a r t i cl e H —6 0 w a s
I] D i e t r i c h w as i n cl i n e d t o t h i n k t h a t t h e fi r s t s e r i es
( 1
)
H o l t h a u s , A ng lia V I I , A 1 z z p M o r l e y , E ng lis lz I Vr II,
‘
'
.
, . 1 20 z z er s 21 I , 21 7, 222 .

TA fl g lia X I I I , 1 9 4 1 .
1 4 ea de 11ij
.
/ X X X I I I 1 97 f .

D ie R dis el des 5 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 “ p . 67 .
HD e n is e/ir e L iltz tg 1 8 9 1 .
, p . 1 09 7 .

1lAea de 11zy XLIV 5 72 . G o l l ancz r e ga r ds th e po em as

‘
a l i fe dr a m a -
in
five ac ts
’
P ill L A XVI I 26 1 , 262 —2
24 7 95
. . .
- .
. .

l l D ie A lte ng lis elz e Odoa l e r D ielz tz m g , B e r l i n , ’ -

1 90 7 . See G o l a n cz
l , A tlz em e u m ,

1 90 2 , p .
551 B r a dl e y , ib .
, p .
75 8 .
v

11 H A r e /iii} C X I , C X V S
g er i z
59 39 1 e n t "
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s ; e o , .

[I] L I V X X I , 1 9 0 6 , 1 0 4 — S ee n o t e s t o Rid XI
'

. . . 1 05 . . s .
,
 AU T H O R S H I P O F T H E E X E T E R B O O K R I D D L E S IV

by C y new u l f th e s eco n d ( 6 1 —9 5 ) by
h er h a nd o r h an d s ; b u t t h at ot
/

p e r h ap s t h e c o ll e c t o r o f t h e p r o b le m s o f t h e l a tte r g r o u p h ad b e fo r e
h im a so u r c e w h i c h co n ta i n e d s i ngl e r idd l e s o f C y n e w u l f I n h is s eco n d .

”“
ar t i c l e h e w a s le d t o m o d i fy t h i s v i e w a nd t o c l a i m n o t o n ly t h a t a ll ,

t h e r idd l es in b o t h gr o u p s w e r e fr o m o n e h a n d b u t t h a t t h e h a n d w a s ,

C y ne w u lf s H e w e n t e v e n fu r t h e r a n d a s s i gn e d s o m e w h a t d o u b t fu lly
’
.
, , ,

t h e fi r s t s e r i e s t o t h e y o u t h o f t h e p o e t a n d t o h is b egi nn i ngs in r idd l e

po e t r y t h e s ec o n d t o h is l a te r p e r i o d
,
S i gn s o f a y o u ng p o e t a r e s ee n .

65
in t h e fi r s t gr o u p in ( 1 ) his m i s t a k e s in t r an s l a t i o n ( 4 1 p em ex) ; ( 2 ) ,

t h e v e r y y o u t h fu l c a d e n c e o f th e v e r se ; ( 3 ) t h e o b s c e n e p i ec e s ( 2 6 4 3 , ,

45 46 w h i c h h e co n j e ct u r e s t o b e t h e v e r y po e m s r egr e tt e d b y
'

, ,

C y n e w u l f in his s u ppo se d r e t r ac t a t i o n To t h e fi r s t a r gu m e n t it m a y .

b e a ns w e r e d t h a t w e h a v e n o o pp o r t u n i ty t o co m pa r e t h e k n o w l e d ge o r
i gno r a n ce o f L a t i n d i sp l a y e d in t h e fi r s t gr o u p w i t h t h a t in t h e s eco n d ,

a s it is o n ly in t h e e a r l i e r gr o u p t h a t w e h a v e v e r y c l o s e t r a n s l a t i o n s o f

L a t i n e n i gm a s ( R id 3 6 to t h e s eco n d t h a t s u c h a s u b j ec t iv e e s t i
.
, ,

m a t e o f v er se v a lu e s so far r e m o v e d fr o m u s ca n c a r r y n o w e i g h t ; t o
-

t h e t h i r d t h a t o b sce n e p r o b l e m s m ee t u s a t t h e v e r y t h r e s h o l d o f t h e
,

s eco n d s e r i es
( R id 6 2 63 . D i,
e t r i c h s e e k s t o s u s t a i n t h i s a sc r i t i o n
, p
o f th e R iddles t o C y n e w ul f b y a co m p ar i so n o f t h e t h o u gh t s a n d e x

p r e ss i o ns o f o u r p o e m s w i t h t h o s e o f th e C yn e w u lfia n w o r k s ; T b u t i t
m ay b e an sw e r e d fi r s t w i t h H o lt h a u s i t h a t t h e r e l a t i o n o f t h e v ar i o u s
r idd l e s a m o n g t h e m s e l v es a n d t o t h e p o e m s o f C y n e w ul f m u s t b e m a i n

t ain e d o n m o r e c o n v i n c i ng gr o u n d s t h a n in D i e t r i c h s a r t i cl e a n d
’
,

s e c o n d ly t h a t t h e l ar ge r n u m b e r o f his p ar a ll e l s ( gr a n t i n g t h a t s u c h

p ar a ll e l i s m c a r r i e s a ny w e i g h t) a r e d r aw n fr o m a t e x t o f s u c h d o u b t fu l
a u t h o r s h i p as t h e A n dr ea s .

P r eh n a c ce p t s w i t h o u t q u e s t i o n a s t h e s t ar t i n g po i n t o f his i n v e s t i ga
,
-

t i o n D i e t r i c h s b e l i ef in t h e C y n e w u lfia n a u t h o r s h i p o f th e R iddles Th e
,
’
.

ar gu m e n t s o f H e r z fe l d in fa v o r o f t h e a sc r i p t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m s t o

C y n e w ul f h a v e no w o n ly a n h i s t o r ic a l i n te r es t as t h e y h a v e b e e n ,

ab a n d o ne d e v en b y H er z fe l d h im se lffil I n h is e a r li e r m o n o gr a p h h e

go e s b e y o n d D i e t r i c h s c o n t e n t i o n an d cl a i m s t h a t a ll t h e R iddles a r e
’

fr o m t h e h a n d o f a y o u ng po e t o n t h e gr o u n d o f t h e i r k e e n i n te r e s t in
,

* XII , 24 1 , 25 1 . TX I I , 24 —
5 248 .
f A ng /ia V I I , A n a , p . 122 .

K o m /fios itio n z m d
'

Q u e/[en de r R dt/i s el des E xeter bz ee/z es , 1 883 .

D ie R dlfi s el des E xe te r bu e/z es e tc .

, 1 8 90 .

I H er r igs A r e /l ia C V I ( N
T r
. S . VI ), 1 90 1 , p .
390 .
lvi 2 ,
IN T RO DUC T I ON

e v e r y t h i ng in t h e w o r l d a n d t h e i r j o
y of w h i c h do es n o t s h r i n k ,

fr o m n aiv e ly s e n s u o u s e xpr es sio n s T An o t h e r si gn o f y o u t h ful a u t ho r .

.

s h i p H e r z fe l d d i s c o v e r s in t h e l ar ge n u m b e r o f h a p ax l e go m e n a in t h e
-

R iddles i b eca u se a y o u ng p o e t is fo n d o f c h oo s i ng r ar e w o r d s w h i c h
‘
,

3
m ay s e e m to h is a u d i en c e n e w a n d s u r p r i s i ng To s h o w t h a t t h i s y o u t h .

fu l po e t is C y n e w u l f H e r z fe l d a d v a n ce d m a ny a r g u m e n t s : t h e lik e n e s s
,
n

o f t h e v o c a b u l a r y o f t h e R iddles t o t h a t o f t h e Cy ne w u lfi a n p o e m s .

a m o n g w h i c h h e i n c lu d e s t h e A n dr ea s ; a s i m i l a r t r e a t m en t o f so u r ce s ; -
-

a l ik e a t t i t u d e t o t h e s e a a n d t o w a r to s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s a n d t o r e l i gi o n ; ,

a l ik e u s e o f fi gu r e s o f s p ee c h : a n d fi n a lly a l ik e h a n d l i ng o f m e t r i c a l ,

ty p es W h i l e n o n e o f t h e s e a r gu m e n t s in t he l e a s t co n vi n c e u s o f H e rz
.

fe l d s m a i n c o nt e n t i o n s t i ll t h e y a r e n o t w i t h o u t i ll u s t r a t i v e v a lu e in c a s t
’

ing l i gh t o n b o t h t h e m a t t e r a nd t h e m a nn e r o f t h e p o e m s b e fo r e u s a n d ,

t h e y w i ll b e c i t e d in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h d i ffe r e n t p h a s e s o f o u r s t u d y .

A y e a r a fte r H e r z fe ld s mo n o gr a p h ( 1 8 9 1 ) S ie v e r s d i s c u s s e d t h e a ge
’

o f t h e R iddles § a n d r eac h e d t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e y b e l o ng t o t h e
, .
.

fi r s t h a l f o f t h e e i gh t h ce n t u r y a p e r i o d a n t e r i o r t o t h e t i m e o f Gy n e ,

w ul f T h es e a r e h is r ea s o n s
.

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( ) h e L e ide n R idd l e
"
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V ew i o f B r o o k e , E ng lis h L it .

f r om fi l e B eg in / l ing e tc .
, 1 898,
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( H e r z fe l d r em ar k s , p .

9 : E in e n so o ffe n e n B l ic k u n d e in so l e b e n di ge s In
t e r e s s e fiir a l l es , K l e i n s t e in de r ih n u m ge b e n de n \ Velt dies e
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t h a t t h e r e a r e in t h e C/z r is t 1 9 6 s u c t o r ds a n d in t h e f u l[m m a n d t h e P / mn ix
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'

fr a gm e n t s p r in t e d in G r e i n XIII 15 '
’

, .

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i n s u ffi c i e n t da t a I nde e d t h e v e r y e i de n c e de r i e d b y S i e v e r s fr o m S w e e t s Old
. v v
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e t E ng li lz
s Tex ts o ft e n r e f t e s i t s e l f I f u n s t r e s s e d
s a p p ear s twi c e m a n E s s e x
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c h a r t er o f 69 2 ( 0 E T p if u n s t r e s s e d i is fo u n d in t h e N o r t h u m b r i a n
. . .
, .

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, .
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 AU T H O R S H I P O F T H E E XE TE R B O O K RI D D L E S lvii

e v id e n c e s u c h as it is is l e s s e ne d b y t h e r a t h e r s tr ik i ng c i r c u m s ta nce
, ,
.

t h a t R id 3 6 s ta n d s a p a r t fr o m t h e o t h e r r idd l e s ( e x c e p t R id 4 1 ) b o t h in
. .

its r e l a t i o n to it s s Ou r ce s a nd in its e m p l o y m e n t o f m o t iv es
; I t is t h e r e . .

fo r e h a r dly fa ir to a pp ly t o t h e w h o l e c o l le c t i o n a ny a r gu m e n t b ase d
'

u po n fo r m s in t h i s is o l a te d p r o b l e m ;
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'

is n o t fo u n d l a t e r 111 3 11 111 13 m idd l e o f t h e e igh th c e n t u r y

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I t is h a r d t o .

fee l t h e we i gh t o f t h i s a r gu m e n t Ar e w e to b e lie v e t h a t a r idd l e r in t h e

. .

l a t t e r p a r t o f th e e i gh t h o r e v e n in th e n i n t h a n d t e n t h ce n t u r i e s w a s n
“

p r e v e n t e d b y p h o n e t i c l a w s fr o m i n v e r t i ng a ny w o r d w i t h a n i n i t i a l é
a n d t h u s fo r m i n g a n o n s en se w o r d w i t h a n u n co u t h e n d i ng ? T Agaa is a s
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p o s s i b l e a t a ny p e r i o d o f O ld E ngl i s h a s 7 o ¢Xa 7 7 69par ( Ar R a n 1 2 8 6 ff )

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is in At t i c G r ee k To s o m e it m a y h a v e s i gn i fi c an c e t h a t Ba r n o u w i
.
.

r e a r d s R id 24 a s v e r y l at e o n acco u n t o f it s fo u r a r t i c l e s b e fo r e
g .

s i m p l e s u b s t an t iv e s .

o Ns o n e / E t w o As a nd t wo
( ) r o m t h e r u ne s in R id 4 3
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t h e t w o w o r d s li a n a a n d li d ” A i n s t ea d o f 0 b e fo r e n a s a l s a n d a a s a n
.
4

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u m l a u t o f t h i s a p o i n t to t h e b e gi nn i ng o f t h e e i gh t h c e nt u r y Fo r
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.

m a ny r ea so n s t h i s a r gu m e n t is n o t c o n c l u s iv e : ( a) T h a t t h e d a t e o f
,

R id 4 3 is v e r y l a t e r a t h e r t h an e a r ly Ba r n o u w § s ee k s to s h o w by
.
,

p o i n tin g t o t h e l a r g e n,
u m b e r o f a r t i c l e s — se v e n in s e v e n t ee n v e r s e s

a n d t o t h e u s e o f ar t i c l e s i n s t ea d o f d em o n s t r a t iv e s my lz o r dga z es ,
‘

b ear an u n s t r e ss e d e
( a dely) in a K en t i s h c h a r te r 74 0 ( p of if a M e r c i a n.

gr a n t o f 76 9 ( p 4 3 0) e m p l o y s a l w a y s t h e
. u n s t r e s s e d i, a n d if m o r e o v e r , a ll N o r t h
,

u m b r i a n p o e m s , in c l u di n C o o k, P M L A
g th e R u t h we l l C r o s s i n s c r ip t i o n ( w h i c h . . . .

—
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XVI I , 3 6 7 3 9 0 ; D r ea m o
f Me R o od, p xv , . a s s I gn s t o th e t e n t h c e nt u r y) , an d if
the glo s s e s t o t h e l a t e r J o h n in t h e L in dis fa r n e G o s p e l s a ft e r 9 5 0
c h ap ter s of
-

(C o o k , X V I I 3 8 5 ) e m p l o y t h a t fo r m h o w c a n w e i nfe r w it h go o d
, ,

r e a s o n t h a t- t h e L e ide n R iddle w h i c h a dm i t s b o t h i a n d e w a s w r i t t e n b e fo r e 75 0 ?
, ,

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.

S a xo n c h r o n o l o gy .

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s s t a t e m e n t S i e v e r s e l s e w h e r e a pp l i e s t o b ( L e ide n R id 2 b ut he o .
,

a dm i t s X I I I 1 6 ) t h a t t h i s 5 is t w i c e f o u n d in t h e L iber Vita e o f t h e n i n t h c e n t u r y
( ,

( 3 3 5 C o bw a le/i ; 3 3 9 L eo élz e lm ) I n o t e it in K e n t i s h c h a r t e r s o f 8 3 1 ( S w e e t
,
iz , .
-
.
,

0 E . . 71, 4 4 5 , N o .
3 9, l . ob a wn la iz de , an d 8 3 2 ( ib 4 4 6 , N O 4 0 , 1
. . . 1 7) , o b m iz z em
ei
f ela u de . S uc h p ecu l ia r i t ies a r e no t m e r e m a t t e r s o f da t e .

l S e e th e n o n s e n s e -w o r ds o f t h e C/I ( L e/i d I I I 1 0, 58,

'

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1P . 2 14 .
§ B . 2 1
5 .
lv ii i I N T RODUC T ION

i cé ella a d ( c l is s es g ieddes )
i n d i ca t e a ( b) A a n d ee m ay
'

pa o ntr ast
'

v e r y l a t e q u i te a s w e ll a s a n e a r ly d a t e fo r o u r v e r s i o n o f t h e r u n e s o f
t h i s r idd l e a s lz a ii a a n d lz a w a r e w e ll e s t a b l i s h e d W e s t S a x o n fo r m s
,
.

T h i s c i r c u m s t a n c e n a t u r a lly d e s tr o y s a ny v a lu e as p r o o f w h i c h t h e
a sse r t i o n o f t h e i r e a r ly N o r t h u m b r i a n o r i g i n m i gh t h a v e I n s t e ad o f .

r o c e e d i ng l ik e S i e v e r s fr o m t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f e a r ly a u t h o r s h i p fo r t h e
p
r i dd l e it w o ul d b e j u s t a s e as y t o p r o ce e d fr o m t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f l a t e
,

a u th o r s h i p
*
c M
( ) y p . o i n i o n is s t r ik i n ly s u
g pp o r t e d b y t h e a p p e ar a nce

o f s u c h a W es t S a x o n fo r m a s EA r lz
( ) a m o ng t h e r u n i c w o r d s o f R id .

S i e v e r s h i m s e l f a d m i ts I t h a t MO N ( 2 0 ) is a l a t e p r o d u c t
5
.

e u s t h e fo m i CO FO AH
( ) I n t h e r u n i c r i dd l e 2 0 t h e r u n e s iv
‘
4 g ,

( th e i n v e r s i o n o f HAO FOC) S i nc e a o is fo u n d n o w h e r e e l s e a s t h e .

a u m l a ut o f a
-
lz af ee is t o b e su b s t i t u t e d
,
T h i s fo r m w i t h u n u m la u t e d a .

i n d i ca t e s th e fi r s t h a l f o f t h e e i gh t h ce n t u r y N o w a l t h o u gh w e m ay .
’
,

r e j e c t w i t h S i e v e r s t h e AO o f HAO FO C a n d a l t h o u gh R id 6 5 H an d A
3
, .

s p ea k a ga i n s t a n o r i g i n a l HEAFOC a n d fo r a n o r i i n a l HAFOC in o u r
g
v e r s i o n y et le t u s no te t h a t th e w o r d lz af oe is n o t o n ly N o r t h u m b r i a n
,

b u t go o d W e s t S a x o n ; t h a t a s s u c h it a ppe ar s in R id 2 5 a n d 4 1 3
,
67
a nd ,
.

in m a n y o t h e r po e t i ca l p as sages co n se q u e n t ly in o u r t e x t o f t h e r u nes ,
.

T h e r e fo r e t h e a r gu m e n t t h a t S i e v e r s b as es u po n t h i s fo r m fa ll s to t h e
gr o u n d .

P r o fe s so r S i e ve r s s fo u r a r g u m e n t s s e e m t h e r e fo r e t o h a v e s m a ll
’
, ,

p r o b a tiv e v a lu e Bu t w h i l e q u e s t i o n i ng t h e w e i gh t o f his p r e m i se s
.
, ,

I t h i n k t h a t he m ay n o t b e fa r w r o ng in h is c o nc lu s i o n t h a t t h e R id dles
a r e t h e p r o d u c t o f t h e fi r s t h a l f o f t h e e i gh t h c e n t u r y a s t h i s w a s t h e ,

o l d en a e o f E n l i h idd l e — o e t r y § T h a t t h e R id dles b e l o n t o t h i s
g g g s r
p g .
\

p e r i o d a n d t h e r e fo r e a n te d a t e C y ne w u l f is h o w e v e r o n ly a s u r m i s e w h i c h
, , , , ,

is p e r h a p s i n c a p ab l e o f p r o o f Si e v e r s c e r t a i n ly h as n o t p r o v e d it . .

Si e vers de du c t i o n s f r o m
h es e r un es ca r r y a s l i t t l e we i g h t a s T r a u tm ann s
’ ’
s t

c o n c l u s io n s a s t o dia l e c t b a s e d u p o n t h e s u p p o s e dl y N o r t h u m b r i a n fo r m e a m in
,

t h e J u l i a n a r u n e p a s s a ge ( Aj w e w u lf p
-
a n d r e fu t e d b
y K la e b e r ( jo u r n a l of , .

. i

Ge r m a n ic P li ilolog) I V 1 9 0 2 w h o p o i n t s t o t h e fo r m s e w o I n e s L a w s 5 5 ‘ ’
’
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( M S E ) ew a ( a c c 0 E l/ ar ij r r o l ( H e r z fe l d) 3 6 1 7 ew e de ih 1 70 2 6 ; a n d
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. . . . i .
, , , .
,

to S iev ers G r 3 73 n 1 ; 1 5 6 n 5 ; 2 5 8 n
, .
, , . I m e n t i o n a ll t h i s in o r de r t o
, .
, .

a n t i c ip a t e t h e e u a l ly fa l s e c l a i m s t h a t m a
q y b e fo u n de d u p o n t h e ew z i fo r m de
m a n de d b y t h e E r le m a n n s o l u t i o n o f R id 9 0 ( n o t e ) . .

TI n m y n o t e s t o t h a t r i ddl e th e r e a di n g EA( r /1 ) is e s t a b l i s h e d b e y o n d do u b t .

1 4 ig lia X I I I 1 7
. i , .

§ Y e t a s w e h a v e s e e n it is i m p o s s i b l e t o c o n n e c t t h e m di r e c t l y w i t h e i t h e r
, ,

T a t w in e o r E u s e b i u s .
 AU T H O R S H I P O F T H E E X E T E R B O O K R I D D LE S liX

I n M ade r t
’
s m o no gr a ph x the d ea l t t o th e t h eo r y o f
’ ‘
fi na l b l o w is
C y n e w u lfi a n a u t h o r s h i p o f t h e R iddles M a de r t t a k es d i r e c t i s s u e w i t h .

H e r z fe l d a n d d e v o t es h is t h e s i s to s h o w i ng t h a t th e R iddles h a v e l i tt l e
,

in co m m o n w i t h t h e p o e m s o f C y n e w ul f H e r i gh t ly b e l i e v e s t h a t n o .

c o m p a r i so n c a n b e i ns t i t u te d b e t w ee n t h e v a r y i ng u se o f s o u r c e s in th e
’
R iddles a nd C y n e w u lf s a d h e r e n c e to o n e t e xt I n s tyl e a n d w o r d .

u s e t h e R iddles b ear no c l o se r r ese m b l a n ce t o t h e u n d i s p u t e d w o r k s o f

C y ne w u l f t h a n t o m a n y o t h e r Angl o S a x o n po e m s T Am o n g t h e p h r a s e s -

c i te d b
y H e r z fe ld i a s c o m m o n t o t h e R iddles a n d C y n e w ul f t h e r e is ,

h a r d ly o ne t h a t d o e s n o t appear e l s e w h er e S o t h e s y n o ny m s a dd uc e d .

fo r t h e s a m e p u r po se a r e s ee n t o b e c o m m o n p l a c es o f th e po e t r y T h e .

gr e a t e r p a r t o f M a de r t s d i s s e r t a t i o n is d e v o t e d t o t h e l a ngu age o f t h e
’

R iddles O n a c c o u n t o f m a n y n o t e w o r t h y d i ffe r e n c e s b e tw e e n t h e s pe ec h
.

o f th e r o b l e m s a n d t h a t of C y n e w ul f h e r ea c h e s t h e co n c lu s i o n n o t o n ly
p ,

t h a t t h es e p o e m s a r e n o t t h e w o r k o f t h a t w r i t e r b u t t h a t t h e y a r e t h e ,

r o d u c ts o f a n e a r l i e r e r i o d — p r o b a b ly t h e b e g i nn i ng o f t h e e i h t h
p p g
c ent u r y .

Th e e v id e n c e o f m e t e r l a ngu age a n d s tyl e c e r t a i n ly s pe a k s aga i n s t

, ,

t h e t h eo r y o f C y n e w u lfi a n a u t h o r s h i p I n t h e co n s id e r a t i o n o f t h i s w e.
,

ar e m et b a d o u b l e d i ffi c u l ty : t h e a b s e n ce o f a n t r u s two r t h y C y n e w u l f
y y
ca no n o n a c c o u n t o f t h e w id e ly d i ffe r i ng o p i n i o n s o f s c h o l ar s r e ga r d i ng
,

t h e a u t h e n t i c i ty o f s u c h p0e m s a s t h e A n dr ea s a n d o f t h e l a r ge r p a r t ,

1— —
( a n d s e co n d ly t h e o b vi o u s d i ffe r e n c e
'

o f t h e Cl ms t 4 4 0 8 6 7 1 6
9 ,

b e tw e e n th e m a t t e r a nd t o ne o f s u c h p r o d u c t s o f t h e p r o fan e m u s e a s
t h e R iddles a n d t h e l o ft i e r t e m p e r o f r e l i g i o u s v e r se a d i ffe r e n c e t h a t ,

c o m pe l s q u i t e a no t h e r m a n ner o f e x p r e s s i o n Y e t S i e v e r s T r a u tm an n .
, ,

a nd M ade r t h a v e n o t e d in t h e R iddles po i n t s o f v a r i a n ce fr o m t h e u n

d o u b te d po e m s o f C y ne w u l f p o i n t s w h i c h s l i gh t t h o u gh t h e y b e i n vi te , ,

c o n s id e r a t i o n b e ca u se t h e y a r e i n d e pend e nt o f all q u e s t i o n s o f ge n r e
,

D ie Sp r a e/z e der a lle rz g lis e /i e i i R ai s el des E x ele i li z i e /i es gm d die Q n ew z z lffi

'
‘
'
g e,
'

a
'

M arb urg , 1 9 00 .

TC f M a de r t
. p l e s ( p p 1 0—1 a n d t h e p a r a l l e l s c it e d b y S a r r a z i n B eo w u lf
’
s e xa m .
,

S t u die n pp 1 1 3 1 5 9 2 0 2
, . K a i l A ng l a X I I 2 4 f a n d B u t t e n w ie s e r S tu dien ille r
, , , i , .
,
i

die Ve i fi i s s er s e/ m f t des A n dr ea s p p 2 2 f , i P 17
. . . .

T h i s l a t t e r c o n c l u s io n w h i c h is o b vi o u s l y di c t a t e d b y S i e v e r s s a r t i c l e ( s up r a )
,
’
,

is r e a c h e d in s t r a n ge fa s h i o n T o c i t e b u t o n e o f M a de r t s a r gu m e n t s ( p 1 2 8 )
’
. .

in 5 72 w ide a pp e a r s fo r W e s t S a xo n w u dii —de r u U m l a u t de s i is t a l s o h i e r.

‘ - ‘

n o c h u n t e r b l i e b e n w a s m i n de s t e n s in de n A n fa n g de s 8
, J a h r h u n de r t s z u r iic k .

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s e v e r a l e x a m p l e s o f t h e ap p e a r a n c e o f a s t r e s s e d s h o r t s y ll a b l e in t h e .

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t 1 11 1 11 \ e 1 s e w

h a v e p o i n te d o u t t h a t in t h e it is a l w a y s l o n g U n fo r t u n a te l y fo r t h e .

fu l l fo r c e o f t h e i m pl i e d a r g u m e n t l r a u t m an n n o t o n l y dr a w s h iS 1 xa n1 p l s
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l a r ge l y fr o m t h e b u t c h a n ge s t h e f u l/ 1 1 1 1 v e r s e s 1 9 1 5 0 8 t h a t 1 1 . .

o p p o s e h is vi e w : v e t t h e di ffe r e n ce in u s e h a s s o m e s l i g h t p r o b a t iv e v a l ue .

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sa ys
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‘

t h e i r v o c a b u l ar y ; in r e gar d t o s t y l e t h e y a r e n o t di ffe r e n t fr o m t h e o t h e r .

p o e t i c m o n u m e n ts T h e i r o n l y s t r i k i n g p e c u l i ar i ty is t h e r e p e a t e d u s e o f t h e
.

ar t i c l e b e fo r e t e r m s o f d e l l i ng C o m p a r e R id 8 In ? w e ; 5 0
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n o t es t

p h r ase — is no t fo u n d in C y n e w u l f b u t a p p e ar s fr e q u e n t l y in R id 4 x 4 1 1 3 -3 5
, .

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a r e c u s t o m a r i l y m o n o s y l l a b i c w h il e in C ne w u lf s w o r k s i dem
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r e gu l a r l y di s s y l l a b l e s s up r a ) B o t h u s ages a p p e ar in t h e R id d
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fl ow s /1 771 e tc .

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a r e u n co n t r a c t e d l de r p o e m s b u t t h at in in o is / e m e s do m i , C y n e w u l f wo lde ” , , ,

n a te .T h e s e p r e m i s e s c an h av e l i tt l e v a l u e o n acc o u n t o f t h e n u m e r o u s e xce p
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.

15
fo r m s I n d.e e d m e s a n d z m lde do n o t a p p e ar ; c o n tr as t h o eve
w r 2 4 n elle , , ,

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Ac c o r di n g to S ar r az i n
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R iddl s ( n o t a b l y ( 1 ) a n d
e a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i cs o f p o e m s o f a n o l de r p e r i o d

t h a n t h a t o f C y n e w u lf T h at is p r o b ab l y t r u e b u t t h e p e r s o n al i ty o f th e p o e t
.
. ,

a s w e l l as t h e da t e m u s t b e c o n s i de r e d in s u c h c as e s , T h e ar c h ai s t i c s p e l l i n gs .

o f g l o s s e s in t h e l at e r c h a p t e r s o f t h e L i n di s far n e Jo h n s t a n d as a w ar n i ng t o

t h e t o o r i gi d a n d m i n u t e i n t e r p r e t e r o f i n t e r n a l e vi de n ce a n d r e m i n d u s in t h e , ,

w o r ds o f P r o fe s so r S k e a t ” t h a t l a r ge t h e o r i e s a r e c o n s tan t l y b e i n g b u i l t u p
.
,

l ik e a n i n v e r te d c o n e u po n v e r y s l e n de r b ase s . .
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w ul f s u s a ge t o t h e a c c u m ul a t iv e fo r ce o f a ll t h a t h a v e b e e n
. o r i n d ee d

c i t e d ; b u t in t h e a b s e n ce o f o n e o t o f e v id e n c e c o n n e c t i n g t h e R id dl
.
j es

w i t h t h i s p o e t t h e s e d i ffe r e n c e s a dd s l i gh t ly t o t h e h ea v y b u r d e n o f p r o o f
.

r e s t i n g u o n h im w h o s e e k s t o r e v iv e t h e m o r i b u n d cl a i m o f C n e w u lfi a n
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P . 2 1 6 .
TP p 6 9 .
.
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. . X X XVI I I , 1 60 .

SL . c .
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G o s p e l p xi, . .

ll O n e is p r is e d t o m e e t t h i s f r 0m M e
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'

su r s . . .

g in e/ ing . p . 1 60 as l a te a s 1 8 8 :
.
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a t tr ib u t e th e bes t [R iddles ] to C ynewu lf .
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So fa r is t h i s fr o m b e i n g t h e c a s e t h a t ,

w t i h t h e e xc e p t io n o f th e E r le m a n n s w h o . i nte rp r et R id go . as a C ynewu lf c h a r a de
 AU T H O R S H I P O F T H E E X E T E R B O O K R I D D L E S Ixiii

U N I TY or AU T H O R S H I P

I n his d c
se o n D i e t r i c h n o t e s a s o n e po i n t a ga i ns t h is fi n a l ,

t h e s i s o f t h e u n i ty o f t h e w h o l e c o ll ec t i o n t h a t t h e R iddles a r e no t ,

w r i t t e n a s a co n t i n u o u s w h o l e H e b e l i e v e s t h a t t h e co ll e c t o r d r e w
.

fr o m d i ffe r e n t m a n u s c r i p t s w h i c h r e p r e se n t t w o s e r i e s o f r idd l e s : 1 —6 0
,

a n d 6 2 —9 5 H
( 6 ) h a s a l r ea d y d o u b te d in h is fi r s t a r tic le l '‘

or 1 e .

w h e t h e r t he se co n d s e r i e s w a s b y t h e s a m e a u t h o r a s t h e fi r s t b e ,

c a u se sever al o f th e s u bj e c t s a r e r e p ea t e d an d a go o d
po e t d o e s ,

no t r e pea t h i m s e l f T h a t S e r i e s 1 h as t h r o u gh o u t u n i ty D i e t r i c h s e e k s
.
,

t o s h o w i b y t h r e e t r a i t s o f t h e se p o e m s : ( 1 ) i nn e r r e l a t i o n be t w e e n
‘

s u b j ec t s ;
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( )
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t r e a tm e nt .

( )
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g ,

b u t d e c l a r e s t h a t t h e p o e t a v o id s p l a c i n g t o ge t h e r n ea r ly r e l a t e d s u bj e c t s -

b e c a u s e t h e y a r e t o o e a s y t o fi n d Bu t t h e r e c a n b e a c o n n e c t i o n r e s t i ng .

u p o n a s s o c i a t i o n o f id ea s a n d a c e r ta i n p o e t i c p u r po s e in t h i s co n n e c t i o n .

H e s ee k s t o d e fe n d t h i s a s se r t i o n b y a n o u t l i n e o f t h e t o p i c s d i s c u s s e d
in S e r i e s I a n d in t h i s h e is fo ll o w e d b y P r e h n
,
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g t gr e at ,

m ass o f s u b j e c t s w h i c h fo ll o w o ne a n o t h er in p u r e ly a r b i t r a r y fa s h i o n ,

t o s e l e c t a nd b r i ng t o ge t h er t h o se t h a t h a v e a ce r ta i n l ik e n e s s My .
’

Q ) fi s h o w s t h a t t h e fi n a l o r d e r is in a fe w ca s es t h e o r d e r o f
'

a na ly s i s
'

fl a

co m p o s i t i o n T h e r e is c er t a i n ly n o s i ngl e id ea in t h i s gr o u p o f r idd l e s
. .

V e r y l i ttl e s t r e s s c a n b e l a id u p o n t h i s fi r s t a r gu m e n t ; i n d e e d W iilke r ,

d o e s n o t t h i n k it w o r t h w h i l e t o c l as s it w i t h t h e o t h e r a r gu m e n t s in h is
s u m m ar y o f D i e tr i c h s
’

( )
2 U p on t h e s eco n d a r gu m e n t t h e l ik e u se o f L at i n s o u r ce s
, ,

D i e t r i c h l ay s s o m e s t r e s s fi Bu t t h e e vid e n c e t h a t h e p r e s e n t s is t o o
‘

(sz z
jfim ) h a r dl y
, y an o ne p b e l i eve s t h a t th e
o e t h a d a u g h t t o do w i t h t h e s e
no w .

p r o b l e m s ( B r a n dl w h o a c c ep t s t h e E r le m a n n s o l u t i o n P a r/ ls Gr m z dfl s s z I I 9 72
.
, , , ,

t h i n k s t h a t t h e w r i t e r o f t h e L a t i n e n i gm a m a y h a v e b e e n a n o t h e r C y n e w u l f o r

e l s e a n a dm i r e r o f t h e p o e t T h i s p e r s o n h e t h i n k s m a y h a v e b e e n t h e e di t o r o f
.
, ,

th e s e co nd se r i es (6 1 — 9 5 ) o r e v e n o f b o t h s e r i e s ) W u lk e r h o w e v e r h o l ds ( A ng lia .
, , ,

B l X I X 1 9 0 8 3 5 6 ) t h a t a p a r t o f t h e c o l l e c t i o n is fr o m C y n e w u lf s h a n d ; b u t
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h e b r in gs n o t h i n g t o s u s t a i n his v i e w .

at [l a x/fi ts Z s . x1 1 , 2 34 .
1 X I , 4 88 .
1 X II , 23
5 .
§ X 1L 236

ll P . 1
50 .
fi xi ng /fa V I I A m , . 1 21 .

H ‘
Gr u n dr is s , pp . 1 68 —1 6 9 . 11 See a sol H e r z fe l d, p .
5 .
I x iv I N T R O DU C T I O N

x w a r r an t t h e i on t h a t
s ligh t s w e e p ng
d e p e n d e n ce i
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to asser t a gr e a te r
u po n L a t i n m o d e l s m a r k s th e fi r s t gr o u p a fr e e r m o v e m e n t c h a r ac ,

t e r iz e s t h e s e c o n d T h i s d i ffe r e n c e h o w e v er is t o b e e x p l a i n e d s o
.
, , ,

D i e t r i c h t h i n k s n o t b y d i ffe r e n c e in a ut h o r s h i p b u t b y t h e p e r s o n a l
, ,
-

i n c l i n a t i o n o f o n e po e t H o l t h a u s To b j e c t s t h a t D i e t r i c h s v e r y e x am p l e s
.
’

m a r k a d i s t i n c t u n l ik e n e s s in t h e r e l a t i on o f d i ffe r e n t r idd l e s t o t h e i r
L a t i n p r o t o ty p e s a nd a n a l o g ue s .

e t r ic h i fi n d s a t h i r d a r g u m e n t fo r u n i t y o f a u t h o r s h i p in t h e
(3 ) D i
t r e a tm e n t b e h a n d lu n g p a r t i c u l a r ly in t h e u s e o f o p e n i ng a n d c l o s
ing fo r m u l a s § H e e x a m i n e s in d e ta i l t he v a r i o u s fo r m s a nd n o te s th e
.
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-
,

fa r g r e at e r e l a b o r a t io n o f t h o s e in t h e fi r s t s e r i e s c o m pa r e d w i t h t h o s e o f
t h e se c o n d a nd s e co n d ly i n fe r s fr o m t h e l ik e ne s s b e t w e e n t h e fo r m ul a s o f

t h e e a r lie r gr o u p a s i n gl e a u t h o r H e r z fe l d ” a r gu i ng fo r t h e u n i t y o f t h e .
,

w h o l e c o ll ec t i o n p o i n t s o u t t h a t s i x t e e n o u t o f t h e fi r s t s i xt y ( t h i s r e s u lt
,
.

m u s t b e m o d i fi e d ) l ac k fo r m ul a s a n d t h a t s ix o t h e r s h a v e t h e s h o r t ,

c l o s i n g fo r m ul a s o f t h e s e co n d gr o u p W h i l e t h e m e r e u s e o f s u c h co n .

v e n t i o n a l fo r m s w o u ld h a r dly s e r v e t o e s tab l i s h i d e nt i ty o f a u t h o r s h i p
'

a s t h e se c a n b e e m p l o y e d s o r e a d i ly b y a n im it a t o r fil s t i ll a c a r e fu l c o n
'

s id e r a t i o n o f t h e s e fo r m u l a s is n o t w i t h o u t v a l u e O f t h e s o c a ll e d fi r s t -
.

it
D ie t r i c h , [f an
/ d: Z s . X II, 24 1 , no t es t h at in 1 7, 4 8 , 6 1 , w e m e e t w i t h v e r b a t im
b o r r o w i n gs fr o m S ym p h o s iu s ; ar e t a k e n s e n t e n c e fo r s e n t e n c e fr o m

A l dh e l m : in 6 , 1 4, 29, 3 7, 5 1 , 54, c e r ta n i m at t er is b o r r o wed . I n th e s e c o n d s er e s i

h e m ar k s ap l o y m e n t o f S ym p h o s iu s ( R id 6 6 8 4 8 5 8 6
fr e e r em a n d a fe w .
, , , ,

t r a i t s fr o m A l d h e l m I n p a r t i c u l a r r i ddl e s D i e t r i c h s c o n c l u s io n s r e ga r din g
’
.
,

s o u r ce s m u s t b e c o r r e c t e d b
y t h e l i g h t o f m y s t u dy o f o r i g i n s (s up r a ) .

TL . c .
iXII , 24 1 .

§ D i e t r i c h , [f a z ep ls Z X I I 24 1
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r el io w t o t h e e a r l i e r w e a po n p r o b l e m s 1 8
(
’

a ti o n o f 2 4 , a nd o f 2 5
.
,

t o t h e B i r d gr o u p ( 8 9 1 0 1 1 R id 2 6 is n o t o n ly t h e m a t e to t h e
, , , , .
.

2m 3
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26 b u t is th e
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.
,

’
Bo o k h a s no t a l i t tl e in c o m m o n w i t h t h e r idd l e s o f s i m i l a r t h e m e
, ,

9 W
52 ,
I e n a n d F i nge r s ( 2 7
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93 I nk h o r n ( 7 2
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13
27 c o m pa r e Bi b l e ( 2 7 ,

23
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'

a
p .

li d /ed m a r ib/a m ) R id 2 8 is c e r t a i n l y a c o m p a n i o n p i ec e t o 1 2
"

. .

I n t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e b e e s it s u gge s t s th e iir d r idd l e s 8 5 8 , ,

at
Th e l i
r e at o n o f R id . 1 8 to 24 has be en set fo r t h b y t h e w r i t e r in U L . . . XXI ,

I OO . T ra u t m a n n , BR . XIX , I SO —1 8 4 , s e eks t o c o n n e c t it w i t h 5 0 .

t l A XXI
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t
'

3 72 10
. . . .
, 5 .
 ' '

t N l k o b t ic r i o N
‘

lxx

ik i ng l y s ig n ilic at n t th a t it is l i nk e d by
tr i gl e m o t iv e t o 4
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s n 1
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s -
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w h i c h it is cl o s e l y bo u n d t h r o u g h its s i m i l a r r e l a t i o n to Al d h e l m T he .

e ni n fo r m u l a o f R id 3 7 is r e lixe d w i t h o u t r e a s o n to 6 9 ; a n d t h e
o
p g p .

" T 3
ro bl m h a s a g n e r : i l l ik e n e s s to o t h e r i nt n s tc r r iddlt s ( 3 7 -
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.
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t h e c l o s i n g line o f t h e p r o b l e m r e c a ll s t h e w o r l d o ld m o t iv e o f 3 4 -

R id 3 9 is n e a r l y r e l a t e d to t h e r idd l e s o f s i m i l a r i m po r t 1 3
.
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l li c c l o s e r e l a t i o n o f 4 1 to 6 7 a nd its c o n n e c t i o n w i t h 3 6 w i ll b e
'

23
"

di s c u s s e d in t he no te s ; w i t h th e o th e r p r o b l e m s it h a s a l m o s t n o th i ng
"

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in c o m m o n I n dc r R id 3 4 l h a v e i nd i c a te d t h e l ik e n e s s o f 4 2
l . to .

0 t
T h e c l o s i ng fo r m u l a o f 4 2 b i n d s it to 2 9 w h i c h it a l s o
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3 3
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r 2 ; se c I fin d a fe w p a r a l l e l s to R id 4 3 : .

e n i ng fo r m u l a a pp e a r s fr e q u e n t l y in t h e e q u iv a l e n t s o f li f t ido
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a r e e l s e w h e r e u s e d to s u gge s t fa i r b e a u t y t o ld /i v is e m

7
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to t h e lia r th i
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6 2 63 64 , , its l
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4

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7
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s l i gh t c o n ne c t o n i w i th 20 th e on y l o t erh u r r e nce o f
o cc

th e w o r d . T h e w o r l d -r idd l e 4 7 h a s no t h i ng in co m m o n w i t h th e o t h e r

Ff . D ie t r ic h . [lu ll / Vt Z r . X ll .

An g l ll sW I I 4 10
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l S a xo l ( i r c in i i i/ i e/ w u /r e r i 1 m
‘

t t . o- n “ we .
i
. an an t
a it .

See no te to
 AU T H O R S I I l l - ’
O F T H E E X E T I CR B O O K R I D D L E S lxxi
1“
p r o b l e m s o f t h e c o ll e c t i o n s a v e t h e .
l ik e n e s s o f 4 7 to 4 3
R id 4 8 is , h o w e v e r , c o n n e c te d w i th
. o t h e r r idd l e s : its s e c o nd l i n e is
1
pe n i ng fo r m u l a s
5
i m i lar t he f a nd t he f vta /m/ (i
48
s to o o 49 , us e o .

)
2 3 4 5
i n v i te s c o m pa r i s o n w i t h wh i l e its las t m o t iv e (4 8
71 , 92 )
‘

is no t u n l ik e 5 As D i e t r i c h l o ng ago po i n te d o u t * 4 9 is a c o m
'

p a n i o n
p i e c-
e t o 6 0 as a l ik e ne s s in a ll m o t i v e s
, p r o c l a i m s : it is a s s o c i a te d
b y t h e p h r a s e 11 /77de M f r/ e m f ir /” dc w i t h t he B i r d r idd l e s
4
11 /77dc ( ii i/7c ; 5 8 fl /fi de
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R id 5 0 h a s m a n y a n a l o g u e s ( hf / u m . .
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3
171 m m ( 5 0 ) a nd 117 c o n ne c t it w i t h t h e lio o k r idd l e

w h i l e its fi r s t a nd l a s t m o t i v e s m a y h a v e b e e n s u gge s te d b y t h e w e ll
5
k no wn p r o b l e m o f t h e Bo o km o th (4 8 I t b e a r s a n i n te r e s t i ng r e l a t i o n
2 2 2
to its n e i g h b o r 5 1 ( 5 0 du w /u m 5 1 da m /m m ;
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, 51 ,
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5 1 t h e fe e d i ng o f b o th ) ; a nd it has p o i n t s o f c o n t a c t w i t h 5 8 a nd 72
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,

re a w n / m t Ay n 5 70 47 1 1 1 a n d m in/M i ; fly r dz ; ) f

L
J a ma r /e T r a u tm a n n po i n ts o u t i l ik e t r a i t s o f t he s u bj e c ts o f
2 7
5 0 a nd 1 8 : b o t h w o r k by da y ( 5 0 b o t h s w a ll o w ( 1 8 5 0 2
, a nd ,

b o t h c o nc e a l c o s tly t r e as u r e s R id 5 1 is c o n n e c te d no t o n ly .

w i t h 5 0 b u t t h r o u gh it s fi r s t l i ne [
, , Vim is ( m cur /u m z en/ ” dr u m ,

w i th 8 4
1
A M 70171 ! ii w a n d/ 7 1 71; [l awn / ed T he l ik e ne s s p o i n te d o u t b y
,
“

T r a u tm a n n i b e tw ee n 5 2 a n d 2 7 h a s a l r e a d y b e e n i ll u s t r a t e d MS
‘

. .

16
flea/gu n ljfle r e c a ll s 2 3 o n j/n ( c f di q/ ri m /( r j/ z ' '
f i J
.
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a p pe a r s a ga i n a nd r ? /1 im w ega r h a w / re r o d uce s The

p 2
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m
a m /j
i olt lVa/c o f 5 3 r e m i n d s u s o f t h e a m /j
'
in x ( Vale o f R id 5 4 r .

5 4 f / Jd d am/ m 73 g i n / W m
3 “ 3
h a s m u c h in c o m m o n w i th 73 ( 5 4
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1 6
f r Jd/w 8 3 9 3 ) a nd 9 2
, ,
I t s m o t i v e o f w r e t c h e d c h a ng e o f s t a t e
is t h e l ad i ng id ea o f 2 7 73 8 3 9 3
"
L ik e t he o th e r s of t h e g r o u p o f
, , ,
.

o b sc e ne r idd l e s R id 5 5 is c l o s e ly a s s o c i a t e d w i t h it s fe ll o w s : its r e l a
,
.

t i o n s to 4 5 h a v e b e e n i n d i ca t e d ; ti/lic ew e a pp e a r s o n ly
7
z eovw d lz i r m il/a n ; M S in
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m u i de lz r m i i
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r l/ m is p a r a ll e l e d b y 6 4
c
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.

1
w in e s e/c m ay b e c o r r e c t e d in t h e l i g h t o f 4 6
,
in m int /e ; ,

4
w w r ces r e c a ll s t h e l ik e u s e o f th e p h r a s e 4 3
,
R id 5 6 is ne a r ly a k i n ,
. .
,

in its fi r s t l i ne s to a nd ,
s m r u/r z m dm a l s o r e se m bl e s ,

sca m / u m g eb z m dei z P r e h n § r e g a r d s 5 6 a s a. c o m a n i o n to 2 1
p ,

S wo r d t h o u gh t h i s is a n o v e r s t a t e m e n t t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n l ik e ne s s e s
‘
,

m 1
id
b e tw e e n t he t w o (5 6 5 6 a c o m,
m o n fo r m u la
) R ,
. .

5 7 is no t o n ly a s s o c i a te d w i t h 5 6 b u t its v o c a b ul a r y be a r s in t wo ,

l / au/i lr Z r . XI , 4 74 . XIX , 1 83 —I 8 4 .

t . XIX , 1 97 .
§ P . 2 79 .
 lx x i i . I N T R O D U CT I O N l

*
l i ne s a d i s t an t r e sem b an e
l i sh l c to -
P r ehn .
fails t o e s ab t
c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n t h i s a nd 3 6 T h e r e l a t i o n o f 5 8 t o th e o t h e r
“

an
y .

Bi r d r idd l e s h as b e e n dis c u s s e d a t l e ngt h ( s up r a ) a n d it s p ar a ll e l s t o ,

2 2 3 5
o t h e r p r o b l e m s s u ffi c i e n tly in d i c a t e d ( 5 8
2 3
28 ; 5 8 49 )
3 3 3 -

50 ; , ,

1
ci nf éte s u
6
R id 5 9 h a s n o n ear a n a l o gu e s ; b u t 5 9
3
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gge s t s 3 3 , , ,

8 14
r e e a t s t he m o t iv e o f 3 2 a nd t h at of 3 2 T h e e n u m e r at i o n
p , .

o f s t r a nge p h y s i c a l t r a i t s giv e s it a p l ac e a m o n g m o n st e r r id d l e s
-

( cf 3 3 8 1
.
,
A s w e h a v e al r e ad
, y se e n 6 0 is a m a t e t o 4 9 R i d 6 1 ,
:

. .

is b o u n d t o t h e o t h e r r idd l es b y it s c o m p a n io n s h i p in t h e E xeier B o o é
‘

1 2 2 b —1 2 3 a
( ) w i t h. t h e s e co n d fo r m o f 3 1 I t s fi r s t l i n e s b ear a ge n e r a l . .

12 6
l ik e n es s t o a nd 6 1 m ar es 0r d r e a p p ea r s 77 P r e hn T h a s
“

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.
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.

9 3 4 24 4 1 24 4
p o i n t e d o u t t h e s i m i l a r i ty o f 6 1 t o 3 2 an d 0 1 5 6 1 to ( cf , .

T he fi r s t p r o b l e m s o f t h e so ca lle d s eco n d s e r i e s a r e c lo sely bo u n d to -

t h o se o f t h e fi r s t gr o u p R id 6 2 is a n o b s c e n e r idd l e a nd as s u c h is a .
~

.
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69 64 1
ne a r k i nsm an o f 2 6 and 4 6 ( 6 2 26 a n d o f t h e n e xt co a r se
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6
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“

.
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5 6
p r ec u r so r b u t t o it s fo ll o w e r 6 4
, ( 6 3 6 4 t o t h e o t h e r p u z z l es , , ,

6 4 7 5 8 5 1 5 9
o f d o u b l e m ea n i n g 6 3
( 5 5 ; 6 3 4 5 ; 6 3 26 s i i/z wé r 4 6 5 5 ,
6 2 71 2 17 , , , , , , ,

b z o iei ) The r e l a t i o n o f t h e a m b i g u o u s
. t o 5 5 a nd 6 3 h as b e e n s h o w n

A z m z a fl dr ifl m a mu s t b e co m
( s up r a
) : bu t i r
g ,
l

63 28196 5 m ix
1 2 1 14 2
ar e d w i t h 5 6 5 7 and m / w i t h t h e r id
‘

-
e: 25
p ; , ,

3 6
d l es o f H o r n a nd C r o s s 1 5 3 1
‘ ’
R id 6 5 i s t h e co m p a n i o n p i ece t o
‘
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. .
-
.
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20
( s up r a
) a nd 6 6 to 2 6 D ie t r ic h i h a s p o i nt e d o u t t h e l ik e n e s s b e .

33
[I Q/225 lz ea ided 7726 5
13
tw e e n 6 6 ,
7726 6
1
on fi m dr e, a nd 2 1 , on il ea fio r e . The
i n t e r e s t i ng c o n n ec t o n i b e t w ee n 4 1 a nd 6 7 h a s b ee n a r ea l
d y m e n t i o ned .

R id 6 7 h a s l
a s o so m et h i ng in co m m o n w i t h t he v o c a b ul a r y o f t h e fr ag
‘

.
,

m
m e n t 9 4 ( 6 7 , 120/t ir e fio m z e 711 071 4 [Z of r e fiOfl fl K /) is l20/i t m il, Jeo/z t r e
)
’

. .

Gb
fio gm e 67 ,
Iz eof aiz a s ( f em fi ge ,
fijr r e bo w ie lz eof o n ) . R id .

p h r a s e s o f t h e r idd l e p o e t r y : 6 8
1
68 abo u nds in w o r d s and .
-
,
ii gcy r ceg i z , ’

1 2 1 2 1
70 725 1 7n z o i/z i , 4 3 , 5 2 , 70 ; 6 8 , f 2f
1 1 9
46 48 4 9 ; 68
7
, , , 32 ,

10 46
; 68 9
1 73 13
4 0 , g e ne r a l l ik e ne s s to 68 , g olde geg ier w ed, 27 giz r ede

1 11 3 18
m ec m id golde ; ficé r g u m m i di v/ m o n 5 6 64 ; 68 s in ce an d
’

, , 57 , ,

4
l
s eo f i e, 5 6
f -
Th e . . o pe n ng i f o r m ul a ,
of 37 p re cedes t h e o n e -l i n e fo l k -
r idd l e
R id 70 is r e l a t ed b y it s s u bj ec t t o 3 2 , bu t it s l ik e n e s s to o t h e r r id
,

d le s l i e s ch i e fly in it s d i c t i o n , t h e u s e o f s i ngl e w o r d s fo u n d e l se w h er e in
t h e co e t i o n
2
d 32 3 2 18 33
“

ll c 70 r in 70 idz m a nd 4 205 07 4 73 70
: , ge , ; ,
r , , ,

73 3 16 6 43
or fion m m , 78 , fi z z r /z 0735 0725 ; 70 ,
ea xie, 73 ,
8 6 ; 70 , 071 gesry ldr u m ,

P . 2
33 . T P . 2
37 . Z r .
-
XII , 2
50 .
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1 03
w r d tli de) , p a s s i m ; lz wlefi u m to
'

4 1 ; 70 ” fi le, 2 7 e tc .
71
1 1
M
'

h a s m a ny a n a l o gu e s ; 7 1 , ii eo m .
r icer f li t , 79 ,
z e- e o m wfielinger (E ;
3 an d
22
ol
“

w on s ta fi wy w liz ez o r fi t r a ,
‘ ‘ ‘ ‘
71 $1 2 g, rza

fi r: reflit igm z wy r t u m f e s ta fiolwo nge ; w ip edf o r

"

on s ta
35 .

g rz je m im i m , 9
fi 3
19
,
” 2 f o r w z m de w eep .
“

As
idd l e o f t h e S w o rd it is a r ,

cl o se ly co nn e c te d w i t h p r o ble m s h av ing t h e s a m e t h e m e : w r dfir a

7h
ldf , fy r es d f eole, 6 ll am er a lfif e ( B eow ; 1 0 3 3 , f i le» ldf s wo r d
'

‘
o iz , ,

4 3 '1 0‘3 '3 2a

5
w ir e gew eo r fia d, s? fie g old w igea; ie s in e w ege
‘

21
71 ,

83 28 b
g old o er
f g ear dcz s S wo r d 71 lz r ifz g z z m gefiy r s ied, 2 1
, fie m e fi r iizga r
gee/ C R id 72 is . c o nn e ct e d b
y it s s u bj e ct and t wo o f

it s m o t iv e s w i t h th e p a i r 1 3 a n d 3 9 f eow er Z a lz fir efio r ,
‘
z
1 04 2
fl ow er w ella iz , e tc , 72 ,
. T h e m i se r y of the s ub e c t j
1 2 43 17 5
( )
6
72 is a co m m o n r idd l e l dy -
to p i c ( 21 , 54 ,
81 ,
~

I h a ve a r ea

(
n o t i ce d t h e l ik e n e s s o f 7 3 t o 5 4 : s a v e in it s m o n s t e r t r a i t s s e e s up r a u n d e r
-

3
i t h as no t h i n g in co m m o n w i t h a ny o t h e r p r o b l e m s R id 74 flai l; . .
,

15 4 4
— 5
m idf z iglz em r e c a l ls 2 3 5 2 ; 74
,
di af u nder y fie is id e n t i ca l w i t h 5 2 ;
,
3
, ,
3

3
lz wf de fi r ae wieu v e r y s i m i l a r t o 1 1 1 4
i
6
and Th e t iny r u n ic r idd l e
'

.
, ,

1 —3 1
75 is e x a c t ly in th e m a nn e r o f o t h e r r u n i c p r o b l e m s 2 0 65 ; w h i l e , ,

2
t h e i n v e r s i o n o f t h e r u n e s ( 75 ) r e c a ll s 2 4
1
Agof T h e s i ngl e l i n e o f 76 ,
-

e m p lo s t h e o p e n i ng fo r m u l a o f 75 U n d e r 6 1 I h a v e no t e d t h e s l i ht
g
-

y .

6 12
p a r a ll e l s b e tw ee n t h a t r idd l e a n d 77
( 7 77 s ea xes o r de 6 1
:

, , ,

2
Th e c l o s e s t a n a l o gu e to 77 is th e fr agm e n t 78 77 m eg f fia
‘

f
,

w r ugo n , 78 7
jfiu m fiew r igen e ( co m pa r e 77 , f efielear e, 78 , [
33
Z EJCZ S 2
’
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ey fi ; ii flede 78 , s
1
ie fléda r ,
3 ‘
R id 79 , w h o se s i ngl e Iin e
. .
-

M e r a n d T r a u tm a n
1 la
m ay b e b u t a v a ri a n t o f 80 , r e a c ll s 71 ( s up r a
) iill . n

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is m o r e o r l e s s i n t i m a te ly c o n ne c te d w i t h m an y o th e r r idd l e s I t s fi r s t .

lin e is b u t a v a r i a n t o f 5 1 ( s up r a ) ;
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t h e d e m a n d s o f s i m i l a r s u b j ec ts As h as j u s t b e e n n o t e d R id 8 5 t r e a t s .
, .

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b r o t h e r l y l o v e o f w h i c h s o m u c h is m a d e in 8 8 is n o t e m p l o y e d in 9 3 :
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p a r a ll e l s a m o n g t h e r idd l e s s a v e in t he u s e o f t h e ( 11 1 11 1 111 s m o t iv e In 11 1 .

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S u c h l ik e ne s se s a s I h a v e po i n te d o ri t b e tw e e n th e v a r i o u s r idd l e s a r e
s u ffi c i e n t ly s t r ik i ng t o e s ta b l i s h h o m o ge n e i ty a n d i nd e e d t h e y o fte n c o rn ,

e l b e l i e f in t h e p r e s e n ce o f a s i ng l e h a n d in m a n y o f t h e p r o b l e m s h il
p .

b r i ng fa i l s c o m p l e te ly to g r a s p t h e t r u e c h a r a c te r o f t he e n i g m a s o f th e
E t f/1fi1 w h e n h e d ec l a r e s : 1 \ Vie m a n b e i e i n e r S a rn m lu ng v o n ‘
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V o l k s l i e d e r s c h w e r l i c h a n c in e n e i nz i ge n V e r ta s se r d e n k e n w i r d s o da r f ,
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m a n e s m e i ne s e r a c lr te ns e b e n s o w e n i g b e i clie s e n R iits e ln die m it ge r i nge n

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Au s n a h m e n d o c h a u c h e in I r o du k t de r V o l k s po e s i e s i n d I t is o b v i o u s ly ’ ’
.

a b s u r d t o c l a s s o u r r idd l e s w i t h fo l k s o ngs As I h a v e l o ng s i n c e s ho w n Jfi -
.

t h e y t e e m w i t h p o p u l a r e l e m e nt s a nd m o t iv e s b u t t h e y a r e a l m o s t w i t h ,

o u t e x c e p t i o n l i te r a r y e n igrn a s fr o m t h e h a n d o f t h e a r t i s t I n s u c h co m .

p o s i t i o n s a s t h e p o e m s o f t h e S to r m ( 2 3 Ba d ge r S wo r d , ,

Bo o k L a n ce W a te r a nd t h e H o r n c y c l e
( x5 8 0 88 .

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t h e r e a d e r s o o n b e c o m e s a w a r e t h a t t h e r idd l e is t h e l e a s t p a r t o f i ts e l f ,

t h a t c o n c e a l m e n t o f s o lu t i o n h a s b e e n fo r go t te n in t he j o o f c r e z r t io n -
y .

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T/ d/f l i l XII 189 1 , Sp 56, i t e d w it h h e a r t y a pp r o v a l b y H e r z fe l d

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Ev e n ,
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fr o m th e s h a pe s ane w w i th l o v i ng ar t th e s to r y o f th e

i n gr a t i t u d e o f t h e C u c k o o t h e fa t e o f t h e O x t h e l a bo r s o f

t h e P l o w ( 2 2 ) a nd t h e R a k e .
the j o u r ne y s o f th e or

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s t u d y s uc h c o m m o n p l ac es o f fo lk p o e t r y a s t h e t h e m e s o f t h e C o c k ( 4 3 )
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o f r idd l e s w h i c h in t e n s e t e r s e p o i n t e d s tyl e a n d a b s e n c e o f e p i c b r e a d t h
, , , ,

in fr e e d o m fr o m all t h a t is c l e r k ly o r b o o k i s h s ee m to b e ar c l e a r ly t h e ,

s t am p o f p o p u l ar p r o d u c t i o n ( 5 3 5 8 6 6 70 t h e m a n y p a r a ll e l s t o
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o t h e r p r o b l e m s ( 1 1115 11 1 ) m a r k t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e c r a ft s m a n I n t h o se .

v e r y p u z z l e s w h o s e s m u t a n d s m i l e s po i n t di r e c t ly t o a h u m b l e o r i gi n -

4 6 5 5 6 3 ) w e de te ct a m id t h e c o ar se n e s s o f t h e co t ta e
, , g ,

t h e l e er o f a p r u r i e n t r e w o r k e r .

Th e R iddles t h en a r e h o m o ge n eo u s in t h e i r a r t i s t r y
, , O n e o f th e .

fi n e s t p r o o fs o f t h i s l i e s in th e s tr ik i ng c i r cu m s ta n c e t h a t a l m o s t e v e r y
d a r k s a y i ng o r o b sc u r e p e r i p h r a s e in o u r po e m s fi n d s i llu m i na t i ng e x
-

p l a n a t i o n e l s e w h e r e in t h e co ll e c t i o n T o i n di c a t e a fe w e xa m ple s o u t .

o f m a ny : S E fie is r e v e a l e d a s t h e w i n d in t h e l i g h t ‘

8
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1 11 i m m e d i a t e ly b e c o m e s cl e ar b
m a t i c p h r a se {1 17 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ 12
y c o m pa r i s o n w i t h
1 06 —
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t h e p i c t u r e o f t h e s w i n e d a r k a n d j o y o u s in t h e b ee c h w o o d 4 1
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w h e n r e a d s id e b y s id e Th e h o m o ge ne i ty o f t h e co ll ec t i o n is
fu r t h e r a t te s t e d b y t h e d o m i na n ce in v e r y m a n y o f o u r r idd l e s o f t h e
’
t wo m o t iv e s o f u t i l i ty a n d co m i ta t u s w h i c h p l a y b u t a s m a ll p a r t in
‘
,

o t h e r e n i gm a s o f t h e O ld Engl i s h p e r i o d T h e s e w i ll b e d i sc u s se d a t .

l e ngt h in a l a te r c h a p t e r .

N o w if c e r t a i n a r t r idd l e s a r e fo u n d gr o u pe d in w h a t is r e a lly a s i ngl e

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co ll e c t i o n if m o r e o v e r t h e s e r idd l e s a fte r c l o s e a n a ly s i s a r e fo u n d t o b e
, , , ,

h o m o ge ne o u s in t h e ir d i c ti o n ; if t o o lar ge co ll e c t i o ns fr o m s i ngl e h a n d s
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w e r e co m m o n a t t h a t p e r i o d t h e b u r d e n o f p r o o f r e s t s n o t u p o n him
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w h o ar gu e s fo r u n i ty o f au t h o r s h i p s i n ce e v e r y pr e c e d e n t a n d p r e s u m p
‘

t i o n a r e in h is fa v o r b u t u po n h im w h o c h a m p i o n s d iv e r s i t y o f o r i gi n
, .

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g y
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s ar g

Gn m dr ixx a r t i c l e a s i n fa ll i b l e c r i t e r i a o f d a te no t o n ly o f t h e but
o f a ll o t h e r An gl o S a x o n p o e m s t h e y s e e m t o m e t o ca r r y l i t t l e w e i g h t
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t r a d i t i o n a l fo r m u l a s a n d e x p r e s s i o n s s o s t r o n g in S axo n p o e t r y T ’
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r e nd e r t h i s t e s t a l m o s t v a l u e l e s s Th e u s e o f t h e a r t i c l e in e a r ly G r ee k
.

p o e tr y is c l o s e l y a n a l o go u s to t h a t in O ld Engl i s h v e r s e Bu t t h e cl a s s i ca l .

s cho lar w h o o n a c co u n t o f th e a b se n ce o r p r e s e n c e o f a r t i c l e s a s s i g n e d
. , ,

t h e v a r i o u s fr a gm e n t s o f \ lc a e u s t o d i ffe r e n t h a n d s a s c r i b e d t h e t r ag i c
-
,

cho r u s e s o f t o a n e a r l i e r d a te t h a n t h e n t m ly r i c p o r t i o n s o f -

t h e d r a m a s a n d l a b e l e d a s H o m e r i c in t i m e t h e e p i c c o n v e n t i o n s o f
,

\ po llo n iu s R h o diu s w o ul d b e s p e e d i l y l a u gh e d o u t o f c o u r t
-

, .

A m u c h m o r e i m p o r t a n t a r gu m e n t r e m a i n s — t h a t b a s e d u p o n t h e
e v id e n c e fu r n i s h e d b y t h e u s e o f s o u r c e s We h a v e a l r e a d y s e e n t h a t .
,

w i t h t h e s a m e d a ta D i e t r i c h a n d H o l t h a u s r e a c h e d e x a c t l y o ppo s i te
,

c o nc l u s i o n s in r e g a r d t o t h e u n i t y o f t h e c o ll e c t i o n B u t th e v a l u e o f .

t h e i r r e a s o n i n g w as i m p a i r e d b y t h e im o r r c c t n e s s o f t h e i r d a t a — s u p
‘

o s e dl l o s e l i t e r a r y r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n L a t i n a n d An l o S a x o n e n i m a s
g
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p y c g ,

w h e r e o fte n n o n e a t a ll e x i s t e d I n t h e m e t h o d s o f d i r e c t a nd i n d i r e c t
.

b o r r o w i ng t h a t o u r s t u d y o f th e s o u r c e s o f t h e s e v e r a l p r o b le m s i h a s
r e v e al ed t h e r e a r e b u t fe w ce r t a i n i n d i c a t i o n s o f d i ffe r e nce o f o r i g i n
, .

Th e h a b i t o f m i nd w h i c h e i t h e r w o r k s in p e r fe c t l i b e r t y o r e l s e ga t h e r , ,

ing a u s e fu l h i n t h e r e a h a pp y p h r a s e t h e r e g iv es d e l i g h t fu ll y fr e s h a n d
, .

n e w fo r m s t o c u r r e n t m o t iv e s a n d a n c i e n t t r a d i t i o n s b u t w h ic h nev e r ,

y i e l d s i ts e l f s l a v i s h l y t o its m o d e l s is t h e d o m i n a n t m o o d in t h e R iddles
,

a n d p o i n t s r a t h e r t o o n e p o e t o f fr e e s p i r i t t h a n t o m a n y m e n o f m a n y

ti m e s . And y e t a ll th e E \ B UM R iddles c a n h a r d l y b e fr o m o ne h a nd
. .

T h e s e r vi l e l y i m i ta tiv e t e m pe r o f Al d h e l m s t r a nsl a to r in t h e e n i gm as o f
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r e v a i l i ng t o n e o f t h e c o ll ec t i o n w h i c h is a t its h i gh e s t in t h e u n c h e c k e d
p ,

r a ng e o f i m a g i n a t i o n o f t h e S t o r m r idd l e s ( 2 —4 l t h a t th i s i n fe r i o r i ty ,

c a n n o t b e e x p l a i n e d w i t h D i e tr i c h b y t h e c h a n g i ng i n c l i n a t i o n o f o n e

p o et § . A s w i ll b e s h o w n l a t e r in m
y n o te s t o R id 4 1 t h e r e is go o d . ,

* N o t i c e t h e diffe r e n c e in t h is r e ga r d b e t we e n th e E xe t e r an d V e r c e l l i t e xt s
o f Sou l . TS e e L a w r e n c e . . W . JV
. XXIV , 1
53 .

1 Se e c h a p te r on O r i gi n a l s an d An a l o g u e s .
’

i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h e s e t w o p r o b l e m s w h i c h s t a n d s o w i de l y a p a r t
I t is .

f r o m a ll t h e o t h e r s in t h e i r de p e n de n c e u p o n l e a r n e d s o u r c e s h a v e o t h e r v e r y dis ,

t in c t iv e fe a t u r e s : ( a ) t h e p o o r t e c h n i q u e o f R id 4 1 ; ( b ) t h e is o l a t i o n o f t h e .
 SO LU T ION S O F T H E I CX E T E R B O O K R I D D L E S lxxix

r ea so n to be l i e v e
t h a t y e t a no t h e r h an d w a s a t w o r k in t he l a te r po r t i o n
o f t h a t l o n g a nd d r e a r y p o e m a n d t h a t t h i s h a n d r e w r o u gh t h is c r ud e ,

w o r k in R id 6 7 Bu t t h e s e p o em s a r e t h e o n ly o n e s in t h e co ll ec t i o n
. .

t h a t w e ca n a s s i gn w i t h a n y po s i t iv e n e s s to a d i ffe r e n t

L e t u s n o w s u m m a r i z e o u r r e s u l t s T h e R idd/es w e r e n o t w r i tte n by .

C y ne w u l f : a ll e vid e n c e o f t h e l e a s t v a lu e s pea k s a ga i n s t h is c l a i m It .

”
see m s fa i r ly c e r ta i n t h a t t h e y a r e p r o d u c t s o f t h e N o r t h ) T h e i r p l ac e
a s l i te r a r y c o m po s i t i o n s
( no t a s fo l k r idd l e s ) in o n e co ll e c t i o n an d t h e i r -
,

h o m o ge neo u s a r t i s t r y w h i c h fi nd s ab u n d a n t v i n d i ca t i o n in a h u nd r e d
,

c o m m o n t r a i t s a r g u e st ro n ly fo r a s i ngl e a u t h o r t h o u h a s m a l l
g , g gr o u p ,

of
p r o b l e m s b r i ngs co n v i n c i ng e vid e nc e aga i ns t c o m pl e t e u n i ty T ha t .

t h e i r p e r i o d w a s t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e e i gh t h c e n t u r y t h e h e y d a y o f
'

, _

Angl o L a t i n r idd l e po e t r y is a n i n v i t i ng s u r m i s e u n s u s t a i n e d by p r o of
- -
, .

S OLU T I O N S OF T HE E X E T E R BO O K RI D DLE S

U nl ik e t h e L a t i n idd l e s o f t h e i r pe r i o d t h e An gl o S a x o n q u e r ic s a r e
r ,
-

u n a c c o m pa n i e d by t h e i r a n s w e r s I n s ix p r o b l e m s h o w e v e r th e i nge n .
, ,

i o u s u s e o f r u n e s gu id e s th e s o l v e r to h is go a l I n t w o o f t h e s e i t h e .
’

r u n i c e l e m e n t is so e l a b o r a t e a n d c o m p l e x t h a t it co n v e r t s t h e p o e m s

i n to i n t r i c a t e n a m e r idd l e s ; in t h r ee o t h e r s § t h e o pe n s e s a m e is
-
‘ ’

fo u n d in a n ea s y r e a r r a n ge m e n t o f t h e r u n i c l e t t e r s ; in t he s i x t h Mt he
l a s t tw o l i n e s c o n s t i t u te a r u n i c t ag t h a t co n fi r m s a n a l r e a d y o b v i o u s
N o rt h um b r a n i ve r s i o n of R z d 3 6 fr o mh r i ddl e s a n d its a s s o c i a
a ll o h er E n gl i s
'

. t ,

t i o n in t h e L e i de n M S w i t h t h e An gl o L a t i n e n i gm a s w i t h w h i c h it is s o c l o s e ly
.
-

c o n n e c t e d in t h o u g h t ; ( c ) t h e di ffe r e n t ia t i o n o f R id 3 6 a n d 4 1 f r o m n e i g h b o r i n g .

r i e s o f t h e i r g r o u p ( R id 3 1 — 6 1 ) b y th e s ub j ec t s us e o f th e fi r s t p e r s o n
’

q u e . .

E v e n t h e o b s c e n e a n d t h e r u n ic gr o u p w h i c h s e e m t o fa l l i n t o t wo di s t i n c t iv e ,

c l a s s e s a p p a r e n t l y r e m o t e fr o m t h e o t h e r s r e v e a l u p o n e xa m i n a t i o n p o i n t s o f c o n
,

ta c t. By r e c a s t i n g t h e p o e t m a k e s c o a r s e fo l k p r o du c t s h is o wn
,
-
.

T T h e N o r t h u m b r i a n di a l e c t o f t h e L e ide n R iddle p r o v e s n o t h i n g a s it s v a r i a n t ,

v e r s i o n R id 3 6
, .s t a n ds e n t i r e l y a p a r t fr o m o t h e r s o f t h e c o l l e c t i o n e xc e p t 4 :
,
but .

N o r t h e r n o r i gi n is a t t e s t e d b y t h e l a r ge n u m b e r o f u n c o n t r a c t e d a n d u n s y n c o
p a t e d fo r m s de m a n de d b y t h e m e t e r a n d b y t h e a pp e a r a n c e o f s u c h An g l i a n ,

bi g ( x7 )
9 e /z d ci'a Ad d
‘

u s age s as s z e ee e , g eo ng e tu w e e
‘

S e e M a de r t , pp . 1 26 —1 2 7 .
i R id . 2 0, 65 .

R id . 25 , 4 3 , 75 . Th e t h ird o f t h e s e is b u t a fr a gm e n t , b u t in t h e fi rst and

s e c o nd t h e S u e /i evi r a t r el e e m e n t l do m i n a t e s . R id 5 9 . .
l xx x I N T R O D UC T I O N

i n te r p r e ta t i o n I n a s e v e n t h r idd l e t h e L a t i n e q u iv a l e n t s o f pr e c e d i ng
.
‘

l lnglis h w o r d s a r e d i s g u i s e d in s e c r e t s c r i p t
’
i
I n t h r e e o t h e r r iddles r .

t h e m a r g i n a l u s e o f s i ng l e r u n e s o b v i o u s ly o r i g i n a t e d a t a fa r l a te r

e r i o d t h a n t h a t o f t h e i r c o m po s i t i o n a s t h e s e a r e n o t fr o m t h e h a n d
p ,

o f t he s c r i b e I n v e r s i o n o f its o pe n i ng n o n se n s e w o r d giv e s a s t h e r id
.
-
,

dle r t e ll s u s t h e n a m e o f t h e s u bj e c t o f o ne o f t h e s p i r i te d w e a po n
,

r iddle s ;t F i na ll y t h e fa i n t l e tt e r s in o t h e r w r i t i ng a t t h e e nd o f t h e
.
,

l o ng C r e a t i o n e n i gm a § m ay b e r e a d a s lz iz ix y in S uc h
'
‘
fr
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, .

a r e o u r c l e w s in a d o z e n p r o b l e m s H .

T h e s e h o w e v e r w e r e o f b u t s l i gh t a id t o t h e fi r s t m o d e r n s c h o l a r w ho
, ,

p r e s e n te d a n
y s o lu t i o n s H ic k e s i n s e r t e d fa cs i m i l e t r a n sc r i p t s o f fi v e r u n i c
.

r idd l e s ll in t h e b e g i n n i n g o f h is f ee/ i n die

‘
As C o nyb ea r e (
'

o f t h e s e r idd l e s ) is fo r m e d fr o m t h e
s a y s q u a i n t ly z l T I I ic k e s o p i n i o n
(
'
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’

a t t r i b u te s a s c r i b e d t o t h e m y s t e r i o u s s u bj e c t s u c h a s b e i ng a p p o i n t e d b
y ,

C h r i s t t o e nco u n t e r w a r fa r e ; s pea k i ng in m a ny to n gu es ; g ivi ng w i s d o m

t o t h e s i m p l e ; r e j o i c i n g in p e r s ec u t i o n ; fo u n d b y t h e w o r t h y ; a nd r e
’
ce iv e d b y t h o s e w h o a r e w a s h e d b y t h e l a v e r e t c I I C o n b e ar e s o w n
’

y .

,
.

a t te m pt s a t lu i
s o t o n a r e a l o t as u
m s n fo r t u a t e a s t h o se o f H c e
n i k s l’
or . .

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’ ‘

.
. ,

\ da m E ve t wo o f t h e i r s o n s a n d o n e d a u gh te r a pp e ar t o b e t h e fi ve
-
, ,

l i e is n e a r e r t h e m a r k in his a n s w e r to 6 7 : Th e
’

pe r so n s i n t e n d e d
‘
. .

o m n i p r e s e n t p o w e r o f t h e d e i ty co m p r e h e n d i ng a t o n ce t h e m o s t m i n ut e
’
a nd v a s t
p o r t i o n s o f his c r e a t i o n is i n t e nd e d .

M an y s c h o l a r s h a v e s o u gh t t o s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m s L C M u ll e r II M . . .

o ffe r e d t o R id 6 a nd 2 7 t h e s o lu t i o n s S am/ m a nd L il er
. T h o m as i .

R id 3 7 . . T R id 7 g .
, . 1 8 .
I R id . 24 .
§ R id 4 . 1 .

S t r o b l , fl XXXI
h a t t h e s o c a l l e d H u s ba n d s Al er mge —6 l
c a im s
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an
/ fr Z r .
, 55 5 , t -
,

w h i c h fo l l o ws R id 6 1 in t h e E r e /er R o o f f u r n i s h e s t h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r t o t h a t
.
,

en i gm a D e r R u n e n s t a b
. B u t t h e t h e o r y t h a t t h e t w o p o e m s fo r m t h u s a s o r t o f
.
’

I I e f/g e die /i f c o m pl e t e l y c o l l a p s e s if w i t h D ie t r i c h w e i n t e r p r e t t h e r i ddl e

’
Re ed
’
, , , , ,

a s I t h in k t h a t w e m u s t
(s ee no tes) .

Tl R id 2 0 2 5 3 7 6 5 75 F r o m h is c o p y o f 3 7 G r e i n dr e w t h e fa c s i m i l e a t t h e
.
, , , . .

C l o s e o f h is F ibber/1 13 H T/z er a n ws I l l 5 i f l /lu i r a diw z s p 2 1 0 ‘

5 r , . a , . .

1 1 I I ic k e s s c o m m e n t s a r e i n t e r e s t i n g Aft e r a L a t in a n a ly s is o f e ac h o f t h e r d
- ’
.

'

dl e s c o p i e d b y h im h e c i t e s p a s s a ge s a t r a n do m fr o m o t h e r p r o b l e m s p a r t i c u l a r l y
, ,

f r o m t h o s e o f S u n N i g h t B a dge r a n d M e a d ( 7 1 2 x6 , to s h o w t h at t h e i r
, , , . ,

s o l u t i o n is E de /er } in lude u e ( t h e b u t t in w h i c h t h e M e a d is p r e p a r e d) ‘ ’
e r : '
g . .

r e ce i v e s t h e s u r p r i s i n
g i n t e r p r e t a t i o n in do /io i e in l p tixz e r io
‘
fz
i
: , . . .

Fo r b r ie f s u m m a r i e s o f t h e w o r k o f s o l v e r s s e e Gr in / dr ies pp 1 6 3 . , .

V
'

x6 7, a nd
‘

l r a u tm a n n . li d .
46 f .

HII Gr lle d/0 1 1 m A fig /o

i 1 335 , pp . 6 —6 4 3 .
 SOLU T ION S O F T HE E XE T ER BO O K RI D D LE S l x x xi

W r i gh t p r o po s e d t h r e e a n s w e r s : to R id 1 4 B u t te r fly c o co o n to 2 9
*
.
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,
’

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J o h n Ba r l e y c o r n a n d to 4 7 L o t w i t h his t wo d a u g h te r s a nd t h e i r
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,

L
I n t h e s a m e y e a r 1 8 4 2 T ho r pe ] so l v e d t h e 2 0 t h r idd l e
’

t wo s o n s .
, ,

w i th m o n i ez z i a n d t h e 2 2 d Wi t h I l o w Bo u t c r w e k i
' ’ 7
.
,

’
s u gge s t e d I I e m p in R id 2 6 -
Leo r
p p o o se d C y n e w u l f fo r R id 1 . .
‘
. .

An c h o r ; 4 H u r r i ca n e ; 4 8
’
G r e i n I] ga v e fo u r a n s w e r s : R id 3 ‘ ‘ ’
.
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,

Bo o k m o t h ; 6 8 T h e n fo ll o w e d in 1 8 5 9 a nd 1 8 6 0 t h e t w o
’
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e po c h m a k i ng e s s a y s o f F r a n z
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D ie t r ic h lf in w h i c h h e u n l o c k e d t h e ,
‘
.

t r e a s u r e ga t e s o f n e a r ly a ll t h e r idd l e s
-
By fa r t h e gr e a t e r n u m b e r o f .

his so l u t i o n s s e e m t o t h e p r e s e n t e d i to r a d e q u a te i n t e r p r e tat i o n s o f t h e
s e v e r a l p r o b l e m s a nd a t t e s t t h e fi n e a c u m e n o r r idd l e s e n se w h i c h c o m
,
-

e lle d D i e t r i c h t o w e i h e a c h e n i gm a n o t a s a s c h o l a r in h is s t u d y b u t
p g ,

H
a s a m a n a m o ng m e n o f n a iv e m in ds
‘
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S i nc e D i e t r i c h s da y a l i ttl e h as b e e n a dd e d h e r e a nd t h e r e to o u r
’

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u nd e r s ta n d i ng o f t he q u e r i e s ; b u t in m a n y ca s es o t h e r k ey w o r d s
‘
O pe n W h e a t O pe n R y e —h a v e b ee n fu t i l e ly s u b s t i t u te d fo r his
,
’ ‘ ’

I n h is Sp r a elz s elz a tz G r e i n is m o r e t h a n o n c e
’
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O pe n S e sa m e .

h a ppy in h is gu e s s e s TTa n d Ed M all e r s co m m e n t s o f t h e sa m e y ea r a r e ,

.
’

o ft e n s u gge s t iv e ii
Fo rv e r t we n t y y e a r s t he R iddles fo u n d
o no n e w so lver s . In 1 883
’
T r a u tm ann § § o ffe r e d t h e a n swe r s R id 1 ,
.
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R idd l e , II” a nd R id 9 5 .

9“
B iog r ap /z ia B r ita n n ica L iter a r ia I —
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’

p
. .
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i Ca d/li o n s des A z z g els ez e /z s e ii [

’
i i/
Jlis e/z e D ie /z lz m
g en , 1 8 54 , I , 3 10 —3 1 1 .

Qu a e de se iposo Cy i i ew z df us tr o dide i it , '

1 8 57 .

B iol de f . fi gs . P o es ie I I p .
4 10 .

l H a z zp t s Z
T s . XI , 44 8 —4 90 ; XII ,
—2 5 2
2 2 .

“ 9
D i e t r ic h er rs , I t h i nk , in h is e xp l a n a t i o n s
f R id 5 , 9 , 1 1 , 1 4 , 2 9 , 3 7, o .

5 1 , 5 2 5 3 , 5 5, 6 3 , 6 5 , 71 ,
, 72 , 74 , 8 0 , 8 1 , 95 I l i s a n s w e r s t o R id 3 1 a n d 4 0 a r e . .

m o r e t h a n do u b t fu l In . h is s e c o n d a r t i c l e , w h i c h is o ft e n a p a l i n o de o f h is fi r s t ,
h e w i t h dr a w s ( us u a lly at the p r o m p t ing of h is fr i e n d L a n ge , i ddl e k e n n e r ) v e r y
no r -

i
s u tab e r e l p l ies t o R id 1 8 , 2 6 , 4 5 , a n d .
58 . Eac h of h is s o l u t i o n s w il l b e dis c u s s e d

in m y n o tes .

i f N o t a b l y in h is Be l l
’
a ns w e r t o R id 5 ( I I , 7 1 6 ) .
— s u gge s t e d b u t w i t h dr a w n
'

by D ie t r ic h and s o l u t i o n o f R id 72
’
in t h e ‘
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'
z u

C ot h e n , 1 86 1 p o n R id 1 3 a n d 3 9 1 5 a n d 8 0 2 3 4 9 2 8 3 0
M illle r s r em a r ks u
’
. .
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i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f R id 8 0 h e w o u l d s u r e l y n o t h a v e h e r a l de d t h i s s o l u t i o n a s an
.
,

o r i i n a l di s c o v e r y fo r t y y e a r s l a t e r
g ( B B X I X 1 905 2 03 .
, ,

A ug / a V I A I I Z pp 1 5 8 f S e e a l s o ih V I I A n a p 2 1 0
1 , .
,
. . .
, , . .

H[I Th e l a t e r h i s t o r y o f t h e di s c u s s i o n o f t h e F i r s t R i ddl e is s k e t c h e d e l s ew h e r e
in t h i s I n t r o d ct io n a n d w il l n o t n o w b e c o n s i de r e d
u .
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I n th e sam e P r e h n p u b l i s h e d h is d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e s o u r c es
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as iz ing D i e t r i c h s s o lu t i o n s
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les cn r R e vi e w i n g P r e h n s .

l lo lt h a u s d t w o i n te r p r e t a t i o n s
ac c e p te N u c k i o pp o s e d .

t h e s o l u t i o n s o f T r a u t m a n n a nd I l ic k e t ie r § r e v iv e d L eo s s o l u t i o n o f
'

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s u gge s te d r e a d i n gs o f t h e r u n i c p r o b l e m s 2 0 a n d 6 5 \ cc o r ding to -
.

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H e n r y M o r l e y “ t h e s o lu t i o n o f R id I is Th e C h r i s t i a n I r e a c h c r o f
’
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H
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’
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t h e R id d v ,
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in R id 1 1 w h i c h h e i n te r p r e t s a s Ba r na c l e G o o s e
’

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' ‘

fu r t h e r s u p p o r t t h a n a n if s? di r iz T h e s e a ns w e r s b y r e a s o n o f t h e i r ‘
.
,

s e e m i ng r e m o t e n e s s fr o m a n ) o b v i o u s i n t e r r e t a t i o n s o f t h e te x t h a v e
"

p .

s o m e t i m e s b e e n r e ga r d e d a s r a n d o m g u e s s e s i i I n s u b se q u e n t a r t i c l e s

h e h a s w i t h d r a w n o r c h a m p i o n e d s e v e r a l o f t h e s e o ld/ r die/d Bu t a s I e . .

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q u e r i e s W a l z d i s c u s s e s s o m e s ix o f t h e s e in h is N o te s o n t h e Ang l o
.

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s e v e r a l ne w a n d s h a l l a t te m p t a fe w o t h e r s in t h e
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.

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t h e i r so l v e r t o c o m e to b a tt l e l ik e a d i c t a t o r fr o m th e p l o w
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s a m e m o t iv e s d i ffe r e n t s o lu t i o n s a r e o fte n a cc o r d e d b
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[f or wa r d S i z ed/es V 26 1 —2 6 8 .

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,

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d ul y d i s c u s s e d w h e n t h e fo r m a n d m a n ne r o f o u r p o e m s a r e c o n
s id e r e d B u t b e fo r e s u c h a na ly s i s is p o s s i b l e t h e s i gn i fi ca n c e o f s u b
.
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j c e t a n d m a t te r d e m a nd s a tte n t i o n .

N o w h e r e do e s a p o e t o r s c h o o l o f p o e ts p r o c l a i m c l o s e ne s s t o l i fe
m o r e p l a i nl y t h an in c h o i c e o f t h e m e s An d it is h e r e t h a t t h e p r e e m 1 .

n e n eo o f t h e E ve/er [funk K i /dl s o v e r t h e An gl o L a t i n e n i gm a s b e t e

-

c o m e s i m m e d i a te l y a pp a r e n t Th e E ngl i s h p o e m s s m a c k fa r l e s s o f .

a b s t r ac t i o n s a n d o f c l a s s i c a l a n d b i b l i ca l l o r e t h a n t h e p r o b l e m s o f Ald
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helm n o r a r e t h e y e k e d o u t w i t h l i b e r a l b o r r o w i ng: fr o m I s id o r e s

Ef l ik e t h o s e o f E u s e b i u s N o t h i ng h u m a n is d e e m e d t o o h i gh .

o r lo w fo r t r e a t m e n t a n d a ll p h a s e s o f O ld E ngl i s h e x i s t e n ce a r e r e
,

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t a n t c o n te m p o r a r y c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o o u r k n o w l e d ge o f t h e e v e r y d a y l i fe

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.

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S w o r d o r D a gge r S pea r T h e S wo r d p l a y s an
i11 1 p o r t a n t p a r t in N M 5 6 . .

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l o w e r a n i m a l s fis h fle s h a nd fo w l r e c e iv e a m ple t r e a tm e n t M a n y
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and S h aw m

I C o m pa r e th e t wo ‘
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S e e t h e r i ddl e s o f t h e C r o s s ( 3 r P 5 6 ) a n d t h o s e o f P a t e n ( 4 9 ) a n d C h a l i c e ,

T h e Bo o k p r o b l e m s ( 2 7 6 8 ) r e fe r t o H o l y W r i t , .

N o t e t h e D o u g h r i ddl e ( 4 6 ) a n d t h e r e fe r e n c e t o B r e a d o r t o B u t t e r in t h e
‘ ’

l a s t l i n e s o f I BM 5 5 T h e r e a r e p r o b l e m s o f M e a d (2 8 ) a n d Be e r
. . and the

c h i ef m o t i f o f th e N i g h t e n i gm a ( 1 2 ) is v i n o u s r e v e l E n i gm a s o f t h e w in e c u p
’
.
-
,

a n d t h e m a n y r e fe r e n c e s t o t h e w i n e h a l l h a v e a l r e a dy b e e n in di c a t e d -
, .

1TBa dge r S te e r (13 ,

H o rs e (20 , Ox Dog and L am b a nd

W o l f ( 9 0 ) a r e s u b j e c t s o f r i ddl e s ; w h i l e t h e S t ag ( 8 8 th e , Bo a r a nd th e

S w i n e ( 4 1 ) a r e de s c r i b e d a t l e n gt h O f t h e u n c a n n y t h i n gs o f . ever y day l if e , s uc h
as re p t i l e s a nd fu ngi ,
p e r h a p s t h e o n l y e xa m p l e is t h e fe n fr o g o f 4 1 71 -
.

C l o s e l y b o u n d t o ge t h e r a r e t h e B i r d r i ddl e s t h o s e o f v a n Ja y ( 9 , ,

C u ck o o Ba r n a c l e G o o s e a n d S w a l l o ws C o c k a nd H e n (4 3 ) a n d
'

H a wk ( 2 0 6 5 ) a r e t h e t h e m e s o f r u n i c r i ddl e s
, O t h e r b ir ds a r e m e n t io n e d t h e .
,

ea le k i t e go o s e a n d s e a m e w in k id 2 5 t h e p u z z l i n g p er m x in ( see
’

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-
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,

an d the in 1 721 9 3 ( n o t e t o
8
no t e to r a ve n .

TTF i s h and Fl o o d (8 5 ) a n dO y s t e r ( 77 ; c f 78 ) . a r e r idd e -t l h e m e s ; a nd t h e W h a l e

(4 1
9 2- 9 4
p as s i ng n o t i c e
) r e c e iv e s .

1 1 T h e B o o k m o t h h a s a r i ddl e t o i t s e l f a p i c t u r e o f t h e B e e s i n t r o du c e s

M e a d r i ddl e a n d t h e s na i l th e w e e vi l t h e r a i n w o r m t h e h a n d w o r m
’
th e ‘ - -
, , , ,

t h e tip/3 11 1 1 a ll a pp e a r in R id 4 1 w h i l e I BM 3 6 s h o w s a k n o w l e dge o f t h e s il k
1 , .
, .

w o r m Z u p it z a ( l/ aupts Z s X X X I 4 9 ) c o m p a r e s w it h t h e r i ddl e r s re fe r e n c e t o t h e
’
’

.
.
,

t i n y s i z e o f t h e fi am z wy r m ( 4 1 90 ; c f A l d h e l m s L a t i n ) t h e c l o s e p a r a l l e l in t h e
’ ’
.

W e n c h a r m a t t h e e n d o f M S R o y a l 4 A X I V m iccle lam e a /r w d d u es k a m i
'

. . .
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w u r m es fi z p e bd / z ; a n d h e r e c a l l s S h a k e s p e a r e s p i c t u r e o f Q u e e n M a b s w a go n e r
’ ’
z

(l i 4 a s m a l l gr a y c o a t e d gn a t N o t h a l f s o b ig a s a r o u n d l it t l e
’ ‘ -
t .
, , ,

w o r m P r ic k d fr o m t h e l a z y fi ng e r o f a m a i d
’

Th e B e e c h ( 9 2 4 1 1 06 ) is t h e o n l y t r e e t o w h i c h a n e n t i r e r i ddl e is devo t e d ;
,

—
b u t As h a n d O a k a r e m e n t i o n e d a s r u n i c n a m e s in R id 4 3 1 0 a n d Y e w M a p l e
9 .
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, 5 6 94 0 T h e t r e e in t h e fo r e s t is p i c t u r e d in 3 1 5 4 .
, ,

a n d 73 A ge n e r a l de s c r ip t i o n o f p l a n t s a n d flo w e r s is fo u n d in
.
35
6 9
7 1
2 3
;
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,
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th e Re ed t h e O n io n ( 2 6 a n d t h e G a r l ic s e l l e r ( 8 6 ) a r e r i ddl e s u b j e c t s ; ,
- -
l xxxvi i i

All t hese r i m a t e o r i n a n i m a te h a v e
idd l e s , w h e t h e r th e sub ect j be an ,

a t l e a s t o ne c o m m o n c h a r a c te r i s t i c t h e i r hu m a n i n t e r e s t T h i s is e vi n c e d ,
.

in a d o z e n s t r ik i ng w a y s : b u t b y fa r t h e m o s t i m po r ta n t o f t h e s e is a
t r a i t o f o u r p r o b l e m s m i s s i ng in o t h e r c o ll ec t i o n s b u t s o s t r o ngly m a r k e d , ,

h e r e a s to s u gge s t a c o m m o n o r i g i n fo r m a n y o f t h e r idd l e s — t h e t r a i t
i

o f u t i l i ty T h e r idd le r m a y n e gl e c t p l a c e a n d fo r m a nd c o l o r o f h is s u b
.

j c e t b u t he c o n s ta n tly s t r e s s e s its u s e s to
,
l nd e e d m e n a r e ,

in t h e b a c k g r o u nd o f e v e r y r it lr llc a n d t h e s u b j e c t is u s u a lly
‘

v i e w e d in its r e l a t i o n to th e m Th e m o s t s i g n i fic a n t e x p r e s s i o n o f t h i s .

r e l a t i o n is fo u n d in th e m o t i f o f C o m i ta t u s or
p e r s o na l s e r v i c e o f an ,

u nd e r l i ng t o h is l o r d a nd m a s t e r t h a t fo r m s t he d o m i n a n t id e a in m a n v .

o f o ur o e m s fi i S o m e t i m e s t h e r e l a t i o n o r s e r v i c e is o f a h u m b l e r k i n d §
p .

l l s o f t h e r e a pi n g a n d t h r e s h in g f t h e b a r l e y ; a n d w e h e a r o f t h e s e a
29 te o

w e e d wa s h e d u p n th b e a c h in 3 8 l u t o t h e C r e a t i o n e n igm a ( 4 1 ) l i l y a n d
o e .

r s
o a nd wo r m w
e d a r e a ll i n t r d c e d o o o u .

M a r k t h e a pp a r a n c e s f W 2 6 3 u Fa h lu r ( e ) u lu m n y t 2 73 7 u iln m i t n y t t e ;
' "

e o N , t , r)

m o ne y n n e n y t ; h y re a t uy tte : h im t n y t t e ; 5 1 3 dr y h t u m t o u y t t e ; c
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r) ,

55
7
, n y t ; 59
5
ny t h y r [m n ]dr y h t u e ; h a le lm m t o u y t t e i t is c e r e o -
‘
.

y s ig n ilic a u t t h a t in t h e t r a n l a t io n o f A l d h e l m s s uc h p h ras es as '

t a in l .
s

q f m o n grw m ( 4 1 2 7) a n d t r e { 5 m um m ( 4 1 4 5 ) h a e n o e q u i v a l e n t iu t h e L a t in
'
/u v .
.

Le a t h e r H rn B ok M e ad a n d m a n y o t h e r t h in g s r e c o u n t
o o

w it h p r ide t h e ir m a n i f l d u s e s o .

3
w a lc w e a lm ~
we r a : m id E ldu m ; 7 . u n ri m u cy n ; 83 . o fe r h a le la
‘ i

b yh t ; e o r ln m in b u r g u m ; m e n ge m u n a n ; m e
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num ; fo r m g o m e n a h w y lc u m ; weo r o we r u m ;
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e n go ; n re u i
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w e ra ; we ras o n d wi f ;
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r ic e o nd h Ea n e ; E I du m tir u m o n fo l c e ; 35
1
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o f t h es e S to r m -
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5 ,
v
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I e gn e m i n u m
a t o r ; 7 ; fr ea n m in u m ; . , m i n fr ea 1 8 ea ; .

w a lde n d ; 2 1 3 3 f r o m m h e a lde n de l e m e b r i n g a s ge a t ; .f r ea n ; m i

m i n u m Jeo du e ; 2 1 30 3 -1 5
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59
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3 —4
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n in 3
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gn fo lga de ; fr Ea n m in e s ; m i n h lafo r d ; 9 3 1 ,

lf r Ea m in ; 9 3 5 . f r ea .

§ Th e c r eatu r e is r u ed l b v t h e h a n ds o f a w o m a n in Az iz
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FO R M A N D STR U CT U RE or THE RI DDLE S lxxxix

Aga i n th e
i m m e d i a te e ffe c t o f t h e u n k n o w n t h i ng u po n m a n is d e s c r i b e d
,
.

“
w i t h s pir it fi T h u s in o n e w a y o r t h e o t h e r t h e c l o s e co nn e c t i o n o f th e
r idd l e s u b j e c t w i t h m a n k i n d is r e v e a l e d
-
.

I n a s t i ll m o r e po t e n t fa s h i o n is l i fe l e n t to t h e t h e m e s o f o u r p o e m s .

N o t o n ly do t h e s u b j e ct s o f o v e r h a l f t h e p r o b l e m s ( fi fty ) s pe a k in t h e
fi r s t p e r so n T a s in t he L a t i n e n i gm a s n o t o n ly is gr a m m a t i ca l ge n d e r ,

s o m e t i m e s i n v o k e d t o t h e r idd l e r s a id i b u t in m a n y r idd l e s t h e s u b j ec t
’
,

is q u i c k e n e d i n to fu l l l i fe T he r idd l e r po i n ts to t h e l iv i n g s o u l s o f h is .

26
6
, of a da r k serv n i g w o m a n ( lV a/e ) in I BM 1 3
-
. a nd 5 3 ; it is g u i de d b y a

s wa r t h e r ds m a n ( 18 21 1 . a n d is t u m e d b
y a p r ie s t
26, 2 8, 29 .

Tlt z d
'
’
. 2, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7, 8 , 9 , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 6, 1 7 , x8 , 1 9, 2 1 , 25 , 2 6, 2 7,
28, 31 , 36, 4 1 , 6 1 , 6 2 , 6 3 , 6 4 , 6 6 , 6 7, 7 1 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 77, 8 3, 85 , 86

( m i xt u r e o f 1 s t a nd h a p s s i gn i fi c a n t t h a t o f
3 d p e rs o ns ) , 8 8 , gr , 9 2 , 93 , 95 I t is p e r .

t h e l a s t t h i r t y p r o b l e m s o f t h e fi r s t gr o u p 1— 6 0 ) t h e o n l y t wo t h a t e m p l o y
t h e fi r s t p e r s o n s u b j ec t-
3 6 4 1 ) a r e di r e c t t r a n s l a t i o n s fr o m A l d h e l m , .

1 T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f g r a m m a t i c a l ge n de r in de t e r m i n i n g t h e s e x o f t h e r iddl e s
h a s b e e n gr e a t l y e xa gge r a t e d b y b o t h C o s ij n
( P 1 5 X X I I I 1 2 9 ) a nd T r a u t m a n n 3 .
,

( lwl f X I X w h o q u i t e u n w i t t in gl y a r e h a r k in g b a c k t o t h e m y t h o l o gi c a l
’
.
,

t h e o r i e s o f M a x M ul l e r I n m a n y R i ddl e s s m a l l a c c o u n t c a n b e t a k e n o f t h i s b y
.
,

r e a s o n o f t h r e e c o m m o n c o n di t i o n s 1 ) Th e 70171 ! o f t h e O p e n i n g l i n e s l e a ds t o
( .

t h e u s e o f fe m i n i n e p r o n o u n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o b l e m : 6 9 W”
3 2 35 , ,

37 18 , 57
6
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7 I n t w o c a s e s t h e ge n de r o f w ill ! is m o r e p o t e n t
, ,
.

t h a n t h a t o f t h e s u b j e c t e v e n t h o u g h t h e c r e a t u r e is n a m e d e xp l i c i t l y : 2 4 7 la ng r e
, ,

( 2 ) Th e n a t u r a l ge n de r o f t h e c r e a t u r e is
1 Bo a 7
( 4
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de t e r m i n a t i v e 1 3 1 3 s w ea r i n g ( S t e e r ) ; x6 7 a ft /1 216 ( B a dge r m o t h e r ) 3 9 2 -7 11 171 1 i

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fe m i n i n e ge n der s a r e a pp l i e d i n dis c r i m in a t e l y t o t h e s u b j e c t : 4 1 27 s t r w zg r e 4 1 26 , , ,

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um
36
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.

t io ns of
g ram m a t ca i l ge n de r
— upon wh i c h h o we v e r
, , it is u n s a fe to la y u n du e

s t r e s s , in t h eli h pp e a r a n c e o f t h e n e u t e r
g t o f th e a m fi z o n zgr a 20 7 d w et ter as
'

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t o w h o m h o w e v e r m a sc u l in e a dj e c t iv e s a r e a pp l i e d
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,

o f m a s c u l i n e p r o n o u n s in t o 17 0 185 ; o r o f t h e i n a p t n e s s o f m a s c u l i n e M o d/ w

( 6 ) t o t h e O ld E n gl i s h s y n o n y m s o f O n i o n ( léa c cy pe e t c n o n e o f t h e m m a s c u
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l i n e w o r ds ) W h y i n fe r t h a t t h e u s e o f du /z aga
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m m m bom h a s a n y r e fe r e n c e t o t h e m a s c u l i n e ge n de r o f S h i e l d a n d
’ ‘

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S
( w o r d) fi d ( P l w l/ ) 3
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XC I N T RO D U C T I O N

c r ea t u r es ,
*
o r e se l h e fo ll o w s t h e fa r m o r e e ffe c t iv e m eth o d o f as r c i b i ng
to be as ts i n a n i m a te t hings t h e t r a i t s a nd p a s s i o n s o f m e n fr
or e v en to

T he p o e m s in t h e i r s u bj e c t s s u c h e s s e n t i a lly h u m a n q u a l i t i e s a s
e x to l

h e r o i c v a l o r a nd p r o w e s s } t h e l o v e o f fa m i l y a n d fr i e n d s § t h e j o
yof .

go o d w o r k s g r i m h a t r e d a n d m a l i c e t o w a r d s m a n kin d fil t h e l o n e l i n e ss
,

M
o f c e l i b a t e a n d e xile w i s d o m a n d ign o r a n ce i i e a r t h ly fa m c df;t a n d
”

p r id e o f pl a ce o r e l s e t h e y d w e l l sa d l y a n d s y m a t h e t i ca lly u o n t h e
p p

(O yste r ) ;
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95
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); 9 5 , m ascu .

in m a n y o f t he s e c a s e s w e c a n n o t k n o w w h a t An g l o S a xo n w o r d t h e r i ddl e r h a d -

in m in d it is h a r dl y w i s e t o a s s e r t e v e n h e r e t h a t h is c h o i c e o f s e x w a s a l w a y s
,

de t e r m in e d b y t h e g r a m m a t i c a l g e n de r o f h is s u b j e c t .

6 h mfde 3
h ze fdo n 5
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fe o r h c w ic o ; fe o r g c w ico li ze fde fe r o
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1 1 , 1 4 , ; 74 ,

c w ic u .

T Ebe r t ( H o n k/l td n ear dz }

: f igh tl y r e
er /1 . ( far s a c /I r . Ga r d /41 711 . p . 24 , r

m ar ks : a b e r de n s e l b e n e i n e n h oh e r e n p o e t is c h e n v e r l e ih t j ene n ,

R e ic h t h u m de r S c h i l de r u n g b e di n gt u n d i h r e w a h r e E ige n t h iim lic hk e it a u s m a c h t .

da s is t cl a s s da s M o m e n t de r P e r s o n ifi c a t io n z u e i n e r b e de u t e n de r e n E i n fa l t u n g
e l a n g t i n de m die O b j e c t e de r R ii t h s e l n i c h t b l o s s n a c h i h r e n E i ge n s c h af t e n s i c h
g .

s c h i l de r n s o n de r n in dr a m a t is c h e r A c t i o n h a n de l n d o de r l e ide n d s i c h v o r fiih r e n
,
.

D a du r c h s c h r e i t e t die I e r s o n ifi c a t io n z u m e n s c h l i c h e r I n div idu a lis ir u n g fo r t i n de m

’

E ni p fi n du n ge n w ie L e i de n s c h af t e n de n D in ge n v e r l i e h e n w e r de n E ine s o lc h e .

l e b e n di ge r e P e r s o n ifi c a t io n fi n de t s i c h w e n i gs t e n s in de n b e s t e n cl e r a n ge ls ac h s is c h
ge s c h r i e b e n e n R ii t h s e l
’
.

t N o t o n l y is t h e B a dge r ( 1 6 ) a b r a v e fi g h t e r a ga i n s t h e r fo e t h e de a t h w h e l p
‘ ’
-
.
.

b u t S to r m (2 3 S un H o rn . An c h o r
. M o o n and S un I c eb e r g
and L o o m ( 5 7
) a r e a l s o m i g h t y w a r r io r s : e v e n t h e H e a d ( 2 8 ) a c c o m p l i s h e s
s o ve r ei n o v er t h ro w Th e r i ddl e s a r e n a t u r a l l y fu l l o f t h i s s p i r i t
’

g . .

§ Th e p a s s in r e v i e w t h e l o v e o f a m o t h e r fo r h e r c h il dr e n in t h e i r
p i c t u r e s o f C u c k o o B a dge r a n d (10 I 6 , fr a t e r n a l de v o t i o n in t h e ac
. . .

c o u n t o f t h e l o n e ly S t a g h o r n t h e l o v e o f w ife fo r h u s b a n d -
and the

p a s s i o n o f t h e w o o e r in t h e c a r e s s e s l a v i s h e d u p o n t h e B e a k e r
RM . 2 7 31
. , 35 .
49 . 60 . 68, 84 .

ii B a l l i s t a an d Bo w (1 8 , 2 4) ar e fu l l of p o is o no us s p l e en . and th e I ceb e rg (3 4 )

H 5
Th e Swo r d b e m o ur ns it s l a ck o f w i fe and c h i l dr e n th e Ore v au nts

it s l
a o o fn e s s a nd the M o o n w a n de r s s a dl y fa r fr o m m en ( 30
1 04 3 4 4
,

i i Th e M o o n r e ve a s l w i s do m an d Bo o k m o t h and Bo o k c as e a r e u n w it

i
t n g o f t he c o n t e n ts o f b o o ks (4 8 ,

it Bo t h S un and Mo on ar e w ide ly k n o wn t o ea r t h -
dw e l l e r s (3 0 .

B a t t e r i ng -
ram an d L ance (5 4 .
73 ) c h ant t h e i r ear ly b ea u t y , a nd the H o rn
s in
g s of it s h a ppy da y s o n t h e s t ag s
'

h e ad
 FO R M AN D S T R UC T URE O F TH E R I D D LE S X ci

s u ffe r i ngs o f t h e s t r a nge c r e a t u r e s a n d s a dd e r s t i ll fr o m t h e G e r m a n i c , ,

v i e w p o i n t t h e i r i n a b i l i ty t o w r e a k r e v e nge u po n t h e i r
,

O u r r idd l e s n o t o n ly t h u s r u n t he ga m u t o f t h e o r di n a r y h u m a n e m o
h

t i o n s b u t t h e y r a n ge fr o m p o l e to p o le o f t h e E ngl i s h s o c i a l l i fe o f t h e i r
, ,

tim e S o m e o f t h e m m o v e in a w o r l d o f h i gh b r ee d i ng a nd co u r t ly u s a ge
.
,

o f l o fty t o ne a n d t e m pe r l ik e t h a t o f t h e B eoz cw (f a n d t h e h e r o i c v e r s e T -

a w o r l d in w h i c h w a r r i o r s s h a k e t h e i r l a n ce s in t h e b a t t l e 1 a nd r e c e iv e
‘

u po n t h e i r s h i e l d s t h e b r u n t o f fa ll i n g b l o w s § o r e x t o l t h e i r h i gh ly a d o r n e d
-
,

s w o r d s in t h e w i n e b a l k ” in w h i c h fa i r — h a i r e d w o m e n o f r ank be ar the
-

d r i n k i ng—h o r n a t t h e fe a s t ll a r m t h e i r l o r d s fo r t h e a nd c h id e t h e ,
‘

s w o r d s t h a t la
y t h e h e r o e s lo w T T M a ny o t h e r s ar e u po n a p l ane o f e v e r y .

day l i fe a nd a c t i o n o f h u m b l e t r a d e s a nd o c c u pa t io n s i i w h i l e a fe w cle
, ,

s ce n d i n to t h e d e p t h s o f gr ea s y 11) /1 17k Y e t t h e l i n e b e tw e e n (

h i gh a nd lo w is no t s u ffi c i e n t ly d i s t i nc t to i n d i c a te a d i ffe r e n t o r i gi n fo r
r idd l e s o f d i ffe r e n t ge n r e i na s m u c h a s a tr a n s i t i o n fr o m o n e c l a s s to ,

a n o t h e r so m e t i m e s t a k e s p l ace w i t h i n t h e c o m p a s s o f a s i ng l e p r o b l e m II II .

Th e 1 61111115 3 do n o t c o n fi n e t h e m s e l v e s t o t h i ngs o f e a r t h T h e .

S p i r i t u a l l i fe o f t h e e a r ly E ngl i s h fi n d s e x p r es s i o n in a fe w o f t h e

p o e m s I t is s i gn i fi c a n t a s a n i ndi c a t i o n o f t h i s r e l i gi o u s fe e l i ng t h a t
.
, ,

t h e cl as s i ca l m y t h o l o gy o f Al d h e l m s D e Cr ea fm n is in e v e r y ca se
’
, ,

‘ ‘
C h r i s t i a n i z e d a n d G e r m a n i z e d by h is t r a ns la to r li ll w h o e x a l t s a s s h a pe r ,

* Th e S h ield S wo r d Bo o k Ba r l e y B a t t e r i ng -
ram Ox
L an c e W e a t h e r co c k O re a nd S g orn
t a -
h (88 , are th e c h ief
s u ffe r e r s . I n 18 111 . 21 p r o m i ne n t m o t i v e
, 8 3 , 93 , th e abs e n c e o f r e ve n
ge is a .

T S e e B r o o k e E ng L it f r o m t1z e B g in n ing 3 1 5 9 B r a n dl P a ll /J Gr m w r z sr z ’
’

, . . e , . .
,

I I 9 72 n o t e s t h a t t h e [ iddler a r e c o u r t l y t h a t t h ey a r e s t e e p e d in t h e c o l o r s o f
, ,
f
,

t he h e r o ic e p o s .

9 -1 5

73 , 9 2 . 6 , 71 .
I 18111
[ . 2 1 .

1I 1 721 8 0 3 5
; cf
8
. .

”
a
1811 1 6 2 . . T h is i nte r p r e ta t i o n is ver y do u b t fu l (se e no te s ) .

3 2 35 —
i f 13121 . 2 1 .

11 S uc h ar e i ddl e s
the r o f P l o wm a n Oxh er d T h r es h e r Onio n
p ar e r G ar l ic s e l l e r -
B e l l -r i n ge r W eave r (3 6 , Sm it h (3 8 ,

F l u te -
c utte r Br ea d m ak e r -
Bu t t e r m a k e r-
Cf . B r o o k e , E ng . L it .

f r om 111 5 B g in n ing ,
e p . 1 60 .

§ § R it 1 2 6 4 5 4 6 5 5 , , , , 62 , 63 .

H Fo r i n s ta n c e R M ,
. 6 2 b e g in s o n an e ev a te d l p l an e p l u n ge s i n t o o b s c e n e
,
and

j e s t w h i l e 11 70 17 10: a s a pp l i e d t o t h e H e n in gge s t s a b u r l e s q u e o f e p i c
3 su
, 43
p h r a s e Y e t o n e c a n h a r dly fo l l o w T r a u t m a n n
. . in a s s i gn i n g R 221 1 8 a m a t e in .
,

t o n e a n d t e m p e r t o th e wa r l i k e B o w r i ddl e to t h e O ven
‘ ’
.

'
il ll S e e n o t e s t o R 711 4 1 Cf Pre h n p 2 1 3 . . .
, . .
 I N T ROD U C T I ON

a nd r ul e r r e a n d god H e r e a s in s e v e r a l o t h e r r iddles jt h e c r e at i o n
.
*
, ,
‘

is se e m i ngly a s s i gn e d t o th e F a t h e r a l o ne ; b u t in o n e p as sage t h e w o r k
o f s h a p i n g is a s c r i b e d t o t h e S o n i as in C y n e w u lf s (3127 15 1
’

a nd in
’

a no t h e r to b o t h t h e F i r st a n d S ec o n d P e r so ns § G o d is e l s e wh e r e
‘

d e sc r i b e d b y b o t h u s u a l a n d u n u s u a l e p i th e ts ” a n d a s o ft e n in t h e , ,

o e tr y H e a v e n is p r a i se d a s t h e l a n d o f gl o r y t h e a b o d e o f t h e a nge l s
p , , ,

t h e fo rt r e s s o f G o d l i T h e b e a u t y o f G o ds W o dr
PM
th e sa v i n g gr a c e o f
.
‘ ’

m a n d t h e w o n d e r w o r k i n g p o w e r o f t h e E u c h a r i s t i t a r ee x t o ll e d
L
rfi -
p yr a e .

S ac r e d v e s s e ls ji r h a s H o ly Wa t e r Ha r e r e v e r e n t ly in
'

p e p
t r o du c e d a s r idd l e s u b j e c t s T h e Bo d y a n d S o ul l e ge n d fi n d s a p lac e filil
-
.

a n d dim Ap o c a ly p t i c a ll u s i o n s o b sc u r e t h e d i ffi c ul t L a t i n

D e s p i t e th i s C h r i s t i a n e l e m e n t Br o o k e is n o t w h o lly w r o n g in declar ,

ing H i Th e R idd l e s a r e t h e w o r k o f a m a n w h o C h r i s t i a n in n a m e
‘
, , ,

w a s all b u t h e a t h e n in h e a r t T h e y a r e a l iv e w i t h h e a t h e n t h o u gh t s .

a n d m a nn e r s T h e o ld n a tu r e m y t h s a pp e a r in t h e c r ea t i o n of t h e S to r m
.
-

i an t w ho r is o n e cl d e e p is le t l o o s e a n d p as se s d e s t r o y i n g o v e r l a n d
g , p , , , , ,

a n d s e a b e a r i n g t h e r a i n o n his b ac k a n d l i ft i ng t h e se a i n t o w a v e s
,
.

T h ey a ppe a r a ga i n in t h e e v e r r e n e w e d c o n te s t b e t w e e n t he s u n an d the -

m o o n in th e i c e b e r g s h o u t i ng a n d d r ivi n g his b e a k i n to t h e s h i p s in t h e
, ,

w i l d h u n t in t h e c l o u d s in t h e s n a k e s t h a t w e a v e
[] in t he fa te go d
P
, ,

d e s se s [P] in t h e w a r d e m o n s w h o d w e ll a n d c r y in th e s w o r d t h e a r r o w
,
-
, ,

a dn t h e s p e a r
[]P i n t h e s w a n w h o is l i ft e d i n to l ik e n e ss w i t h t h e s w a n ,

m a id e n [ P
] w h o se fe a t h e r s s i ng a l u ll i ng so n g
,
Th e b u s i n e ss o f w ar .
,

P"
i n t e r e s t i n g n o t e ( p 2 1 9 ) u p o n t h e u s e o f t h i s p h r a s e ( 4 1 21 )
Ba r n o u w h a s an .

‘
D ie b e de u t u n g k a n n h i e r n u r s e i n de r G o t t a l l e i n de r u s u nd n ic h t de r , , . .

E in e G o t t de r u s w w e i l in di e s e m fa l l e n u r s e ( i n Go d m oglic h ge w e s e n w ar e
,
. . .
,

( g vl 8 4
10
. an s u n u , G u t /z A 3 72 a s e i n o r e t t a ; Ge n B 2 3 5 bo n e ae n n e b ea m ) . . . . .

B e i di e s e r e i n z i g m oglic h e n a u ffa s s u n g v e r r at de r c h r i s t l i c h e di c h t e r s e in e n o c h
h e i dn i s c h ge far b t e a n s c h a u u n gs w e is e w e l c h e w o h l n i c h t de r e in flu s s s e i n e r k la s s i
’

s c h e n k e nn t n i s s e s o n de r n die n a c h w i r k u n
g de s a l t e n v o l k s g l a u b e n s s e i n w i r d
, .

H oc h s t wa h r s c h e in lic h h a b e n w ir h i e r a l s o e in s e h r a l t e s r ats e l
’
‘

i 8 5 2 u n c dr ih t e n s c op ; 8 8 1 7 u n c ge s c op m e o t u d
, , .

17
1 M e c ( S u n n e ) ge s e t t e S 6 6 s igo r a w a lde n d C r is t t é c o m p e .

§ 84
9 10 fy r n fo r dge s c ea ft ; fee de r e a lle b e w at o r 0 n d e n de , s w
y lc e an
-

, s un u .

I] 4 0
21
, w u ldo r c y n in ge s ; 4 1 3 , r e c c e n d c n in
y g a n w a lda , e t c .
49
5
, h e lp e n d

ga s t a ; 60 4
, go d n e r g e n de ; 6 06 , Ha
Tele n d .
1TR id 6 7 .
8
, 60 1 5 - 16 .
“ 6
R 1d . 2 7, 68 .

i i lr z d 6 0 1 3 f
’
’

1 1 R id 4 9 6 0 O b l a t i o n a n d C o n s e c r a t i o n in
.
, . t h e s e r i ddl e s r eca ll th e C ano n o f
t h e M a s s in t h e S a r u m a n d Y o r k M i s s a l s . R id 5 6 ; . s ee R id 3 . 1 .

HII 11 1 d ( )
P C f 8 4 38 iii] k id 4 4
'
’
“ 9 5‘ 1311 1
. . . . . .
90 . .

li r g /H -l n fl g pp 1 5 8 —1 5 9
l
ii E ng 1 11 f 7 0m f/l c
'
'
’
’ ’
. , .
, . .
 I N T ROD UC T I ON

fr e q u e n t in l ol/ s m tr ol S o m e t i m es th e s u bj e c t is d e scr i b e d a s a w h o l e
/ e
.

L
t h r o ug h o n e t r a i t ; b u t u s u a lly t h r o u g h s e v e r a l d i s t i ng u i s h i ng f ea t u r e s ) .

'

As in t h e r idd l e s o f t h e [Jo/ 7 m m 9 15 e fo u r c h a r a c te r i s t i cs o f t h e :

1
1

s u b j e c t r e ce iv e a t t e n t i o n : c o l o r § fo r m ” n u m b e r r e la t io n fil a n d i nn e r , ,
-

A w id e r a nge o f v i s i o n q u i c k o b s e r v a t i o n a nd ge n e r o u s sy m , ,

a t h y m a r k a ll t h e d e s c r i p t iv e w o r k o f o u r c o ll e c t i o n
p .

T h e n a r r a t iv e e l e m e n t in t h e E r oz er B o o k R id dles is fa r l a r ger t h a n
‘
-

th e p u r e ly d e s c r i p t i v e I n m a n y o f t h e p r o b l e m s d e sc r i p t i o n is im m e di
.

a t e ly s u cc e e d e d b y n a r r a t io n T To r e l s e is w h o lly s u p e r s e d e d b y th is fl So ,

u n d e r t h i s h e a d o f n a r r a t i o n o r t h e a r t i s t i c t r e a t m e n t o f a c t i o n m ay b e
, ,

co n s id e r e d a fe w o f t h e d o m i n a n t m o t iv e s o f o u r c o ll e c t i o n O ne o r t w o .

o f t h e se — t h e r e l a t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t s t o m a n k i n d t h e i r h u m a n t r a i ts ,

a n d p o i gn a n t s u ffe r i ngs — h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n i n d i c a t e d T h er e r em ai n .

o t h e r s fa m i l i a r t o t h e s t u d e n t o f r idd l e p o e t r y Th e fi r s t o f t h e se t h e m e s -
.

is a c h a n ge o f s ta t e b y w h i c h t h e c r e a t u r e is b e r e ft o f e a r ly j o y s a n d
,

w o e is e n t a i l e d u po n S o t h e c o n t r as t s b e tw e e n y o u t h a n d l a t e r

*‘ I n t wo cas es t h is m et h od l i m i ts th e pr ob lem to a i
s ng e l l in e : 6 9 3 , VVu n do r
w ege ; w ae t e r w e a r S t o b an e ; 75 1 2
‘

we ar e Ic s w ift n e ge s e a h o n s w a be fer an
‘ ‘
-
on ,

DN U H . B u t s e v e r a l r i ddl e s a r e de v o t e d
[
eac h to the e l ab o r a t i o n o f a s i n l e
g
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c : th e wa r l i k e s p i r i t o f t h e Anc h o r t h e m i m e t i c p o w e r o f t h e Ja y

t h e s a v i n g gr a c e o f t h e C o m m u n i o n C u p

TT h e B e e c h r i ddl e ( 9 2 ) is b u t a s e r i e s o f k e n n i n gs a n d t h e H o r n e n i gm a s
’
,

( 1 5 8 0 ) m a r k o u t th e v a r i o u s u s e s o f t h e s u b j e c t Th e c r u e l ty o f t h e I c eb e r g
,
.

is s u pp l e m e n t e d b y a n a c c o u n t o f it s m y s t e r i o u s o r i gi n ; a n d t h e s t r a n ge t r a it s o f
th e ( 8 1 ) b y a p i c t u r e o f it s m is e r y .

i S e e H e us l er Z r d , V/ X I 1 4 7
. . c
.
, .

§ N o t a b l y in t h e p i c t u r e s o f t h e a r r a y o f t h e B a r n a c l e G o o s e o f N ig h t s
’

o f t h e B a dge r s m a r k i n gs a n d o f t h e S wa l l o w s c o a t
’ ’

ga r m e n t
Cf . 1 9, 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 5 , 3 7, 53, 5 6 (s ubs ta nc e ) , 58, 8 1 , 8 6 , 8 7, 9 1 .

1[S e e 1 4, 2 3, 4 7 .

PM
T h i s h a s a l r e a dy b e e n di s c u s s e d a t s u ffi c e n t i l e n gt h in c o nn e c t o n i wit h the
h u m a n e l e m e n t in t h e R i ddl e s .

TTR id . 2 1 , 22, 26, 3 1 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 9, 4 5 , 5 0, 5 1 , 5 2, 54 , 56, 58,

’
11 R io . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7, 8 , 1 0, 1 3, 1 7, 2 0 , 2 3 , 2 7, 4 3 4 6 , 4 8 5 5 , . . 5 7, 6 6 , 77, 8 3 ,
In s e ve r a l r i ddl e s p u r e , de s c r ip t i o n is l i m i t e d t o a sm gle t o u c h :

l aed m id go l de
_

w r ae t lic 3
on
ge w in s c e a p e n ; 6 4 , g .

T h e R a m a n d L a n c e de a dl y w e a p o n s e xt o l t h e i r j o y o u s l i fe in t h e fo r e s t
, ,

( 5 4 73 ) t h e O x go a de d b y t h e b l a c k h e r d b e w a il s it s p l e a s a n t y o u t h ( 72 ) a n d
, , ,

H o ne y Ba r l e y Re ed O ys ter Ore a n d H o r n ( 8 8 9 3 ) a ll ,

p o i n t t o t h e h a pp y da y s b e fo r e t h e y fe l l i n t o t h e s h a p i n g h a n ds o f m a n O n l y .

t h e P a r c h m e n t ( 2 7) s e e m s r e co n c i l e d t o it s n e w c o n di t i o n .
 FO RM AN D S T R U C T U RE OF THE R I D DLE S X CV

* L
l i fe ,
b e t w e en th e l ivi ng and d e ad cr e a t u r e , ] ar e fo r c i b ly s t r e s se d . T his
lo ve of s
u r p r i s i ng co nt r a s t s n o t o n ly t o s t r ik i n
g a n t ith e s e s fl b u t
leads ‘

t o t h a t p o t e n t c h e c k i n g e l e m e n t o f e n i gm a t i c p e r so n i fi c a t i o n t h e fr e ,

q u e n t i n t r o du c t i o n o f e ffe c t l es s c a u se s a n d c a u se l e s s e ffe c t s § .

Ab o v e a ll t h e R iddles d e l i gh t in m o v e m e n t w h e t h er it be t h e r u s h ing
, ,

2 —4
o f t h e s to r m
( ) o r t h e g l id i ng o f t h e i c e b e r g t h e s w i ft
p a ce o f
do g ( 75 ) a n d h o r se th e s p ee d o f t h e s t ag t h e r a p id fli gh t o f

bir ds ( 8 1 1 ,
t h e q u i c k m o t i o n o f t h e fi sh a n d t h e ce a s e l e ss fl o w
,

o f t h e r i ve r t h e d a r t i n g o f t h e s h u tt l e t h e h u r r y o f t h e p e n in

t h e h an d o f a r e a d y w r i t e r o r e v e n t h e w id e w a n d e r i n s o f t h e
g
M o o n (3 0 4 0 ,
T h e v e r y t h e m e s i m par t r a p id i t y t o t h e p o e m s b u t
, ,

t h e t r e a t m e n t is r a p id a s w e l l a b o u n d i ng in d y na m i c w o r d s M a n d c o m p ac t
,

p h r a s e s fil Th e n o t e o f so r r o w a nd s u ffe r i ng is o ft e n s t r u c k ( s up r a ) b u t , ,

d e s p i te t h i s th e R iddles c r e a t e a n i m p r e s s i o n o f v iv i d a n d s t r e n u o u s l i fe
,

w h i c h a dd s gr e a t ly t o t h e i r c h a r m .

As in t h e fo l k r iddle s t h e fi n a l fr a m i ng e l e m e n t in o u r p r o b l e m s is a
'

-
,

fo r m ul a o f c l o s i ng Th e v a r i o u s fo r m s o f t h i s h a v e b e e n d i s c u ss e d e l se
.

w h e r e ; s o it is o n ly n ece ss a r y t o n et e n o w t h a t t h e l a r ge r n u m b er o f
t h e se s a t i s fy t h e co n d i t i o n s o f m o r e p o p u l a r p u z z l e s in t h e i r s u m m o n s
-

t o g u e s s a n d in t h e i r i n s i s t en c e u po n t h e di ffi c u l t y o f
,

a r nac l e G o o s e )
* R id . 10 (C uc k o o ) , 1 1 ( B .

TR id . 1 3 , 3 9 , 74 , 8 5 . Se e W o s s idlo , No .
77 P ets c h , p .

7 8 — 10 12
1d
-

.
32 , 4 0, 4 1 , 59 .

§ R id ma g w o r d s p r e c a n , | m ae lda n fo r m o n n u m , béa h ic m t r b h ee bb e
‘

. ne

48
5 S t ae lgie s t ne w ae s I w ih t by g l é w b h e ba w d m w l 1 2
g ; 4 9 , [é r ]e n
-

, e a r a e rn o r u s e a

de a n b ut a n t u n ga n ; 6 1 9 , m friilé a s s p r e ea u ; 661, cw ic o . ne c w ee ti ic w i h r .

8 9 10
Cf 3 4 8
-

, 3
. .

l a r ge n um b er o f h e s e in t h e S r i ddl e s — a nd in do z e n s
( 4)
’
[1 N o t ic e t h e t to r m 2

of o t h er s (3 0 , 5 2 , 74 , 8 5 , I t is no t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t t h e p e r ip h r a s t i c p r e t e r i t

fo r m e d b y t h e p r e te r i t o f c u i/u m a n i n fi n i t i v e o f m o t i o n w h i c h o cc u r s
,

on l y tw i c e in C y n e w u l f (jid 5 6 3 , C11 7 . . a pp e a r s fo u r t i m e s in t h e R iddles ( 2 3

1
,

1
34
1
,55 , 8 61)

fl T h is is i k i n gl y i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e p a s t p a r t i c ip l e s
s tr of R id. 29 and by th e

t e r s e n e s s o f t h e o b s c e n e r i ddl e s .

W S u c h e n din s a s t h o s e o f R id
4 3 , 4 4 , 5 6 , 6 8 , 73 , 8 4 ,
P
g 5 29 32 33 .
, , , ,

r e c a l l t h e p h r a s e o f th e fo l k : H e is a w is e m a n w h o c a n ll m e t h at
’
te .
 I N T RO D U C T I O N

THE M AN U S C R I P T S

B o d/ , m o s t fa m o u s
’
Th e E r ofoi d o n a t i o n s t o t h e ne w o f a ll L e o fr i c s
'
e

c a t h e d r a l o f t h e W e s t h a s a l r e a d y b e e n so c a r e fully d e s c r i b e d in a n o t h e r
,

if
v o lu m e o f t h i s e r i e s t h a t w e n e e d c o n s id e r n o w o n ly t h e p l a ce o f th e
s

R iddles in t h i s c e l e b r a te d c o d e x T h e s e e n i gm a s o cc u py t h r ee d i ffe r e n t .

1 o o b —I 1 a R id 1 —6 0 i n c l u s iv e
p o r t i o n s o f t h e m a n u sc r i p t f 5 ( . .

) f 1 2 2 b . .

1 2 4 b —r
1 2 2
a R id 3 1
( 6 .1
) f 3 o b
( R id 6 2
. U n fo r t u n a t e ly fo r t h e .

s t u d e n t o f t h e R iddles it is t h e s e fi n a l p age s o f t h e Bo o k
,
o ther w i se so ,

w e ll p r e s e r v e d t h a t h a v e s u ffe r e d t h r ee fo l d d a m a ge :
-
,

e l as t t w e l v e l ea v e s h a v e b e e n b u r n e d t h r o u g h b y a p i e ce o f
( )
1 T h
i gn i t e d w o o d w h i c h a pp e a r s t o h a v e fa ll e n u po n t h e Bo o k T h e d a m age d .

l a c e s h a v e a l ik e s h a pe u po n all t h e l e a v e s d e c r e a s i n g h o w e v e r in s i z e
p , , ,

t o t h e i n n e r p a r t o f th e co d e x u n t i l o n f 1 1 8 b o n ly o n e s m a ll b u r n is ,
.

v is ib le ) .T h i s s e r i o u s acc id e n t h a s i m p a i r e d o r r e d u ce d to fr agm e n t s a ll
L

2
r idd l e s a t t h e m idd l e o f t h e se i n j u r e d p a ges : 3 1 11
( 1 2 2 b) 5 a) , ,

H 4
68 ( 1 2 5 ),
b a nd
( 1 2 6 a
), ( 1 2 6 b) , and 78
8
( 1 2 7 a) ,
an d 82 ( 1 2
7 ),
b ( 1 28 a
) , ( 1 2 8 b) , 8 7 a nd
”
( 9 )
1 2 a ,
a nd 89 ( 1 2 9 b) , 9 2 and
( 1 30 a
) ,
a nd

94 ( 1 3 0 b) .

2
) A p a ge is t i ly
ce r a n m i s s i ng af er
t f . 1 1 1 . R id 4 . 1
( 1 1 1 b , b o tto m )
b r eak s u dd e n ly in th e m idd l e o f a se n t e n ce ( 1
o ff s a n d R id 4 2 . .

1 1 2 a t o p b egi n s w i t h e q u a l ab r u p t ne s s
( , ) I t is p r o b a b l e t h a t a p age .

h a s b ee n l o s t a ft er f I O 5 a s R id 2 1 c l o se s a b r u p t ly a t t h e b o t t o m o f
.
,
.

t h e p age w i t h o u t a cl o s i n g— si n
g .

( )
3 T h e l a s t l e a f h a s b e e n s t a i n e d o n it s o u t e r s id e
( 1
3 0 b
) y
b t h e

ac t i o n o f a flu i d o n t h e ink A fe w w o r d s h a v e t h u s b ee n r e n d er e d
.

11
a l m o s t i l l eg i b l e
( 9 1 ,

Th e fi r s t a n d gr ea t e s t o f t h es e i nj u r i e s h as o ccas i o ne d th e u se o f
s t r i p s o f v e ll u m fo r b i n d i n g t o ge t h e r t h e d a m age d h a l f p age s I n co u r s e -
.

o f t im e t h e se s t r i ps h a v e b eco m e l o o se n e d ; a n d b y p ee r ing b e n ea t h
, ,

t h e m I h a v e b ee n a b l e t o r e a d m a n y l e tt e r s an d e v e n w o r d s n o t vi s i b l e
,

to S c h i p p e r a n d A ss m a n n i T h es e I h a v e d uly i nc lu d e d in m y t e x t .

* C o o k , 7 71 6 C/z r is t f
o Cy f pp
n ew u l , . xi ii —xv i .

1 See S c h ipp e r Ge r m a n ia, XIX 327 T r au t m a n n , A ng lia X V I , 207 .

1 So a ls o T r a utm ann l c , . .
 T H E M AN U S C R I P T S Xcvii
.

I t is u r pr i s i ng t h a t th e c h i e f aid t o the s tu d y a nd r e c o ns t r uc t i o n o f
s

th e d e fe c t iv e pa s s age s h as b ee n ne gl e c t e d by a ll s tu d en t s o f t h e t e x t o f

t h e R iddles T h i s is t h e fa c s i m i l e c o py m a de fo r t h e Br i t i s h M u se u m
.

by R o b e r t C h a b e s fr o m 1 8 3 1 t o 1 8 3 2 3 "
D es p i t e W iilk e r s s l i gh t i ng
’
m r

c r it ic is m T t h e t r a n s c r i p t h a s gr e a t v a lu e
,
.
n o t o n ly b e c a u s e it is in th e ,

m a i n v e r y t r u s tw o r t h y } b u t b e c a u se it p r e s e r v e s l e tt e r s a n d w o r d s w h i c h
.

ar e n o w o b s cu r e o r i n vi s i b l e § I h a v e co ll a t e d it c a r e fully w i t h m y t e xt . .

D i s c o v e r y o f h i t h e r t o u no b s e r v e d l e t te r s in t h e E xeter B oo k i t s e l f a nd ,

t he fa i r ly r i c h y i e l d o f th e Br i t i s h M u se u m t r a n scr i p t c o n s t i t u t e p o t e n t ,

a r g u m e n t s aga i n s t d ar i ng e m en d a t i o n s o f th e gr e a tly d a m a ge d t e xt -

e m e n d a t i o n s w h i c h r e s t u p o n n o t h i n g b u t t h e i n ge n i o u s fa n c y o f t h e

r e c o n s t r uc t i o n i s t a nd w h i c h a r e in n e a r ly e v e r y ca s e r ul e d o u t o f c o u r t
,

* T h e fly-l e a f of t h e E xet e r B o o k b ea r s , at t he b o tto m o f th e p age t h i s no t e o f

,

th e C h ap ter C l e r k In 1 8 3 1 t h is B o o k w a s ent r uste d to th e B r i t i s h M u s e u m fo r

the p ur p o s e of b e i ng co p i ed fo r t h a t i ns t i t u t io n , and r e tu r ned Octo be r,
An d t h e fa c s i m i l e , w h i c h is k n o wn pp r o ve d b y S ir F r ede r i c as Add M S 9 06 7, is
. . a

M a dde n in t h i s c o m m e n t u p o n it s fi y l e a f : Th e w h o l e o f t h e p r e s e n t t ra n s c r ip t -

h a s b e e n c o l la t e d b y m e w it h t h e o r i gi n a l M S b e l o n gi n g t o t h e D e a n a n d C h a p t e r .

o f t h e C at h e dr a l o f E xe t e r F r e de r ic M a dde n As s t K e e p e r o f t h e M S S . Br it , . . .

M u s Fe b .
, W e l e a r n fr o m T h o rpe s I n t r o du c t io n t o h is Codex E x ogz i
.
’

en s is ( p xii t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l m a n u sc r ip t w a s b r o u
) g h t b a c k t o E xe t e r in t i m e fo r
:

N o t h i ng t h e r e fo r e c o u l d b e fa r t h e r fr o m tr u t h t h a n B r a n dl s s u r p r i s i n g
’
h is u s e .
, ,

a u ls Gi it iz dr is s 2 I I
( 9 4 6 ) t h a t T h o r p e s t e xt ( Co dex E xo n ieii s is ) is
’
s tat e m e nt P ’
,

b a s e d u p o n t h e t r a n s c r ip t b y R o b e r t C ha m b e r s ’
,

1 O b gl e i c h l a u t e in e r B e m e r k u ng in de r Ab s c h r ift M a dde n s e l bs t e in e C o l l a t i o n
-
‘

de r Ab s c h r i ft in i t de m U r t e xt e 1 8 3 1 — 1 8 3 2 v o r n a h m is t die s e r T e xt du r c h a u s n i c h t ,

v o lls t an dig z u v e r las s i

g ( Gr u n dr is s p
'

, .

I Ke m b le de r i v e s h is t e xt o f t h e Tr a v e le r s S o ng ( lVids id ) fr o m t h i s s o u r c e
’ t
/
,

w h i c h h e ca l l s
a n ac c u r a t e a nd c o l l a te d c o py ( B eo w u lf 2 d e d p and
‘ ’
.
, .
, .

G n W B iol c o l l a t e s it w i t h t h e c o de x in it s t e xt o f V a t e r u n s e r ( I I 2
’
.
- .
.
, ,

G eb e t ( I I 2 a n d L e h r ge di c h t
, , (I I,2 b u t n e g l e c t s it s t r a n ge l y in it s ,
,

t e xt n o t o n l y o f t h e R iddles b u t o f t h e R u in ( I t h e H u s ba n d s [Mes s ag e ( I
’
, ,

3 06 ) a n d t h e D es cen t in to H ell ( I I I w h e r e it f u r n i s h e s v a l u a b l e a id I n t h e , .

t r a n sc r ip t o f t h e R iddles I n o t e o n l y t h e s e e r r o r s g cf r d t iz fo r g ef i d g i z f a llico
' '

fo r z o n al/ice 1 271 5 fo r La dle c o w Ad s fo r e o r p es Th e i m i t a t i o n o f .

t h e u p r i g h t w e l l fo r m e d E ngl i s h m i n u s c u l e s o f t h e E xeter B o o k is s u r p r i s i n gl y
-

go o d ; a n d a ll ga p s du e t o da m age a r e s k i l l fu l l y i n di c a t e d .

§ I c i t e o n l y a f e w o f m a n y i n s t a n c e s : 2 1
6 E dd c i t i n g M S i n c o r r e c t l y r ic e ; , , .
,

M S a n d B M sa c c ; 72 5 B M of t ic n o t s e e n b y As s m a n n o r S c h ipp e r n o r b y m e ;
’
.
. .
, . .
, ,

8 1 10 B M o r st
,
. eas ed ; 8 1 1
.
2 I
r e a d in M S b e fo r e s ceaf l m s t”
no t s e en by
,
.
, ,
i

As s m S c h .
, B M i i m ar t ; 8 4 1 2 M S a ft e r m m I r e a d s t n o t s e e n b y As s m S c h
. . .
-
, .
, , , .
, .

B M w a s ; 8 8 1 0 B M b ea m i fo r w od n a ( E dd ) 9 3 23 M S of t m e vi s i b l e t o m e b u t
. .
, . . .
, .
,

no t to E dd ; B M . . o
ft me .
Xcvi ii I N T RO D UC T I ON

*
by a t h o r o u gh s t u d y
more o f t h e m a n u sc r i p t
ly co py and o f th e e ar .

T h r e e c o n s id e r a t i o n s h a v e d i c ta t e d t o e d i to r s a n d c r i t i c s v i o l e n t dis to r
t i o ns o f t h e te x t o f t h e R iddles T h e fir s t o f t h es e h a s b e e n t h e d es i r e
.

to w r e s t t h e r ea d i ng o f t h e m a n u s c r i p t i n t o a cco r d w i t h so m e fa r
-

fe t c h e d s o l ut i o n As I h a v e a l r e a d y sho w n T th e t e x t m ay b e w i t h o u t
.
,
.

fla w it m ay i n d e e d c o n ta i n a r ea d i ng co n fi r m e d b y m a n y p a r a ll e l p as
,

s age s in t h e R idd les t h e m s e l v e s ; b u t if it d o e s n o t a cc o r d w i t h t h e

e d i to r s a n s w e r o f t h e m o m e n t h e a l t e r s in P r o c r u s t ea n fa s hio t
’
Se c
o n dly a m e t r i c a l a p r io r is m t h a t b r o o k s n o fr ee d o m o f v e r se h a s n a t u r a lly
-

le d t o a r b i t r a r y a s s a ul t s u po n t h e i n t egr i t y o f m a n y p as sage s § And .

fi na lly i n ab i l i ty t o gr as p t h e poe t i c p e r s pe c t iv e o f th e O ld Engl i s h h as

,
'

c a u se d t h e u nw ar r a n t ab l e r e j ec t i o n o f s o m e o f t h e m o s t s t r ik i ng p h r a se s

a n d k e n n i n gs in o u r ear ly p o e t r y [ T h e fo o l i s h ly n a m e d c u r s e o f co n
‘
.

is fa r p r e fe r ab l e t o t h e i tc h o f r a s h co nj
‘
ec t u r e l T I have ther e
’
s e r v at i sm .

fo r e so u gh t t o s h o w du e r e s p e c t to a t e x t w h i c h in it s u n d am age d

p o r t i o n s is e x ce ll e n t a n d h a v e e m e n d e d o nly w i t h v a l id
,

I n t h e m a n u s c r i pt t h e b e gi nn i ngs o f t h e se v e r a l r idd l e s a r e m a r k e d
by l a r ge i n i t i a l l e t t e r s a n d t h e e n d i n gs b y s i gn s o f c l o s i ng
, 7 or or ,

7 T T I n a fe w ca se s t h e se i n d i ca t i o n s a r e l ac k i ng T h e r e is n o s uc h
. .

s i gn a t t h e e n d o f R id 3 w h i c h co n c lu d e s h o w e v e r a t t h e b o tt o m o f a
.
, , ,

p a ge
( )
1 0 1 a ; a t th e e n d s o f 2 1 a n d 4 1 w h e r e a b r u p t t e r m i n a t i o ns i n d i ,

c a te m i s s i ng p age s ; n o r a t t h e co nc lu s i o n s o f 4 3 a n d 4 8 ea c h o f w h i c h ,

is fo ll o w e d o n t h e s a m e l i n e b y t h e o p e n i ng w o r d s o f th e n e x t r idd l e .

Al mo st wit h o ut p t io n D i e tr i c h s u gge s t e d di n gs ( ff az zp ts X I)
’
* e xc e s r ea Z s
, .

h av e b eeni n v a l i da t e d b y r e fe r e n c e t o t h e o r i gin a l t e xt H o l t h a u s e n is . e ua l l y
q
u n fo r t u n a t e : m a n u s c r ip t a n d t r a n s c r ip t fla t l y c o n t r a di c t h is e m e n da t i o n s o f 7 8
7 ,

8 1 1 0 8 3 3 9 3 28 9 4 7 a n d c o n fi r m h is a ddi t i o n s o n l y in s u c h o b v i o u s o m i s s io n s a s
, , , ,

6 88 [fi f e /l i e
( B M m e m z e)
. . an d 8 4 55 [q m / m ] ( M S .
, B M . .

T J] L A . .
98
’

. XXI , .

I S e e T r a u t m a n n , B B X I X , 1 6 —
7 2 1 5, an d . no te h is swe e p i ng c h a n ge s o f t e xt
in 3 b 7a
8 m 5 t
r 1 5 , 9 5 , e c
'
, .

§ S e e p a r t i c u l a r l y H o lt h a u s e n s r e a din gs o f 2 3 1 21 22
’
6 84
-

1 , 25 , 55 , .

H o l t h au s en e m e n ds o ut i
o f e x s t e nc e th e i nte r es t ing lz e ofo n es toj
se
5
( 7)
8 and

of fli n e: boo t h e s e p a s s a ge s
Se e no te s to t .

T I S i e v e r s u t t e r s di gn i fi e d p r o t e s t ( P E R X X I X 3 0 5 —3 3 1 ) a ga i n s t die t e n de n z ‘
.
,

b e i de r b e h a n dl u n g u n s r e r a l t e n dic h t u n ge n p e r s on lic h e w illk iir de s u r t e i l s a n die

'

s t e l l e ge du l di e r v e r t ie fu n
g in die z u r r e de s t e h e n de n p r o b l e m e z u s e t z e n
‘ ’

g .

“ 5
A ll e m e n da t i o n h a s it s p i t fa l l s a s I h a v e fo u n d t o m y c o s t P r o fe s s o r B r i g h t
, .

o b j e c t s w i t h r e a s o n t o t h e do u b l e a l l i t e r a t i o n in
y t e xt a n d p l a us ib l y
28 h
73 of m ,

p r o p o s e s [Vis a i s b e m in e ] [s o/ w] /
?
t s ag a lz t t z ie lu ff/e r
rz
’
‘
.

TTT h e s y m b o l a t t h e e n d o f R id 5 is do u b t l e s s a c l o s i n g s i gn . .
 T H E M AN U S C R I P TS

M ar k s o f c o s ng ar e l fi ftee n t h l i ne o f R id 2 8
i w r o n gly u se d a ft e r th e .

1 8 17
( 28 w r i t te n a s a s e p ar a t e
, m ay t h u s se r v e t o co nne c t t h e t w o r idd l e ,

p r o b l e m s o f l ik e s u b j e c t s 2 8 a n d 2 9 ) a n d a fter th e O pe n i ng fo r m u l a o f ,

R id 6 9 ( w h i c h is h o w e v e r a u se l e s s p r e fi x to t h e r e a l r idd l e ge r m in
.
, ,
-

th e t h i r d l i n e ) T h e e nd o f t h e e n i gm a is s o m e t i m e s e m ph a s i z e d by th e
“

'

i n clu s i o n o f its l a st w o r d o r w o r d s in a b r ack e t o n t h e n e x t l i ne a s in ,

R id 3 8 , 4 6 , 5 4 , 71 , 8 6
. .

T h e E xeter B ook sc r i b e t u n d s w h o s e se c o n d r eg ul a r ly se pa r a e s co m po

m e m b er a l so h as a h e a v y s t r e ss * H e s e v e r s p r e fi x e s fr o m t h e i r 1 o ot s .
'

a nd a pp e n d s t h e m t o
p r e c e d i n g w o r ds T H e e v e n s e pa r a te s t h e s yll a b l e s
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.

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t h e s c r i b e t o t h e m e t r i c a l l y i m p o s s i b l e w i11 ( e ) s ele in t h e k i n dr e d r i ddl e 5 5 2 I s 5 4 1 3 , .

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ex per t co m .

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u o ur .

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. v ar y in g u s a ge s . I h av e
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Th e r ece nt v a r i a n t o f R id 3 6 th e s o
r ea d i ngs of t h e N o r t h u m b r ia n .
,

c a ll e d L eiden R iddle ( s ee v a r i a n t n o t e s ) u n fo r t u n a t e ly r e ac h e d m e t o o ,

l a te fo r i nc l u s i o n in m y t e x t b u t h a v e b e e n p r i nte d by m e in t h e no te s , ,

w i t h o u t co m m e n t i
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m e n ts H e is fo ll o w e d b y
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* T h ese a r e r e c o r de d in G n . B iol . III , 243 .

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I T h e fo r m s and
( L eid . 6, re p o r te d by D r .

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4 64 6 , and in dec 1 eft , ars

p lu m a r ia ( S we e t 0 E Tex ts , p 4 3 , Co r p u s
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p r e c e di n g r i ddl e ( R id t h e t w o fo r m i n g a ” Ergo dic /i i .O n t h e o t h e r h a nd .

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u n i te d wi t h t he M e s s a ge i n t o a l y r i c S e e m y n o t e s t o R id 6 1 . . .

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, .

Ti T h e fr a gm e n t s a r e N o s . 6 8 , 78 , 8 2 , 8 9 , 9 2 , 9 4 .

I I A n glia B l) V 4 6 , .
, .

v a r i o u s e dit io n s o f s i n gl e r i ddl e s w i l l b e c i t e d
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. 14 —
9 1 5 1 ( L e ide n R i ddl e ) . Ear ly
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—1 6 7 ( R i ddl e s 8, 1 0, 1 5, 2 7, 3 0 , 4 8 ,
p . 1 76 ( L e i de n ) E i g h t h e dit i n . o , O xfo r d, 1 9 08 .

( I . E . An O ld d M iddl e E ng l i s h R e a de r ( o n t h e b a s i s o f P r o fe s s o r
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( R i ddl e N e w Yo rk, 130

3 .

E u l ico u n l t ‘
— An g e ls iic h s is c h e s
. Les eb uc h pp , . 1
5 1 —1 5 3 ( R iddl e s . 1 , 1 5 ,

36 ,
L e de n ) i . 2d e d . I I ; 1 II e , 1 397 .

R . l
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o e s ie , III , 18 —
3 2 38 , R i ddl e s

( di
ete d b
y I lr n n o As s m a n n ) . L e ip z i g , 1 897 . R e v ie w e d b y I“ . H o l t h a us e n,
An g l ia , I le ib la t t I , X 357 .

-
\ N N, Al t e u n d n e u e -A n t w o l t e n gl i s c h e R a t s e l B o n r te n a n f a .

ner I te it r iige z ur A ng l is t i k ,
XIX 1 1 7— 3 1 5 ( R i ddl e s 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 8 26 30 1 , , . , , ,

R e v i e w e d b y I\ I idde n do r lf An gl i a B e ib l a t t X V I I
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, 207

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r a n s la t io n s f r o m O ld E n t Iis h P o e t r , l
y
pp . 11 1 ( R i ddl e 6 1 . I“ . A b . l a c k b u r n) ; p p . 0 —
7 75 ( R i ddl e s 2 3 , 8 1 5 , 2 4 2 7, , . ,

2 8 . 8 0, I I . Ii . Br o u g h a m ) . Bo s t o n , 1 9 02 .

M o ul l z
' ‘

. I lo nne r I ie it r a g e z ur An g l i s t ik , XIX 167 2 1 — 5 ( R id

dl e s 1 1 , 1 2, 1 4 , 1 8, 2 6 ,
30 4 5 , .
52 5 3 5 8 74 8 0
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M A l r e as u r y t h e B e gin n in g t o t h e
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I ifigh t e e n t h C e n t u r y) , wi t h I n t r o du c t i o n b y S t o p fo r d A
an . Br o o ke ( R i ddl e s 2 ,

w i t h a p r o s e v e r s i o n in M o de r n E n gl i s h ) L o n do n
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,

moo .

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A J .
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e xt k r it is c h e U n te r s u c h u n ge n n ac h de m G eb r a uc h de s b e
s t in u n t e n A r t ik e l s 11 n d de s sc h wa c h e n Adj
e c t iv s in de r a l t e n gl is c h e n P o e s ie .

L e ide n . 1 9 03 .

C O S I JN I .
‘
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au l u nd B r a u n e s B e it r a g e . XXIII 1 28 f .

T he o r de r o f t it le s is ch r o no l o
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I
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y n e wu lfs E l e n e , J u l ia n a und ( T
r is t .

( i r e iI s wa Id, 1 88 7 .

( i lt lli l N , ( 7 \V . . M . Z ur T e xt k r it i k de r a n ge ls a c h s is c h e n I i ic h t e r ‘
. G er m a n i a, X

( i lito lm I ) ie R a t s e l de s I 'lxe t e r b u c h e s 11n d il V e r la s s e r Ac t

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l nd o
g e rm an sc i he fl" o rs c h u ng e n , I V 38 6 f .

a It u nd m i t t e l e n g l is c h en D i c h t u n ge n , XV . An g l i a , X XIV
264- 267 .

T e xt k r i t i k l
a te ng l isc h e r E n g lis d t e S t u die n , X X XVI I
2 08 f .

B e i t r a ge S y n r m y i n ik d I t ik de r l l ge m e i n a ls ht
’
z ur un o e a ac a ne r

It a n n t e n I ) ic h t u n g e n . M u n s te r ,

K L A ICI H Z R F ri l lt o I Cm e n da t io n s in O ld E n g l i s h I ’ o M o de r n P h il o l y
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I I 1 45
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R iits e l X I I , 3 L An g lia , Be i b l a t t , X VI I 300 .

( le s c lr ic h t e de s R e in t e s i1t t AI t ge r n r a n is c h e n . I ’a u l und

B r a u n e s Be it r iige , IX 4 2 2- 4 50 .

-
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e c t iv i11 1 An g e ls a e h s is c h e n . H au p ts Z e i t
sc h r i ft ,
X VI 3 5 393 2 - .

M A H ICR r , '
D ie S p r a c h e ( Ie r a l t e n g l is c h e n R a t s e l d s I lxe t e r b u c h e s u n d e '

M a r lm r g R e v i e w e d b y H e r z fe l d I I e r r igs A r c h iv
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, 1
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‘
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S I I I V E RS ,
'
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I’a ul 11 11 -
d B r a u n e s B e it r iige , X 45 1-
54 5 .

De r an
ge ls iic h s is c h e S c h we llv e r s I a u l un d B r a u n e s B e i t r a ge ,
’
XII
—
.

4 54 4 8 2
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, . z ur

An g l i s t i k , ‘

I . Bo n n , 1 8 98 .

V . A U T I I O R S I I I I ’ A N I ) L I T E R A RY C R I T I C I S M ‘“

B L Ar K nU R N , I'
" . A . T h e H u s b a n d s M e s s a ge
’
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th e E xe t e r B o o k . Jo u rna l o f G e r m a n i c I ’ h iIo Io g y, I I I 1 f .

Bo t l r lt R W E K,
' ‘

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’
s de s An ge l s a c h s e n b i b l i s c h e l ) i c h t u n ge n I , , 3 10
3 1 1 . ( l ilt e r s lo h , 18
54 .

B RA N M E ng l i s c h e L ite r a t u r I ’
a u ls ( lr u n dr is s de r ge r m a n i s c h e n I ’ h ilo
—
, .

lo gic , 2d Ser I I , 9 6 9 9 73 S t r a s s b u r g, 1 9 0 8
.
, . .

I i lt t it i li S H -o k n A Th e H i s t o r y o f E a r l y E n g lis h L i t e r a t u r e N e w Y o r k, 892
' ‘ ‘

lfi, io 1

—
. . .

- E ng l i s h L i t e r a t u r e fr o m t h e Be g i n n in g t o t h e N o r m a n C o n
q ues t, pp . 8 7 96 ,
1 —
59 6 1 2 . N e w Y o r k, 1 8 98 .

A 8 R i ddl e s f t h e E xe t e r B o o k Mo d
f

( o o K, . . Re c e nt c o n c e r n in g the o .

e rn L a n gu a ge N o t e s , V I I 20 f .

T h e b ib io g r a p h l y o f the F ir s t R idd l e
’
is no t in c l u de d .
C iV R I D D LE S O F TH E E X E T E R B O O K

C O O K, A S Th e C h r is t of C y n e w u l f, pp ln —lix B o s to n ,
“

. . . . 1 90 0 .

D I E T RI C H , F RA N Z . D ie R at s e l de s E xe t e r b u c h e s , W ur digu n g , L o s ung un d H er
ste l l u ng . H a up ts Z e i t s c h r ift fur de u t s c h e s A lt e r t h u m , XI 4 4 8 , 4 90, XII
—2
232 52 .

E RL E M A N N , E D M UN D Z de n l t e n gl i s c h e n R a t se l H e r r igs Ar c h i v , CX I
‘

. u a . .

49 f
E RL E M AN N , F R I T Z Z um ge ls ac h s is c h e n R a ts e l H e r r igs A r c h iv CXV
’

an
.
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,

\V M B i b l i o t h e k de r a n ge ls ac h s is c h e n P o e s ie , II C o et
'

G RE I N , C . . .
, 4 09 - 4 10 .

i
t n ge n , 1 8 5 8 .

—3 1 0
'

2 11 de n R at s e ln de s E xe t e r b u c h e s . G e r ma n ia , X 3 07 .

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B o n n e r B e i t r a ge z u r An gl i s t i k X X I V ,

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L EO H EI N RI CH
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.
,
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fiir r o m a n i s c h e u n d e n g l i s c h e L it e r a t u r I 24 1 —246
‘

, .

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‘
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, .
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,
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, , , ,
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.
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XXXI —6
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.
, ,

6 —
4 51 .

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'

, . . .

D a s R z it s e i m Ja h r d i Z e i ta b s c h n it t e n in de r W e lt lit t e r a t u r
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. . . .

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CX R I D D LE S O F TH E EX E T ER BO O K

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A Ber t /1 u m A] L
'

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. . .

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’ '

. un s
Lile n s l a r Ga t u r
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a er

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—
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, .
, .
. . .
f t/r e il/ oa e r n
(

—
L a ng u ag e 1 s s o enr tio n (
f A m e r ica
Ke l l e r . M i ss Ke l ler , A nglo S a x o n -
Pre h n . un d Q u ellen '
a er

lI Z ap o n Ali m es R ai s e ! E x ete r ou c /i es
‘ ’
. a es .

K l K l u ge A g elm c /i is /i es
.
,
ii s c L os e /w e ll . Ps . P s a lm s , B i b l . III , 3 29
—
4 82 .

K l a e b Kla e b e r . . PS . Ps a l m s ( V u l ga t e ) .

Hi H e h n A /t jyl ’
’

a n ce n u na
'

.
,
u iu

[J ou s t / Her e .
R . R i e ge r , A I t und a ng els a c /i s is c /i es

L ai r d/711 6 11
C o c k a y n e , L ew /a lum s
’ ]
L c /m . . R id .

L ea s Bi l/ o m L ea s e , B i b l II, 1 08 S P Aectit m r in es S ing u l ar ’

m P er
’
. . ia . P . . . u

I IO . s on a r u m .

L eia
'
. L e ft /e n B it /t ile . Ru n . Jt
’
u u ic P oe m , B i b l . I , 33 1 —
33 7 .

L ift -B l D e u ts c /i es L itte r a tu r -
B lu ff .

Bi b l III
’
Sa l . S a lo m o n ona .
Sa tu r n, .
,

M . M ul ler , Co llec ta n ea .
3 04 - 3 28 .

M a de r t D ie Sp i a c /i e a e r S a ta n , B i b l II
’ ’
lt e ng lis c/i e n Sat C/i i is t 52 1
'

a na
‘ ‘

. a . .
,

56
M ani . B a ttle Bib l . 1, 3 5 8 Sch . S c h ip p e r , Ger m a n ia , XIX , 3 28
3 73 33 8
McL . M c L e a n Old , a nd E ug S c h m id . D ie Ges e t ce a ei
’ ‘

A ng els a c/i s e n .

lis /z R em /e r . S ea/T S ea/ fin er ,

B ib l . I , 2 90 - 2
95 .

M E . . M i ddl e E n gl i s h . S h ip l e y . T/1 e Ge n itiv e Ca s e in A ug lo

z l/ e n . Bib l . II , 2 8 2- 29 3 .
 AB B R E V I A T I ON S c xi

S ie v . S i ev e r s . PW . u . A} . Ho o ps, Wa ld/a u m e i und

S ou l B ib l II 11 n lt u r pjla n z e n
’

a nd B o dy , .
, 92 .

PVia s ia , B i b l I
'
1 07 . PVids .
’
. 1- 6 .

Sf r . G r e i n , Sp r a c/i s c /i a t z . Wan d Wo n der s of . Cr ea tio n , B ib l . III ,

Sw . S we e t , A ng lo -S a xo n R ea der 1 5 2—155 .

S ym . S y m p h o s iu s . W o s s idlo . ill ec / le n li u r g is c /i e Vo l/ s u oe r
e e

liefe r n a g e 72

T . E di t o r
’
s r e a din g of MS .
, usu a lly WW . W r i g h t W u lk e r -
, A ng lo S a x o n -

c ted i infi rs t p erso n . a nd Old E ng lis /i Vo ca bu la r ies .

Th . T h o r p e Co dex E xo n ien s is
, .

Tr . T r a u t m an n . Z s . d V . .
f . VL '
. Z eits c /i r ift des Ve r e in s

f iir Vo lkes / u n tie

a
.

W . W u lk e r der Z s .
f d ll]
. . Z e it s c/z r if t fu r de u ts c /i e
a ng el sdc lz s isc /i e n P o es ie , III , 1 83

238 . Z s .
f . d P /z
. . Z eit s c /i r z
ft f u r de u t s c/z e
PVan d . H/ a n der e r , B i b l . I , 284 —2 8 9 .
2 R I D D LE S O F TH E E X E T ER BOO K

b i r c ii w u l f t O wu d a
‘

Pa t m on t Oslit e b n a fr e ge s o m n a d wa
‘

pa tt e
'

pe
‘

ca s,

n u c et gie dd geado r .
]

H wylc is b a l e pa pa s h o r se 0nd p a s h y ge c r a ft ig

p a t p a t m a ge ase c ga n , h wa m e c o n siO wr a
'

ce,

p o nn e ic as tige t
s r o n g, s t u n du m r e pe
pr y m ful pu n i e ? P r i gu m wr a c
( ) c a

fér e ge o n d fo lda n , fo lc sa lo b a r ne ,

ra ce d r éa fi ge , r éc as s tiga tfi

h a swe o fe r h r Ofu m , b l i n b io o n eo r pa n ,

wa lc we a lm we r a .
Po n n e 1c wu d u h r e r e ,

b e a r wa s b lédh wa t e , b éa m a s fy lle

ho l m e ge h r Efe d, h éa h u m m e a h t u m

wr e c a n on wape wid e sen d ed ,

h a bbe me on h r yc ge pa e r h zi da s w r ea h
t F

fo ldb fi e n dr a , fla sc 0 nd ga s ta s ,
so m o d o n s o n de . S aga ,
h wfi m e c pe c c e ,
—
ppe Il ll ic li fit t e pe pi b l a s t h e r e
'

o .

H wilu m ic ge wit e , s wa n e w e n a p m en ,

u n d e r ypa ge pr a c eo r pa n s e c an ,

ga r s e c ge s gr u n d . C i te n b ip ge wr ége d,

fa in ge w ea lc e n ;

h wa lm e r e hlim m e O, h lfi de gr im m e b
'
‘ ‘

8 H ic l etie r le f pa Gn l in e ] ge s o m n o d 1 9 lf e r s e /d ( D ie R at s e /
f
'

1
'
i or t . .
, . .

des E . r e te r tn1 c/1 es , B e r /in , p . 66) a n d S c /i /ie /d

q ga d ge a do r ; l in e] ga d ga do r . .

4 MS H e r e/I (p 4 4)
'

2 , 7 7i .
. Cu .
, IV wra
. ce ; S iev .
(FE B . x, 5 1 0 ) w r aéc e ; .

7 1 1 1 AI S y is w r itt e n a bov e i in b l in in a n o t /z er l1 a n a ’
. 10 Co s .

( P B /i xx . i ii , 1 28 ) h elm e . I VS , 7 71 l] € 3 . 11 i I .
— I I . l/ S , E dd w r e c a n
.
; Co s . w r e c en .

4 AI S de
o n s u n de C u w e cc e ?
7 71 . s en de 1 . s u n de ; 7 71 .
(t r a ns . Gn . san . .

5 717
1 li
e he .

3 3 7 71 n o t e ge o fo n ; E t t in gyfe n
.
4 E t t in p r op os es flO d a r a r e d ; C u . . . . flo d
af sed
y C os
(
. P B B xx i ii ,.1 2 8 ) fa m ge w e a lc a n ( <f I B B xxi, 1 9 t o A n d
.
‘
. .
, .
 R I D D LE S OF TH E E X E T ER BOO K 3

st r e a m a s s ta u p b ea t ao , s t u n du m weo r p a p

o n s t e a lc hle o pa st an e o n d so n de ,

wa r e o nd wa ge , po u n e ic win n e n de ,

h o lm m a gn e b ipe a h t , h r u sa n s ty r ge ,

si de s a gr u n da s su n dh e lm e n e ma g

lo s ia n a t m e c l a te , pe m in li t t éo w b i ts
o n si a p ge h wa m , S a ga po n c o l m o n, ,

h wa m ec b r e gde o f b r i m e s fa m u m
p ,

s t r éa m a s e ft
po n me s t i l le we o r paO,

JPa ge pwa
' re,
pe m e c a r wr u go n .

| H wilu m m e c m in fr ea fa t
s e ge n e a r wa iS,
se n de fi p o nn e u nd e r sa lwo n ge
—
be ar m [p ]
o ne b r a
id e m end o n b id wr ic e tS,

r a fa o o n r y m m a su m ne
p pys t r u m p
h a ste me hear d s ite tS
o n e n ge ,
pa r

b r fi se on h r y c ge n ah ic h wy r ft we ge s

of p im
a figlfic e , ac ic épe ls t OI

ba l e pa h r er u h o r n sa lu wa giaiS,

wer a wic s t e de we a lla s b e o fia ti

s t éa p e o fe r s t iwit u m . S t i l l e pyn c e o
ly ft o fe r londe o n d l a gu swige ,

o ppa t ic o f e n ge ti p apr in ge

7 7 71 R .
, W . s t e a lc h le o pa ; E tt m . s t e a lc h le o pu . C u h le o pu
.
? Comp a r e

2 s a n de E tt m la dt e o w
5 8 . E tt m . . 1 I . .

4 Tlz e r e is n o si gn of
'
f ter B id 3 n o r sp a c ing in tb e M S bet w een 3 a n d 4
c los ing a .
,

e n ds t /z e p ag e) a n d h w ilu m beg in s w it/i a s m a ll lett er ; bu t t /z e

( p e r /z ap s
beca u s e 3 ,

y m a r ks t /z e c los e of a r iddle
c lea r l I S iev ( B B B x 4 79
p r eceding f o r m u la ) fr e a . . .
,

r es o lv e d . 2 AI S , Gn .
, I/V. s a lw o n ge ; Gn . s a lw o n ga s ? T/1 .
, E tt m . sa lw o n ge .

3 fl e r z
f ( p 68 ) f or
. m et r ica l r ea s o n s pp lies o n ; H o lt/z a u s e n ( A ng lia xi ii
su , 3 58)
ho me . AI S . o n b id ; T/1 .
, E ti m . on b ed 5 AI S , T/i , C u
. W b a t s t ; Co s . .
, . . h a ste
h h a st AI S W ii, 6 8 , Co s h ea r d
'

bu r .
, Gn .
, . h e o r d ; 7 72 . n o te, Sp r . . . 6 Tli .
, E tt m .
,

C u h w yr ft w e ge s ;
. h w y r ft -w e ge s .
7 M S a gla c a 8 AI S b r e r a ; T/i , E t t m
. . .

h r er e 1 0 E ti m
. . s t igwic u m ? 12 a in a br i nge is w r itt e n a bov e t /z e lin e in
a n o t /z er ba nd .
4 R I D D LE S OF THE E XE TER BOO K

e fn e s w zi m e c w isa p se m e c w r a de on

a t fr u m sc ea fte fu r pu m l e gd e
bend e 0 n d c lo m m e , pa t ic o n b fi ga n n e m ot

Of pa s ge w e a lde pe m e we ga s t a c n e o .

H wilu m ic sc ea l u fa n ypa w r e ga n ,

[ s t r éa m a s
] 0 nd t O s t a pe pywa n
‘

s ty r ga n

flin t gr a gn e flOd fam ig w inn e ti

'

wa g w io we a lle w o nn ar ise o
'

'

dfin o fe r dype , hy r e de o r c on l as t ,

c ar e ge b lo n de n , Ope r I Er eo,

p a t h y ge m ittao m e a r c lo nde n éa h

h éa hlin c a s .
p a r b io h lfi d w u d u ,

b r im gie s ta b r e a h t m b ida b
‘

st i lle
s t e a lc s t an h le o pu s t r ea m ge w in n e s ,

h Opge h n as te s, po n n e h éa h ge pr in g
o n c leo fu c r
yde o pa r b io c eo le w en

s li r e s a c c e ,
p gif h i ne 5a b y r e ti

on pi gr im m a n t id, ga s t a fu ln e ,

p a t hé sc yle r ic e b ir o fe n we o r pa n ,

féo r e b ifo h t e n fa m ig r id a n
a h r y c gu m a r b iiS e s a su m
i p p g
h a le pu m ge ywe d, par a pe ic h yr a n sc e a l

s t r o n g o n s t iowe g : h wa ge s t ille fi pa t ?
“ '

H wilu m ic pu r h r a se p a t me de O
ri on ba c e,
—
w o n wae gfa t u , w id e t Opr in ge

lagu s t r ea m a fu l l , h wilu m l a te e ft

7 71 w r a de ; E ti m Cu IV w r a Se 18 AI S g ap ; 7 71
V

1
3 . .
, .
, . . no .

s t r e am as . AI S , 7 71 by r a n ; 7 71
. . n o te pyw a n 20 E tim .
, Cu .
. wo n . 22

e ar
ge b lo n de
-
2
3 E ttm , C u . . hi . 7 71 . n o te g e m e t a ifi ? E t tm .
ge m e t a 6
‘

. 2 7 Sp r .

ii 4 7 h e a h ge pr in g 2 9 E tt m b ir e O 3 1 AI S E ttm IV r i ce ; 7 71 n ote
‘

.
, . . .
, .
, .

r ic e n e ? Cu . r ic e r ic u ) ; K la e b ( AI . . P . ii , 1 44) i
r nc e .
3 2 A la eb fer e ( da ng er )
’

. .

— 33 E tt m .
, Cu . byS
‘

.
3 4 AI S , Gn .
, I/ V . a l du m ; E tt m e a ldu m ; h a le pu m ?
.

Cu (Sp r ii 774 ) ypp a n 3 6 AI S , Gn IV ba r ide S B it m r idafi

'

. .
, .
, . on ce ; .
;
Cu . n o te ( H er z f . p .
45) r ide S o n b a c e
‘
?
6 R I D D LE S O F TH E E X E T ER BOOK

sc e al,
o nd me [ ] on h r y c g h lade pa t ic h a b b a n
m e a h t u m ge m a n a d m in e s fr éa n .

Swa 1c ,
pr ym fu l péo w, pr agu m w i n n e
h wilu m u nd er h wilu m sc e al
eo r pa n , ypa

h ea n u n de r h n iga n , h wilu m h o l m u fa n
s t r éa m as s ty r ge , h wilu m s tige u p ,

wo lc n fa r e w r e ge , w id e fér e

sw i ft 0nd s wi pfe o r m .
I S aga h wa t ic h fit te ,

o pp h w fi m
e e c r a re
po nne ic r e sta n me m o t ,

o pp e h wa m e c st a Ope p o n ne ic s ti lle b eo m .

Ic sc eal r agb y s ig m in u m ,
p p
.
e gn e

h r in gu m h a ft e d ,
h y r a n ge o r n e ,

m in b e d b r e c a n , b r e a h tm e c
ypan

pa t m é h a lswr ipa n hlzi fo r d s e a lde .

O ft m e c s la pwe r i gn e se c g O O e
p m e o wle
‘

gr éta n Eo de ; ic h im gr o m h e o r t u m

w in t e r c e a ld o n c we pe ; [ ]
b a t w []
ea r m e

b u n de n n e b ea g b e r ste o h wilu m ,
'
'

ge

SE péa h b ip o n po n c e pe gne m in u m ,
m e dwisu m m e n , me p a t sy lfe ,

pa r w ih t wi te 0nd wo r du m m in

o n s p éd m a ge s pe l ge se c ga n .

6 5 Gn .
, IV . a dd o n . 7 71 . n ote h eb b an 6 6 S iev .
( P B B x, 4 79 )
. r es o lv es fr ea n .

6 9 AI S , Co n , E tt m . h e a h ; Gn .
, II
'

. h ean . AI S E tt m . un de r h n iga n .

7 1 E tt m , C u w o lc e n fa r e
. . .

i ir a b s i ? or
5 1 A I S , 7 71 p g y g;
r a b s i E t t
. m p g
r a e b s i
y g; l g y g pr a c b s
y gi ? Gn .
, IV . .

p g y g
r a b s i 2 AI S.
, 7 7
1 h r in g a n 7 AI S w e a r m lim
. ; 7 7
1 n o t e w e a r m e l i
. m u ? .

E tt m w e a r m u m
. l im e m ; I I o lt /1 .
(I .E iv , 3 8 6 ) w e a r m 8 . l/ S . Eaa ’ ’
.

g e b u n de n n e ; E tim .

ge b u n de n . AI S , 7 71 b a g ; 7 71 . . n ote b e ag . AI S , 7 71 . h w ilu m
b e r s t a S Af t e r Cu
‘

b er s te o; n o te 1 in h w ilu m , is e r a s ed E tt m
‘

I O
‘

. an 0 . .
, .

s ilfe . 1 1 E tt m . se pa r . 1 1 —1 2 AI S m in ~
o ns p e d ; 7 71 m i n o n
. s p ed ; n o t e s p e de ?
m in um
I

or s p e du m ? E ttm . s p e de .
 R I D D LE S OF THE E XE T ER BOO K
7

Ic eo m an h a ga ise r n e w u n d ,

b i l le e b e nn a d, b e ado we o r c a d,
g sa

e c gu m we r ig . O ft ic w ig se o ,

fr éc n e fe o h ta n , fr Ofr e ne we n e ,

pa t m é ge o c c ym e gfi ne win n e s ,
—
zie r ic m id a l d u m e al fo r wu r de

ac m e c h n o ss iaiS h o m er a lfife ,

h e a r de c g h e o r o sc e a r p h o n dwe o r c s m i a, p
b itaO in b u r gu m ic fib ida n so c al

lapr a n ge m o tes N asfr e la c e c y ii n

‘

on fo lc s t e de fi n da n m e a h te ,

par a pe m id wy r tu m wu n d e ge h a lde ,

me d o lg we o r tSa O
‘

ac e c ga ea c e n

pu r h deaosle ge da gu m 0 n d n ih t u m .

M e c ge se tt e 5 6 6 s igo r a wa lde n d
'

C r is t t o c o m pe o ft ic c w ic e ba r ne ,

u n r im u c n ,
y eor pa n ge te n ge ,

n a te m id ni e ,
p s w a 1c h im no h t ine ,

m e c fr e a m in fe o h t a n h at e p
'

p o u ne .

H wilu m ic m o n igr a m Od fir éte ,

h w ilu m ic fr éfr e p a 1c a r w in n e lo n

fc o r r a n swi e p hi p a s fElaiS péa h

6 3 S iev ( B B B x, 4 76 ) r es olves s e o
. . .
5 AI S , AI .
, 7 71 m e c
. . 6 E tt m ildu m . .

. .
’
Gn e a ll E ttm fo r w u r ZSe ; Gn fo r w u r cie .
‘

.
7 E tt m . l afa — 8 . MS , 7 71 .
jwe o r c ;
7 71 . n o te h an dw e o r c ; A Gn .
, h a n dwe o r c ; I/ V h o n dw e o r c
. .
9 AI S ,
E tim .
, R . ab i da n ; C u .
, W a b i da n . 10 It
’
. l a pr a . 13 Sp r . i , 2
51, e a de n ?

E tt m . w e o r iie iS .

7 I
/ V . [Va c/1 n ih t u m is t die lz a lf te de r z eile f r ei , au f i11 r s t elz t u ber C r i s t die
S be a h (BBB x, 4 79 ) fr e a AI S
’
r u ne .
4 7 71 . n ot e s wa -
5 S ie v . . r es o lv e d ; ,

E dd . m in fr e a ; H o lt /1 .
(B b . ix, 3 5 7) f r iga m in .
7 [w e l] bef o r e fr e fr e a dded by
Gn .
, I/ V . 7 71 . n o te fr e fr ige . 7 71 n o te pa be ?
.
8 R I D D LE S OF THE EXE T ER BOO K

s wy lc e pa s Opr e s , po n h e ic e ft hy r a

o fe r dEO p ge dr ea g dr o h ta o b ét e
‘

H r a gl m in s wiga o po u n e ic h r fi sa n tr ed e

o ppe pa w ic b u ge o ppe wa d o dr Efe .

H wilu m m e c fih e bb a b o fe r ba by h t
‘
‘

l e pa
hy r s te m in e 0 nd péo s h éa ly ft ,

o nd m e c po nn e wid e wo lc n a s t r e n gu

o fe r fo lc b y r e O F r a twe m i ne
‘

S wo ga O h lfide o n d sw in s ia ii,

t o r h te s i n ga o, p u ne
o ic ge t e nge me b e o m

flOde 0 nd to lda n , fer e n de ga s t .

I c pu r h m i i p sp r e c e m o n gu m r e o r du m ,
‘

w r e nc u m i
s nge , w r i x l e ge n ea hh e

h éa fo dwOpe , h lfi de c r m e,i
h e a lde m i n e wisa n , h léo pr e ne m i pe ,

e a ld a fe n sc e o p , e o i lu m b r i n ge

b l i sse in b u r gu m po u n e ic b fige ndr e

s t e fn e s ty r m e st ille on wic u m

s it ta o s wige n de . S a ga h wa t ic h atte
p e s wa sc ir e n ige sc éa we n dw isa n

10 MS , 7 71 . b e t a n ; C u b e t e ; Sp r . . i .
99 b e ta n [s c e a l] . Ru ne S s ta n ds a t clo s e

f
o tb e r iddle .

a8 ? 4 78 ) h e a ; I I olt /i
8 Tli n o te s wo 4 S ie v (P B B x, r es o lves
(B b ix,
‘

1 .
g . . . .

‘ ‘

3 5 7) h e a [ ] 6 E ti m b ir e b E t t m fr a t w a 7 E ti m s w in s ja b e ao 9 Gn
‘

e . . . . . . . .

ga s t ; w gas t . .

g Tb e r u n e C is o v e r tl1 1 s r iddle o n li n e w i t/1 fe r e n de ga s t

'

4 n o te

8 AI S 7 71
‘ ‘

h le o po r ; E t i m h le o bo r ; Gn h le o Or e s ; C u 2 h le o b r e ( in s t )
’

s it e fi;
‘ ‘ ‘

,
. . . .

AI S
‘

E ti m s it a B ; Cu I V , C os s it t a b Cu IV n i e n de ; Cu h n ige n de ?
‘ ‘

. .
, . . .
, .
, .
g .

E tt m .
, C os . s w ig e n de 9 AI S .
( T ) pa s w a s c ir e n i
ge ; 7 71 .
pa i
s wa s c r e n i ge ; 7 71 .

s ci r e n i e ; C u s c i r e n ige ,
'

g l Gr aj v i,
E t tm i/it e r ?
be ;
‘
n o te .
g . s cu r r v .

549
Sp r . ii , 2 96 i
sc r e n i ge ( 1 s t p er s . sg .

f
c ni a n
g ) ; B os z o o r t /i T olle r , p 8 3 7,
-
. sc re c i i ge ;
Cos .
( BB B . xxii i , 1 28 )
‘
s c ir e n i
ge is t o be c lz a ng e d to s c ie r n ic ge s c e r ic
ge , in iin a ,
’
S lz r . 1 40 scearec
ge , Ly e .
I O R I D D LE S O F THE E XE T ER BO O K

b r i m es 0 nd b éa m e s on b la c u m h r a gle

s um e wa ro u h wit e h y r st e m in e ,

pi m e c lifge nde lyft u pp fih Of,

w i nd of wa ge , s i ppa n wid e b a r

o fe r se o lh b a o p . S a ga h wa t ic h iit te .

H r a gl is m in h a so ffig, h y r s te b e o r h t e

r ea de 0 n d s c ir e o n r ea te
[ s in d
] .

I c dy sge d we l l e ,
0 nd d o le h we tt e

u n r a dsi a s , p O pr u m st yr e
n t t r e fOr e I c pa s n o wih t wfit
y .

pa t 11 8 0 s i ge m a dde , m a de b e s t o le n e ,

dé de ge dwo le n e , dEo r a p m in e
wo n wis a n ge h wa m . W5 h im pa s
pea we s ,

i ppa n h Ea h pr i n ge 8 ho r da déo r a st ,
‘

if hi u n r i z de s
g {Er ne ge s wic a p

I 3

FOtu m ic fe r e , fo lda n S l ite ,

gr e ne w o n ga s , pe n d e n ic gfz as t b e r e
‘

G if m E fe o r h lo sa h, ta s te b i nd e
'

s we a r t e Wéa la s , h wilu m S Ella n m en .

H wilu m ic déo r u m dr inc a n l le

'

se

b e o r ne f l) OS m e , h wilu m m e c b r yd t r ie de O
‘

o .

fe la w lo n c fOt u m , h wilu m ic o r r a n b r Oh t

Wa l e
-

w o n fe a x we ge B o nd as ,
1)
‘

7 Tr b ear m e s AI S Tl1 h r a gl — 8 E tt m h y r s t a
“

. .
.
, . . .

1 2 2 771 e s ec o n d /1 a lf lin e is o bv io u s l y dq/ec /iv e Cu . a dds m i nu m ,

r ect s , p r op o s ing m in ;
ej Tr .
(BB . xix, ) [h a fo ] 1 73 .
3 Tr . dr o
ps I c .
4 AI S
unr a d s i ba s ; E dd . u nr a ds ipa s l /e r gf
( p 68 ) o n u nr a
. . . ds ipa s or unra dge s ipa s ; Tr .

ds ipa AI S
’ ‘

9 Tr h e a r m f o r h e a h E dd b r in ge b ; Co s pr in ge O
‘

unr a
‘

. . . . .
, .

3 6 AI S
‘

Tl1 b e o r n E tt m b e o r n u m 8 E tt m n o te py S : pyw e b ; S iev (BB B

‘

1 , . . . . . .

x, 4 77) r es o lv es 1)
1
Co s . xx i ii , 1 29 ) pt Je S
‘

.
 R I D D LE S OF THE E X E TER BOO K I I

do l dr u n c m e nn e n deo r c u m n ih t u m ,

wa te B in wa t r e , wy r m e is h wilu m
'

fa gr e t O iyr e ; fa tSm e s t ic a
’

mé p
‘

on
i

h yge gfila n hon d , h wy r fe tS ge ne a hh e ,

s wife 6 m e ge o n d swe a r tn e Sa ga | h wa t
'

pe ic lifge nde 10nd r éa fi ge

e nd a ft e r dEa pe dr y h t u m pe o wrge .

I 4

10 se a h tu r f t r e da n , t yn wa r o n e a lr a ,

s ix ge b r Opo r o nd by r a sw e o s t o r m id

h a fdo n fe o r g c w ic o . Fe l l h o n ge do n

s weo t o l 0 n d ge syne o n se e s l wa ge

a ura ge h wylc es . N e wa s hyr a a ng u m py

d éah h sce o ldo n
n e si e
py sar r e , p y s wa
r e a fe b ir o fen e , dr a we a r de s
'

ro

m e a h t u m iawe ah te , m upu m Slit a n

h a swe b léde . H r a gl b iO ge n iwa d

pam pe a r fo r tic ym e n e fr a t we léto n

'

l i o ga n on l i st e , ge wita n 10 n d t r e da n .

I S

1 0 wa waepe n wiga N ii m ec wlo n c pe c eo

'
‘

-
s .

ge o n g h a go s te a ldm o n go l d e 0 n d sylfr e ,

wo u m wir b o gu m . H wilu m we r a s c y ssatS

h wilu m ic t O h i lde hléo pr e b o nn e

'

w ilge hlépa n h wilu m wyc g b y r e p

m ec o fe r m c ar ee h wilu m m e r e h e n ge st

9 T/z do l dr u n c m e n n e n ; C u
' ’
.
-
.
‘
du n c m e n n e n vg l a li a
- ? . . tunc . 12 T/i .
, E tt m .

h yge ga l a n h o n d 1 5 S iev ( B B B x, 4 9 1 ) péo w ige

. . . .

14 1 A I S , E dd excep t Tr ( B B xix, 1 77) x . 2 AIS . . .

, E dd . exc e p t Tr . VI .

3 Gn fe o r gc w ic o
. .
5 Tr . Na s . 6 AI S , T/t . sar ra ; Co s . n e s iii py s ar ra .

A w a p e n w i ga n 2 S w m o nn AI S s y lfo r e ; E tt m s ilfo r e ;
’
1 5 I .
j
n o te c o n e ct u r es . . . .

Kl . n o te s lo fr e ?
y S iev .
( B B B x, 4 5 9 ) s y lfr e
.
5 E ttm w ic g E tt m , I i l b ir e 8 .
— . . .
’

.
”
.
 I” R I D D LES O F THE EXE T ER BO O K

fe r e h o fe r fi ficla s , fr a t wum b e o r h t n e ;

h wilu m m a gha su m m in n e ge fy lle o

‘ ‘ ‘

b Os m b Ea gh r O de n h wilu m ic [ ] h
ono r d um

he ar d h Ea fo dlEa s , b e h lype d lic ga n ;

h wilu m h o n gige , h y r s t u m fr a t wed,

w lit ig on wa ge pfé r we r a s dr in c a O

fr CO lic fy r ds c e o r p h wilu m fo lc w iga n

'

'

w ic ge we ga o, po u n e ic w ind e sc e a l
‘

S in c ffig s we lga n of s um es b Os m e 5

h wilu m ic ge r e o r du m r nc a s i la 8 ige
'

w lo n c e t O win e h wilu m wr i pu m s c e al

s t e ine m in t e fo r s to le n h r e dda n ,

flym a n fGo n ds c e a pa n . F r i ge h wa t ic h i tte .

1 6

lH a ls is m in h wit , 0 nd h éa fo d fe nlO

si d an s wa s o m e ; sw i ft ic com on p e

b e a do wa p e n h e r e : me on ba c e s t a n da fi

h Gr s w y lc e s w e o n h le o r u m h lili a O t u

e a r a n o fe r Gugu m o r du m ic s t e p pe

M E b iO gy m w ito d
‘

in r e ne a
g gr s .
,

le a n o n tin de O,
git m e c o u bfi
‘

w a lgr im w i ga , p§ r ic w ie b fi ge ,

b o l d m id b e a r n u m ,
o nd ic b i d e pa r
.

m id ge o gu Oc n Osle h wo n n e ga s t ume
‘
‘

9 A I S E dd ic h o r du m
, 1 0 E tt m .b e h liNe d ; C u n o te b e h l w e d ?
y Sp r . .
‘

. . i . 87 ,

m a r l s a s m isp r i n t ) ; A7 w e c ga b
‘
2
b e h le l e d P 1 4 G n w e c ga N ( G n 1 6 Gn S 70
‘
'
i . .
. . .
, .

ic [t o ] 1 7 AI S . T/i .
, w r a ppu m . 1 9 Tb e gn af t
si e r h a t te s ee m s to m e

no r u ne a s II c o n /ec t a r es , bu t p a r t 1
7 11 c lo s i ng s i gn .

1 6 2 T/1 .
, E tt m .
, Cu .
, g iv e in co r r ect l t' AI S'
r ea din
g sw st i . E tt m . in .
4 AI S ,

7 71 . her sw
y lc e s w e o n lle o r u m ; T/1 . n o te li a r sw
y lc e sw
y n e ; E t t m h a r s w y lc e .

s w ne i ; Gn .
, I V h e r s wy lc e s u e : Cos
. . her sw
y lc e s u ge ; H o lt /1 ( B b ix 3 5 7)
. her . .
‘

[i n ]e I
'
w y lc e sw h le o r um tu ls o m it s t r e ic li u n h liti a O lI c L her s w y lc e
‘

s , on . a g von ; . .

A
'

h le o r u m h liti a 8 1 1 1 T/1 E ttm a ls o c lo s e lin e w it /1 t u ; C u II w it /1

‘
s we o n
‘

; .
, . , . .
, .

h lifi a b
‘
‘

. 6 AI S , 7 71 g r e n u e
. .
7 E t im . un h a le — 9 . AI S b lO d .
14 R I D D LE S OF TH E E X E T ER BO O K

I c h im pa t fo r s to nde ,
. i
g f m in s t eo r t
po laiS
0 nd m ec w ip m o to n
’

s ti n e p s tz tn a s

ta s t e ge h a b b a n . F r i ge h wa t ic h i tt e .

1 8

Ic eo m m u ndb o r a m in r e h e o r de ,

e o do r wir u m fa s t , i n na n ge fy lle d .

dr y h tge s t r éo n a . D a gtidu m o ft

s p a t e s p e r e b r Oga n s p Ed b ip py m a r e

fy lle m i n t e . Fr Ea pa t b ih e a lde fi ,

hfi m e Of h r i fe lléo ga O hy lde pila s .

H wilu m ic swe a r t n m s w e lga n o n gin n e

b r iin u m b e a do wa pn n m , b itr u m o r du m ,

e glu m fi t to r s p e r u m I s m in in n a O t i l ,
‘

wo m b h o r d wlit ig, wlo n c u m ( lEo r e

m e n ge m u n a n pa t m G pu i h m fi p fa r e N
‘

1 9
Ic eo m wu nde r lic u w ih t me m a g wo r d s p r ec a n ,

ma l d an fo r m o nn u m , pEa h ic m fi p h a b b e ,
“

wid e wo m b e

I c wa s o n e co e l o nd m in e s c n OS le S mi .

Ic sea h [s o m o d] [
4 I2 It;
N h y ge wlo n c n e h éa fo db e o r h t n e

of A/ S b at t l e ; AI S
'
1 7 10 Tli s r ea din g , ( in .
, 771 . li a t t E .

1 8 O ve r t b c r iddle s t a n ds i n t il e AI S . t li e B-r u n e , a n d o ver Me 8 , M e L-r u n e .

xix, 1 8 0 ) 11 1 in r a AI S ( I f) do r w ir u m ; Gn do r
"

1 Tr . . 2 . . T/1 .
, Tr . co .
, II . eo

w ir u ni .
5 AI S , 7 71 . fr e o . 6 AI S , 7 71 . h ylde py l a s . 8 ( 71 1 .b e a du w a p n u m ‘
.

[h ar t ] af te r
‘

( ma jor m e t r ica l [o ft ] m e n ; Tr ge w iln ia h in s tea d of

" ‘

1 1 r ea s o n s or .

ge m u n a n .

il S aft e r w o m b e 4 Af t e r l ign f c lo s ing

'

1 9 3 . I o
g ap i n . . . m a, u su a s (

T ( in . s ugg es t a la c u n a .

20 1 Tb e a ddit io n is ( fr e in
'
s I / ic l et ie r '

( A ng lia x, 5 9 2 ) S o m o d ic sea h . I I o /t li .

( Bb . ix 3 5 7) , o n d bet w ee n r u n es R a nd O .
 R I D D LE S O F TH E E X E T ER BOO K 1 5

swift n e o fe r sa lwo n g s wi ep pr a ga n
h a fde h im 0n .
h r yc ge h ilde pr ype ,
X
“

I F? [] , na gle dn e r ad

F X [] P;
V
widlast fe r ede

r yn e s t r o n g o n r i de r Ofn e F5
'
7 5
F F
I ( ) N; fOr wa s py b e o r h t r e ,
swylc r a si pfa t . S aga h wa t ic hatt e .

Ic eo m wu n de r lic u wih t , on ge w in sc e a p e n ,

fr e a n m m u m II EO f, fa gr e gegy r we d

by r n e is m in b léo fag, swylc e beo r h t se o m a o

wir y m b po n e wa lgim pe m e wa lden d ge ai,

se m e widga lu m wisatS h wilu m

sylfu m t o sac e .
Po u n e ic s in c we ge

p ur h hlu t t e r n e da g, h o ndweo r c sm i a , p
go l d o fe r
ge a r da s . O ft ic ga s tb e r e n d

3 AI S s w is t n e ( n ot s w is n e , E tt m br a gj a n 4 AI S T/i h i l de pr y pe
‘
. .
, .

(
“
bo ld in 5 6-AI S
, , Tft .
, Gn , I/ V. r ad AG EW .

7 71 . n o te, E ttm .
, D ietr .
( xi,

4 65) r ad N G E
. . . W; Cu . n o t e s ugg es ts

N O . . M . na gle dn e R A G . . .

[
w od R E
] . W . w idla s t fe r e de .

I I icl et ier
’

( A ng lia x, 59 2) r a nd
f or r ad ; WO EI> ( NG Eb) f o r AGEW . Tr .
(B b v .
, 4 8)

N 0 . .
[
ond ] M . N a gle dne ga r
W . O . E b . . w idla s t fe r e de .

C os .
(P B B . xx iii , 1 29 ) r ad ( R) A G , .
g ar ; E (eh ) , W ( w y nn ) s b o u ld be cb a ng ed

to WE ( w y nn e h ) , w eil da m it da s r os s be z eicl/ n e t w ir a , de r w idla s t fe r e de

. . I l o lt /i
’
.
’
.

( B b ix 3 5 7) W E w y n n e E t t m n o t e n dla s t ? —
7 8 T/1 S iev ( A n glia xi ii ,
.
, y . . . . .
, .

I I o lt lt l c CO FAH . 8 I I o lt li F A [
. . 0 nd
] H 8 I Vo g ap in AI S ; T/i n o te
. . . . .

fo r C u be o r h tr a 9 Cu
’
‘
I I er e a lin e is w a n t ing ; E tt m . i n dica tes a
g ap bef o r e . . . .

n o te h w a t h io ? E tt m . h ate .

2 1 2 Gn . fa ge r e 3 AI S ,
l s e o m a
. d 4 TA n o t e w e r e o r w ir u m ? wa l . . .
‘

is w a l gim a p er ipli r a s is f or b y r n e 6 E dd , cit ing AI S in

’
r im m an ? - ?
g or .

c o r r ec t ly , r ea d r i c e ; C u n o te s i e ? Sp r
g i i , 4 4 6 s i ge ; AI S r ea ds p la in ly s a c e ;
.
'

. .

so B AI . .
16 R I D D LE S OF THE EX E T ER BOO K

c we lie c o m p wa pn u m . C y n in g m e c gy r we ifi

s n c e o n d s e o lfr e
i 0nd m ec o n se e l w e o r pa ii

ne wy r n e O wo r d l o fe s ,
w i sa n m a ne o

m i n e fo r m e n go , pa r h y m e o du dr in c a tS

h e a lde o m e c on h e a po r e , h wilu m la t e iS eft

r adwér ign e on ge r u m sc e a c a n ,

o r le gfr o m n e . O ft ic Opr u m s c Od

fr éc n e a t h is fr éo n de ; féih e om ic w id e ,

wa p n u m a wy r ge d . 1 0 m e w en a n ne ea r t
p
pa t m e b e a r n wr a ce on b o n a n feo r e ,

gif m e gr o m r a h wy lc gu pe ge n a ge o
ne w e o r pe iS sio m a gb u r g ge m ic le du
e afo r a n m inu m pe ic a ft e r w o c ,

m i h lfifo r dléas h weo r fa n m o t e

n
y pe c

fr o m pfim h e a lde n de pe m 6 h r in ga s geat

m 6 b io fo r iS w ito d, gif ic fr éan h yr e ,

gu p fr e
e m m e, s wa 1 C gie n dyde ,
m in u m péo dn e on po n o , pa t ic po l i an se c a l

b e a r n ge s t r éo n a ic w ip b r yde me m 6t

h a m e d h a bb a n , ac me pa s h y h t ple gan
gen o wy r n e iS se m e c gea r a on

bend e l e gd e fo r po n ic b r fi c a n sc e a l

on h a go st e a lde ba l e pa ge s t r e o n a .

O ft ic wir u m do l w i fe Eb e lge ,

wo n i e hy r e w illa n h éo m e wo m s p r e c e iS,

flOc e O h y r e fo lm u m , fi r e n a p m e c w o r du m ,
‘

u n gOd ga le E
S ic ne g m e pa
y s c o m pe s

10 Tli . fe o lf r e ( m isp r in t ) . I 3 T/1 .

, Cu . me . 1 4 G1 1 . s c eac en
( m isp r in t ) .

7 Cu n o te aw r de d ? Gn n ot e ge h n a g 5
? AI S Cu I V ge a r o ;
‘

1 19 e 29
.

y .
, .
, .

S iev (P B B x, 5 1 9 ) ge a r we H er zf (p 4 4 ) gea r a 3 5 T/i n o te I I er e a leaf of

‘
. .
; . . . .

AI S is IV de r H S is t
’
t lz e ev ide n t b i w a n t ing ; .
‘
in n ic lz t s T/1 e r e
is no clos i ng si
gn in t lz e AI S . H o lt /1 .
(B b . ix, 3 5 7) f or m et r ica l r ea s o n s a ss ig n s

co m pes to lin e 3 6 .
 I 8 R I D D LE S O F TH E EXE T ER BOO K

-
s t r e a m a s s t r o n gc . O ngu n n o n s tiga n I

on wa gn w e r a s o nd hy r a w i e g so m od

t da n u nd e r h r u n ge pii pZi 11 0 1 s O Ob a r
‘
'

e h 0 n d c o r las a sc u m de a lle

o fe r wa t r c s b y h t wa gu t O l a nd e ,

s wa h i ne o xa n e t Ga h ne e s a l .
m a ge n

ne la t h e n ge s t ,
‘
ne o n flOde s wo m,

no h e gr u n d e d ge s t u m u nd e r ,

no l a gu dr é lde ,
no on ly lt e ll c a g,

ne u nd e r I XL t c y r de b r Oh t e h wa pr e
‘ ‘

b eo r n a s o fe r b u r na n 0nd h y r a blo n c a n m id

fr o m s ta he h o nu m pa t hy s t o pa n u p
" ‘

c lle n r Ole , 13
on Ope r n e ,
[ 1 06
] 20

we r a s OI n c 0 nd h y r a w i e g ge s u n d .

24

Ago t is m in . no m a e lt o n h wy r fe d .

1c c o nt w r I r t lic w ih t
‘

on go w i n s c ea
pen .

P o nne ic o nh fi
ge o n d 111 6 o f b o s m e fa r e 8
‘

:E tt e n o n ga , ic b e o m e a llge a r o ,

p t ii 11 1 6
pa t fe o r h b e a lo fe o r a s wa p e
‘

a .

S i ppa n me so wa lde n d, S E 11 1 6
pa t wi te ge s c o p ,
le o po fo r
—
k1 10 8
7
iv b Z O lc n gr e po n n e a t ,
‘

,
.

o ppa t iv s pzfi .
te , sp i ld e ge blo n de n ,
c a lle lo ii tt o r pa t iv E l fi ] n géa p .

N e t Ogo n ge N pa gu m e n a ln vy lc u m
‘

h lo du n AI S
'

10 E tt m . . 1 1 7 71 . n o te e o h as 13 , 7 71 Cu .
, II . e s na ; Cu .

c s la ? Spr . i , 2 28 e s a orl e s o la . E tt m . . ( in . 11 1 .1
‘

gn . 1 4 AI S , Tli . . Cu .
, IV
.

fa t h e n ge s t ; E tt m . if t ;
‘
n o te {$ 1 0 t fa t ? Sp r . i ,
2 74 fw t h e u ge s t . I t) E tt m .

( h a fde . AI S , 7 71 . o f ; 771 . n o te o n P 1 7 AI S . o n de r . E tt m . c ir de . 18 E ti m h im . .

19 E tt m .
, ( In . hi s to po n .

2 4 4 . il S .
( 71) a t re no n a
g ; TI1 . a
‘
tt r en o n ga . ( In . co m . Ti1 . . Cu .

ca ll ge a r o ; e : 1 ll
g e ;1 r o 7 H e r s/ I ( p 6 2 ) c o m f or b e o
. . . Cos . l e n gr a . 8 Cu .

X AI S 7 71 e a l fe l o AI S , E dd a r ; S ie v ( l B B’
O O , . . .
‘
. . x, Co s . a ror .

771 ge 8
‘
10 . to go n .
 R I DDLE S O F T H I C I CX I CT I CR BO O K [9

E n igu m pe poe t ic 155 1 y m b s p r ic e

“

ca 1
,

b r in e b me of h r i fe flEo ge iS,
’

gif h i ne poe t
‘ ’

p t 1011 e m andr in e m re gn e ge c e a p a ];
c
a 1

fu llwe r fres te féo r e sin e .

N e l l e ic u n b u n de n ae m gu m h ym n
n y m pe s e a r o s ae le d S a ga h wa t ic h i tt e
e
. .

25

10 c o m w u n de r lic u w 1l1 t , wr ac sn e m in e s t e fn e
-

h wilu m b e o r c e s wa h u m l, h wilu m l te s wa gi t ,
'

h wilu m gr fi l e s wa go s , h wilu m gie lle s wa b a lo c

h wilu m ie o n h y r ge po n e h a swa n ear n,

fi 6 f l h lE p h wilu m gl id a h de
‘

e s o or ; r eo r
g 11 g
m fi pe ge m ae n e , h wilu m m ae we s so ng,

ie gla d o _ s i t te . X m ec 11 6 111 11 21 6 ,

’
s wy lc e F 0 nd R 5
F fu llEs t e i
'

[ 0 nd
] N 0nd I
. N 11 ic h fit e n eo m

swa 11a s ie x s t a fa s s weo t u le b Ec n a p .

26

Ic eo m wu nde r lic u wih t , wifu m 0 11 hy h t e ,

n e a h h fi ndu m n y t ; n ze n gu m s c e ppe
b u r gs it t e ndr a ny m p b o
e na n an u m .

St a po l m in is s t Ea p h Ea h , s to m le ic on b e d d e,

h 11 5 t h w55r N épe iS h wilu m

'

p
‘

n eo a n r ii .

fu l c y r t e n u l c e o r le s do h to r ,
6 1lwlo n e m Edwle ,
'

p t heo m e c gr ipe b,
‘

111 oe i
on
c

[I 7 71 .
‘
s p r i te 1 4 l it /d fu l l w e r ; 7 71
. . n o te fu l-h w e r ?

“ ( gy m / 1 fu llwe r
1

25 I 7 71 . n ote wr x i le ? f or w me s n e . 2 xxxv u , 207 ) s wa h u nd

b e o rc e or bel le s wa h ear g 07
‘

b e o rce s wa b ic c e .
—9 Co s .
[0 n d] at la zy /H u n g or

wu l o/ I/ a /f lin e ; -
’
H .
[s am o d] .

(p 63 ) n e a h lm n du m
’
2 6 2 /lI S , n e a h b u e n du m ; S te w x, IlI mz
'
-

. . . . .

4 [i/ 82,
f
1 Gn .
, l li c a b ;
IV . s tea ) [l o /t n .
‘
s le z i p h e a h
( cf . C an . 28
39 ,
1 8 4 ) a n t i/x l 1 e a h l1 wac 1
Tr ( /f xix,
I f 5 fr nut
'

. . . . .
20 R I D D LE S OF TH E E XETER B O O-K

—
r aese fi m ec o n r éo dn e , r éa fa E
S m in h éa fo d,
‘

fege fi m e c on fms t e n fEIe p s o n a

m in e s ge m é t e s s eo
pe m e c n e a r wa iS,

wif wu n de n lo c c Eat b i6 p t
‘

“ ae ea ge .

27

M e c féo n da su m féo r e b e sny pe de ,

wo r u lds t r e n ga b i n o m wzé t t e i ppa n

'

s ,

dyfde on w ee t r e ; dyde e ft po n a n ,
se t te on s unnan , E r ic
pa sw i pe b e léas
i m pe ic h ae fde
h ér u m pa . H e a r d m ec s i ppa n
5 11 5 6 se a xe s e c g, s indr u m b e gr u nde n

fi ngr a s féo lda n , o nd m e c fu gl e s wyn

geo nd[s p r e n gde ] s p éddr o pu m s py r e de ge n e a hh e

’

o fe r b r fi nn e b r e r d , b éa m t e lge sw e a lg

s t r éa m e s dé le , s t é p e ft o n m ec ,

s i ade s we a r t lés t M ec i ppa n w r fih

’

p . s

h aele iS hléo b o r du m , h yd e b e pe n e de ,

gie r e de m e c m id go l d e fo r po n m e gliwedo n

wr ze t lic w e o r c sm i a , p wir e b e fo nge n .

N ii pi ge r en o 0 n d s e r e a da t e lg

o nd p i
s wu ldo r ge s t e a ld wid e m a re

dr yh t fo le a helm ,
n ale s do lwit e .

G if m in b e a r n w e r a b ffic a n w illa fi ,

b y b éo fi py ges u n dr a n o nd
py s ige fze s t r a n ,

‘ ‘

8 Cu n o te r ae r e b ? Gn r e o b ne ( Tr r ae r e fi m ec r e o dn e ?
‘
n ot e
‘

. . z ur .

g/z t
B r zl r
s ug
g es t s h r e o de r e ed, 10 I VS , 7 71 . 5 6 7 71 . n ote s e o ?

E tt m b e s n iSe de 3 E tt m di de 5 E ttm S 10 h a r um R 5 pa be
‘

2 7 1 . . . . .
, . . .
, 70 . .

—6 AI S , [I] . s e a xs e s . AI S , AL , E tt m . ec
ge . E tt m . n o te s
yn dr u m 7 7 71 .

n o te fo lda n ? E tt m .
, Gn fe o ldo n . . E tt m .
, Cu . me . 7 71 . n ot e fu l e sw
yn E tt m . e
yn
$ 20 w y n n 8 Gn [s p r e n gde ] I l o /t/z F iv , 3 8 6 )
(I [s p a w ]
’
. . .
, Sm . ( md . . . .
9 n o te

b e a m t e lga ? 1 2 A] . h e o -b o r du m . AI S , AI , Tft , E tt m h y pe ; Gn
. . .
, IV . h y de .

1 5 A h ba
3 C u n ot e fo r fi o n m e 1 4 S w w r ae t t lic f or N u pa 6 E ti m
’
1 1
.
y . . . . .
,

Gn a dd b e o iS bef or e m m r e ; C u ( s
.
‘

i i , 2 2 3) f o/10 w AI S . . 7 $ 71 1 m m r e 11
. . I 7 0 11 .

n o te h e l p ? E t t m IQ , S w do l w it e 1 9 E tt m , Gn .
, . . . . hi .
22 R I D D LES O F TH E E XETER BO O K

29

Bip fo ldzm dzE l {mgr e ge gie r we d

m id py h e a r de s ta n o nd m id py sc e a r p e s ta n

o nd m id py gr y m m e s t a n gu m e n i ges t r éo n a ,
c o r fe n , s w o r fe n , c y r r e d, py rre d,

b u n d e n , wu n d e n , bl c e d, s ce d ,

fr re t wed, ge i t wed, fe o r r a n lze de d

d u r u m dr y h ta dr Ea m b ib in
"

t6 ,
i n n an
e w ie r i w iht a , c le n ge b , le n ge fi
’
‘

pi ra pe i t r lifge n de l o n ge b wil e

w i l na b r fic e h o n d 11 6 w iB s p r ic e fi
‘

o nd
po nn e mit e r déa pe d em an 0 11 gin n e 6 ,
‘

m e l d a -n m islic e . M ic e l is t 6 hy c ga nn e
wisffe s t n m m e n n h w ze t se o w ih t s
y .

30
I c w ih t ge s e a h wu n do r lic e

h o r n n m b it w éo n u m h i pe l§ da n ,

[
l f f e t 16 0 h t lic lis t u m ge gie r we d,
'

y t a

h i pe t6 pi m h i m [e ] of pi m h e r e sipe
'

wa l d e hy r e on
pi e
n b y r ig b fi r i t im b r a n ,

se i r wn m i s e tta n , gif hit swa m ea h te .

Di c w6 m w u n do r lic u w ih t o fe r w e a lle s h r 6 f
—
( 6 0 is llu m 0 1 18 hb i e n du m ) ,
‘

5 ei eo r

i h r e dde pi pi h i pe ,
o nd t6 h i m b e dr i f

AI S ( teto e/z e df r o /n t /t e [ r ee e r /in

f

g po r t , begi n w it /1 a ca
p it a l , a n d app ea r a lt og et/z er a s

a r iddle .
’
U
'

. n a e /1 h a tte .
‘
s te/z t o /s “ Ab e r de e n/z e n ( to n / 1 jb/gt on
f o er
’

C c l /c
' '

2 9 2 E tt m . h w m s s e s tan f or s c e a r p e s tan ; Gn .
[h e o r u ] s c e a r p e s tan .
—3 E tt m .
,

TA
‘

r im m e s t a n 8 gle n ge b
Cu ?
n o te S tew ( P B /f x, 4 82) h yc ga n
‘

.
g . . 1 2 . . .

si Gn ( 1 7 91 9 x, 4 77)
’
1 3 E tt m ; s eo S tee s
y r es o /r eo
r
. .
; . . .

30 2 AI S , T/z . h o r ni a b it w e o n u T/z . n o te h o r num b it w e o m i m P D ietr .

( xi , 4 68 )
h o m aa ( z h o r ni ) ; A
’
. h o r na u .
4 AI S , E do
’
. a w e/ t Tr .
(B B . xix, 1 8 0 ) ham .

5 AI S , Tr . W i lde ; E tt m .
, Gn .
, I V w o l de
. . E tt m . h ir e . f l er z f ( p 5 0)
. .

b u r ge f or b y r ig ? (E . S xxxv ii , 2 08 ) on b yr g pm r e or w a l de ott e r b yr g .

AI S a t im b r a m .
7 E tt m . w u n de r lic u .
9 AI S , T/1 .
, R b e dr m f
. .
 RI DD LES O F TH E E XE T ER BO O K 2 3

wr ec c an o fe r w illa n ge wat hyr e we s t p o nan

fé h pu m fér a n , £
01 6 6 n e tt e 3

d i s t st o ne t 6 h e o fo n u m , d ea w féo l o n eo r pa n ,
n ih t fo r 6 ge wi t n ae m g s i ppa n
'

we r a ge wis t e pé re w ih t e si6 .

31

Ic eo m légb ys ig, l ac e m id w i n d e

b e wu n de n m id wu ldr e , we dr e geso m n a d,

fi s fo r 6 we ge s , fyr e geb y sgad,

b e a r u b l6 we n de , by r n e n de gléd .

Fu l o ft m e c ge sipa s se n d a6 aeft e r h o n du m

t m e c we r as o nd wit wlo n c e c y ssa 6

p ae .

P o nne ic m e c o n h aebb e , hi o n h n iga p t o m e,

m o n ige m id m ilt se , paér ic m o n n u m se c a l
'

c an u p c ym e ea dign e s s e
y .

32

I s pés m idda n gea r d m isse n lic u m

wisu m ge wlit e gad, wr wt t u m ge fr ae twa d .

Ic sea h se l l ie pi ng s n ga n o n r aec e de
i
wih t wees no
[h waepr e ] we r u m on ge m o n ge

10 h ir e . 1 1 AI S , TIL , Tr . o ne t t e 6 . 1 2 S w fe o ll
. .

pp ea r s in tw o dqfler e n t f or m s in tIz e E xeter B o o k ( 1 0 8 a , 1 2 2 o)

'

3 1 TIz z s r iddle a .

TIz e s eco n d o / Iz e M S G / V B L a n d Tr
I
f t z es e is d fec t iv e o n a c co u n t
e of j y
in ur t o t n , , .
, . .

b
’ '

tIz es e v e r s io n s a s a a n d tIz e /z r st t w o nt a / ing e

a, fi l e tIz z r d a nd
f o n r t/z
b , t/z e ba s is of text .

1 a le g b s ig ; o lig b s ig n ot lie b s i , TIL

y y ( y g , Gn .
, Gn .
, B l , Tr . lie -b ys ig ;
I/ V lic b ys ig
. 2 5 Af t er wi nde s o m e 1 7 letter s
. ar e m i s s ing lz e o r e -dr e
y
’
( w e dr e ), lIz e
fi r st being w ( W)
gg es ts w u n de n I/ V . su m it w u ldr e w e Tr w u ldr e b e wu n de n w e .

B A .
t] r ea ds t Iz e lo we r
.
p a r t of w u 3 o ge m ylt e d f o r ge b ys ga d 4 5 I n s tea d of
. .

b e a m a gap of fi z/ e le tte r s ( W ) ; B AI r ea ds p la in ly b e a r
'
6 e bee r I) e c ys s a 6 . . . .
g .

7 a TIL 0 nd h i ; o h i a o n h in ga b ; l) o n h n iga b 8 b m o dge m ilts u m Swa ic

'
'

. .

m o ngu m s ecal .

3 2 2 E tt m wr ae t w u m
. .
—4 E tt m . s io w ih t . AI S on wer u m on ; TIL , E tt m . om it

fir s t on ; Gn .
, W . no ; H er z
f (p. . 68 ) n0
[we r ]; Cos .
( P B B xxi ii , . 1 29 )
‘
no [h wae6 r e ]
( of . lin e
 7
4 RI D D L E S O l" T H IS E XE T ER BOO K

sio h i ld e w ze s t n m wu n do r lie r a n .

N ip e n ve z i r d [wt n i'tte
] wms n eb hy r e ,

{6 1 o nd fo lm e I nge l e ge lic e ;

11 6 h wre pr e ll6o g11 n m mg 11 6 fe lal go n ga n ,

h wzi pr c f6 pe ge o 1 n
‘
fr e m m z m 0 11 g i11 11 e 6 ,
‘

ge c o r e n c r av it n m ( y r r e6
‘

ge n e nh h e
o ft 0 n d ge l e c o r ln m 0 11 ge m o n ge
i te 6 ( c t sy m b le , i l es b ide p
‘

S sa

h wo n ne £
6 1 h éo t r ze
‘

ft hy r e c
ypzm m o te

we r n m 0 11 w o n ge , N e 11 6 0 pa
i r w ih t pi ge 6
pms pe h im :t
‘
t b l i sse h e o r n zi s h a b b i 6 .

D 60 1 d6 m e s ge o r n , h io d um b “ 11 11 11 6 ;

h w m pr e hy re is on {Ci te {E ge r hl6o po r ,
—
w y n lie n 6 6 gi e l11 I § llic m e pi n c e 6
'

11

—
11 1 1 s 6o w ih t 11 1 m
ge w o r du m l i e am
pu r h f6 t neo pa n . Fr m t w e d h y r s t u m

11 : 1 l11 6 hy r e on h ai l s e , po u n e h io h o r d wa r a 6 ,
l1 6 11 g11111 d eal ] b r 6 p0 1 si n e ,
‘ '

—
111 11
5

5 m id m z i gn e
; ‘
. M ic e l is t 6 h y c ge n n e
wis u m “ 6 6 11 0 11 1 11 h w av t [ ] s io w ih t sie .

33
I s p6 s 11 1 idi lnn ge 11 r 1 l m iss e n lie n m
‘ '

wis n m ge w lit e gi d, w r I ét t n m ge lr ze t wnd

-
.

Sipu m se l l ie it 3 011 11 5 011 1 0 h w e o r fa n ,

i 6 1 1 1 111
’

ft e r w ms t n m
’ ’ ’

5 E ttm o nu ts s o an d a nas 0 TIL n o te wa s tem TIL n o te

‘
. . a r . .

( 1 AI S n i e r w e zi r fi
f te r f (p ( 1 8 ) in s e r t s
'

p ; a t Iu s I /e r z . or

3 8 7) ge n e i h h e o r ge n y de d f te r h i r e
‘

g o n
g e n de ; I / o /tIL ( I . I" . . I z tt /n . su
gg e s ts a

( h yre) , ne zi t h is t e l;1 .
— 7 I t t t n t fo l1n ;1
‘

8 I z t t nL ( i n
. .
‘

. . 11 6 .
m ay: ne . 1) ( in . fe 6 e
‘

I ftt /n s 11 1 li le 3 TIL n ote is pp o r tl r ] Me

'

1 R l en o n
‘
I 2
ge o 1 11
’

. . i . o er r o r 1

1 4 TIL n o te o n
g e nm n g e ? 1
5 AI S h abb a d . 1 7 E tt m . h yre . 18 E tt m .

py N I ’ie t r ( xi 4 6 0) TIL E tt m ‘
li m r
‘

nc e . 2 1 . . . 22 . .

b e a gu m ( w it /1 frea r in E ttm s in n e
3 TIL n o te 111 11 g 6 e gdn e ?
‘

2 1 1 1 .1
‘
or
g
‘
. .

E tt m . h yc gz i n n e S te r n x, 4 8 2 ) h yc gi n . : 4 TIL i n s e r ts
[s io ] S im .

x, r e s o lv e s s ie .

6 is E t t m g e w lit e g o d
'

Co n Co n w r a tum ; U t I/ e s ee o n d t in w r mt
‘
‘

33 1 . . 2 . . . .

t u m is a bo v e t Iz e lin e in o n o t /t e r
26 R I D D LE S OF THE E XE T ER BOO K

fi r um on fo l c e , pee t 5 60 0 11 fo lda n sc e al

o n e a lr a londa ge h wa m lissu m s t o n di n .

35

I o wih t ge s e a h in w e r a b u r gu m

s eo p ze t fe o h f6de 6 h a fa 6 fe l a t 6 pi

n e bb b ip h y r e se t n y tt e , n i e r we a r d
p go n ge 6 ,
h o ldlic e o nd t6 h i m
h ipe 6 6 11 6 1
,

wie pe 6 ge o nd w e a lla s, wy r t e 5 6 06 65

aa 11 60 pi fi n de6 pi pe fmst me b ip;

li et e ii h io pi wlit iga n ,
’
wy r t u m fze s t e ,

til le s t o n da n 0 11 s t a o lwo n ge ,
s p
b e o r h t e b lic a n , b lo wa n o nd gr 6 wa n .

36

M ec se “ E ta wo n g, w u ndr u m fr éo r ig,

of h is in n a pe ie r ist c en de .

N e w i t ic m e c b e wo r h tn e wu lle flysu m ,

hé rum
purh h éa h c r ae ft hyge po n c u m m in .

u nde n e 111 6 me b 6 0 6 we fle , ic we a r p h a fu
f
“ né ,
'

me pu r h pr éa ti ge pr ae c u d me h lim m e 6 ,
‘

r ie
p ne

n e {R t m e h r i t e n de h r is il se r i e 6 , p
ne m e c 6 h wo n a n s c eal im c n y ssa n .

Wy r m a s m e c me i wi afa n wy r da c r ze ft u m

pi pe ge o lo go dwe bb gea t wn m fr ze t wa b
’
‘

W i l e m e c m o n h w ze pr e se pEa h wid e o fe r eo r pan

h i ta n fo r h ze le pu m
-
hy h t lic ge wiéde .

Sa ga s 6 6 e w idu m , se a r o
po n c u m gl éa w ,

wo r du m wis fee s t , 13
h wae t pis ge wiede s
y .
[1 0 9 ]
3 5 3 Gn 11 e b
. .
4 S iev .
( P B /3 . x, 4 76 ) r es o lz es
' '
t yh
‘

6 ; Co s .
(P B B . ii i
xx , 1 29 )
t y h e IS 6 On a
‘

. . .

3 6 5 E tt m w e fla S AI S ,
"

. . I I s c e a l a m a s c n ys s a n ; TIL n o t e , E ttm , G n
. . .

u m a ; D iet r a m a ; I I o /t IL
.
( E S xxxv ii , 2 0 8 ) a m s c e a l c n ys s a n ( L e/d
.
9 E t tm . .

a w m fo n . 1 1 Gn 11 1 0 11 m e c . H er s/ Z (p 6 9 ) o m it s s e be a h
. 14 A I S , TIL , A7
. . .

g e w ze dn ; R .
ge w ze da . E tt m . Si .
 R I D D LE S O F T H E E X E TE R BOO K 2 7

Leiden R iddle

M ec se u e ta u o n g ,
uu n dr u m fr éo r ig,

0b h is in n a 6 ae ze r e s t c aen d ae
[]
N i u u i t ic m e c b iu o r t hae n u l l an fliu su m ,

h ér u m 6 e r h h éh c r ae-
ft h igido [j n eu m
[m in ] .

U u ndn ae m e ui b ia 6 u e flae , ni ic na r p h e fae ,

ni 6 e r ih 6 r éa [t ] un gi6 r aee 6 r 6 t m e hlim m it h ,

me m 6 h r i t e n di h r is il s c e lfae6 ,

mi m ec a a m sc e a l c n y s sa .

Uyr m a s m ec ni i u éfu n u y r di c r aeft u m

6 i 6 i go e lu go d n e h ge a t u m fr ae tUa t h .

U il m ec h u dr ae s u ae 6 6h u idae o faer e o r 6 u

h i ta n m ith h el i 6 u m h y h t lic gi né de .

Ni a noe gu 11 3 1c me ae r igfaer ae e gsa n

-
b r o gu m ,

6 6h 6 i n i [m aan fli n a s fr ac j
a dlic ae 0b e o c r u m .

L eide n R iddle (M S . Vos s .

Q . 1 06,
f o . 24 b , in U niv e r s ity L ibr a r y
.
f
o L eide n in
Co n tin e n t a l Iz a n d of n in t Iz ce n t u r y ) . TIz is w a s pr in ted v er y in a ccu r a tely by B et /z
nz a n n , H a up ts Z eits clt r z t v
f 1 99 . D iet r iclt ( D ) p u blis lz ed f a c s im ile .
, tr a ns

it ica l t e t i n t It e AI bu r g p r og r a m , Co m m e n ta t io de I sy n e w u lfi
’

lit er a t io n , a n d cr
x ar

85 9 —1 8 6 0 fI is t ext w a s r ep r in t e d in R iege r s A lt u n d a ng els ac lz

’ '

oeta e a eta t e ,
p 1 .

s is c/z es L es ebu c/z , Gies s e n , 1 8 6 1 w it/t cr itica l e m e n da t io n s . I n 1 8 85 , S w eet

(S w .
) p r in ted in lt is Oldes t E ng lis /t Texts a cr itica l tex t ba s e d p o n t Iz e AI S a n d
u .

t /z e L eide n libr a r ia n s ca r ef ul t r f tIz R iddle by Iz elp of r e

’
a ls o ip t
“
up on a n scr o e

by I f luge , A ng e ls acli s is clz es L es e bu c/z

”
ag e n ts in 1 8 64 S w ee t i s f o llo w ed clos ely ,

888 , 8 97 and by A ss m a n n , G r B ibliot/z eb iii, 2 0 5

’

1 1 ei n

1 Tw o lette r s er a s e d a
f te r ue ta . 2 D .
, R . h ( is ) . D . er
a [e s t ] , R . ze r [is t ] , Sw .
,

I ii , W wr e s t , S w .
‘
m ay be ae r is t ? ’
3 R b iu o r h tw — 4 D , R . . . . b[
i]h
Tb ey co n ec t u r e
j b i h io r t a n m in r e or b i h yge ( R h i ge ) m i n u m , L . .

S w b igido [
.
]
n cum
[m i n u m ], p os s ibly , b y gi I i i , W a s in t ext 6 D , R . . .

D , R gi6 r [ i6 r ae c , it is im o s s ible t o te ll w Iz et Iz er la s t le tter is f ollo w e d

.
]
ae c e , S w
.
g p .

by m o r e letter s o r n ot
h lim m i( t ) d 7 D ( AI S ) , R b r u t e n di,
’
D , R h lim m id, L . . .
- . . . .
-

S w , A l , W h r u t e n du m
.
’

D 18 s ce l[
. f] . . , .
—8 D .
, R 0[h wa n a n ] o r D o [h w ae r ] ;
. .

Al W e ]dr ze
hu[ o fe r R h zf tli6 u m D R
’

Sw .
, .
, as in text . 1 1 D . . R . . 1 2 . . .
, .

h ih t lic . D .
giu ae [di] or
giu w [
de ] , L . Sw .
giu ae de . 1 3 MS ,
E dd .

a n m gu n , B T (p 75 ) in t ex t ( D ddit io n s p a r t ly by D
'

. . . 0 as s ee an . I 4 a .
,

i [m a n ]
i

[fr a c ]a 6 lic e
'

p ar t ly by R . D . r ea ds m
f or ni ; R .
, Sw .
, Isl . n . R . .
2 8 R I D D LES O F THE EXE TER BOO K

37

lo w ih t ge s e a h 0 11 w e ge fe r a n ,

se o we e
s w r i at lic c w n n dr u m ge gie r we d

h z e lde l60 we r e [6 1 u nd e r wo m b e

0 n d e h t u w e , 11 1 0 11 11 I! [1 AI [p] ,

w iil I I f
'

n/ . 1 r ,

1 1 l0 11 h r y c ge ;
f l1 o r s a '

0 11
‘

. 1 . 1 s,

h ze ide 1 6 li pr u o nd t w e lf e ngu n

o n d s ie x h 611 fdn . S i gn h wae t h io mi re .

13 6 1 ll6 dw e g1is ; ne w re s pze t ni I ngu l i nn,

"

pi r 11 11 s t wy li es ge lic n e s ,
‘
ll t 11 11 1 11
‘ ‘ ‘

h o r se s 0n d m o nn es , hu nd es 0 nd fu gl e s ,

0 nd 611 0 wile s wlite .

] ’ i1 w i s t gif pu c o ns t
16 ge s e c ga n n e , pmt we s6 6 w i111 11

h 6 pi fr e w ih t e wis e go n ge .

38

le pi w ih t e ge s e a h wo m b wze s 0 11 h in dnn

pr i pn m i pr n n t e n pe gn fo lgnde ,

ge 11 1 6 ii 0 nd m ic e l h mfde
'
‘
11 1 11 111 11 11 ,

ge l6 1 e d, pi r h is f r /Io ll611 h pu r h h is c a ge
'
i
.

Ne sw
y lte B 11 6 sy m le , po n h e sy llnn sc eal

i11 1i 1i 6 pi m 6 p1 11 11 1 , h im e lt 11 i e 6
'

11 C
‘ '

t i

1 6 1 in l l l6 d h ip i 1 16 d
'

1 i 0 s 11 1 e , 1 1 1e
' '

he s1 i n 11 l 1 i6 h im s y l la fze de r .

3 7 At c lo s e o f ( in of 3 7, afte I /ie l es ( TIt es a n r n s , 1 1,

'
. r

bu t in It is e dit io n of te x t Iz e t o es n ot
p r in t t /t e s e c r e t s cr ip t , w /z ic /z Iz e c o n s ide r s a s
’
r u n es .

eh ( In ? eh we ) AI S 11 w M ;
'

4 TIL II
"

t n pe ; . t u we eh tun .
, II . I /o lt IL

(If S . . xxxv i, i 208 ) as in te . 1

'

t .
— 5 AI S , TIL , II
'

. “ iii ; ( in . w if . AI S , I i AI . .

l k f w ding ) M x l R f w ; I I oIt IL
'

11 1 x ; II .
( in is r e a
'

as in 9 On . n o te

fo ldw e ga s P

38 TIL E tt m Gn w ih t E tt m (In I y 6 1 1 11 1 4 AI S E dd h it fe l de ;
‘

1 2
'
11
, . , . .
., . .
, .

TIL n o te fy ligde ? ( i n n o t e fé lde .

? D iet r .
( xi ,
4 72 ) h is fi l l ed ( s ee , It o wc we r , xii,

5 E tt m s w ilt e N
‘

. .
30 R I D D LE S O F THE E XE T ER BO O K

ge o n d pis n e m idda n ge a r d m o n gu m 16 fr 6 fr e .

N fi fr e h io h e o fo n u m h r i n 11 6 16 h el l e 11 1 6 1 ;

ac hio sc ea l wide fe r h w u ldo r c y n in ge s

li r u m lifga n . L o n g is 1 6 s e c ga n n e

h ii hy r e e a ldo r ge s c e a ft re ft e r go n ge 6 ,
'

wo h wy r da ge sc e a p u ; pre t []
is w r é tlic pi n g

1 6 ge s e c ga nn e S6 6 is fi gh wy lc

pi r a pe y m b pi s wih 1 [e] w o r du m b 6c n e 6 .

Ne h a fa 6 h 60 lint ( Yang, le o fa p e fn e 5 6 p6a h .

G if pi m ze ge r e s e la n r ec e n e ge s e c ga n
so pu m wo r du m , s a ga h wze t h io h i tt e .

4 1

E c e is s e sc e n d, S6 pa s eo r p a n 11 11
y pp
w r e 6 5 1 u pn m [ a rea /deb ] o nd pi s w o r ld h e a lde 6

r ic e is s e r e c c e nd o n d 0 11 r y h t c y n in g,

e a lr a a n wa lda , eo r pa n o nd h e o fo n e s

h ea lde 6 o nd we a lde 6 , s wa 11 6 h we o r fe 6 y m b pis 5

b
H é lm e c w r mt lic e wo r h t e :e t fr y m 6 e
[ ]
‘

n o

pi h 6 pis n e y m b h wy r ft fi r e st se tte ;
11 6 11 1 m e c wae e c e n de wu n i a n l o nge ,

p fe t ic n e s l6 e
p s i ppa n ie fr e ,

o nd m ec s e m n in ga s l is p o fe r go n ge p,
b 6o 6 e a ga n m in o fe s tn m b e t yn e d .

2 1 G n w i de fe r
. h ; (7n .
2
w ide fe r h . AI S . c y n in ge . 22 S iei '
.
(FE B . x, 4 8 2 )

s ec
ga n . 24 TIL o dds is . 26 AI S , E dd w ih t ; I I o /t IL
.
(E . S . xxxv ii , 208 ) a dds
fr e fter w ih t ds pa s w ih t y m b [e ] AI S h e h m n ig lim
'

:e a . or r ea . 27 ; II . n o t es t I/ o t

h e is ce r ta i n /jI w r itt e n 111 a n o t I/ e r I/ a n d ; TIz o r p e s ee : ov er Me 8 of h e an 3 . S e ll . a

n lim
v

” T I R ll ) H UI /1 71 1
.

0 ; ( I I/( . A .
3
"
E dd . 3
3
1 .

4 1 I n o t ic e a
f fa i r!
( cu t ) in AI S .
aft e r sc
yp p e n d ( l 1 ) a n d wo r l d ( 1
. . bu t no

r et a r ds s ee m t o be m is s i n g t It e r e .

2 S ie v ( I VI I I x 5 2 0 ) dec la r tIz at w r e 6 s 1 11 pn m does n o t s a t /s

f m e t r ica l q u ir e
‘

. . , es 1' r e

m e n ts a nd t Iz at t I1 e s en s e a ls o de m a n ds a
3 d pe r s . s in
g p a r a /le/ t o
, h e a lde N; I I o I t IL
‘

(I I iv , 3 8 7) w o n /d r ea d w e a r da 6 a ft e r s 1 11 | 1 11 111 3 AI S 5 AI S
"
TIL 1 ic s wa
‘
‘

.
-
. . , . .

he y m b pa s u t a n h w e o r fe 6 ; Gn n o te h we o r fe b
‘

(I BB ) p er
? ’
1 1 121 11 S ter n x, ‘
‘

. .
5 20

I mps s wa h e h w e o r fe 6 y m b pa s 8 TIL , G n h e t TIL o nd s i

n o te a c
f
‘

. . 10 or gn
-
 R I D D LE S O F TH E E X E T ER BOO K
3I

Pis n e m idda n ge a r d m e a h t ig D r y h t en -

m id h is o n wa lde ae gh wzf r s t yr e6 ;
s wa 1c m id wa lde n de s wo r d e c a l ne
pis ne y m b h wy r ft i ta n y m b c ly pp e .

Ic eo m b l6a 6 1 6 po n paet m e c b e a ldlic e m aeg

ge a r u go n ge nde gr im a i h r e ga n
-

—
o n d e o fo r e e o m z e gh ww r c e n r a

po n n e h 6 ge b o lge n b ids t e a l gi e te 6
ne m ac g m e c o fe r swi a n p s e gn b e r e n dr a

6 n ig o fe r e o r
2 pa n nym pe se i n a G o d,

56 pisn e h 6a n h e o fo n h ea lde p o nd we a lde p .

Ic e o m o n s enc e t s t r e n gr e
[m ic le
]
o n n e r ic c ls r 6 se s
p o ppe y ,

[pe s wa aen lic e

] 0 11 e o r pa n t y r f
wy n lic we a xe 6 ; ic eo m w r ws t r e p o nme h eo

p6a h p l i l i e s?
e 160 1 m o nc y n n e ,

b eo r h t 0 11 b l6 s t m ¢a n , ic r
eo m b e tr e po nn e h eo ;
s wy lc e ic n a r cle s s e n e t n yde f
o e r s wi e
p
m id m in r e s w 6 1n e s se sy m le zE gh waer ;
o nd ic fi lr e eom i f s wea r t e ,
po nn e p s e n

p t h 6 r y fle d e l an s t in c e 6
'

ae a .

E i l ic u n d er h e o fo ne s h we a r ft e r ec c e,

swa m e 16 0 1 fee d e r lé r de aet fr y m pe ,

paet ic pi m id r y h t e r ec c an m 6 st e

pi c c e o nd pyn n e ; pi nga ge h wylc e s

o n lic n e ss e i fgh wiar h ea lde .

H yr r e ic eo m h e o fo n e h i t e p m e c h 6 a h c yn in g

h is d6 a go l pi n g d yr e b ih e a lda n
eac ic und er eo r pa n e a l sc 6 a wige 40

|
w 0 111 wr i 6 sc r a fu wr a pr a gé [ ]
3
s ta . 1 1 1

16 AI S E dd t o [ b le a 6 ; I I e r f (p 5 ) in text 7 Sp r i , 4 9 4 ge a r u
‘

, .
1 0 11 z . 1 as . 1 .

o n ge n de 23, 25 TIz e a ddit io n s a r e by C u ; I V n o tes t Iz a t t Iie r e i sn o g ap in t b e

g . . .

AI S TI o t e b ih e a lde n P Gn 2 w o n n AI S w r i 6 s c r a fu ; TIL w o m w r a 6
-
.
39 L n 41 . .

fc r a f u ( p
m is r in t
); C u w r a c.
-
s e r i fu ;
‘

Sp r . ii , 73 8 , On
?
w r i 6 -s c r a fu . AI S ge s t a
.
 R I D D LE S O F THE EXE TER BOO K
32

Io eo m m i e l e y ldr a po n n e y 11 1 b h w y r ft p6 s

111 i1 lda n ge a1 1 d m e a h t e ge w e o r pa n ,
ppe pe s
‘

0 nd ie gie s t r o n w a s ge o n g ne e n n e d,

m ze r e 10 11 1 0 11 11 11 11 1 , pu r h m in r e 111 6 1 0 1 1 h r if .

le e 0 11 1 . lfi ge r r e fr ze twu m go l d e s ,

p6 11 h h it 111 0 11 a w e r ge wir u m 6 111 11 ;

ie eom po n n e p6 s w u d u 16 111

06 6 e pis wi r o 6 pe 11 6 1 i wo r p e n l i ge6 .

Ic eo r p an eo m Eigh wzfi r b r § dr e

0n d w idgie lr a po n h e p6s w o n g gr e n a

10 1m m e c m a g b if6 11 o nd fi ngr a s pr y
‘

6 111 11 6 11 pe .
e a lle

1 10 11 1 111 11 10 e o m 0 n d 0 11 1111 11 po nn e se 11 6 11 1 1111 fo r s t ,

h r im h e o r u gr im m a ,
po u n e h 6 16 h r u sa n c y m e6 ;

[ie eo m ] U lc a n u s 11
p 1 r n e 11 da n
16 0 11 13 11 16 0 111 11 11 l6ge h i tr a .

go m an
’

10 c o m 0 11 ge n a s w6 1 r i
-

po u n e pi 1 b 60 b r 6a d b l e n d e m id 11 11 11 ige
'

swy lc e ic eo m w r i pr e po n n e we r m o d s f
s t o n de
[ ]
pe h er 0 11 hy r s tu m h e a s e we p.

Ic 11 1 6 s a1 11 m ae g m ea h t e lie o r

0 n d e fn e t zm e a ldu m py r s e ;

e nd it ge s lig m o g m le lifga n ,
o
sy

p6a h ie {6 te s 11 e s
i
'
i ir e 1 6 feo r e
‘-
.

I e m ae g fr o m lie o r tléo ga n po n n e p e r n e x
o pp e ear n o pp h a fo c e i fr e m e a h t e
‘

n is z e ti e r n s , s e s w iftn w i nd ,

AI S Ine s ; l es ; (p 28 a w r ige P 5 0 TIL

P
4 2 TIL i
Gn . n o te w 1e s 4 7 TIL n o te .
5 )
111 -for iC ( in .
[y fe le ] in e o r lxm S ell . n ot es t /r a t m et e r a n d sen s e r e
q u ir e n o a ddit io n .

52 S ie v . x, 4 70 ) r es o lv e s
-
f0 11 .
5 5 AI S
'
. TIL h e o r u g r i n1 11 1 a 5 6 Gn . .

a dds it
‘
6 0 11 1 . 6 1 ( I II . a dds lc ‘ ‘
. 6 3 AI S . TIL e f11 e t ; r i 1 . AI S TIL py r r e ; TIL n o t e
,

hy rse P 6 6 AI STIL 11 11 e x ; S cIL

,
'

r ea ds p 6 11 e x a n d dec la r es t Il a t t q 6 is s c r a t c lz e d

ou t , bu t m ay s t ill be s ee n I v /t ti c t It c .
‘ '

a cc e n t is n o t e r a s e d I I s e es n o e , a n d r eg a r ds
t b e a cc e n t a s tlr c a bbr ev ia tio n s ig n c n s to m a / l
j
'
w it /11 p . I s ee n o e
( n or do es F AL ) . .

bu t t h e a cc e n t is cc r ta in l 1 IiI ' '

c t Iz e lo n g s
ig n .
34 R I D D LE S O F TH E EXE T ER BOO K

p o nn e s e h o n dwy r m se
pe h aele pa b ea m ,

se c ga s se a r o p o n c le , se a xe de lfa fi .

Ne h afu 10 in h éa fde h wit e lo c c as ,

w r aast e ge wu n dn e , ac ic eo m w id e ca lu ;

ne 11: b r ea ga ne b r u na b r fi c a n m o st e ,

ac m e c b e se y r ede sc y pp e n d e a llu m

nu m e wr é tlic e w e a xa 6 on h éa fde

p ae t 11 1 6 0 11 ge sc y ldr u m se in a m n1 6 t a 11

ful w r zTat lic e wu n dn e lo c c a s .

M i r a ic e o m o nd { é tt r a p o nn e a m aes t ed swim,

011 b 6 c wu da
b e a r g b e l l e nd e , [ j
pe

wo n w r o t e nde w y n n u m lifde

pae t h e

42

e dn iwu

is m o ddo r m o n igr a
'

p se t c y nn a ,

e s s éle st a n , sw e a r t e s t a n ,
p v
a
pee s
p aes déo r e s ta n , ]
72
E S
p dr h ta b e a m
y e .

o fe r fo ldan sc ea t 1 6 ge féa n fige n .

N e m a go n w é h ér 111 eo r pan om h t lifga n ,

n y m ZSe we b r fi c e n i b a m d6 6
p p
‘

ae s e .

P9131 is 1 6 ge pe n c a n n e péo da ge h wylc u m ,

wisfaes t u m w e r a m , h w ze t s eo wih t sy .

Ic sea h wy h t e w r aet lic e t w a

u n dea r n u n ga fi t e p le gan

On . m o to n . 1 06 B r ig /i t 1 0 8 TI] leaf of t /z e AI S is m a n i
.
‘
b er e a .

a n d t b e begin n ing of t b e f o llo wi ng en igm a ?

f es t ly 71 'a n t i ng c o n ta in in
g t /i e en d o
f t /21 s
'

IV .
p e r c eiv es no g ap in t b e AI S .
[bz e t he c los es t/z e
[ urg e ] , bu t belo w , in a n o t b e r b a n d
and in o t /z er in n, a lm o s t o blit e r a te d h it is tb e n a bo u t tw elv e lette r s tu nic /J li e is un

a ble t o dee ip /i er . Tli es e s ee m t o m e t o be 5 10 Cr e a t u r a p r .

4 2 6 Gn 7 S iev ( P 5 5 do 6 r es o lv ed ; H o lt/1 (Bb ix, 3 5 8 )

‘

. 0 11 . . . . .

8 S iev ( P B S x, 4 8 2 ) g e 11 e 11 c a 11
. .
9 S iev . .
(P B S . x, 4 77) r es o lv es s
y .

S i ( F E B 5 ) p e r /xap s p le gia n
‘ ’
43 2 ev x .
, 2 0 . .
 R I DD LE S O F TH E E X E T ER BOO K 35

h é m edléc e s h wit lo c a n fe n g

wla n c un d er waredu m , gif paes we o r c e s sp éo w,

’ ‘

fé m n e fy llo . I 1: on fle tt e m ae g

pu r h r fi n st a fa s r in c u m s e c gan ,

pfim pe b ée w i t an , b éga ae t so m n e

nam an par a w ih ta .
P i er se c a l N yd we san

t wega o
p er 0n d se t o r h ta AZ sc
an a n 1111 2111 , Ac a s t we ge n ,
H aege la s s wa so m e . H wy lc paes h oidgat es
c aaga n c r aeft e c la m m e o n léa c
p21
pe p51 ré de lla n 11 716 r
yn e m e nn
hyge fze s t e h éo ld h e o r t an b e wr ige n e

u nd r n e
po n c b e n du m ? N 6 is
-
or y
we r u m se t win e hfi pi wih t e mid u s ,
h éa n m 6 de t wfi, h ét n e s n i don .

44
I 1: wi t in dr y h tn e ae e lu rn
p déo r n e

gie st 111 ge a r du m , pfi m se gr i m m a ne maeg

h u n go r sc e 6 6 a n , me h fi t a pa r st
‘

se ,

y ldo me fidle , gif h im ar lic e

‘ "

aga n s c e a l
e sn e pén afi pe
‘

se

on pfim sif aet e . H y ge s u n d e aet h am

fi n daifi wito de h im wi ste o nd b l i ss e ,

c n 6 5 1e s u n r im ; car e , gif s e e sn e

his h lé fo r de h yr e ifi y fle ,

4 AI S 7 AI S pé l i nan
‘

3 Gn o n fe n g I O T/z , Gn ana n Sf
‘

. . . speo p . . . . . . I I r .

i h wylc
" ’
AI S w ee s ; T/z bee s
’

, 121
‘
ei q nz or
‘
si
o zns . . . . 12 7 72 . n ote c la m m as ?

1 3 13 T s v r ae de ls lz a s r ae de ls a n
.
-
. . . 14 Gn . b e h e o ld .
7 Gn n o te h e a h P
1 .
-

Sp r . i i , 4 8 h e a h m o de As 5 5 11 n otes , t/z er
. . e is no div is io n betw een t /z is r iddle a n d
t /z e n ex t ; h a t n e s i n do n is f o llo w e d on s a m e lin e by I c w a t

44 4 T/z . n o te , Co s .
(P B b
’
. xx iii , 1
30) a dl .
4 , 5 Gn .
, W . a dd a
f t e r a dl e , ne se

e n ga de afi ( co mp a r e Pb . a nd a
fte r s c e a l, h is ge o n go r s c ip e . Cos ( P E E
. . xx ii i ,

1 3 0 ) r ejects t/z es e a ddit io n s .

5 Cos . se be bo n e be Gn fi gé n . . . 6 AI S , T/z .

s i 6 fa t e AI S , T/z
. . h y ge s u n de ; T/z . n o te
‘
r . s u n dn e ( a sou n d —8 7 71 . n o te
’
bef o r e c ar e a w or d, p er /z ap s b u t a n , is om itt e d .
36 R I D DL E S O F TH E EX E T ER BOO K

fr éa n 0 11 i6 r e me w i l e fo r h t w esa n

b r 6 po r 6 pr u n1 h im p t b § n1 sc e 6 e 6 ,
'

ae

p o nn e h? fr o m b ea r m e b ége n h we o r fa n

an r e m a ga n e llo r ffi se

m 6 ddo r 0 n d sw e o s t o r . Mon, 5 6 pe w i l l e ,

e c y n e wo r du m h 11 um a hi tte
c
yp . se c

pe 11: h e r y m b s p r ic e
’
e é a s e e sn e
p .

45
Wr zTet lic h o n ga E
S
‘

b i w e r e s péo ,

fr éa n und er sc ea t e fo r a n is pyr e l '

b ifS s t ip o n d h ear d , st e d e h afa 6 g6 dn e ,

p o n me se e sn e h is fige n h r ae gl

o fe r e n e o h e fe fi , wi l e pae t c ape h o l
m id his h a nge lla n h éa fde gr eta m

pae t h é e fe n la n g m1 o ft ge fy lde .

46
I0 on w i n c l e ge fr aegn we a xa n n a t h waet ,

o nd h e bb a n
pi n d a n pu n i a n , pec e n e .

O n pae t b fin léa s e b r yd gr é p o de

h y ge wlo n c h o n du m h r aegle pe a h t e

p r in de n de pi n g péo dn e s do h t o r .

47
We r s ae t 3 31 wi n e m id h is wif11 111 t wain
o nd h is t we ge n s u no e nd h is t wfi do h t o r ,

10 ( AI P . . 11, 1 4 5) r e
g ar ds t b e s ec o n d b a lf -lin e as p a r e n t /z etica l . I 6 Cu .

n o te 0
‘

8 6e
‘
? AI S , Tb . s p r ic e ; Gn .
, IV /
. s p r e ce ; co m p ar e 2 11
4 .

45 1 S iev .
(P b
’
B . x, 4 78 ) r es o lv es be o ; Co s .
(P E E . xx ii i , 12
9) pe o ( 11 ) e .
7 AI S .

Tb .
, Gn . e fe l a ng ; Tb . n ot e e fn e l a ng ? Gn fi
, IV . e fe la n
g ; Tr .
(B B . xix, 1 9 2)
e fe n - a n l g .

46 I AI S w in . c le . AI S , Tb .
, Gn .
, I V w e a x ; D ietr
. .
( xi, 4 74 )
‘
w éa x (f itr w éa c s ,

w eic b es ) w e a xa n ; H f (p 6 9 ) w e a s c a n ; H o lt/i (I iv 3 6 7) we a xa n ;
’
e tw a s or
e
r z . . . . F .
,

S iev ( P E E x 5 2 0 ) s ugg es ts a g e n it iv e i e w a c e s
. .
, 2 D iet r ( xi , . . . .
, 4 74 ) be n ia n ( s ieb .

deb /z e n ) 5 Tb b i n d
.e n de ; Gn n o t e pr in t e n de ? . .

4 7 1 AI S Co n W ae r Co n w ifa Co n om it s t wa m
, 2 Co n
. . . . . . .
, E tt m .
, Gn . suna .
 {3 O I" i
- HO O K

p ur h g |
0 i0s 11 0 11 1 1 1 1 11 1111 1 1110 11 11 1
1
.

1 111 111 1 11 1 0 11 p11 11 1 11 10 1 1 11 1 5 0 11 0 11 11 11 p0 g11 ,

5 11 0 11 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 0 11 1 0 0 1 6 pi 0
‘

5 11 0 11 0 1 ,

1 1 11 1 10 1 11 1111 0 11 10 1y1 1 11 11
' ‘

1
0 1 1 1 11 11
1 11 1 ,

p p0 11n gz i s 0 11 1111 111 6

‘
11 11 11 ,

0 1 11 11 11 11 5 1 0 11 1 1 0 11 0 11 0 . 10 [10 1 1
0 1 11 11 1 1
gé n
11 0 11 1 11 11 11 11 0 1 1 1110 ,
p0 11 1111 1 6 11 1 110 5 11 11

0 11 1 1 10 i li ig pn m 1 10 p [10 1
1
5 0 1 11 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 11 0 1 ,

0 0 1 11 1 1 11 11 1111 . 11 1 10 1 5 111 111 0 6 .

SI
“ 1 01 1 is 0 11 0 0 1 1 1 11 1 1
“ 1 111 1 1 1 1 111 110 0 11 11 01 1

1
1 11 11 1 11 11 1 1 0 11 1 1 10 . 0 1 1 11 11 11 11 1 1 111 111 11 11 1

10 1 11 1 11 11 11 10 1 1 , p 0 ii 0 0 11 1 0 0 11 11 11 0 6
1

1 1 1 1 l1 1
‘
1 11 15 11 1 1 11 1 10 . 13 1 1 18 1 1 11 11 Q H 1 ‘
11 11

11 1 1 11 111 0 11 1 16 : 11 6 11 111 1 11 0 1 11 6 1 0 0 ,

p 0 0 w11 p 11 1111 34 0 111 101 0 g if 11 111 1 p0g11 111 6

1
,

1 1 1 10
110 0 0 11 1 1 11 1 10 0
1111 5 11 1 1 1 1 110 11 1 0 10 11 11 1 0 .

101 111 0 11 111 0 111 111 0 1

11 0 11 1111 11 0 111 1 1 11 1 5 1 0 11 06

11 10 0 11 115 5 1 1 1 1 1 .
111 1111 11 1 0

p0 11 111 0 10 11 0 11 0 p11 11 116 106

'

11 11 0 0 1
'

5 2

10 $03 11 11 1 101 10 0 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 0 10 0 11 01

5 1 1 11 1 01 1 5 1 pi11 11 ; my 011 1 10
111 1T 111 5 111 5
‘

5 1 1 11 pu 8 11 111 11 10 5 10 1 0
‘

0 11

fi / I t n /n f r o i n r a 11011 g 11 110
‘

, 0 11 ,

g iq w s lt n 11 0 1 3 0 11 3 4 AI S
'

5 11
3 T1 . n ote 1r n .
‘
a . s e r vo , T6 .

11 11 1111 its 11 111 1 10 1 AI S 10 1 115 0 6

'

111 0 11 . 0 om . 10 1 3n ,
. 1
1
. 1 1 5 11 1
; I
‘

f0 1s ilg0 0
‘

n .

4 AI S
'
10 1 I d f0 1s 1 1 5 Si 70 ) 1 1 1 16
"
11 3 x 4 lve s
“
1
5 11 11 0 ; 1 1 1 g 11 0 e
v
5 1 5 a . 1 . . , r es o .

8 in 1 011 0 6 : ( in n o te 11 0 h i ( 1 0 11 1 11 111 5 10 1 01 8 ?
P I C/f x 1 6 11 06
( . 5 .
1 ( . . 5 .

AI S 11 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 ( 1 11 5 A
i
'

. ( in .
1
11
af IS 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 m ay be a n a : wtb it s tog“
I n 11 0 111 1
'

o n t/ v m a : ( e d )
‘

j i : . n ote 1 1 : 1 , ll . 1 11 1 11 1 1 1 1 ; Tr ( R I C xix 1 0 5 )
, . . 11 1 11 1 1 111 .

AI S HZ ) Tb
‘

. . I wa i n o n to
(1 1 . : 3 1 11 1 1 0 : . n o te 110 0 11 11 11 : 1 fn . n o te
‘
110 0 1 34 1 1
-
i ) 0 11 11 11 0 ( s o a ls o P ic / m; S "‘
i . c e ler . t e io x
'
) o de r
00 0 11 1 1
1 0) 110 0 g 11 11 0 ( of Tr 3 0 0 11 1 1 11 11 0
‘
‘
( os .
3 . 1 11 . . ,
 Kl l) l) 1 l R X R I ICR HO O K
' ' '

3 )
1

1 011 1 1 10 1 W0 1 11 711 13;-

“

1 111 1
- .

11 111 11 0 11 1 10 11 114 11 4
, 50 11 1111 1 1 0 11 11 5

0 10 1 110101 1 1 0 11 1, 1
100 w0 1 ‘

0 11 111 1 111 .

53

10 1 111 15 1 3 111 1 1 0-01 1 10 1 11 11 11

1
1 11
0 1
.

1 .

1 111 1 10 1 5 11 103 11 011 1 1 10 t wi g-0 11 ,

31 11 13 1 011 11 c 1l r w1 1 1- 11011111 1111 1

'

|
1
1
1 011 11 1 11 11 0 “ 11

1 0 10 10 1 111 10 111
1

11 11 5
1
0 1011 15 0

'

11 0 11 131 11 5 00 w130 11 1

1 1 8 111 S i ° C
g 1 110 11 1 111 111 1111 5 1 1 11 5
.

11 : 5 0 11 11 01 1 l1 e z 1 1 we '

11 171111 11 .

1 3 11 11 11 1 1 0 1 11 1 11 0 1 1 00 w 0 11 wy 11 l1 e ,
‘

W1 11 11 1 w0:1 x011 1 10 11 111 0 1 00 1 1

'

0 11 1 10
7

1131 11 111 11 11 2? 11 711 1 1 1:1 g1111-

1 :

0 11 11 011 1 0 1 05 1 11 311 10
3

1 100 11 0 gu 10 1go 1 1, 1
1 11 11 1 ) 1 111 11011 1 111 11 1 ,

11 1 1110 11 01 0 1 w1l 11 1 111 , . wo 11 11 l l 111

1 g0 11 10 1w01 1 N 11 11 0 15170 11 11 111 W 013;

'

1 0 1 11 1 1 .

| 11 1 r h h is 11 3 11 11 105

0 11 11 ? ( m "111 /r 5 131 111 10 11

1
5 11 1 071
1 .

11 0 1 11 -
10 111 10 1 11 0 11 1 101 1 W 10 3 0 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 111
- 0
1

( 1 AI S , 1 1 11 15 15 7 71 . w e g ns ?

53 3 ( M h fd/ i f
( X 1, 4 7 ) 1 0 11 1111 1 11 0 ;
0 1 7 71 M W ( I f/ f xix, 1 93 )
—4
.
.
, . .
,

1
5 0 11 1 1 111 11 0 ; ( lc
'

. . S xxxv
'

. ii , 20 0 ) 1 0 15 11 1
1
1 0 10. ( in . f r o /e

w 0 11 10 11 x ? x xiii, 30) 1
( ,/ Z
1

54 2 H ull/z .
( I f/1 .
3 58 ) ( u n i/1 8 1 10 0 11 11 11 1 wwg ; 771 . ” 0113 1 1 0 1:

g e 11 P (N ) by ( n ot
C
-
11 1 1 111 we g ? 9 m ar g ; n o /z
f -
'
lo 11 11
ys t
11 0 11 1 h id/ r (xi i, )
‘
11 11 s t, I I U /c' 0 11 st 2 5 1- 2 5 2
y y .

W)? M ’
11 1
'
‘
0 11 11 0 11 ( jiif 11 0 0 , 11 1) n
yxt 3 1 1 11 1 10 11 ( o/Z r a m/ . wz f
( .
,
ll .

st 11 1 0 11 11 1 3 1, l
a t / ( 73 1 7 7 11 13 7 ; I VA/ c l) 11, 11 b y F
1 11 s
y
' '

c : 11 1 : 11 1 0
y ; y . . ,

I I 771 . ” O f/f 11 0 11 1 11 ?
40 R I DD LE S O F T H E E X E T E R B OO K

s e ae ft e na , gif fi rra
se a fi r,

ge na m na in n e a r o we , n é an p m 6 st e .

H y se c wo m ga n ga n , pfé r h e h ie w i sse

s t o n da n in w i n c l e st 6 p fe o r r a n t 6

hr 6 r h ze gs t e a ldm o n , - -
h 6 f h is 5 gen

h r mgl h o ndu m up, h r a n d Unde r gyr dels

hy r e s t o de dr e tipe s 11 5 t h wze t ,
-
n n s

wo r h t e h is w illa n , wa ge da n b fi ta

p e gn Glm e tt e , wze s pr figu m ny t

t i l l ie e s n e t Eo r o de h wze pr e -

:e t s t u n da ge h wa m s t ro n g fi r
po n n e hio;
we r lg pre s we o r c e s . H y r e we a xa n o ngo n
und er gy r de lse poe t o ft n e m en

fe r Bpu m fr éo ga fi 0nd m id o b ic ga b
’
' ’

56
Ic in h e a lle , pé r h ze le b dr u nc o n
'

sea h '

on fle t b e r a n fe o we r c y nn a

wr fiét lic wu du t r e o w 0 nd wu n d e n go l d ,

s n e s e a r o b u n de n ,
i 0 n d s e o lfr e s ( 15 1,

0 nd r 6 de t fic n GS t 6 r o de r u m up

h ltE dr e r zf ar de , Ear h E h e lwa r a

‘

b u rg fib r zfi ce . Ic l uv s b éa m e s m ae g

Ea pe fo r e o r lu m ae e lu s e c ga n
p
pfi r woe s h lin 0nd 5 C, 0 nd s e h e a r da iw,

1 2 MS . fi ’ ‘

l
ge n a m n zm ; ffle r ge n a m ln a n ; I l a/( 11 ( B b ix, 3 5 8 )
IV . . .

anvil /1 f ae r a n d ge n a m a x f/ n Ing iu n ing qf a lus t I i i / e ; I I o /f/z

’
t / w 11m: r qgu r a x
'
.

(E S x x x v i i , 2 08 ) r am /y
[ ]
on f§ |
3
r g e n a m n a m a m / ( a n /[ a r m 5 3 , g e n a m n e ; B r ig/1 1
f

. .

ge n a fi m a, / km ge n u m n e
{ wt [ r aj (w a /xu

Mr w i ne l l C u w incle
'

55 1 ( In . . 2 JIS . se e ; U . w in -
se e ; .
( a mo ng/y
wine, of w i n e s e l e
) I l a/Hz
’
if/1 1g [It is a x T/1 «f r / 5 5 s s ugy z x/io u jl> r J /S r em /[1 1g
'

( . ” . .

xxxvii , 2 09 )
‘
o n s ta lo le ( f Aia
v
(
‘ ’
.
4 AI S , 7 71 . r a nd .
5 7 71 . s t o n de m e
‘

7 7 71 o n e t t e
. .
Q J I S 7 71 y r ho n h ie ( ”
'
.
, . of hi , Cu .
) 6 ; Gn .
, IV . ax in fo A f ' '

1 2 C u fe r Su m
'

. .

56 l AI S , Eaa h ea l] ;
’ ’
. 7 71 wo ld I l a/H1
.
, .
( I f /r
. ix, 3 5 8 ) h e a lle ? ( ff . 6 01 .

7 71 wa ft
. b lin d/ bf l in d ac c .
40 RI D D L E S O F TH E E X E T ER BOO K

se eeft e r-
a, gif se ee r r a fe
Er ,

ge n-e m na
- in n e a r o we , n ep e n m 6 st e .

H y se c wo m ga n ga n , peer h e h ie w i sse

st o n da n in w i n c l e t ep fe o r r an t 6
“

b r er h eegs t e aldm o n , h 6 f h is agen

'
‘

-
.

h r ee gl h o ndu m up , h r a n d un d e r gyr dels

hyr e s t o nde n dr e s tipes n at h weet ,

wo r h t e h is willan , wa ge dan b fi ta ;
'

p e gn 6 nn e tt e, wees pr ei gmm ny t

t i l l ie e sn e t éo r od-e h weepr e

se t s tu n d e ]ge h wam -
t
s r o ng fi r
yo nn e h io, ,

w er ig pee s we o r e es . H y r e we a xa n o n go n
u n d er gyr de lse pee t o ft g6 de m e n
fe r iSpu m fr éo ga e o nd m id feo b ie gae .

56
—
10 h in h - lle , p S dr u ne o n,
h eele E
‘

se a ea ee r

fle t b e r an fe o we r
‘

on e yn n a

wr a t lie wu du t r eo w o nd wu n d e n go ld, .

s n e s e a r o b u nde n ,
i o n d s e o lfr e s dé l,

o n d r 6 de t ee n p ees 13 5 r ode r u m u p

b lé dr e ré r de , E r h e b e lWa r a

b u rg ab r é Ie p b ea m e s m ee g
‘

ee . eas -

éa pe fo r e o r lu m ee e lu s e e ge n
p
wees hlin o nd fie , o nd se h e a r da iw,
pé r

MS
'

12 fee r ge n a m n a n ; TIL , Gn , lV fa r ge n a m ln a n ; H o lt /z ( B o ix, 3 5 8 ) .

'

. . .

t /z e Z in e w it /z f eér a n d 7 eg a r ds g e n a m a s t /z e beg in n ing of a las t lin e

'
[Jo lt/z .

x x x v i i c 5 3 , ge n a m n e ; B r ig/i t
_

|g
3
( E S .
, 2 0 8 ) r ea ds
[ ]
o n feér e n a m n a n , a n d o mp a r es

gges ts ge n eirfi n a , bn t p r f ge n u m n e ( s o a ls o
'

su e er s

55 1 Gn ba r . . 2 AI S w i n e s e l e ; JV w in .
-
se e l ; Gn . w inc l e
( w r o ng /y
c it ing t/z is as Tlz o r p e s
’
s ugg es t io n
/ or su
pp os ed AI S r ea ding W ine , n ot Wi n e s e l e
) [I OZ Z /t . .

(E S . xxxvii , 2 09 ) o n s t a bo le (f c R id .
4 AI S , Tli . r a nd .
5 7 72 . s t o n de n r e .

7 7 71 . o n e t t-e .
9 AI S , 7 71 . ee r ho n h ie ( n o t hi , Cu .
) 0; Gn .
, IV . as in text .

1 2 Gn f e r ZSu m
. .

56 I AI S , h ea l l ;
E dd . 7 71 . n ot e , H olt /z .
( B b ix, 3 5 8 ) b e a l l e
.
? Cf .
5 6 13
, 6 0
1 .

9 7 71 . n ote h lin df or l i n d AI S ac e .
 R ID D LE S O F T HE EXETER BOO K 4 1

o n d se fe a lwa ho l en fr éen s i n do n e a lle

n y t ee t gaadr e , n a m an h a bb a fi a n ne ,

wu lfh éafedt r eo , -
p eet o ft s e pe n ab é d

h is m o n dr y h t n e , i é m in h ea lle ,
ma
’

go ldhilt ed swe o r d N l1 m e giedde s

_

.
pi sse s

0 n dswa r e h i ne o nm éde
ywe ,
se

wo r du m s ee ge n hu se wu d u h i tt e .

57
I C wee s p§ in ne pi er ie ge seah
“

r , an e

W in n e n de wih t w ido b e nn e ge a n ,

ho l t h we o r fe n de h ea po gle m m a fe n g,

déo p r a do lga dar o pa s waer o n

w eo p ee r e w ih te o nd se wu d u s e a r wu m

fee st e geb u n de n H y r e fet a wee s

’ ‘

b iidfeest 6 pe r , p b isgo dr éa g,
‘

o er

le o le lyft e , h wilu m lo n d e n éa h
‘

on .

Tr éo w wee s ge t e n ge parn -

pi er t o r h ta n st 6 d

léa fu m b ih o n ge n . I e lzi fe ge se ah

m in u m hlafo r de , pé r h eeleiSd r un eo n ,
‘

p ar a flan [a ] on fle t b e r a n .

58
9 6 0 5 ly ft b y r e 6 l yt l e wih t e

o fe r b eo r ghleo pa , pi s in d
| b laee sw i pe , [ 1

1 2 C u w u lfh e a fe d t
. r eo . 7 71 . n ote ab a d (a w a ited ) 14 E dd pis s e s
.

gie dde s ; H er z
f ( pp
. .
43 on m et r i ca l gr gie dde s bys s e s ; H o lt /z ( E S
o u n ds , . .

x x xvi i ,
2 09 ) a dds mon f t e r bi s s e s gie dde s
a . 1 5 A IS , Cos ( F E B x x i ii , . .

l/ o lt/z .
(E . S x x x v i i 2 0 9 ) o n m ede ; G n
, .
, WT, L ie be r m a n -n ( A r e/tin cx i v , 1 6 3 ) o n
m e de .

57 2 AI S , w ido b e n n e ge a n ; 7 71
T/z . . n o te i
w de b e n n a ( a
g a in s t w ide w o un ds ) ?

3 (I n . h w e a r fe n de — 5 7 71 n o te w e a ?
. . D iet r ie /t (xii , 2 38 , N)
. w e a ; L a ng e ( ib )
.

w iE
S 7 C u b idfze s t
.
9 AI S , 7 71 t o r h t an s t o d ; Gn , I V a s in t ex t
. . 1 2 AI S , . . . .

’
T/i fla n
. 7 71 n ot e s om e lin es a r e lz e r e app a r e n t ly w a n t ing ; Gn a dds ge w e o r ca ;
‘
. .

so ” f ; (
f , Iz o w ev e r , E l 2 8 5 , bee r s l e o da
. . . . .

58 1 Tr .
(B B . xix , 1 89 ) lih t e . 2 AI S , w .
, IV . h le 0 ba
-
(s ee Gn .
, Tr .

Jfle o pu .
4 2 R I D D L E S OF THE E X E T E R BQ O K
‘

.
.

s wea r t e , sa lop zi de , Sa n ge s r efe

h éa p u m fér a6 , hlfide eir m alS

‘

t r e da e b e e r o n ee ssa s, h wilu m burgsalo

n i ppa b ear n a . N e mn ae b y sy lfe ;

l l en dr éo ga n
'

1 0 wet an fét e
‘

w ih t on
‘

wo n ge . Wide ne fer e e,

ne fe l a r ide e, ne fle o ge n m eeg

pu r h s e ir n e dze g, né h ie ip fe r e e,
'

se

n ac a n ze gle db o r d b i6 h weepr e
'

ny t
‘

h y r e [m o n j
dr y h t n e m o n egu m t idu m .

H afa 6 h e fi gn e steo r t , h éa fo d l i tel

‘

t u n ga n la n ge , t 6 6 n wn ign e ,

is e r n e s ( 15 1 6 gr ee f p ee pe fS
‘

e 0r .

“ E te n me s we lge p ,
ne w ih t it e p,

fé dr es me git sae, fe r e e o ft s wa p6 a h
‘

la go fled lyft e l i fe me gielp e h ,

’

on

ii o r de s gifu m ,
h le h yr e e sw zi péa n a
‘

peo dn e si n u m .
p y s i n d i nrn am a n

r yht e r i ms ta fa s , p ar a is R i d fu lt u m .

60
lo se a h in h e a lle h r i n g gylde nn e

m en se ea w i-a n m 6 d u m gleawe ,

fe r ppii m fr 6 de . Fr ipo s p é [de ] b ee d

Go d n er
ge n de gzi ést e sin um
se pe we n d e w r ipa n , wo rd ee ft e r e wee e,

hri n g h yr e de H ee le n d n e m de
T

on

3 7 71 . ro pe ; 7 71 . n o te , Cu .
, w .
, Br o oke p .
(P 3 8 . xxi ii ,
‘

) r o we Gn I V , Tr r o fe t r ee da b
n o te ,
5 T/z Cu
‘

1 30 ; . . . . .
, . .

5 9 3 O n me befo r e m ee g
. 6 Gn , I I [m o n ]
. 1 1 AI S , 7 7 1 f e br e s .
’
.
. . .

1
5 A I S ,
T /z , G n f u
. r u m ; T /z
. n o t e f eo r pa ? 0 1 1 n o te fr u m a o r fo r m a ; D iet r ( x i ,
. . .

i
4 77) f u r i u m ; Sp r i , 3 5 6 , I I fu lt u m ; H o lt /1 ( I F iv , 3 8 7) f u r m a
‘ " -
. . . . . .

60 1 AI S gyldde n n e .
3 Gn fe r T
Su m . . E AI S fr i po S pe ( en d of lin e) b ee d ; Tle . as

in text .
 R I D D LE S OF THE EXE TER BO O K

o n s e fa n s e a r o lie pam p e sw i le me nn ,
e o-

h u m ee sea xe s o r d o nd 5 6 0 swi r e p h On d,
-

l i ge p e
-
o n d o r d s o m o d,
-
eo r es n o n

i m g pyd p ee t ic w ip pé sc e o lde
p g
'

n u e a n,

fo r une an u m t wai n wr e ndspr zTz e e -

ab éo da n b e a ldlic e , swa h i t b e o r na ma
‘
‘

wo r de widas widdo r me m ee n de n
‘

u nc r e .

62
1 24 b
O ft m e c fee s te b ileae fr éo lie u m e o wle [ m id]

ide s o n ear e e , h wilu m up at éa h

fo lm u rn si n um o nd fr e a n s e a lde ,

h o ldu m péo dn e , swa h io h ie te n wees .

Si 6 p a n m e on h r e pr e h éa fo d st ie a de ,

n io
p an u pwe a r dn e on n ee r o fégde .

G if p ee s 0 n dfe n ga n e lle n do h te ,

m e c fr ee t we dn e fylla n se e o lde

r u we s n at h weet . R é d hw eet ie m a ne .

63
Ie eom h ea r d o n d se e a r p , h in go n ge s st r o n g,

fo r 6 sipe s f rom fr éan u n fo r e fi b

‘

, ;
wa d e u n de r Wa m b e o nd m e weg sy lfa

r y h t ne ge r ym e . R i n e b iiS 0 n | 0 fe ste

m ee ze ft a n we a r dn e
se on
pylS
h ee le 6 m id h r ze gle , h wilu m Gt t yh iS

of ho le h at n e , h wilu m e ft fa r e e
‘

s e a xe 6 ; E dd s e a xe s
3 H e r z f ( p 6 9 ) e c g f or o r d, o n a cc o u n t of
‘

12 . . 1 . .

a w k wa r dn es s of r e p et it io n . 1 4 E tt m ge pydo n . 1
5 AI S t wa n ; E dd t w a m . . . .

1 7 E t tm . i
w do r . Gn m ee n do n
. .

62 AI S ft , n ot o f a s Cu s ta t e 8 AI S E dd be bef o r e m e c AI S I I olt /l
‘

1 . o . .
, . .
, .

( Bb . ix , 3 5 8 ) fr ee t w e dn e ; E dd fr ze t w e de . .

63 1 AI S , G n in go n ge s ; Gn n o te h ingo n ge s. .
? so IV .
—4 T/z ge r yn e
. .

5 (P 5 5 .
‘

x , 4 77) r es o lv es byiS; I I o lt /z .
(B b i x
.
, 3 5 8) 6 S iev ( F E B . .

x 4 76 ) l t yh S ; Cos (P B B xxi ii ) t yh e S 7 T/z e ft —

fa r e Zi ; Gn n o te
‘ ‘ ‘

r es o v es . .
, 1 29 . . .

fe g e i P
‘
 R I D D LE S OF T H E E XETE R BO O K 45

0 11 n e a r o 11 5 t h wfi r, n yde p swipe
s fi e r ne
p se e g . Sa ga h wee t ie h i tte .

64

O ft ie s e e ga s e le dr éa m e se e a l

iwgr e 0 n e 0n p p o n ne ie eom f0 r6 b o r e n ,

—
glre d m id go l de , pz e r gu m a n dr in eaiS .

H wilu m m e e on co a f n e y ss e iS m fipe

t i l l ie e s n e Tar
pe w it t fi o p ,

fze fim e on fo lm fe ] [fi j
n gr u m
pyiS,

wy r e e iS h is w illa n 6 111

fu lr e po n ne ie f0 r 6 c y me

N e m eeg ie py i
n i an
p
[s i p a n on léo h te

s wy lc e ea c b id so n a
re ge t fie nad,
h wee t 111 6 to

1621 5 ri n e , pa une ge r yde wee s .

64 1 AI S . s e e ga n ; E dd . s e ega . 2 S iev .
(PB B . x 4 76)
, r e s o lves be o n
-
.
5 S iev .

( P B B x 4 77) r es o lv es b e o 6
.
, 6 TA fee ii n 3 C u s upp lies [ b e c lyp p e fi
‘

. .
'

gr u m ; .

fin ]gr u m ; D iet r ( x i 4 79 ) a dds [ gru m ; ’

b ife h d a n d fi n ]g r u m ; S c/z [o n fo lm ]
.
, .
'

I V ( s o T ) r ea ds t/z e upp er lz a lf of o n fo lm tlz en a g ap of a bo u t f o u r le tter s ( S c/t fi ve )

. .
, . .

I I o lt /z ( B b i x 3 5 8 )
. .
7 TA w i l l e n ; I V M e n is n o lo ng e r v is ible
, S clz . . . .

a bo u t t w e n ty o n e lett er s m iss ing ; I V t /l e fif tli app ea r s t o l/ a v e bee n 6 t lz e s ixt lt l ?

‘
-
.
,

I r ea d clea r /y l ; B AI g iv e s 8 a n d t lz e t op o/ lu ; D iet r [ n e w e o r i e ic s wa be a h
]
‘ ‘

. . . .

8 D iet r [o n faz dm e l y] — 9 Tl1 Gn g ap i n AI S ; D iet r n o g ap S c/z a bo u t t w en ty

’
>
. . .
, .
, . .

t /i r ee lette r s m is s ing af te r f o r d c y m e 10 1 1 D iet r a dd s

[Ime t m e s e m o n dy de | -
.
,
.
.

pze r m in s w e o r a ( P) b iZi ge s e ]w e n ; S c /z af ter m i l a n a bo u t tw e n ty letter s a r e m iss in g

‘

i
.
,

t lz e n ba n ( n o t w a n Tl1 I V s ees s t ill tli e lo w e r p a r t of p bef o r e pa n s o do I

, .
, . .

1 2 77 g ap in AI S ; C u n o g ap ; S c lz a bo u t tw e n ty f o u r le tt e r s m is s ing af t er le o lmt e
-
1 . . . .

1 3, 1 4 S c /z d ge t a c n a d a bo u t s ev e n t ee n lett e r s a r e la c/dug ; TIt

. bet w ee n s o na an

O n r ea d t e befo r e ge t a e n a d ; I/ V s ees bef o r e t e s o m e n z a r l s , p er /z ap s r n ; D ie t r

. .
'
.

s upplie s
[s w e o t o l o n e o r le | fe la t e a lt r ie n du m o n fo ]t e ; C u , D ie t r ge t a c n o d . . .

1 5 S e ll .
f te r
a t o a bo ut n in e le tt e r s ar e m is s ing ; D iet r . in s e r t s [b ys m e r e s e b e a lda
t e o de ] . 1 6 D ie t r .
(I . I
"
f
. iv , 3 8 7) [s u m r ee d ] ; ( B b i x 3 5 8 ) .
,

p e r /z a ps [r e c e I s ee t /z e bo tto m cu r v es o
f t w o le tte r s,
p e r /z ap s ce so AI .
46 R I D D LE S O F THE E XETE R BO O K

65

Ie s ea h P o nd o e f r w o n g fe r a n ,

B [I
V
be r a n b zfi m w ms on s ipp e
'
h mbb e n de s b y h t , N 0nd F ,

V
s wy lc e p ypr a ( 15 1, P 0 nd [I
V v

ge fe a h l
/ o nd F
’

,
flee b o e f r i ,

[
4 0 nd It: sy lfe s p ee s fo le e s .

66

C wie o wee s ie , ne e w mb ie w ih t ; e we le ie fne

’

ie w ee s , e ft ie e we m aagh w a mee r éa a b, f
'

oe r

h a fa 6 m e e on h e ndr e 0 nd m in h éa fo d s e ir e
p,

b ite r) m e e on b re r lie , b r ie e b m i n e wis a n .

M o n n a n ie ne b ite , ny m pe h E m e b ite

s i n da n p a r a m o n ige pe m e e bi ta B
‘

67

Te eom m a re Es m idda n ge a r d,
po nn e
p
lzfi ss e po nn e h o n dlwy r m ,
léo h t r e po u n e m o n a ,

s w i f ti e p o u n e s u n n e . Si s me s i n d e a lle
flGLlJ S on fae bm u m o nd pés f o l de n be a r m ,
‘

'

gr e n e gr u n du m ie b r i n e ,
h el l e u n de r h n ige , h e o fo n a s o fe r s tige ,

w u ldr e s Ep e l ; wide r aae e

o e f r e n g a ea l rd eor pa n ge fy lle ,

65 2 AI S E dd s i ppe ; H olt /1 (Bb ix 3 5 8) si l e 3 H o lt /1 H A [s a m o d] w it/z

v
, . . .
, . . .
,

om is s io n f
o on d . ( in . A( m isp r in t jbr A) .
4 AI S , G n H ie /c ( A ng lia X 5 9 7) I)
.
, .
, .

IV P
. . I I o lt /z . W E [s nm o d] .

5 Tr ( B b V , 5 0 ) H f o r . . F .
5 6 I I o /t Iz
, . su
pp lies
an d bef or e fiea h an d sw
y lc e li e/or e S r u n e -
.

66 3 TA n ot e h e a Nr e P
4 AI S T/z o n b re r lic 5 AI S m l
‘
-
n
y p e
‘
. . .

( n o t n ym h e , ( in 5 . n ot n
ym pp e S ell , ); JI o /t lz .
( B b i x 3 5 8)
. . s u s ta i n s
p b o n e t ica lU
tb e A I S / or m E dd ym pe
. n .

67 Co n 8 0 11 Mr s AI S 11 1 in da n ge a r cl AI S Co n E tt m Gn pa S :
‘

1 . . .
~

4 . .
,
.
, .

Gn n o te , Gn 2 he s E tt m n ote b e a i m as 6 Co n h e o fe n e s
‘

. . . . . .
48 R I D D LE S O F TH E E X E T E R BO O K

si n ce o n d s eo lfr e S e e ge pe c un ne ,
‘

.
. se .

wis fa s ti n h wy lc ,‘ ‘

. h wmt s Eo w ih t S
i
] .

69 ( Gn 68 ) .

1 0 pi wih t ge s e nh on we g [Er a n

h e o w re s e ft lie e “ u n dr u m
w
ge gie r we d .

\Vu ndo r w e a r d on w e ge wee t e r we a r d t 6 b a n e .

Gn 69 )
70 ( .

W ih t is w r i et lie -

pfi m pe h y r e wis a n n e co nn
s i n ge d p u i h sidnn is s e s we o r a wo h
‘

or p o ne um
ge wo rht h a fa p e a xle t wfi

se e a r p o n ge se y ldrum . H is ge se e a po

| e s wfi wr zi tlie e b e w e ge s t o n de ,
[ 1 26
]
3
p 5
h Ea h o nd h lGo r to i b t , -
hmle pu m t 6 h y t te .

71 ( Gn 70) .

IC eo m r ic e s li t r énde b e w zfeie d
'

zi .

Sti b 0 nd s t Ea p wo n g, s ta o l p wee s iu pi
‘

wy r t a wlit e t o r h t r a n u eo m i pr a li f,
wr a-

ty r e s 0 nd féo le , fo s t e gen e a r wa d,
e
'

wir e ge we o r pzu l “ E-p o d h wilu-

m
I
.

fo r gr i p e m i n u m se pe go l d w ige B ‘

po nn e ie ypa n s o e u l
-

19 I I o /t li .
( l ib . ix ,
3 58) s ie
jor sy .

69 1 ( in . w ih t e . ( in . n o te on w a g ? ( in f a r a n
‘
.
. . 2 AI S
0
b
'

e gie r w e cl a nd cot
- l beg in s n e w lin e t o il /1 cap ita l so TIt p r in ts 1 3
. .

w mge ?
if:
’
( Is a sep a r a te r iddle . Tl1 is is Tr . s v ie w . ( 3 . ( in . n ot e

70 1 AI S h y r a .
3 AI S . Til . tun .
4 7 71 . n o te hy r e ? Alo g ap in r lI S
‘

: ( in .

s u pp lies 5 7 71 . n o t e s t o n dn b
? ‘
'

( in . n o te b e w m ge s to n
71 2 I I o/t li .
( l fb . ix .
3 58) st e a
m vo n-g . Tn . “ o ri g s t a po l
-
. l . ill -la ‘
.
3 AI S .

Tli . w lit e t o -r h t m .
—5 TA . n o te
ge w r e o la d
‘
-
6 AI S , E dd . m m mi i
g r ip e ; I t o /i ll .
(E S xxxy ii, z oo ) g r ipe
: m in u m . 7 71 . n o te 7 Cu . n o te

cl l (l ) 7o itl1 t il e n ext
'

?
y wa n (i n t li e iddle w it/i s c e a l, a nd ta l e ie te 10
'
os e
'

. r .

r iddle ,
of fi r s t f ull lin e
a t en d Af te r s c e a l s o m e n in e li f te r s a r e m is s ing .

li e /or e h r in gu m I s ee a t e n d of lin e t li e upp e r s t r o l e of a lette r , i li o n a m is s ing lette r '

t l/ e n s o ( I I II fe ) . . . .
 R I D D LE S O F T H IC E X ET E R BOO K 49

h r ingu m ge h y r s t e d m e b il

dr y h t n e m in

wlit e b Et e

72 ( Gn .
71 )

I c wee s l i te l so m e
a n te gea f
we p
e u nc ge s en e

s we o s to r m in

fEdde m e c [s eg r ]
e ; o ft ic o we r t éa h

b r 6 po r , o n su n dr a n
s wé s e para ge h wy lc
daegtidu m m E dr inc a n s c a lde
p ur h py r e l p ea r le . Ic pé h on lu s t ,

es y ldr a o nd Enfo r IEt

o ppze t ic wax p ac t

8 ge h y[ r s te d] [m e ], a nd tlz e n t w e n ty -t ar ee m is s ing lett er s ; I/ V .

(so M
t li e r s ted m e , t lt e n
a nd I ) r ea ds u
pp er lz a lf of t/i e n s om e tw e n ty m is s ing
lette r s ; l / o lt lt .
( Ang lia x x i v , 2 64 ) b ibf o r b il (W ) .
9 S elt af te r m in , a g ap of s o m e
.

t w e n ty -o n e let te r s . A bo v e w lit e 13 /W . .ds go r ea . I O S C /l w lit e is t lz e la s t w o r d of

.

t b e lin e u n de r it is b e t e 7 On a cc o u n t o
f tae clos ing g n S e la , u n lil e ds
’
si r eg a r

be te as belo ng ing to t/i is r iddle , a nd as a p ar t f

o a p er /t a p s s lz o r ter e n d-lin e . l/ V be
.

lie v es t lu z t t lz e r e is g ap bef o r e b e t e , bu t t li a t a s la s t w o r d it is w r itte n , a s is

no co m

m on , at t lz e r i /i t e n d o
g f t lz e n ext lin e [s ee 3 8 , 4 6 , 5 4 , B ef o r e b e t e is a ls o a si
gn
[ve r y co mm o n in R iddles ] t lz a t r
f er s it to t lz e p r
e c
e e di n
g lin e 1 ag r e e w it/t
S ell . and IV .

72 I , z (I n . I c w az s(a bo u t t w e n ty letter s ) b e te ; 5 m . I c w ac s
ge a f ; I V r ea ds af t e r w zr z s tlz e upp e r p a r t of ly t a n d bef o r e ge a f a n t e ( t/t e
.
,

lo w e r p a r t of a n ) ; [lo ll/i ( Ang lia x x i v 2 6 4 ) p r op o s es [ b r ]a n t e ge a f[1a s ]

. [ r ea d ,
.

a te r l t c lea r l
f y y e a n d upp er p a r t of 1 ( n ot s ee n by ill ) a n d a t begin n ing of lin e , ,

lz a lf w ay bet w ee n ly t e l a n d a n t e s o clea r ly a n d M e n m 1 9 ill r ea ds s o a n d M e , . .

g r ea te r p a r t of m e Af ter ge a f G n g iv e n o g ap ; S ela I V a g ap of s o m e M ist y

.
, .
, .

t wo lette r s 3 ll/ S ( IV T ) w e be u n c ge m ac n e ;
. . .
, w e u n c ge m zrr n e
. .

Af t e r ge m ze n e s o m e n in e t ee n le tt er s a r e m is s ing D iet r ( x i 4 8 1 ) p r op o s es ( 1 3 ) . .
,
-

I c w ar s [o f h a me a dr ife n , he a r m m i ] be t e
nne ,

se be m e ge m mc ce z m ge a f, we nnc ge m aane [ o ft
]
[s w iGa s a se tt o n ic o nd
] s we o s t o r m in
‘

; .

5 e in m e c is w o r n a w ay ( I V) ; a
f te r m e c S e/t . s ees a g ap o
f s o m e e ev e nl lette r s ;
Gn .
2 s
u pp lies faz gr e ; D ie t r . s u pp lies fm dr a sum ; l/e r z f (p. .
70 ) fu l fzn gr e a nd ( cf .

r ea ds o ft iC , n o t s ee n by S e la , IV .
, or by m e . 6 Cu .
, D iet r .

ba r a le i . 8 l / o lt /z .
(Bb . ix , 3 5 8 ) ba h .
9 7 71 . n o te b o nne f or lm t ? l . a n- o f r let ;
Gn .
, IV . an fo r l e t .
 R I D D LES O F T H E E X E T E R BOOK
50

s we a r t u m h y r de , si va del widdo r ,

m e a r c pa pa s Wa l a s t l IE d,
‘

m o r a s p ae tide

b nn de n u n de r b ea m e , b Ea g h aefde on h e a lse ,

w ea n on li s t e we o r c 17r 6 wa de ,

e a r fo fi a dze l O ft m e c is e r n sc o d
‘

sar e on s ida n ic s w iga de ,

—
ii ie fr e m e lda de mo n n a {a mm
gif m e o r ds t aep e e gl e “ E r o n .

73 ( Gn 7 2
) .

Ic on wo n ge a we o x, wu n o de p ae r m e c féddo n .

h r fise | o nd h e o fo n w o lc n , o ppae t o n h wy r fdo n me

ge a r u m fr 6 dn e , pa m e
gr o m e w u r do n
of hi r e ge c yn de re ic {Tar c w ic b e h éo ld,

o n w e n da n m i n e wis a n , w e gedo n m e c o f e a r de ,

ge dy do n p aet ic s c eo lde w ip ge sc e a p e m i n u m

on b o n a n w illa n b fi ga n h wilu m
'

Nfi eo m f r ia n
'

m in es fo lm e b y s igo [d]

di a n dzfi l, gif h is e llen de a g,

o p pe aeft e r do m e ri
m§ r w
1a fr e m m a n ,

wy r c a n w e

ec o n Mo de n ta n we

pe o nd ) w r Gh t s t a f
tC Eu m ]

n eo rp, e a xle ge gy r de
wo

o n d s wio r a s m ze l, s ida n fea lw e

ro n n e m e c h e apo s ige l

b e sc in e b o nd m ec
’

s c ir

II Gn . n o te “ 3 1 13 ? I : 7 71 . n ot e b ear m e ?
Gn b e a h
. . I 4 C in m e c

efiaee d ( Hi) ; 1 r ea d it e a s il v . 1 7 7 71 . o r d s ta
‘
-

pe .

73 I JI S . w o n o de ; E dd w u n o de . . 2 J/ S . . Cu . h e o fo n w lo n c ; 7 71 .

0 1 1 33 , H H e r zf
'

w lo n c ; . h e o fo n w o lc n . E dd . me o nhw
y r fdo n
'

; .

o nhw
y r fdo n m e .
5 (I n w i s e . . S J /S . . E dd . m i n e s f r ean .
 52 R I DD LE S O F TH E EXETER BO O K

fé gr e fe o r m a d 0 nd o n fy r d w ige ifi
‘

c r ze ft e o n h ee ft e . C 66 is wide

W ic | > r i s t r a f c r aeft e
'

et su m ] eo> es
.

u n de r b r ze gn lo c a n -

h wilu m e a wu n g a e l lfae s t e n
ie
'

fo r iiwe a r d b r e c e p art fr iiS h aafde

‘

ze r .

F Er in ge fr o m ,
b e h is po n a n
we n de e
'

of pfim wicum . W iga se

| >e m i n e wis a n

[ so e b ] c u nn e , sa ga h wze t ic h i tte .

74 ( Gn 73
) .

I c wze s fzf m me geo n g, -

fe a xh fi r e we me

o nd e nlic
F r in c o n an e tid ;

fléa h m id fugiu m o nd o n fl6 de s wo m ,

dea f u n de r W e dead m id fi sc u m ,

o nd o n fo lda n sto p , h aefde fe r fi c w ic u .

75 ( Gn .
74 )
s w ift n e ge s e a h on s wa p e
h N .

76 ( Gn .
75 )
an e ge se a h i de s e s i tta n .

Gn 76
77 ( ) .

See m e c fédde , s u n dh e lm
p ea h t e ,

0 nd m ec w r u go n
ip a l eo r pa n ge t en ge ,

p e léa s e . O ft ic fl6 de o n ge a n

AI S w ige S n o t a s C u s ta tes , w e ge ii ; T/1 n o te w e g e e Tll bris t a

‘
‘ ‘ ‘

2 1 .
, 23 . . .

2 4 AI S , C u D iet r , I V h r ze gn lo c a n ; 7 71 n ote h r mgl l o c a n ? Sp r i i 1 3 7,

.
, . . .
-
.
,

A o g ap i n AI S Tl1 ; D ietr ( x i 4 8 2 ) s upp lies h w ilu m n e be

'
b r fe gn lo c a n
'
‘

. .
, .
,

Cu 2 h e a lde n e Ne fam in ga 2 8 A o g ap in J AY, E a a f l ar ef ( p 70 )

'
’
( in
’
n o te
‘

27
‘
-
. . . . . . .

a ss u m es , on a eco u n t (
y
’

a bs e n ce (
f a llite r a t io n , a g ap
of a t le a s t t w o b a l ilin es
j afte r
c un n e .

74 5 AI S , Cu .
,
II
'
'

. fo r h ;
'

S pr . i , 28 1, Co s .
, Tr (B B x ix
. .
, 20 1 )
x
75 2 AI S . D N L
. . . H; T/t .
, Gn . D N . . U H;. H
'
. l lf r o Bb
. ix ,

77 1 Tb . se ; Cu .
, II '

. S LI
‘
 RI D D LES OF T H E EXETER BO O K 53
-

m fi6 o nt yn de ; Il l l wi l e m o n na su m

m in flé sc fr e ta n , fe l l es me r ec c e 6 ,

s i pp a n he m e of si da n s e a xe s o r de
h yd dr y/ pe e [o nd m j
ec hr [a
] pe s i pp a n
it e fi u n s o de n e ea c

O ft ic fi6da s

as e ynu m i n um o nd

[j
d y d f]
e m e to m os e

—
s waI ic h im

an me se t h i m ge sae t

fio te c we a lde

pu r h or po n c ypu m b e w r ige n e .

Al a d (p 4 8) r ecc e S ; Cu I/V ii 7, 8 Cu yp e fi
‘

r ece
5 . . .
, . . . ar

efi
he ; yS clz
p .
( f o u r le tte r s )
ar
[ec ] h[
w ( tw o lette r s
) be ; I/ V . s ees

o
f e c o n ly t /i e upp er p a r t, of ly t w o s t r o lees
on F r o m f r ag m en t in 111 5 t lz is . .

do u btf ul let te r w m ay w e ll be a n r (s ee H o lt/i a u s en s em e n da tio n ) D ietr ( x i , 4 8 3 )

’
. .

su pp lies af ter a r y p e fi [h o r d h im o fa n im fi ] ; [f e lt/z ( A ng lia x x i v , 2 6 5 ) [o n d h n ae c efi .

'

m l efi
'

m ]e c | ze r [
o b be s ibba n
] r ea di ng , ae r f or S ela , I/ V h [
w . Tli . ile fi ; 7 71 . n ote .

T/i . m a r k s g ap a f te r u ns o de n e ; C u . a s s u m es n o g ap ; S c /z e a c . t/z e r es t
f t/z e
o

s t r ob e ; B M
lin e is m is s ing ; IV /
.
( so 1 ) s ees a
f ter 0 an 10) -
g iv es . n ea r ly a ll o
f l;
l/ o lt/i . l. c . r eg a r ds it e fi unso de n e as c
se o n d lz e m is tic/i bu t [f e lt/z .
(E S . . xxxv ii ,

210
) “ 7 70 "
[ o nd mj a ] l> e
ec h r [ si blmn
it e fi u n so de n e ea c [s wa so me ]

p la c i u is te I V
’
'

p r ef e r t l1 1 s f
'

/
' "
0 o a) e r . s
s
ec h w i ]
be s ibba n it e é
i u n s o de n e e a c
‘

bu t t lz e lf r -
a gm e n t in J / S . r u les o u t s wa so m e .

78 Om itt ed by Tli , O n I lI / S n ot O fl . . .
( I V ) , bu t c le ar ly O ft ( T ) S c/i a bou t . .

t w e n ty -f o u r lette r s a r e m is s ing af te r fi o da s . 2 [l o ll/z .

( A ng lia x x i v , 2 6 5 ) s upp lies
[l e ]a s p /z ap s 6e 1 l l en l ea s 71 5 ( IV) clea r ly c yn n ( T ) Af te r o nd
‘

an, e
yn ;
-
, er e . 1 . c .

S clz . n o te s a
g p f a s ix let te r s
o so m e tw e n ty -
[Jo lt/i s upp lies [.sac an] 3 . H o lt /i . co n

ject u r es [h ]y de m e t o m o s [e ] I Vit/i my . r e ding c m p a r e A n d 2 7

a o . . Af t e r m o s
a bo u t t w e n ty -s ix let t e r s ar e la c /eing ( S c /i ) 4 Af te r h im a
ga p f o som e t w e n ty fou r
-

le tt e r s
5 IV . s ta te s Ma t 3 1 is ver y in dis tin t c . I n s t ea d o
f al I r ea d f a in tly
an m or n ) . S c /i . r e orc ds a
f ter z t a la u n a o
g e s zx f s om e s ix tee n lette r s c .

6 S ell r ea ds r o te ; I V flo t e , a nd r y n o tes t /z a t of f t lz e upp er c r o s s s t r ob e is

ig/i t / -
. . . .

c
la king , a n d ” ml f ]
o onl
y t l/ e lo w e r p a r t is v is ible . [l o ll/i . su
pp lies [o n ] flo t e .

7 S e ll s ta tes t /z a t
.
f
a te r or bo n c som e
fi ne le t te r s ar e m is s ing ; IV . r ea ds o
f yh o n ly t/z e
low e r p a r t ( s o I f til . . a n d
 54 RI DD LE S O F TH E EXETE R B OO K

79
Ic eo m mpe lin ge s fi ht o nd W i lla .

80 ( Gn .

Ic e o m ze p e lin ge s e a xlge s-t e a lla ,

fy r dr in c e s ge fa r a , fr écm m i n u m leo f,
'

c y n in ge s ge se lda . C w én m e c h wilu m

h wit lo c c e du ho nd l e ge h ‘

on ,

e o r le s do h t o r , yeah h io m l
we lu s
y .

H ee b b e m e on b Gs m e p aet on b e a r we ge wéo x .

H wilu m ic on w lo n c u m w i e ge r ide
h e r ge s on e n de h e a r d is m in t u n ge .

O ft ic w GSb o r a n -
w o r dléa n a su m

igy fe
E :e fter gie dde . G o o d is m in wis e

0 nd ic sy lfa $3 10 . Sa ga h wae t ic h i t t e .

8 1 ( G11 79 ) .

[
I C eo m by lgei br Eos t , b e lc e ds w e o r a ,
—
h t Ll d
‘
h ae b b e 0 nd h ea n e ste o r t ,

e a ga n 0 n d ea r a n 0 nd i n ne fo o t ,

h r yc g o nd h ea r d n e b b , hn ec c an st eapn e

o nd s ida n t wfi , s <7g
[ ] ol on m iddu m ,

rd o f e r fe ldu m Agli e dr Eo ge
’

ea .

m e c w e ge h wu du h r ér e é ,
‘
’

pfi ]
’

r .
se )
e

0 nd m ec s t o n de n de s t r Ea m as b éa t a b
” ‘
‘

h ae gl se h e a r da 0nd h r im pe c e h

[ o nd fjo r st
[e
lz
’
o s eI F 0 nd fe a lleh s n fiw

'

80 E tt m ge fe r a 4 E tt m le c ge b 5 E ttm Cu Si Cu a gie fe ,
‘
-
2 . . . . .
, . . .

Cu Tr G o d I I E tt m s ilfa
‘

.
, . . . .

81 I E dd . b yle db r e o s t .
3 G n fo t 5 J AY, E dd s a g ; 7 71
. . . . n o te s ac

( F E B x , 5 20)
'

( Gn m idda n 7 S ie v -il S hrer e b ; On

‘
‘
a . . . . . .

’ ‘ '

h r e p e b ; Gn n o te h r ér e h P 1 0 771 he c e S d fe a lle b ; C u g it g ap afte r

‘ ‘ ‘ ‘

0n es no
'
. . .

f t e r s n a w [fo r d o f e r m e c ]
’

l e c e b bu t upp lies S cf/I r ea ds ive c e S ( n in e le tter s )

‘ '
v
, s a .

(Eb i x
'

e S ; II r ea ds a s t lz ir a a n d f t o lt /i
’
o u r /f} le tte r s r s a n d a s t li e la s t 5 ;
f
‘

.
. . , .
,

3 5 8 ) s upp lies a s f ir s t li e n/ ist ic li [ge m s k e i i 1 r ea d af te r rs fli e t op of t

t e r y c lea r ly a n d e o q u it e dis tim t lv b jbr e s e b B V r ea ds o rs t e o s efi

'
'
‘
-
c . . - . .
56 R I D D LE S O F TH E E XETE R BO O K

fi r e ge s elsa d N 17 m e fzih we r a?)

'

-
.

eo r pa n b sé m e Err e s t w e a n)

g um en a t O gy r n e . I c fu l ge a r we gem o u

h wa m in fr o m c y n n fr u m a n figét t e

ea ll o f e a r de ; ic him y fle ne m o t,

ac ic b eef / [e jnjd '

h wilu m a r mr e

wide ge o n d wo n ga s . H ee bb e ic w u n dr a
m idda ngea r de s m ae ge n u nl
yt e l ,

s c e al
ac ic m i pzm mo n na ge h wy lc u m
dégo lfu ln e d6 m dy r o n c r ee ft e s ,

sififwt min ne Sa ga h wee t ic h at t e

' '

. .

84 ( Gn 8 1
) .

An w ih t is [ o n eo r pa n ] wu n dr u m ac e nn e d,

h r éo h 0 nd r é e , p h a fa 6 r yn e
l s t r o n gn e ,

gr i m m e gr y m e ta b 0n d b e gr u n de fa r e iS
'
‘

M Gdo r is m o n igr a mé rra w ih t a .

Fi ge r fér e n de fu n da ii é fr e ;
'

11 6 0 1 is n ea r o gr a p . Ni n ig 6 1m m ) m wg

wlit e o n d wis em wo r du m ge c ypa n -

—
il ll m i s l ie b ip m re ge n pfir a c y n n e ,

fy r n fo r fige sc ea ft ; fmde r e a lle b e wfit ,

'

o r o nd e n de ,
s wy lc e an su n u ,

m ee r e m e o t u de s b e a m , p u i h [h is m ea h ta 5 1)
] E
fd

4 d in g e fac ls a d is a lt e r e d
f r om N Tb war Cu w a r h d] ;
‘ ‘

. . .

‘
up on w b ic b t b e a ce . e o r ha n
‘

dep e n ds" ; S eb w a . ra II ( so f
. ll .
) r ea ds
aft er a tb c

lo w e r p a r t of d 8 6 On Ne f Ic 7 Tb n ot e f r u m c yn n t l/ S
‘

a or . . or . .
9 ,

Tb . on h ze ft n y d ; C u .
, II '

. h ze ft n y d . Tb . n o te a dr u
e fe . 10 Tb w u n dzi ; O u
. .
,

D iet r .
(x i . I V w u n dr a
. .

8 -4 1 . il S .
, E dd An w ih t . is ; H er z f (p. .
70 ) an w r ae t lic u w ih t or Is an w ih t , et c .
;

1 77) /br ing ( L id B l -

. x ii , 1
5 6 ) is [ on eo r
‘
’

ha n ] (f
i .
v
. il S . a c e nn e
‘
‘

b . 2 Cu . n o te

r eo h 3 Tb a a h ; in . f r ‘
’

1 11 5 . a is a lte r e d to e
( IV) . 6 ( in .
2 and
f or is .
9 On .

n o te fr o d fyr n ge s c e a ft
'

1 1 Af te r lm r h , S eb . n o tes
g ap of s om e t w e lv e lette r s . At
en d o f lin e B . 1 11 . r ea ds e d, n o t s ee n by S e b .
,
IV, . or by m e . Tb is s u pp o r ts Gr ein
’
s

a dditio n [h is m ih t a sp e d] .
 R I D D LE S O F T H E E XETE R BOO K
57

ma st ]
> es ta

dy r e c a r ft

o n ne by awe o r p

o pe a n lg p ar a
fa r me m a g

o per c ynn eo r pa n po n a r wa s

wlit ig o nd wy n su m

Bip sio m o ddo r m a ge n e ea c e n ,

wu ndr u m b ewr e pe d, W is tu m ge h la de n ,

h o r du m ge h r o de n , h a lepu m dy r e
'

M a ge n b ifi ge m ic la d, m e a h t ge sw e o t lad

wlit e b ip ge we o r pa d wuldo r ny t t in gu m ,

wy n su m wu ldo r gim m wlo n c u m ge t e n ge ,

c la n geo r n b icS o n d c y st ig, ft e

’‘
cra e ac e n

h io b i]; eadgu m leo f, ea r m u m ge ta se

1 2 —1 9 B e t t i/ec u m a and a r wa s ( 1 8) Tb o r p e ass u m es a

g ap o
f t lz r ee li e m i
s tic b s a n d a p a r t of a
f o u r tb a cco r ding t o Tb .
, w b a t f ollo w s m a is a
pp a r en tly
p a r t of a n ot b e r ig m a ; C u s upp lies
en . ma [ge n h a lige s g a ste s] , a nd g iv es , a
f ter a

la cu n a , a r w a s a s c los e of n ext lin e Cu . n o te ba r wa s w lit ig ? Fo r Gn .

’
s
g ap
D ie t r .
( x i 4 8 4 ) s upp lies [be o f e r
, h i re h r e o n e h iy c g] a r w a s ; a nd a
f te r wy n
sum,
[w i de b o r e n ] . S eb . and ba t h yh s t e ma ( fi ve lette r s ) he s ?
( ju dg ing
f r om
f r ag m e n t s ) gan ( ) a bo u t e
( tee n le tt e r ee s dy r e c ra f t a bo u t tw e n ty t b r -

o nne h
le tte r s ) y aw e o r p ( a bo u t tw e n ty tb r ee lette r s ) be o be
] a nig -

ba r a ( a bo u t t w en ty t b r ee lette r s ) -
f[ ]
0 r ne m a
g (a bo u t t w e n ty s e v e n letter s ) -

o be r c n n e o r ba n
y ( a bo u t fif tee n lette r s ) [Ho n a r w a s w lit ig o n d w yn s u m
( e igb t lette r s ) S e b dec la r es t b a t i b e a bs e n ce of a beg in n ing cap ita l a n d of a
. .

clos ing s ign disp r o v e Tb s view in a n ew e n igm a Af te r m a ( 1 2 ) I r ea d tb e top of

-
.
’ ”
.

s t ( B i ll . cer ta in ly n o t a g a s Gn s ug ges ts tb e n t b r ee m is s ing lett er s t b en tb e

. .
, ,

top of he s f o llo w ed by t a ( n o t ga
, S eb I V ) B ill r ea ds e s t a , W r ea ds of be s
.
, . . . . .

( 1 2 ) o n ly ib e upp e r p a r t L ib e IV I s ee betw ee n f a n d r ( 1 6 ) tb e bo tto m of a n a ;

.
,

13 /ll r ea ds p la in ly fa r
. . I V a n d I s ee s till t b e b of bo n
. . 20 C u s eo . .

Tb m o do r 2 1 Tb [ge ]w r e be cl ; C u w r e he d ; S eb [b e ]gr e be d ba s ing b is eo n

‘

. .
,
. . .

fec t u r e o n f r ag m e n ts of tw o le tter s i n lI/S I V ( s o B [I] a n d 1 ) r ea ds t b e low er

'

. . . .

p a r t of b e a n d tb e n w r e be d ( w q u it e c lea r ly ) H o ltb ( E S xxxv n 2 1 0 ) . . . .

,

be w r e be d w u n dr u m , w is t u m ge h la s t ed,

ge h r o de n h r du m
o .

24 , 25 Tb . n o te w u n do r ? 25 Cu . n ote w o lc n u m 27 AI S . ear m fi
ge t a se ;
Tb . e a r m u n ge t a s e ; Cu .
, IV . as i n t ex t .
58 R I D D LE S OF TH E EXETER BO O K

fr Eo lie , s e l l ie ,
fr o m a s t o n d s wi o s t , p
gifr o s t o nd gr a dgo s t gr u ndb e dd t r i de r,

p a s ] ie u n de r ly fte filo de n w u r de

0 n d oe li la h e nr n e ngu m
‘

s un e
t
-

— —
( S W Ll
p a t w u ldo r w i f a, wo r ldh e a r n a 111 ,a
ge )

Péa h ] fe r lm m glCa w [ge lr ige n h a bb e ]

‘
)e

m o n m o de ]s n o t to r m e n go wu n dr a .

H r fi s a n h io h e a r dm , h a le lm m e dm ,

ge o lu m 1m) ge nr o r a , gim m u m déo r m ,

wo r n lde l it igah , wa s t m n m t ydr e o,
‘

hfe n e ( lwa se e h
'

i t a n h e we o r p e h p ec e n e
‘

o ft T nn r e ,

w u n dr u m gmvlit e ga d, ge o n d we r péo de
t w fi fini) w e r as f r
'

p pa n ,
‘

a o e eo r

p a t m ngo n m ie l e s c e nit e
b ip s t an u m s to r m u m

le n t im b r e d w e a ll

pr y m ed

h r n s nn h r in e i) h
‘

e ge n ge o ft

28 l lo /tb (13 S xxxv n , 2 1 0 ) fr o m a s t ; E dd fr o m m a s t On S Ne f

‘ ‘

1
. . . . .
3 . O ir

o nd .
32 l a dd
‘

. 7 71 .
'
-
u l do r .

(
‘
g lo r io u s wom a n Cu . n o te

‘
w n n clo r ? vg l . wa fian , a n s ta u n en 9 .
’
Ap iir .
, 74 6 w u ldo r if . D ie t r .
(xi ,

J / S a Tb . m ar ge ; Cu .
, IV ma . ge n — 3 3 .
ga p in Tb .
‘
l lo r e a lin e is
f l i x , 08 s n o t o r
( 3 6 ll S ( I V )
"
l
pp lie s 5 )
’
w a n t ing ; ( in .
3 4 S i
suev l as in tex t . . . . . . .

b i| c
le a r l y ( T ) h i)s ( i n s u pp lies b il
. ) af t er gim m u m 38
.
g ap in ll S Tb
.
‘

. . . .

s t a tes t b a t a lin e is w a n t in
g P ie t r ( 4 8 6 ) s u pp lies [ e a dr ih t e n
] 4 2 ( in . xi , h i fr . .

n o te m a g e n f or m ngo n ? Tb , C u m e le b ib ; S e b m e e ( t b ir te e n to . . i . i l
f ou r tee n le tt e r s
) [ ] s te li ilw ;-
IV .
(so T) . befor e l)
r ea d s e a ft e ; I Q ill c e ni t e ; . . s
l l olt b .
-
1 ng lia xxiv , 26 u pplie [m a m e o
5) s s t u clg e s e ] e nft e — 4 3 Tb n o te b e s t r e w e d fi )
. . .

Af t e r s to r m um , Tb . in dica t es la c u n a t o c los e of r iddle ( i n s u pp lies .

tb e n ga p to cl os e : S eb . s t o r m nm
( t b ir t i' t o
-

t b ir t r -o n e le tt e r s
) t im h r e d

we a l ] . E igb t le t te r
'

s bef or e t im h r e d (4 4 ) 1 r e a d le n (H u ll . le s ) .
—
44 46 Af te r
w e a ll, S e b . ma rks t b ir t i' m is s ing lette r s, tb e n ( l h i nsa h ; l lo lt b l . . c . a ss ign s ed

to en d
of lin e 4 5 ; I V t o l 4 6 ; I V r ea ds In ym a n d e d i n s a h . . .
‘

h ; so do 1 c lea r l i
' '

4 6 —47 S e b h i n e h ( I V )
.

( a bo u t t7m-
r
7 1 0 - se v e n le tte r . h ’
. s
) [n Jge
‘

o ft

[ ];
s ea r w u m II
g e n g e ; R l/ e g e n g e "

. . . . .
60 R I DD LES OF TH E EXETER BOO K

86 ( Gn 8 3) .

W ib t c wo m go n ga n s r we ras e to n
sa

m aadl e m Gde
’
m o n ige ~
oh s no tt r e
—
h fe fde a n c a ge 0 n d ea r a n t VVZL

0 n d t w ége n fét , t we lf h u n d h éa fda ,

'

b r y e [g] 0n d wo m b e 0nd ho n da t wa ,

| e a r m a s o n d e a xle , a r me sw eo r a n '

o nd s ida n t wa . Sa ga h wmt ic h i tt e .

87 ( Gn 8 4) .

Ic seah wu n do r h c e w i h r , wo m b e h ze fde m i e le

pr ypu m ge pr u n gn e pe gn fo lga de
m fe ge n s t r o n g 0nd m u n dr 6 i ; m ic e l m é fih t e
p
n lic gu m r inc , gr i p on so n a
h eo fo n e s t 6 pe

b léo w o n c a ge h io b o r c a de ,

w a n o de w i l iu m . H io wo l de SE péa h

86 4 E dd . E tt m . II , XII .
5 Tb .
,
E tt m . b r ye . E tt m . h a n da .

8 7 3 HI S . m e ge n s t r o n g ; Tb .
, Cu .
. m mgn s t r o n g .
—
4 5 f/ olt b .
(E . S . x x x v i i 2 1 0) ,

grap u o s o na

h eo f on h is t o pe .

5 g ap in AI S Tb . . Cu .
,
IV . in di c a te m is s ing b e m is tic b . 6 iI/ S .
, E dd .

b le o w e ; ( I n n
. o t e b le o w ( )
P I

. I lS . b o n c a de , E dd . as in t ex t .
7 IV .

w a n c o de ; Tb .
, Cu .
pa n c o de -
. 8 S eb .
, II
"
. moi; B . . V . n o i l . Tb e w o r d is n ot
g iv e n
by Tb . Af t e r m o 1 a bo u t fi m r t ee n le tte r s ar e m is s i ng
—1 2 Tb r iC
88 1 .
, On .
( tb r ee m is s ing b em is tic b s )
r ea d I c w e o x bre (1 3) .

o nd s u m o r a lit t le m o r e t b a n o n e b e m is ticb
) ( C u 4 I V 1 2 ) a c ip u p l o n g
( .
, . .

0 nd s u m o r m i
S eb . I c w e o x pm r ic ( a bo u t t b ir t i f u r lette r s ) ( a bo u t f- o

t b ir ti le tte r s ) m e W it s m in t in ( a bo u t t b ir ty tb r ee le tte r s ) d it: o n s t a 5 [0 1]

‘
' -

( a bo u t t n e n t V e igb t lette r s )
i u m g e o n g s wa
-
( a bo u t t w e n ty s ev en let t er s ) -
'

s e w e a n a o ft ge o n d )
( a bo u t t w e n ty lett e r s
[flge a fl
I V ( s o 1 ) r ea ds 5 ( 1
. tb e upp e r p a r t of o l ( 1
. a n d t b e lo w er
p a r t of f ( 1 I l ) . . .

r ea ds
( 1 7) 0 d a n d s t a ho l a n d s e le zm a ( 1 I o )
‘

> .
.
, .

H lt b ( A ng lia x x i v 2 66 ) s upp lies s [

o . t o d] ( 1
, [w in t r ] u m g e o n g ( 1 a nd . .

[o j fge a f ( 1 I I ) ; H oltb ( B b i x 3 5 8 ) s u pp lies t in [

. t r e ga ]
. . [l /t b ( E S x x x v i i
,
o . .
,

2 1 0 ) s u pp lies
[s t 0 ]d ( 1 .
 R I D D LE S O F THE E XETE R BO O K 6 1

88 ( G11 8 5
.
)
Tz r ic
I c w e o x pe s

o nd sum o r mi
‘

m e wees m in t in

[ st
JGd ic on s tai501[e ]
um ge o n g s wa

se p ea n a o ft ge o nd

[ ]
o fge af ,

a c I C u p lo ng st 6 d pé r ie
o nd b r 6 po r m in , b e ge n waer o n h ea r de .

Ea r d wae s p51 weo r iSr a pe wit o n s t 6 da n ,

h y r st u m p37 h y r r a fu l o ft u n c h o l t w r ugo n ,

wu du b éa m a h e lm , wo nn u m n ih t u m ,

sc ildo n w i6 sc u r u m unc ge sc o p m e o t ud .

Nfi u nc mi ra n t wfim m aga s u nc r e

s e nlo n aeft e r c u m a n , ea r d o fi pr inga n

gingr a n b r 6 po r . E o m ic gu m c y nn e s

e n ] b aec
i n ga o e f r eo r pa n is m in [fig
wo u n o nd wu n do r lic . 10 on wu d a s t o n de

b o r de s on e n de n is m in b r 6 po r h ér ,

ac ic sc e a l b r 6 po r 1e a s b o r de s on e n de
s ta o l
p we a r dia n , s to n da n fae s t e

I2 a bou t e n t le tte r s ar e m is s ing 13 . /I

f . r e a ds bef o r e o nd tbe
o
fa y .
3 1 Tb , 13 /II m i n e b r o bo t ; O u , LV m in b r o bo r ; [I o/t b ( B b i x , 3 5 8 )
. . . . . . .

b r o bo r m in , p e r b ap s tb e m i n e of t/i e AI S s ta n d s / or m i n n e , a s in l 1 2 a t r a n s itive
. .

v er b m a
y be m is s ing 1 4 IV ( s o
’
.
y ib e lo w er p a r t of by
s e es o n l .
g iv es .

a ll bu t t b e u
pp e r s t r o be 1 8 Cu m aga s ;
. m éga s 2 0 Tb
. begin s a n ew . .

r iddle w it /z E o m , a lt b o u
g b i n i b e fl/S t b e r . e is n o t ev e n a
p e r iod af ter b r o po r ( I
21 C u fi n ga ; Gn
. . n ote a n ga . Siev
'

.
(P E / x 9 .
, 5 2 0) a tta c b s is m in b ae c on m et r i ca l
gr o un ds ; [l o /lb . iv , 3 88) su pp lies as in tex t . 2
5 lI/ S .
, Tb . s t o da n ; Tb . n ote ,

Cu , IV
. . s t o n da n .
62 R I D D LE S O F THE EXETER BO O K

—
ne wi t l u s tEr m in h i é po r 0111 w e r a {E h t u m

eo r pa n s c ams e a r dia n sc e a l,

b e h e a lfe h ea h e a r da de
’

se me a
i r .

W it im e t 6 fr e m m a n n e
’

ge s i s ze c c e

n i éir e u n c e r fiw pe r h is lle n yhde

‘

e c ,

s wa w it pi
e
re b e udw e b i ge n ‘
h e on pu n ga n .

N fi m ec u n s c e a ft a i mu n s lit a i)
‘

wy r da p m e c b e w o m b e ; ic ge we nda n ne m aeg ;

mt pa m s po r e fi ii de i) s ir ed 6 pe sE c e5
[ ]
‘

s fiw le r ee des
‘

e w ih t

b eg

gr a t e w c a
h wilu m e ft

h im p o n t a de s i ppa n
e s e m 1u m s wy lc e pr fige
-
. .

(p II '

26 4 8 ) b r o po r m in 29. 30 fr e m m a n ne n it ir e ; Tb Cu
"-

,
. . . . .

ln e “ sc i r e ; Tb n o te
'

f r e m nm n n e ee e ding
s eem s
p e tit io n f r om tb e w o r d pr
‘
. ne a r e :

S ie v . x 4 8 3 ) fr e m m a n n e
.
3 1 Tb w m r e ( m isp r in t )
. . . Tb . n o te o n bm n go n .

3 2 Tb . h u Tb n o t . e 11 11 .
3 3 Tb af te r w o m b e a g ap of
.
‘
, n ea r li '
To o b e m is tb b s
e c o n d b t/lli m mg ; ( I n w o m b e [ic w a r n iz m ]
'

a t end m mg ; I I (s o B J/
’

of s a u e ne . ne . . .

and cl ea r ly ) ds afte r w o m b e , ic g e w e n da n
r ea ne m mg .

34 , Tb . r ea ds sp e d
c
g a p t o los e : ( i n s upp lies s e [ (s o
'

se pe se. tb e n . ib en no g ap : II . B . n o te s

a fte r se
( z o b ic b is a t en d
of lin e ) s om e f o e / m:
( T fif te e n )
. m is s ing let te r s, on n ex t

li ne tb e n s a w le bl '
elo s ing s i gn 7
'

89 O m itt ed by Tb . a nd n ot
g ive n by S eb . II . tb u s r ea ds t b e
1 , 2 l i efor e w ih t s om e t b i r t i' le tte r s ar e la c b in g
'

. w o m b e is at en d
of lin e . A fte r
h a fd ‘
s om e t r o e n t r fi v e le t t e r s ar e la c b i n g‘

3 Un i v t b e r i gb t s ide of 1
’

in r e is v is i ble .

le lvr e is a t en d
of li n e .
4 Af te r b e g s om e tt oe
'

n
t v-t b r e e le tte r s ar e m is s ing . h i n da n
is at en d
of lin e .
5 Afte r we n . a la cu na
of som e tw en t i '
le tt e r s to en d
of lin e .

w o r h t e beg in s t b e new lin e . 6 A fte r e f. a la c u n of a s om e s e v e n te e n lette r s to e n d

of lin e pygu n lng in s t b e n e w lin e

.
7 A f te r l ac u n a of s o m e fiftee n lett e r s . s i ppa n a ,

t o e n d of li n e 8 mv m s e n du m beg in s t b e n ew lin e Af t e r pr a g e a c l<wing -s ig n : 7

. . .

J l 1 r ea dings a g r ee w it b t b os e of I I
’ '
bu t n o t es t b e s e m id/tio n a l lett e r s e be o r e
f
w ih t (1 . t ir e / hr re
(1 . o n bef o r e h in dzm (1 . lo w e r p a r t of t ( s o 1 ) af te r ef
 R I D D LES O F THE E X ET E R BO O K

1 c W ie s b r u n m b Go t , b al m on h o l te ,

fr Eo lic fe o r h b o m o nd fo lda n W ie s t m ,

0 nd
[ 0nd
] w if e s 5 0 n d,

go l d ge nr du m N G eo m gi i Mv iga n
'

on
‘

h y h t lic h iide wi- p e n , h r inge b Et e

we l

by r e h Bli t u m
‘

on

Gn 88)
93 ( .

F r at m in

de w illu m s im i m

h Ga h 0 nd hy h t [ j se em n
p e
'

h wilu m

[h j
wih i m s ii h t e fr Ea as “ 6d

O m itted by Tb
92 l l/ o /t b
( 1 S xxxv n , 2 1 1 ) b r im n a .

3 AI S . . . .

s t ai l o l l lo/ t b ( ls b
v 8
55 ) s t a li
o l w e r e s ; l lo /t b
.
‘

. ix
( i f S x x x i 2 1 t ) w y n n o n t a bo le
. . . . vi , s -
.

g o d or g o d — l II il
' '

r ea ds o n l
4 l lo lt b l e
/ 5 . . .
y t b e u pp e r p a r t ot de ; s o 1 : I i i” . . .

e lea r lv h i l de . AI S .
( S eb .
, IV .
, a nd l ) b e t e ; US . . be ga . S eb . s ta t es tb a t a
f ter
h e te 6 F J]
'

t z t 'e n t r -s er en le t te r a r e n u s s in r ea ds t b e t op of w e l, n in e lett e r
'
s
g . . . s

a
f te r l e ga
i .
7 II n o t es tb a t
‘
'

b y r e h beg in s t b e new lin e I t is imp o s s ible t o dete r m in e

.

b o z o m a ny le t te r s a r e m is s i ng a
f t e r o li r u m on t b is lin e s ta n d n o lo n e r a n
g y lett e r s ( I V) .

93 1-
5 Tb . r ea ds
F r m m in

( in . n ot e , e o n e e t u r es/
P r m m in [m e c fw s t e n ea r
]w o d .

. l ’ie t r .
(xi .
4 8 7)
[
Q

Pre s mm m m fm g r o im am ge fi mt ]w 0 d '
'

S eb . F r e n m i[n
] ( t -r o e n t in s e t / e n lett e r s ) de w ili u m sin u m ( K AI . sin u )
( t we n t y -
s ir le tte r s ) h es h '

0 nd
[y ]
h h t
(f r u e n ti
' '
let t e r s ) [s c e Ja r p n e h w ilu m

( t w e n t v-t f o o le t te r s
) so h te f r ea ( s ef
'
e n t ee n lette r s ) as wo d .

II . r ea d s s t ill tbe fi r st s tr o b e
of n
(I) , so l
“
s . . V . a nd l .
‘
t be u
pfn
' '
r
p a r t ( y h yh t
‘

w in h wilu m
'
so l v. . V . a nd l : r e m n a n ts
o/ sc a nd t b e lo f o e r pa r t of a s
T be r e is no w in . llS . no tr a ee (
ff sc onl
y t b e bo t to m Qf c
‘
a n d bo t
l of a t b e n , .

elea r li '
.
'

i
pne ( H ll u . ear
p ne ) . l lo lt b .
-
I ng lia xxiv , £6 5) s u
pp lie s ( 1 5 ) .

h h n d h h t [f l
es 0 y u or he ? ho cu m]

ih w ih m h t fr i so o ea m in
as wa d .

as m ig b t be t b e r em a in s of s i xi s . l w idla s t s s . or “ wat c hi s t ns
( ef . Sf r . u . 6
 R I D D LES BO O K 5

d g n m c fi n d
zi
'
d? o [pe

h w nlu m s te al h h li| m s li
ga n s c e n lde
‘

up in who ], h w nlm n c it gc w nt

in ( iCO I ) ‘
( lu lu ( li ng n pv 5 6mi n

s t ro ng
’

s leu m n n gns
o n s ta gi n l
'

p
'

Im m igh c z m lv , h w ilu m h um sa w

Ii is u m r aid
'

[O l h i
' ‘
o f lt ‘
u xe . If .
on ,

ppm t h im s tu l i m h m
-
p
o ne n |
'
i0 r
o
g g
-

m i n fi gm u lc 6 nd n i c e o f m l iidr iif
‘

u e .

S ilpz m m i ec .
i e s r u i mu ;l u \\ e :m ln e '
-

-
h i t in h e n n ai dc ; Mu d ut no H m },

h e n lfm
'

o f h r e pr e , Inui h m e t il t
“ ‘
il l t
'

i li it c

s ty l e N i) in | ni s tum e l h e in e a r n ,
“ '

s tih e i
’
‘

g
‘

no fo r wu n de we a l ) , ne wr e n m m c z i h tc
’

on w i gam [c o r e m m n s c e u lt m in e ,

ii l i e a lle im ligc
'

ac g zi
i c zi
f

l u
ra tt c h m
‘

d b i to n . N fi iv h lz u .
‘

c s wc lge

wu da o nd wo m b [e ] li e fau h m c
'

wae t t e ,
‘

| t m ec fe ai lie h u fam
pff t r iv s to n dc ,
‘

on
‘
i1L .

n fit h wmt , h whb e : m n c ( Gt .

N u m m h o r d w a r m) h i pe n de [Po n d

SC | >c zu r h at e
r w u l f e s g e h lt '

pnn
ft m e f wo m b e b e wa dc n fc r e h
‘

o o ,

t l;
'

6 Tb .
, ( in . de n h w ilu m ; r ea d s s tr e zim us Il . t b e lo w e r

i lv -li lilm dc n p -dn iu

p a r t f
o zi m zis ; so . II . a n d 7 Tb . S le x . 7b . . I l I/ S
x .

h ai r x
i SCO C ; Spr . ii . l .
|
‘
Im
'

i : is c n c ? ( vg l . bin-g . I : . f uxe .

O f
. 1 3 g ic ai w s t n l .
g in g m n ; 7b . n o te
g in g m . 23 7b .

h rd; lm r d ; I nv i t e ; h e ( II
'

( in lur Se b do e s tb e 1,
’

a . t . . . n o t s ee n or

do I ); lin e . Mac e ; ( ln .
,
.
'

Sp r . i , Mi t e ; x , 4 06 ) Ma w .

b e fir h m c ; pp /yes | w i de |
'

Tb ww t r c ( in Seb ds
‘

23 . . su ; . . r e a II .

r ea ds o n ly w r ea d w I ) 7 e v l' e a s il i'
'
j
f
. ll
'

. wo m b ) . 2
5 Tb .
,

Cu . eo / ) ie t r .
(xi , 4 8 7) c [r p s ] ?
o e r e a ds co es ? II '

. o nl
y on s .

'

Tb e lo we r s tr o b es f
i r a nd
p a r e
p la in l y 7 n s ib/e to m e . r ea ds co f

( x i 4 8 7) h o r dwa r z i h
'

26 Tb n o te / ) iet r 28 Tb ( in f wm n h e ;
‘

. .
, . .
, . o

D ie t r i r s u pplies [w o n s c c n ft ]
. . . Seb ( s ixt le t te r s ) .
'

. o f wm n h e ; (l . b: iv ,

e/o r e o f w o m b e
3 8 3 ) su
pplie s
[w c z l lic
] l i . bu t m u/ u e s t io n a blv m e , pr e
ceded by tb e top o/ o ft ( I f i/.o ft m e ) Tb es e lett r s . . . e a r e n ot s ee n by S e b .
, II ’

.
 R I D D L ES 0 1“ THE BO O K

s t e p pe r) .
on s ti) r bo rd

do po n n e dav gc u nde l
sun n e '

( ll
“

gl l ln
'

w lit e h 6 n d Sp

S m i| >

h Vr r c po n n e h oo to n
-
‘
'

dr e po n n e s u mn e ,

s ty l e
mm | n n e s e a lt s
s re i6
y
le o lr e po n n e | vis 16 0 m e u il, lfio h t r e po n n e w
’

20 l yl . r ea d s
N bm d
'

s tv p pv b o n sti
‘ ‘
‘

dmg-c m i do l

( it ‘
. r ea ds
N lm r d
‘

s to p
pe h o n sti
'

du gm ‘
i'i do i su m-
10

m g m w lit ai Nu ‘

l ’ie t r .
( xi .
4 3 7) su
pp lies
s tc
pp N o n s t iNbo d
-
e
‘

[s t o r n w he dr ite n ]
‘
r .

[s ih hflm h e ] du gc o n de lflc ] [
s u n n m i u pc y m e
]
‘

‘
.

[w r e s t u
e ng m w iit v N
‘
.

Ne b . r ea ds ho l d ( so m e t rw n t r -s e r 'e n
'
le tte r s ) fl s u nne
c re gum
‘

t w e n t r -s e f 'r le tte r ) w iit e h (t wo le tte r ) le tt e r )

'

u s o en s
p s .

ds ( 1 3 0 ) do
'
l s . . il . r ea .
( si r lett e r s ) t op Infi
v
.

II ( '

. so 11 a n d 1 )
. . r ea ds st ill ( 3 0) a n d a fte r w iit e h
‘
'

( e n d of lin e ) “

1 S p (a t
lwg in n ing of lin e f re r r im iis t i n et ) .
pe n t b is lin e a r e no lo ng e r an r lette r s .

l lo lt b ( l ug lio . . x xiv , 26 6 ) is w r o ng in p u t t ing smm e a

f te r dwgc o n de l
in l . l / o /t b . r ea ds as in t e xt .

S m [i] l )
'

94 O m itt e d b i '
lb . l . 2 Ne b .
i
( s om e t i c'e n t i le t e r
'
s h yr r e
Im u n e il d) bef or e hy
’

li e o il ] d h e o fo n
'

II -

. a nd I r e a d Sm '
a nd zi t t e, a nd .

2 Af te r he6 [f] . a ga p i
f so m e t b ir t r —
t t o o let t e r s
( Ne b ) 3 l /o lt b ( A ng li a x x iv
. . ,

26 0 ) (E X . . x x xv i i , 2 1 l ) 4 Af te r s m m e s o m e t w e n t y n i n e
-

le tte r s a r e m is s ing 5 l lo lt b .
( l a g li o
. x x i v 26 6 ) s y fo
. r II '

. r
y .
A f te r

so me t t oe n t v le tte r s ar e m is s ing 6 II e d
( 6 7)
r a s -

iL U fIL
‘ ‘
‘
I mm I i l o h t
io r
s e
,

m il le o h t r e | ‘
U H I K‘ w
 N OTES

TH E FI R ST R D D LEI "

p r pl y
Th e a t c ll F i rs t R i ddl e in t h e s t u dy o f t h e a u t h o r s h i p
a ed by th e so -
a ed
‘

a n d h i s t o ry o f t h is g r o u p o f e n i g m a s h a s a l r e a dy b e e n di s c u ss e d in t h e I n t r o

du c tio n I t s g r a m m a t i c a l f o r m s w i l l b e i n c l u de d in t h e G l o ss a r y
. in b r a c k e t s t o ,

s e t t h e m a p a r t f r o m t h e v o c a b u l a r y o f t h e g e n u i ne r i ddl e s M o r e de t a i l e d t r e a t .

m e n t t h a n t h is b e l o n g s p r o p e r l y t o a n e di t i o n o f O ld E n g l is h L y ri c s a n d de m a n ds ,

no p l ac e h e r e
]

RI D D LE 2

D i et r i c h p o i nts o ut (XI si n g l e s u b j e c t is i n c l u de d
, 461) t h at in 2, 3, 4, on ly a

t h e S to r m B u t a s h e n o t e s t h e t o p i c fi n ds s u b di v i si o n in t w o w a y s b y t h e
‘ ’
.
, , :

c l o s i n g f o rm u l a s o f N o s 2 a n d 3 a n d b y t h e s u m m a r y o f t h e f o u r p h a s e s o f t h e
.
,

s t o r m s a c t i v i t y in 4 6 7 7 T h e r e we a r e r e f e r r e d t o it s w o r k u n de r t h e e a r t h
'
-
2.

(4 1 u n de r t h e w a v e s ab o v e th e w a v e s
(4 7 a n d in t h e a ir
(4 3 6 1

A cc o r di n g t o D i e t r i c h N o 2 de s c r i b e s b o t h t h e s t o r m o n l a n d ( 2 —
, . 8 ) and t h a t 1
3

a t s e a ( 2 S —s) ; N o 3 is l i m i t e d t o t h e O c e a n S t o r m w h i c h in N o
4 fa l l s i n t o t h r e e
b
r .
, .

p a rt s I n t h e fi r s t t h e s t o r m p i c t u r e s i t s e l f a s c o n fi n e d u n de r t h e e a r t h a n d
:
‘

t h u s p r o du c in g an e a r t h q u a k e (4 t h e n a s d r i v e r o f w a v e s a n d a ss a i l a n t o f 1 ,

s h i ps ( 4 7 fi n a l l y a s c l o u d f a r e r a n d t h u n de r s t o r m } G r e i n h a d a l r ea dy ( B ibl
1 -
.

g s P o e ie I I 4 1 0 ) i n t e r p r e t e d N o 3 a s An c h o r ( a n i m p o ssi b l e s o l u t i o n )
’ ‘ ’
oe r a . s , .
,

a nd N o 4 a s H u r r i c a n e P r e h n ( p p 1 5 8 —1 6 2 ) a cc e p t s D i e t r i c h s a n s w e rs ; a n d
.
‘
.
’
.
’

s e e k s v a i n l y a s I t h i n k w i t h E dm u n d E r le m a n n ( fle r lg A r c /1 12 C X I 5 5 ) r z s 7 ,

t o e s t a b l is h a r e l a t i o n b e t we e n t h e An g l o S a x o n p r o b l e m s a n d t h e e n i g m a s o f -

A l dh e l m i 2 a nd E u s e b i u s 2 1 and 2 3
, , , B r o o k e ( E E L it p 1 8 2 ) fo l l o ws
, . . .
, .

D i e t r i c h — T h e fi rs t de s c r i b e s t h e s t o r m o n l a n d t h e s e c o n d a t s e a a n d t h e
‘
, ,

t h i r d t h e u n i v e r s a l t e m p e s t — t h e l i v i n g B e i n g w h o r i s e s f r o m h is c a v e r n s u n de r

e a r t h a n d do e s h i s g r e a t b u si n e s s fi r s t o n t h e s e a t h e n o n t h e c l i ffs a n d s h i ps , , ,

t h e n o n t h e l a n d a n d t h e n a m o n g t h e c l o u ds t i l l h e s i n k s t o r e s t a g a i n T ra u t
’
.
,

m a n n c l a s s e s t h e t h r e e ri ddl e s t o g e t h e r a n d g i v e s t h e m o n e n u m b e r .

I n a n e l a b o r a t e a r t i c l e in f / e r g A /Z i C X I 4 9 f E dm u n d E r le m a n n t a k e s r z f
s r e a ,
.
,
'

i s s u e w i t h D i e t r i c h H e b e l i e v e s w i t h t h e e a r l i e r s c h o l a r t h a t 4 6 r e fe r s t o a n
. 1- 1

ea r t h q u ak e a n d is i n de e d t h e s c i e n t i fi c e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h a t p h e n o m e n o n p o p u l a r
, ,

wi t h s c h la r s o f the tim e H e p o i n t s t o B e de s a cc o u n t D e T e r r a e M o t u in
’ ‘ ’
o .

h i s w r k D e l t n I e n n c a p 4 9 ( M i g n e P L X C 2 75
o .
‘
'

a r a
’
t r z Te r r a e m o t m
, .
, . .
,
u

v e n t o h e r i dic u n t e ju s v i s c e r i b u s i n s t a r p o n g i a e c a v e r n o s is i n c l u s o q u i h a n c
,
s ,

h o r r ib ili t r e m o r e p e r c u r r e n s e t e v a de r e n i t e n s v a r i o m u r m u r e c o n c u t it e t s e t r e ,

m e n do v e l de h is c e n do c o g i t e ff u n de r e U n de c a v a t e r r a r u m h is m o t ib u s s u b j a c e n t . ,

u t p o t e v e n t i c a p a c ia ; a r e n o s a a u t e m e t s o l i da c a r e n t N e q u e e n i m fi u n t n i si c a e lo .
,

69
 R I I H H I‘ZS li
'

T i l li
‘

t l l" i l lQ R
7
-
0
'
Q

m a r ir
p re t rtar n r p r illo
‘

, e t r e n to in v e nas -
te rr a c e o nd it o
'

(4 ri m- H
) T hi s w i n d-t h eo ry
o t
'

e a r thrpr . di e s “ as dr a w n , as l a le
'
n r .-r n n s ho n s, tro nr , I s ido 1e
'
o l Sr ill r e s
'
ta m o ng

t e xt bo o k e . \ a t n r a lr
'
evn m , an d rs to . I
‘
In t o . So No 3 . r pr s
e e e n ts no t a .

Sea S to rm but a S u bmar i ne :C a rt

'
h r p ra k e ( ll .
3 S) s uch as is de s c r i be d b y l i d l c e e . . :

l“ irr n t s im rr l c r r rn t e r m o t rr t in r r rr r l r t io m i de n t id l i c t s p i it in t n s i
‘ '
-
nr
‘

rae rt s c
e
'

.
e . , r o i r rr

r e
'

l res r e nt s il
'

a s in rr re ce
pti .
’
. lCr le rn a n n
'

tn r t h e r s h o ws t h zsr t N 3 h s n t h i n g in
o . a o

c o m mo 7 n s c r i p ti n f :r S t m t S a
w it h 1 . r I l i t ic h
36 nd , h i c h is
w a . de o o
‘
o r
‘

a e ,
‘

. rs e r
'
a

:li llo o b li v t \s e is t h s c i n t i fi c
e e e n ti n . i l nd a nd s a . a rt h th st rm e o e e -
r :r . o o
‘
zr e e

r
p lt e s s ra is it t ll t ,b l t h u nd r a nd l ig h t ni g b y
o r p t ( 4 5 7 m)
e H r o e r r e n o u o e a . e e .

a g in t h i k s l l l n n
a . \ ti n d n cl s in I i d z S g o z
.
'
r e r l n it r dic n t
a n, \ c a o e e e ,
- "
‘

o rr a rr

l ng n n b in n
i g n r ri c
'
o te n s
p i il s nt r n r n si n c n c p t i s s ib i
r e e a , rr r r rr r e o rr r e o rr r n o e e e

d m v sa d t s t ir t t is s n b i li t a t in | n n n lib t p r t n r v i l n t r -
~ ‘ ‘

e e r n o -
r rr c r rr r ra e o e r c a e o e e
'

. t r

p nt pt t n r n r i n s t r xil n t in n d s t b li b ig a ‘
e r n nr n z gn e n es , r r o
p co c re r rr r rr r rr e a e e r e a n s r r as

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o e e f th a c nd e e t . e ase o e se o

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 72 R I D D LE S O F TH E E XETE R BOO K

see a l s o A n d 1 5 4 4 E 1 2 3 8 jll et 6 1 5 H e r z f e l d wh o c i t e s t h e s e p a r a l l e l s ( p 3
.
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r e g a r ds a s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f C y n e w u l f t h e c o n s t a n t l y r e c rrr r in g m e n t i o n o f t h e ‘

s t r i k i n g o f t h e w a v e s o n t h e c l i ff s o r o n t h e si de s o f t h e s h ip H e r z f e l d n o t e s .
’

t h a t t h is t r a i t i s l a c k i n g in o t h e r A n g l o S a x o n de s c r ip t i o n s o f s t o r m s C m 1 3 71 -
.
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r B u t h e fi n ds si m i l a r e x p r e ssi o n s in S enf 2 a n d
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de s c r i b i n g t h e c l iffs w i t h s t a n di n g t h e w a v e s — VVit h r t r éa m a béa ta a c f 8 1 8 .

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si o n f r o m H o o p s Alte ng / /z e Pfl / e n m z m w pp 2 4 —2 5 : Ta n g F u c u s u n d S e e
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,

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, S ie m a c h e n si c h j a a n de r Kijs t e , r o , s r .

de m S c h i ff e r w ie de m F i s c h e r d r c h V e r u n r e i n i g e n de r F a h r z e u g e u n d N e t z e o ft rr

g e n u g in u n a n g e n e h m e r \Ve is e b e m e r k b a r u n d w e r de n da r u m n i c h t n u r im e ige n t
l i c h e n S i n n e o n M e e r e spfl a n z e n s o n de r n iib e r t r a ge n d a u c h fiir S c h l a m m u n d
v

S c h m u t z iib e r h a u p t g e b r a u c h t H o o p s p o i n t s o u t t h a t t h e t r a n si t i o n t o t h e m ea n .
’

in g o f m d o r s l i m e i s c l e a r l y s e e n in k id 4 1 4 8— w h e r e w a b is u s e d in
‘ ’ ‘
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u 5 . 0, r o

r e n de r i n g t h e L a t i n h o r r idio r r h a m n is e t s p r e t is v ilio r a l g is A si m i la r u s e i s
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f o u n d in t h e w i r ig 11 m g ! o f 0 E x 9 0 (s e e M e r b a c h D a Z l/ eer pp 2 8
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h e r e a n d 77 s u n dh e lm be a h t e B u t c f u ret er /1 6 11 1 : C x E x 1 1 3 ( M e r b a c h p I O )
1 , . . 1 / . .
, , . .

o n s i a g e h w zu n C f P /z 4 6 4 in s i ba ge h w a n e
p
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3 1 2 . . .
, .

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V
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,

b u r h fl6 de s fac tim .

3 1 5 i pa lye m ee ze r w r u go n . C f 7 7 2 , m e c y ba w r u go n ; 78
.
7, ybu m
b e w r ige n e .

R D D LE 4 I
Of t h i s B r o o k e says (E E L t p T h e o r de r a n d u n i t y o f t h i s p o e m . . z
‘

.
, .
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i s a dm i r a b l e Th e i m a g i n a t iv e l o g i c o f it s a r r a n g e m e n t is l i k e t h a t w h i c h p r e
.

v a i l s in t h e O de t o t h e W e s t W i n d t o w h i c h i n de e d it p r e s e n t s m a n y p o i n t s o f '

,
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r e s e m b l a n c e e v e n t o i s o la t e d p h r a s e s S h e l l e y t e l l s u s o f h i s w i n d — w h i c h a s in
, .
,

C yn e w u lf s p o e m i s a l iv i n g b e i n g — fi r s t a s fly i n g t h r o u g h t h e f o r e s t s a n d t h e
’
,

l a n d t h e n o f it s w o r k a m o n g t h e c l o u ds t h e n o n a n d in t h e s e a t h e n o n h is o w n
, , ,

s o u l C y n e w u l f t e l l s o f h i s s t o r m g i a n t r i s i n g f r o m h is l a i r r u s h i n g o v e r t h e s e a
.
-
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t h e n o v e r t h e l a n d a n d t h e n in t h e s k
y b u t n o t o f t h e s t o r m in h is o w n b r e a s t
, , .
 N OTE S 73

T h at i s t h e o n e m o de r n q u a l i t y w e do n o t fi n d in t h is p o e m o f C y n e w u l f I t w a s .

n a t u r a l fo r h im —b e i n g c l o s e r t o N a t u r e w o rs h i p t h a n S h e l l e y — t o i m p e r s o n a t e -

h is h u r r ic a n e t o m a k e t h e c l o u ds i n t o s t a l k i n g p h a n t o m s t o m a k e t h e m p o u r
, ,

wa t e r f r o m t h e i r w o m b a n d s w e a t f o r t h fi r e ; a n d h is w o r k in t h is i s n o b le
’
.

4
— 6
1 B r o o k e t r a n s l a t e s ( pp 1 8 3
—1 8 4
) .

O ft e nw h ile s m y W i e lde r
'
we igh s m e fi m ly do w n , r
h
T e n a a n he g i u r ge s m y i m m ea s u r a b le b r e a s t
U n de r ne a t h t h e f r u i t f u l fi lds f o r ce s m e t o r e s t e ,
.

D r iv e s m e do w n t o da r k ne s s m e t h e d u g h t y w a r r i r , ,
o o ,

P i ns m e d w n in p r i s o n w h e r e u p n m y b c k
o ,
o a

S i t s t he E a r t h m y j a i le r .

B rooke co m p a re s w t i h t h es e l i ne s an d wit h 1 —1 6 , S h el ley s ’ ‘

C lo u d "
, 3

In ac rn u
a ve n de r is fe tt e r e d t h e t h u n de r ,

It s t r u gg le a s n d h o w ls a t fi ts .

He p o i nt s a l s o to A e n eid, i , 56 f
H ic v asto r ex Ae o lu s a nt o r
L u c t a n te s ve nt o s t e m pe s t a te s q u e so no r as

I m pe r i p r e m i t
o a c v in c lis e t c a r ce r e f e n r a t , etc .

( S o to o th e G ree k ea r t h q u a k e de m o n T y p h o s p r o g e n i t o r o f t h e s t o r m s is h e l d
-
, ,

do w n in f e t t e r s b y S i c i l y a n d E t n a p i l e d up o n h is b r e a s t P i n da r Py m i 3 3 , , .
,

D i e t r i c h b e l i e v e s ( X I I 2 4 6 ) t h a t t h e An g l o S a x o n l i n e s a r e n o t s u gg e s t e d b y
,
-

E r le m a n n a l s o t h i n k s ( p 5 4 ) t h a t in
.

V i r g i l b u t b y P s a l m s cx x x i v 7 ( V u l g a t e ) ,
. .

h i s c o n c e p t i o n o f G o d a s t h e r u l e r o f t h e w i n ds t h e r i ddl e r i s i n fl ue n c e d b y t h e
O ld T e s t a m e n t P s a l m s c x x x i v 7 ( D e u s )
,
q u i p r o du c it v e n t o s de t h e s a u r i s s u is
, ,

a nd J e r e m i a h x 1 3 T h a t s u c h p a ss a g e s a s t h e s e i n flu e n c e d m e di ae v a l s c i e n c e h e
, .

s h o w s b y q u o t a t i o n f r o m B e da D e 1 c u r a R e r u m c a p 2 6 a n d I si do r e 3 6 3
,
’
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, , .

H e r z f e l d (p . o n t h e c o n t r a r y b e l i e v e s t h a t t h i s c o n c e p t i o n i s de r i v e d n e i t h e r
,

f r o m c l a ssi c a l n o r s c r ip t u r a l s o u r c e s b u t f r o m t h e o l de r m y t h o l o g y ,
.

T h e i de a o f t h e c o n fi n e m e n t o f t h e v i o l e n t s t o r m in p r is o n b y a h i g h e r p o w e r
a pp e a r s in o t h e r An g l o S a x o n p o e m s D i et r ic h X I I 2 4 6 ; H e rz f e l d p
-
( as , , .

El . 1 2 71 —1 2 76 :

w i n de ge lic o s t ,
h hi d as t ige fi ,
‘

h é fo r h mle tSu m
’

bo n ne
‘

“ 1 55 6 6 6 b e w o lc n u m , w éde n de fwr e fi ,

o n d e ft se m n in ga s w ige ge w y r fi efi ,
’
ne a r we ge h e a tir o d,
’

in n é dc lé o ta n

br éa m fo r br y c ce d .

so —
435 437 W mt e r e ge s a
’
sce a l,

ge fi yd o n d ge ZSr éa t o d m r h br yfi c in in g,
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u
la g la o nde , c
li ZSr a w y r fi a n
'

5 6
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5 20 F lodw y lm ne m mg
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m gne o e f r M e o t u dc s es t
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5 6 he b r im u b in de tS, b une
‘

r y ZSa
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o nd
 74 R I D DLE S O F TH E E XE T E R BO O K

4 3 b ea r m [po n e ] br ar d a n
‘

. Fo r s u c h p o si t i o n o f a r ti cl e and ad e j ct i v e , se e

34 9
-
1 0, 61 6 . Cf . T ra u t m a n n A ng li V 90 ; Ba r n o uw p 2 2 1
, o n b id a , , , . .

w r ic e ff . H e re the r e a di n g a do p t e d b y r e c e n t e di t o r s i s c o n fi r m e d b y B eow 2 96 3 .
,

on b id w r e c e n .

4 5 h zTes t e r e a di n g s e e m s t o m e a [e ri er t nm G r e i n Sp r I I 2 4
. C o s ij
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do u b t f u l l y de r i v e s t h e M S f t l f r o m h lm i m pi n g e r e o f w h i c h w e h a v e n o ‘ ‘ ’
’
. l eZ S e /z , ,

t race e lsew h e r e [Fi m w h i c h i s f o u n d in o u r p r e s e n t s e n s e Ge n 1 3 9 6 is t h e

. r .
,

e q u iv a l e n t o f b /z Ae t ( s e e 1 6 8 b u r h h es t ) I a cc e p t a l s o C o s ijn s /1 e d ( s o ’
ur rr s 2 ar
, .

T h o rp e t r a n s l a t e s ) fo r M S /z e0r d w h i c h i s n o t f o u n d e l s e w h e r e in t h e p o e t r y in .
,

t h is s e n s e b u t w h i c h is r e n de r e d b y B r o o k e j a i l e r
‘ ’
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,

4 8 h o r n s a lu O n l y h e r e a n d A n d 1 1 58 . . .

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,
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b e le gde .

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. .

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4 70 , s t r é a m a s s t y r ge lso . Cf . a A n d 3 74 , s t r éa m a s s t y r e do n
. .

4 1 9 fi in t g r fé g n e fl6 d T h i s is t h e o n l y a pp e a r a n c e o f t h e e p i t h e t ; f ea /o
. is of

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t a n b os m ; b u t t h e r e f e r e n c e i s t o t h e e a r t h n o t t o t h e wa t e r s B r o o k e say s , .

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u ps u r g i n g a n d b o i l i n g o f fi r e is a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e f o u n t a i n a n d s t r e a m C y n e w u l f .

i s n o t t h i n k i n g o f t h e qu i e t b r o o k s o f t h e l a n d b u t o f t h e f u ri o u s l e a p i n g r i v e r s ,

w h i c h h e c o n c e i v e s a s h i dde n in t h e s t o r m c l o u ds o v e r w h i c h t h e s t o r m g i a n t
p a ss e s o n h i s w a y .
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p p 26
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a n d t h e c o n t e x t p r o v e s u ffi c i e n t l y t h a t C y n e w u l f w a s t h i n k i n g o f t h e
p ile d u p
a

c l o u ds o f t h e s t o r m ; a n d n o do u b t t h e n o t io n o f r a v a g i n g a n d s l a u g h t e r c o n .

n e c t e d w i t h [1 15 6 p l e a s e d h i s i m a g i n a t i o n fo r h is t e m p e s t is a de s t r o y e r B rooke s
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V a lte d w t i h a ll t h y c o n g r e ga te d m i g h t
O f v a p o r s fr o m w h o e s o li d a t m ,
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B la c k r a i n a n d fi r e a n d h a i l w i ll b u r s t O h ea r .
,
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I n t h e se
S t o r m b u t k id 2 w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s t h e S t o rm in g e n e r a l fi n ds n o p l a c e in t h is
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r e v i e w I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h e o r de r o f t h e s i n g l e de s c rip t i o n
. s do e s n o t

c o n f o r m t o t h e o r de r in t h e s u m m a r y T h e r e t h e m a r i t i m e e r u p t i o n ( S eebebe n ) .
,

R id 3 s t a n ds b e f o r e t h e e a r t h q u a k e ( 4
.
, h e r e a f t e r E r le m a n n ( pp 5 3 —5 4 ) 1 ,
.
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do e s l i e v e t h a t a n y de r a n g e m e n t o f t h e t e x t a n y i n v e r si o n o f 3 a n d 4 6
no t be , 1- 1 ,

h as tak en p l a ce I n t h e s u m m a r y a m o r e c o n v e n i e n t a dj u s t m e n t o f t h e v e r s e
.
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m a y h a v e b r o u g h t it a b o u t t h a t n o p a r t i c u l a r r e g a r d is p a i d t o t h e a cc u r a t e
s e q u e n c e o f t h e s e v e r a l p a r t s ; it is a l s o p o ssi b l e t h a t t h e p o e t a n t i c ip a t e d 4 —6 1 1

in o r de r t o p l a c e 3 a n d 4 7— 3 5 n e a r t o g e t h e r s o as t o c o n t r a s t t h e m b e t te r : Now 1 ,
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I s h a l l fi g h t u n de r t h e w a v e n o w a b o v e t h e s,

4 6 9 h ea n u n d e r h n ig a n I n D i / 1 G r e i n t r a n s l a t e s B a l d s o l l i c h de s O c e a n s . e 1 .
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y Ba r no u w p 2 2 1 w h o
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w o r d u n de r l lo w ; c f Gn E x 1 1 8 h é a n s c e a l ge h n iga n ‘ ’
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P r e h n ( p 1 6 0) r e g a r ds a s o n e o f t h e s o u r c e s o f t h e An g l o S a x o n i s de r i v e d l i k e
.
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t h e E n g l i s h r i ddl e f r o m t h e B i b l e P ro v xxx 4 q u i s c o n t in u it s p ir it u m in m a n i ‘
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b u s s u is a n d E cc l u s x x x i v 2 S o E r le m a n n p p 5 5 — 5 6 (b u t t h e c o n ne c t i o n i s
’
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c e r t a i n l y n o t c l o s e ) I h a v e t r a c e d t h e h is t o r y o f t h is m o t i v e fl i e d
. I I 563 , .
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’ ‘ ’
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a n d in M S B e r n 6 1 1 No 4 1 . .
, . .

R D D LE 5 I
D iet r ic h s u gg e s t e d fi r s t t h e a n s w e r B e l l b ut r e j e c t e d it i m m e
(X I , 461)
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dia t e ly in f a v o r o f M i l l s t o n e b e l i e v i ng t h at th e l a tte r f u l fi l l ed m o r e c l o se l y
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a ll t h e c o n di t i o n o f th e p ro b l e m G r e i n Sf r I I 7 1 6 a cc e p t s t h e fi r s t s o l u
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t i o n ; a n d I r e h n pp 1 6 3 1 6 5 t h e s e c o n d b t h e f a i l s in h is a t t e m p t t o i n di c a t e
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a l ik e n e ss b e t w e e n t h i s r i ddl e a n d t h e M i l l s t o n e e n i g m a s o f S ym p h o s i s ( 5 1 ‘ ’
u ,

2) a nd Al dh e l m ( i v I n r i ddl e l i t e r a t u r e t h e r e a r e n o a n a l o g u e s t o a id -
5 ,

t h e m a ny B e l l a n d M i l l s t o n e p r o b l e m s ( s e e S c h l e i c h e r p 2 0 1 ; S ym p
‘ ’ ‘ ’
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o f M a l m e s b u r y ( Ge t z f o n fi fi n nz 76 c i t e d b y P a de l f o r d l/ n e l T r m in Old
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) .
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c u l is v i di t m o n a c h m c u j u s id c u r a e e r a t a le c t o e gr e sS u m fu n e m s ign i t e n e r e
u , ,

q o m o na c h o s a m m o n e r e t s u r g e r e N o t o n l y m o na s te r i e s b t Ang l o S a x o n
’
u .
. u -

h o u s e s o f b e t t e r e s t a t e h a d e a c h it s bell/u h ( P a de l f o r d l c ; B e l o d 2 , . . r
’
,

S c h m id p b t a s S c h m i d p o i n t s o t ( Gl
. ar u t h e w o r d m ay r e fe r t o t h e
, u os s

r e f e c t o r y t o w h i c h o n e w a s s u m m o n e d b y b e l l s ( c f D u C a n g e s v T n e/ln s ) o r
, . . . r
’

p e r h a ps t o t h e el a x n m r l [n ( th e l e m m a o f W W 3 27 O u r r id
’

'
o zr r e ea r .
,

dle r e f e r s I t h i n k n o t t o t h e h a n d b e l l lZ / l belle o r t n f m n z l n ln nz ( fo r a di s c u ssi o n

' '

, , ,
e z z /

o f it s se see V
u Ve s t w o o d f lu im ila r p 1 5 2 I a de lfo d p
,
b u t t o t h e m ice! [e l/e ,
-
s , .
,
’
r , .
r

or m m an
( E lfr ic Glo \ V \V 3 2 7 T h i s w a s w e l l k n o w n in t h e E n g l a n d
“ '

p a z ,
ss , .
,

o f th e e i g h t h c e n t u r y fo r in T a t w in e s D e Tin li n n e n i g m a ( N o 7) t h e b e l l is
’

, o .

s u s p e n de d h i g h in a ir v e r o r s u p e r i s s u s p e n s s in a u r i s “
’
,
s u .

P r o f e s s o r T r a u t m a n n b r i n g s n o t h i n g t o s u pp o r t h i s T h r e s h i n g fl il s o l u t i o n
'
’
-
a

of o r n i gm a
u e .
80 R I D D LE S O F THE EXETER BO O K

to m y t ane, h a m o de r a t e ly
l ik e w i s e i f I ( a n i n a n i m a t e t hi n g ) w is e m an, a nd to m e ,

c a n k n o w a n y t h i n g a n d in w o r ds s u c c e s s f u l l y t e l l m y s to r y t h e h a pp y
’
F . o r

r n de r i n g f t h e l a t c l a u e I a m i n de b t e d t D r B r i g h t
e o s . s o . .

p ar t s y lle T h i s c c u s a t i v e o f p e c i fi c a t i o n is e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e a dv e r b
'

s
5 10 . . a

‘
l ik e w i s e ( c f 937 ; / 8 1 3 1 2 8 ; Sp
’
II
.
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s .
, 1 .
‘

r .
,

5
— m in
1 1 s p e l F r s e p a r a t i o n o f p s s s iv e p r o n o u n a n d s u b s t a n t i v e
12 . o o se ,

— by ra d o h t a o \ Vi t h t h e l s t l i n e o f o u r r i ddl e c o m p a r e b eo w 8 74 r
‘
'

a
’
see
7 9 10, . .
,

o n s p ed w r c a n s p e l
'

e .

RI D U LE 6

As r l y a 1 8 3 5 L C M iille r ( C ll c t n ea A ng l S xo a p p 6 3 —6 4 ) s u g
’

o-
'

ea s , . . o e a a nz e , .

g e te d S c u t u m a s a n a n we r ; a n d D i e t r i c h X I 4 6 1 g i v es th e s am e s o l u ti o n
s s , ,
.

H e a n d h is f l l w e r l r e h n p 1 6 5 p i n t t o A l d h e l m s C l y p e u s e n i g m a ( i i i 1 3 )
’ ’ ‘ ’
o o , .
,
o ,

as a s u rc T h e r e s e m b l a n c e is v e r y s l i g h t
o e . B o t h s h i e l ds h a v e r e c e i v e d m a n y .

w o u n d ( i f r a ) ; b t A l d h e l m s is a g l o r i u w a r r i o r w h i l e t h a t o f o u r r i ddl e r
’
s n u o s ,

is a b r o k e n fi g h t e r ( B r o o k e L il p 1 2 3 n o t e ) U n l i k e A l d h e l m t h e An g l , , .
, . , o

S a x o n p e t d e s n o t dw e l l u p n t h e r e l a t i o n o f t h e s h i e l d t o it s l o r d A l i t e r a r y
o o o .

a n a l o g u e a s D i e t r i c h p i n t e d o u t is t h e 2 6 t h r i ddl e o f t h e l / e
, r S
ga w h e re
o , r r fa r a a ,

the S h i e l d v a u nt
it s w o u n d ( s e e I l e u le r Z d I i ] : I l X I 1 39 Tra u t
'
'
s s s , s . . .
, ,

m a n n s I l c k e k lo t h a n t h i n g in it s f a v o r Th e r i ddl e is r i c h in c o n v e n t i o n a l
’
a z s o .

e p i t h e ts ap p l i ed to th e S h i e l d s ene m y t h e S w o r d n t o n l y e l s e w h e r e in t h e
’

, , ,
o

p o e t r y b t in o t h e r r i ddl e s u .

I l l u m i n a t d An g l o S a x n M S S u s u a l l y r e p r e s e n t t h e w a r r i o r a s a r m e d w i t h
e - o .

no t h e r de f e n s iv e w e a p o n s t h a n s h i e l d a n d h e l m e t ( M e y r i c k A n /le n t A r m o r
o , u ,

1 84 2 p l i ; Ke l l e r p p 71
,
. Th e s h i e l d c i r c u l a r o r s l i g h t l y o v a l in s h a p e i s u s u
,
.
, ,

a l l y o f l i n de n w o o d s o m e t i m e s c o v e r e d w i t h -
l e a t h e r w i t h a m e t a l b o u n d e dg e
, ,
-

a n d in t h e c e n t e r a n i r o n u m b o o r b o s s a s m a l l b a si n t a p e r i n g a t t h e t o p t o a ,

p i n t a n d e n di n g in a k n b ( Gn C 3 7 r a n d s e o a l o n s c ylde fac s t fi ngr a ge b e o r h )

o o . .
, .

B s s e s a r e o f v a r i o u s f o r m a n d o f di ff e r e n t de g r e e s o f o r n a m e n t ( R o a c h S m i t h
o -
,

( a/le fa n e A n ni/
I

e I 1 04 ; I I P l a t e 3 6 ; I I I P l a t e
a 11 a T h e g r a v e fi n ds r e v e a l a
, , ,
-

l a r g e n u m b e r o f s h i e l ds f w h i c h b o s s a n d h a n dl e a l o n e r e m a i n ( K e l l e r pp 74 —79 ; o , .

K e m b l e l l r e Fe n /e p , a a r s, .

is e r n e w u n d C f H em 5 6 5 m ec u m w u n de ; 1 0 76 gz i r e w u n de S e e Ald
‘

6 l . . e .
, , .

h e lm i i i 1 3 p a t i e n s di s c r i m i n a d u r a d u e l l i
, 2 ,
‘
.
’

b e a d o w e o r a s ee d C f 3 4 6 b i t e r b e a do w e o r c a ; l n n 2 0 w é ig wige s s ze d
’
6 2
‘
. .
,
wr -
.
,
r .

6 3 ecgu m w er i'y . C f An d . . 1 2 78 , w u n du m w ig ; fl/ a 3 0 3 w u n du m w é r ige

al ’
ér .
,

l r e ar
’
cr . 29
3 8 , w u n du m w Er ge .
— O ft iv w ig s i o , e t c S e e A l d h e l m i i i , 3 , ‘ Q u is
‘
.

t a n to s cas u s s u s c ip it in b e l l o m iles ? ’

6 4 f r ec ne feo h t a n . 8 0 An d . 1
350 .
— f 1 6 fr e °
no w en e . C f G a 4 79 , e fr e
. . ne

5 e ire
‘

w é n a h ; R ena l 18 w én a n
‘

.
, no .

fo r w de Cf 1 8 9 2 , e a ll fo r w u r de
’
6 6 u r . . s . 1 1 .

6 7 h o m er a l i fe . C f B eo w .
3 0 ; B r a n 6 h o m e r a lafu m
. 28 in b o t h c a s e s o f .
, ,

s w o r ds . I n k id 7 1 3 - 4 t h e .
, S w o r d o r D a gg e r c a l l s i t s e l f z vr db r a b if, | jff r es o n df i o le .

Fo r m an y x pl e am es o f l f
i y n o n y m o f s w o r d in
as a s th e po e t r y s ee , S/ n I I , ‘

. 1 52 ,

and Co o k A Lati n ,
‘
P o e t i c a l I di o m in O ld E n g l is h ,
’
A m e ic a n jo r u r na l (
f
f P/ l
u

lo lt gfiV, V I , 4 76
-

.
 N OTE S 8 1

6 8 b o a r d e r -g h oo r C f B e am 28 30 , h e a r de , h e a lio -s c e a r p e h o me ra
‘

o sc oa r p . . .

li f e
j nd . 26
3 , h e a r du m h e o c r uw num p i t h e t o f th e
. l/ e
ar deeg is . f u nd o as an e

s wo rd , 1 289, 1 49 1 , 1 51 75 8 .
— ll o n d w c o r c s m ipa S o o f t h e S w o r d 2 1 7
. .
, .

C f a ls . o 2
7 1 4, w r fi t lic w e o r c sm il a F o r t h e p o si t i o n o f t h e s m i t h in An g l o S a x o n
> .
-

tim es s , ee no te s to k id 3 8 . .

h at s h iel d
-
9 b i t a o in b
'

I n 93
'

6 u r gu m . 2 1-22 , ea lle b ee / {e ba r d b/f/o n , ‘

a ll t b it t h e ,
’

is ci rc u m l c u ti n
a o C f 9 3 7—8 léa h m e c e
o fo r
‘
s w o r ds ’
o r
‘
k ni v e s .
’
. 1 1 ,
> h a r d b i te
s t i Se c
g t yl e
s The s w o r d b i t e is a c o m m o n p l a c e o f t h e p o e t r y 6 0 3 ju r h
-
. >
, ,

s w e o r db it e ; A7)
3 4 8 1 11 1 s w e o r de s b i t e
"

. . 1 .

6 9— ( I n 2 0 7 g /f lee le ng bi de lafi r a n g e m b/e s e e m s t o s u p p o r t th e c h a n g e o f '

’

10 .
, s,

M S ibid n t o d bz d n B u t a s dbz da n a pp e a r s n o t i n f r e q u e n t l y in t h e de s i r e d
' '

. l a a .

s e n s e ( Sp r I 1 2 ) I h a v e r e t a i n e d it in t h e t e x t
.
, .

6 — F o r t h e u s e o f w o r t s in An g l o S a x o n l e e c h cr a f t s e e C o c k a y n e s L e e /1
10 12 -
,
’
r

do m s p a s s i m , T h e y w e r e u s e d p a r t i c u l a r l y a s do lg s ea l/ iz m a ea lln m w u n du m
.

( L e /z d I I 8 A m o n g t h e c o m m o n w o r t s e m p l o y e d fo r w o u n d s a l v e s ( L e /1 d
’

-
.
, , .

I I 9 0 f ) w e r e g r o u n ds e l b ro o k l i m e lu s t m o c k b r o a d l e a v e d b r o wn wo r t ri b wo r t
, .
, , ,
-
,

m e a do w w o r t git h r ife c o c k l e c a r l i n e t h i s t l e a s h t h r o a t
-
, , , , .

6 1 4 du g u m o n d n ih tum . S o E xo d 9 7 . di et . 20 21 3 .

R D D LE I 7

The r u ne S t h e s u n ) p r e c e de s a n d f o l l o w s t h e r i ddl e in M S ‘
th us
’
.
,

p u t t i n g t h e s o l u t i o n b e y o n d do u b t T h e p o e m b e a r s n o r e s e m b l a n c e t o A l d h e l m .

v i i i 3 D e S o le et L n a s a v e in t h e de si g n o f t h e A l m i g h t y wh o in t h e L a t i n is t h e
, , u , ,

L o r d o f O l y m p u s in t h e An g l o S a x o n is t h e C h r i s t I t c e r t a i n l y o w e s n o t h i n g t o
’
-
, .

E u seb i u s 1 0 D e S l T h e p r o b l e m is l ik e in k i n d t o t h e 3 1 5 t r i ddl e in H a u g s
’
, o e .

c o l l e c t i o n fro m t h e I gv eda ( p E i n e n r a s t l o s e n H i r t e n s a h i c h h in u n d
t z
’
.
‘

h e r w a n de l n a u f ( s e i n e n ) P f a de n ; s i c h k l e i de n d in die z u s a m m e n l a u f e n de n ( n d) u

a u s e i n a n de r l a u f e n de n ( S t r a h l e n ) m a c h t e r C f th e L a t i n h y m n s
( s e i n e ) R u n de
’
. .

in p r a i s e o f t h e S u n ( M e y e r A n t/z o l gi L t in 18
33 pp 1 024 ,
a a a a , , .

7 C f A l d h e l m v i i i 3 5 S e d p o t i n s s u m m i ge n u it r e gn a t o r O ly m p i B t
1-2 .
, ,
.
’
u

t h e An g l o S a x o n h a s m u c h in c o m m o n w i t h t h e w e l l k no w n p a ss a g e f r o m I s
’
- -
.

( V u l g ate
) c x x x v i 7
—8 Q u i f e c i t l u m i na r i a m a g n a ,
s o l e m in p o t e s t a t e m di e i
:

q u o n i a m in ae t e r n u m m i s e r i c o r di a e ju s S o in t h e A n g l o S a x o n p o e t i c a l v e r s i o n .
’
-

of 1 s l x x i i i 1 6 bit g /le l s u n n a n a n d m 6 n a n go a w a lde n d S o (J n 1 2 6

’
.
, , es e s ,
sz r r . e .
,

1 1 1 2 , e tc .

‘
h e r is t h o u g h t o f e sp e c i a l l y a s t h e C r e a t o r ( jn l 1 1 1
Th e Fa t 224 .
, ,

t h o u g h t h i s f u n c t i o n is s o m e t i m e s a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e S o n ( jn l 72 6 C / r 14 and .
, z .

is s o m e t i m e s e x e r c i s e d b y I l i m w i t h t h e F a t h e r ( Cl/ C o k C/z r l p
'

239 r . o zs , .

l x x v i S o in t h e S b ld b p m dl 5 2 ( S n o r r E dd I
. C h r is t i s ca l l ed b
a s a ar ,
a a ,
s a

p a r a lu m z n s jar d a r
' '

ob e ng la o b s o la r
’
, .

co m pe d Mo o n p o r t r a y e d a s fi e r c e fi g h t e r s in l
'
’

7 2 . The S u n an ar e r v d 30. .

— o ft iv c w ic o b re r no . Cf 1 .
’
s . 1 20 6 , ne be s u n n e o n dze g s ol n e g e b re n e r .

7 3 u n r im u e y n . So Pa n . 2 — o o r ]) a n g e t e n g e S o
. .
77 2 . Cf 8 . 8- 9, g e t e n ge
fi dde 0 nd fo lda n . r i n is
G e w r o n g in r e ga r din g ge le ng e ‘
r
'

as a cc . p l ( Sf
. r . I ,

it o bvio usly mod ifi es the s u bj e c t o f the r i ddl e .

82 R I D D LE S O F THE EXETE R BO O K

6— Wo n der s of Cr ea
7 9 O f th e j
o
y a n d c o m fo r t t h a t th e S u n b r i n gs t o m en , t h e
t io n g iv e s g l o w i n g a c c o u n t
o nd his léo h t e b e o r h t
o fe r m is t h le o bu ,
’

cyme b m o r gna ge h w am
w a da n o e f r w ze ga s , w u n dr u m ge gie r we d,
o nd m id {é r dzc ge éa s t a n s n o we fi,
w lit ig o nd w y ns u m we ra c n e o r is s u m ;
lifge ndr a ge h w am léo h t fo r S b
‘

i r
e e
‘

6
r
b o n da be o r h t o s t , 0 nd h is b r uca n m ot
e gh w y lc
F o n eo r l> a n be him éa gna ge s ih is
s igo r a s 6 6 c y n in g s y lla n w o lde
’

77
3
r e a s o n fo r de p a r t i n g f r o m t h e M S h e r e b y in s e r t i n g w l b e
I can se e no . e

fo r e fi if r e H w w a l l i t er a t i o n i s f o u n d 1 b e w 2 2 9 9 ( H e yn e s n o t e )
’ ’

36 o
'
e . 1 2, 1 1 , .
,

3 2 3 Cll r 1 8 8 C f S i e v e r s A /tg e n a n e / e llf ez i/s p 3 7 n o t e

'

C
‘
u .
, . . .
, r z zs z r ,
.
, .

7 g e d r éa g
10 Th e w o r d g e dr éag e l s e w h e r e u s e d in t h e s e n s e o f c r o w d
. ,
‘
,
’

t roop t u m u lt is h e r e a pp l i e d t o t h e o c e a n p r o b a b l y w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e
‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘
, , ,

m u l t i t u di n o u s s e a s
’
.

RI DDLE 8

To t h is ri l dd e t l gu s h ere a cc e p t h o w e v e r t h e
ar e n o L at i n a na o e . A ll s c h o l a r s
'

, ,

so l u tio n S wa n
An d t h e t r a di t i o n o f t h e m u si c a l p l u m a g e o f t h i s b i r d o cc u r ri n g
.
’
,

e l s e w h e r e in An g l o S a x o n p o e t r y ( P l re n z x i s a dm i r a b l y i l l u s t r a t e d b y a f a b l e '

- z ,

f o u n d b y D i e t r i c h X I 4 6 2 in t h e l e t t e r o f G r e g o r y o f N a z ia n z u s t o C e le u s iu s
, ,

( Op er a C a i l l a u P a r is 1 8 4 2 I I
, I n t h is t h e s wa n e x p l a i n s t o t h e s w a l l o w s
, , , ,

t h a t s w e e t n e ss a n d h a r m o n y a r e p r o d u c e d b y t h e b r e a t h o f t h e w e s t w i n d a g a i n s t

it s w i n g s N e i t h e r G e ss n e r D e Av ib u s ( fl t o r A n im a l m n 1 5 5 4 I I I
'
’
' '

.
,
zs za z , , ,

n o r P a u l u s C a ss e l ( D er S l w n n S g e n L eb n B e rli n n o r S wa i n s t o n
'
‘
'
. e z a z a . e , ,

( F olk [ r e -
B i ds F o l k L o r e S o c i e t y 1 8 8 5 p 1 5 1 ) m e n t i o n s t h e l e g e n d
o r ,
-
, , .

o f si n g i n g f e a t h e r s a l t h o u g h e a c h o f t h e m r e f e r s t o t h e w h is t l i n g s w a n o f t h e
,

N o r t h V e r y m u c h t o t h e p o i n t is a p a s s a g e f r om C a r l E n g e l s {ll n a l ll/y tlz

.
’
sz e
'

a n d F ad s 1 8 76 I 89 A l t h o u g h o u r c o m m o n s wa n do e s n o t p r o d u c e s o u n ds
, , , :

w h i c h m i g h t a cc o u n t fo r t h i s t r a di t i o n it i s a w e l l k n o w n f a c t t h a t t h e w i l d s w a n ,
-

( Cy g n u s f e r n ) a l s o c a l l e d t h e w h i s t l i n g s w a n w h e n o n t h e w i n g e m i t s a s h r i l l
s , , ,

t o n e w h i c h h o w e v e r h a r s h it m a y s o u n d i f h e a r d n e a r p r o d u c e s a p l e a s a n t e ff e c t
'

, ,

w h e n e m a n a t i n g f r o m a l a r g e flo c k l g/ in tl e a ir [
, c f R id 8 8 it i s h e a r d in a u z z .

v a r i e t y o f p i t c h e s o f s o u n d i n c r e a s i n g o r di m i n is h i n g in l o u dn e ss a cc o r di n g t o t h e
,

m o v e m e n t s o f t h e b i r ds a n d t o t h e c u r r e n t s o f a ir F o r t h e s u p e rs t i t i o n o f t h e
’
.

s w a n si n g i n g a t de a t h o f w h i c h o u r r i ddl e r m a k e s n o m e n t i o n s e e D o u c e , l lln s
, ,

t o n s f S lz é p er e 1 8 3 9 p 1 6 1 ; D y e r F ll L o e of S b a b sf e r e 1 8 8 3 p 1 4 7
'

t
’

s-
r a z o a s , , ,
a r a , ,
. . .

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 88 R I D D LE S O F THE E XETER BO O K
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f r eq u e ntl y o f wo m e n ) ; and by s u c h c o m m o n e xp r e s s i o n s as jn l . 1 75 ,
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w h e r e ln t h e A idd/es ( c f 1 0 7 8 o l la t ic t h e m e te r m a k e s a s t r o ng p l e a
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m y dis c , .

t h e p r o b l e m S t o p fo r d B r o k e p 1 79 n o t e ) o ffe r s t h e fi t t i n g a n s w e r o .
,

Ba r n a c l e ( l o s e ; a n d t h i s s o l u t i o n is s u s t a i n e d b y t h e fi r s t e n i g m a in t h e c o l
’
o

l e c t i o n o f I in c ie r ( Ae n igm a t a /n L ibr i Tr es I la ga e
’
w h i c h h a s m a n y p o i n ts , ,

in c o m m o n w i t h t h e An g l o S a x o n -

S um vo lu c r is , na m p lu m o s u m m i h i c rpu o s e t a lae ,

Q ua r u m r e m g i i o ,
q u u m l be t , a lt a i p t e o

Sed m a r e m e gign it b if r i b t g m i
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on ae ,

Au t in ve n t e r t r a b is q u m t u li t u n d
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An se r e s S c o t ic i q u o s in c o la e in digit a n t gu i ra
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( la l g n '

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vs e in li s lo n gio r e m o
in m a ri p u t r e fa c t is gign u n t u r .

Th e fi r s t l i t e r a r y a cc o u n t o f th i s f a b l e — w h i c h c a ps th e q uery at e v e r y l i ne
f o u n d in t h e Ya n / b ia l l lwr n e o f G ir a ldu s C a m b r e n is in t h e las t h alf
’

is a of z /a s

t h e t w e l f t h c e n t u r y ( D i t i c a p 1 5 e d D y in o c k R o l l s S e r i e s 1 8 6 7 V 4 7 s .
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u ,
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de c l a r e s t h a t b i s h o p a n d c l e r g y m e n in s o m e p a r t s f I r e l a n d do n o t s c r u p l e t o
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s o

di n e o ff t h e s e b i r ds a t t h e t i m o f f a s t i n g b e c a u s e t h e y a e n o t fle s h n o r b o r n o f e r

d sh \ Vi t h s u c h e v i de n c e a s t h is w e m u t a c c e p t M a x l\l iille r s o p i n i o n ( S i n ee
‘
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e . . s . rs e

of L u
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m a t i o n f t h e Ba r n a c l e S h e l l i n t o t h e Ba r n a c l e G o o s e wa s a s fi r m l y e s ta b l i s h e d
o

in t h e t w e l f t h a s in t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y
’
.

I n de d t wo s t r n g e l y c r a t e d g o o s e p e c i e s a r e de s c r i b e d b y m e di aev a l w r i t e r s
e , a e -s

( 1 ) Th e T r e e G o e ; ( 2 ) T h e B a r n a c l e G o o e o r C l a c k T h e fi r t o f t h e s e is dis
o s s . s

c u s e d a t l e n g t h b y G e r v a e o f T i l b u r y in h is O/ia l n / e i lia ( 1 2 1 1 ) ( e d L i e b
s s z r a .

r e c h t ” a n u m e r 1 8 5 6 pp c x x i i i
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fidga r ( fi / l g n m — I ng / r n n I I 1 54 Ro l ls S e r ie s 1887 I b y M a n de
’ '

a t ( I t c o i , , , . , ,

v i l l e (c h ap and b
y o t h e r w r i t e r s u n ti l th e t i m e
. f l l e c t o r Bo e t h i u s
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de c l a r e s t h i s t r e e p r c r e a t i o n f a l s e b u t a ffi r m s h is b e l i e f in B a r n a c l e s o r B e r n a k e s
- o , .

T h e s e c n d i t r e a t e d b y G ir a ldu s C a m b r e n s is l c b y h is c o n t e m p o r a r y A l e x
o s , . .
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a n de r N e c k a m D Al t i K r n n c a p 4 8 ( R o l l s S e ri e s 1 8 6 3 p
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( lir o o k e ) a n d b y m a n ,
o o
’

Li e b r e c h t E x ce l l r vi. h i r y f t h e s u p e r s t i t i o n w i l l b e f u n d in
ent e e ws o f t h e s to o o

M a x M iille l c a n d in l l r t i g s r, . .
f S,/ m /c p c 1 8 71 pp 2 4 6 —2 6
5 a n
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a s er , , . .

M a x M ii l l e r ( S c i n c e q/ L ng g e 2 d S e r
-
1 86
5 p 56 4 ) t h u s t r a n s l a te s th e
e a ua , .
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L a t i n o f ( l ir a ldu s C m b n s i a r e l ik e m a r s h g e e s e
a b t so m wh at
re s : -
, u e

sm al le r T h e y a e p r du c e d f r m fi r ti m be r t s s e d a lo n g t h e s e a a nd a e a t fi r s t
. r o o o ,
r

l ik e g m A f t e r w r ds f/ y b ng d w n by l/ baa /c a s i f f r o m a s e a w e d a t
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u a zc a o nr r s, -
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ta c h e d t the ti m be r o u r r u n de d b y s h e l l s in o r d r t g r o w m r e f r e e l y H a v i n g
, s o e o o .

t h u s in p r o c e s o f t i m e b e e n c l t h e d w i t h a s t r o n g c o a t
s f fea t h e r s t h e y e i t h e r o o ,

f a l l i n t t h e wa t e r r fly f r e l y a w y i n t t h e a ir T h is r e a ds l ik e a c l s e p a r a
o o e a o .
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p h r a s e f r An g l o S a x o n t e x t I n m y r e f u t a t i o n ( ll [ l i X X I 9 9 ) o f T r a u t
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m a n n s b j ec t i n s t o t h i s s o l u t i o n
’
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o 1 71
) I h a v e p o i nte d o u t t h a t ,

t h u g h o r r i ddl e i s e v e r a l c e n t u r i e s e a r l i e r t h a n G i a ldu s a c c o u n t f th e s u p e r
‘ ’
o u s r o

s t it i n t h i s is j u s t t h e s o r t o f p o p u l a r m y t h t h a t m i g h t e x i t fo r h u n dr e ds
o , f ye a r s s o

a m o n g s i m p l e m e n b e f o r e fi n di n g a s c h o l a r t o r e c o r d it ; a n d a g a i n m a n y a cc o u n t s , ,

o f the m a r v e l m a
y h av e p e r i s h ed
’
.

D iet r ic h X I 4 6 3 w i t h A l dh e l m s F a m fa lu c a ( i v 1 1 ) in m i n d s u gg e s t e d ’ ‘ ’
, , , , ,

O c ean f u r r o w o r Va k e N o w w h i l e t h e An g l o S a x o n h a s l i tt l e in c o m m o n
‘ ’ ’
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w i t h A l d h e l m it b e a r s a t l e a s t in p a r t a c e r t a i n r e s e m b l a n c e t o t h e
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ri ddl e o f t h e l/ w m r S g (k it r 2 1 s e e I I e u s le r Z n a V f V/
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.

XI , a n d t o it s de r i v e d f o r m in m o de r n I c e l a n di c
( Ar n a s o n N o Bu t , .

B r o o k e s s o l u t i o n s e e m s in e v e r y w a y b e t t e r a s t h i s a l o n e fi t s a ll t h e m o t i v e s o f
'
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the p r o bl em .

T r a u t m a n n w h o h a d e a r l i e r a cc e p t e d VVa s s e r b la s e s u p p o r t e d a t l e n g t h in
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s h o wn X X I 9 8 9 9 ) t h a t t h is is b a s e d b y h im u p o n v i o l e n t c h a n g e s in
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th e te x t ( 1 1 7 ) a n d p e r v e r t e d m e a n i n g s ( inf ) I I o lt h a u s e n s u n h a pp y i n t e r
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ate r l i l y
pr e ta t i n ( A ug /fa li b X V I 2 2 8 ) h a s b e e n r e f u t e d b y T r a u t m a n n ( B B
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X I X 1 72 ,

P r h n p 1 c m p r s w i t h t h i A l d h l m i v 1 —
1 1 3 1-
e 7 1 o a e s , e . 1 , , ,
1 2

D e m a diclo n a s co r r o r a n t ib u s a e t h e r e gu t t is
T u r gid a , c o n c r e s ce n s lq i u id o ( le fl u 1n in e la p s u .

Th is i s l y r e s e m b l a n c e b e t we e n t h e An g l o S a x o n a n d L a t i n p o e m s T r a u t
th e o n -
.

m a n n b e l i e v e s t h a t M b ( 1 ) r e f e r s t o t h e sp i k e o f t h e a n c h o r a s t h e w o r d is u s e d ‘ ’
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o f t h e p o i n t o f t h e p l o ws h a r e B u t t h e p a s s a g e fi n ds it s t r u e a n a l o g u e
in G ir a ldu s a cc o u n t o f t h e B a r n a c l e G o o s e D e h in c t a m q u a m a b a l g a l i g n o
’ ‘
:

c o h a e e n t e c o n c h lib u s t e s t i s a d lib e r io r e m f r m a t io n e m in c lu s a e f e r
r de o
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o n s u n de fi w fi x I n o r de r t o j u s t i f y h is An c h o r s o l u t i o n T r a u t m a nn ’
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,

wo u l d c h a ng e t h i s p h r a s e t o n m m / g f I I e b j e c t s t o t h e f o r m fa / 7x b e c a u s e
’

o u r o o ( (

it di ff e r s f r o m t h e u s u a l W e s t S a x o n p r e t e r i t ( if w x ( k id 1 0 73 b ut th e ,
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r e a di n g is in p e r f e c t h a r m n y w i t h t h e c n t e x t a n d t h e s u r v i v a l o f s u c h a N o r t h e r n o o ,

fo r m ( S i e v e r s § 3 9 2 n 5 ) in t h e t e x t o f t h e
, g i v e s n o diffi c u l t y , . .

i b u m pe a h t S o w e a r e t o l d o f t h e A n c h o r
3
1 1 4 1 7 3
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90 R I D D LE S O F T H E E XETE R BOO K

—5 T o s a y t h a t a n A n c h o r i m m e r s e d in t h e w a t e r t o u c h e s w i t h it s b o dy t h e
1 1 4

flo a t i n g w o o d is n o n s e n s e ; b u t t h e p h r a s e e x a c t l y a cc o r ds w i t h t h e de s c r ip t i o n s
o f t h e Ba r n a c l e G o o s e .

1 1 6 H ae f d e fe o r h c w ic o T h e p h r a s e is u s e d e l s e w h e r e in t h e R iddles o f l i v
.

in g t h i n g s t h e F i n g e r s ( 1 4 a n d t h e S i r e n ( 74 o f f ee ffn u u n b r im e s
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Cf 3 . r i m e s fae hm um
1 3, of b .

1 1 6 W i t h t h e t wo m o t i v e s o f t h e b l a c k a n d w h i t e a sp e c t o f t h e u n k n o w n
-
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t h i n g a n d o f it s j o u r n e y w i t h t h e w i n d c o m p a r e
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/

t he p l u m a g e o f t h e S wa n 8 Th e b l a c k a n d w h i t e c o a t o f o u r s u b
r e c a l l s t h e a cc o u n t o f t h e B a r n a c l e in G e r a r de s H e r ba l! p 1 39 1 as ’

j e c t .
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in s u c h a m a n n e r a s in o u r M a gg e P ie I n di s c u ssi n g t h is p a s s a g e B r o o k e s a y s
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i s b l a c k t h e h e a d a s fa r a s t h e c r o w n t o g e t h e r w i t h c h e e k s a n d t h r o a t i s w h i t e
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—t h e r e s t o f t h e h e a d a n d n e c k t o t h e b r e a s t a n d s h o u l de r s b l a c k T h e u pp e r .

p l u m a g e is m a r b l e d w i t h b l u e g r a y b l a c k a n d w h it e T h e f e a t h e r s o f b a c k a n d -
, .

w i n g s a r e b l a c k e dg e d w i t h w h i t e t h e u n de r p a r t s a r e w h i t e t h e t a i l b l a c k T h is
’
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i de n t i fi c a t i o n is b e t t e r t h a n w i t h T r a u t m a n n t o r e g a r d by m te a s r e f e r r i n g t o t h e
, ,

r o p e o f t h e a n c h o r a n d b/a m m b yway/e t o it s t a r r y c o a t
, .

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l o w s 5 8 ( c o m p a r e fl] L “ X X I
, 1 Th e l i n e s c e r t a i n l y c a n n o t r e f e r t o t h e
. o ,

w e i g h i n g o f a n An c h o r B r o o k e r e n de r s h a pp i l y ( p 1 79 ) . .

Wh en t he L ift u p h e e d m e m e a li i ng c r e t u r e
av ,
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\V i nd fr om w v u pbl w i g ;
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T r a u t m a nn w ro n g l y r e g a r ds [ffg em ie as q u a l if y i n g ( tf f
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R D D LEI 12

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V, s o l u t i o n W i n e T r a u t m a n n ha s m a de o u t a s e e m i n g l y g o o d
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c a s e ( B B X I X 1 73 . b u t D i e t r i c h s i n te r p r e t a t i o n ( X I
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b e t t e r t h e v a r i o u s c o n di t i o n s o f t h e q u e r y a s I h a v e s o u g h t t o s h o w L A
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X X I 99 , a n d i s m o r e o v e r s u pp o r t e d b y p o i n t s o f r e a l l ik e ne ss b e t w e e n

o u r ri ddl e a n d A l d h e l m s e n i g m a D e A oc te ( x i i ) T h a t t h is p r o b l e m i s c l e a r l y
’ ’ “

. -

a c o m p a n i o n p i e c e t o RM M e a d ( 1 2 eh 2 8 ’
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is a t fi rs t si g h t a n a r g u m e n t fo r t h e W i n e i n t e rp r e t a t i o n b u t t h e m e a n i n g
, ,
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N i g h t de b a u c h i s q u i t e a s w e l l s u i t e d t o t h e v i n o u s l i n e s t h a t s u gg e s t t h e l a t e r
’ -

r i ddl e .
 RI D D L ES O I" T lI E EX E T E R HO O K

o f b r e d /c l l r g e i c h n ra t h w e ge a n d t h e p a a g e m a y b e r e n
(see D ir / M . ,
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d r d l m i l e a d th e f l i s h n d i n t i g te r a s h u n p r fi ta b l e c o u r e s S e e ’
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t r an l t s fiih r e i c h u n iit lic h e r e m L a u f e T h i s e x a c tl y

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r v e r s s t he p r p e r m n i ng (
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o f p e r s n a n d ge n f t h i ngo Cf 105 h e m is s e n lic e m o n na c yn n e g ie lp e s

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u s f u l c u r s e b y r e a s n f it s e v i l w y s it m y w e l l b e p r a i s e d b y d r u n k e n
e o . o o a . a

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fi n d h e r t h m a dd n i n g e ffe c t f g l d ( c f 1 T im v i )
s e .
e e o o . . ,
t
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Cf 28
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m o d e b e s t o le n e g b i t o le n ( f w 1 5 79 fe r h oe fo r s t o le n
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1 2 s tren . . o s e .
,

h e dr u n k e n N a h )
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'

1 2 7 d Ft le g e d w o le n e
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gr . b t w h i l h e a dm i t t h a t t h e m e a n i n g in t h a t p l a c e i
u , die in i h r e m
e s s
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tun r r n de n h n t r p r e t t h p r s e n t p a s a g e 1 in i h r e m t u n g e h m m t c m
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leo r n l m i n e w i n w i n n g e ln v fi m l r a n s la t e T h e y p r a i e t o e v e r y
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- ‘
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y evil (c r k d) w a y G r in I I 720 s t r a n g e l y c m b i n e s a nd
’
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y r b r wi m a t h e
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r n de r t h e p h r a s e r i g h t l y
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.

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1 2 I ag r e wi t h D ie t r i c h t h a t 9 b b n /
1 - 10
1 e r e fe r s to t h e s u n a n d t h a t , u <1. ,

t h e l i n e de s c ri b e th e c m i ng f t h e da y ; a n d a c c e p t in t h i s co r r u p t pa s age o o s s

C ij
o s n p i r i t e d r a di n g b a /z Ar i ext?
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s s X X I I I 1 2 8 ) i ns te a d f T r u t
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m n n s b m m b i gw i w h i c h s e e m s t m e ta m e a n d p r o s i c T r a u tm ann
' ' '
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a r r u , o a . s

p l na ti n f th e c l s i ng l i n
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o es o o o e s s e

o f th p e n i n g p a s s a g e i t i h a d t b e l i v e t h a t b u m / li a ! r e f e r t t h e c m
e o . s r o e u ( b r ry s o o

m u n i n w i n ( w h y s h u l d t h a t b r i n g h a r m ?) a n d t h a t
o e
( 5 a ) i i n t e n de d
o s

a l s o t s u gg s t t h e Iiiu c h a r is t ( b u t t h t r e n de r i n g w a s b a e d o n m i s t r a n l a t i o n )
o e a s s .

s u gg s t s t h i n di c a t e t h e w o r d f G d ; D r B r i g h t t h e '
t b m/ e a u 11 s
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s u l l i n t le t u r e m e m b e r t h a t in t h e p t r y gi m g m i a fr e q u e n t m e t a p h o r
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s o e
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f th n and t h a t b / t ca r r ie m u c h t h e s a m e i de a a s g im m g / / x/
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. r t r. tz i u ua t

(s un) . fi t).

1 2 o
b r in g e “ . K la e b e r , A ug /fir , XV ,
3 47 ,
no te s t h at th e v r e b lfl ffl s i m
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pr ess o n.
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o n ih t o e t t.

a sal in ( in so
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3 t r s
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in g f t h e m o r n i n g de r T a g d r i n g t e i l e n d M I I G de r t a c
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. . .

b e gu n d I d in ge n ( G r i m m te r r( 21 ,
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1 2 Cf 28 g i f h e n a d s I r n e ge s wic e o ; j b 1 2 0 g i f l fi m I de ff r n e
I O . u .
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ge w ic e s t ; E A 5 1 6 e e H e r fe l d p
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n d I a s u n r ih t e s e ft s w ic a o S
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s e 19 o ' ‘
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N t Y l li h
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-

93

lit

T h is p ro b l e m s w r c p t d by ll u t h i t i s )
o f ‘
( l xh ide
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"

( t he an e ac e e a a o r e

is th f ec yc l f An g l S xm r i ddle s f s i m i l a r m t i v s
fi rst o a e o
39 V u ng o a r o o e .
,
‘
o

I l ll is
u ly m r pi t h y a n d p ig a
,
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o n a ti a x p s si n f t h l i v i g n d d d
o e e r rn r u e e re o o e
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n a ea
'

r o nt s t in t h fi s t n d l s t l i n s f
ra 1 3 ;e 2 7 d s c ri b s in it s
r a r li r li n s a e o e e e a e e

t he t n ni ng f th sk i n ; w h i l 7 p s n t s in d t i l t h l i f and l a b s l ‘
a o e e 2 re e e a e e o r o

th o xe Th L ti n n l g u. r r
ye S y m p h i
a s
so l h a i n di c t s t h
a o e s a e r ra r r . o s u ,
'
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c n t s t b tw n t h l i v
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e e e
s m d f it s sk i ; Al d h l m
e e a rr rra a o ne u e a e o n e ,

H w ww / j w m ( i i i l l ) p r s n t s t h th m s f u r n u i s h i ng t n
'

o . r c a f th/1 , , e e e e e o e o o r o n

t i s
a nd t h
rr u n l ik f t s f t h li v i n g d d d x t h t m p s
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39 ; nd e o e an e a o ,
a co o e a

th W e ds f l l s b i s 37 a r s
r si m i la t th t
An g l S x n t h t b t h I ib t
u u r a ' '

o o e , ,
e o o e o a o o e r

( p 5 0 ) n d l e h n ( p 2 1 3 ) h v w r n g ly f u n d t h s u r c f th l
'
. a r . f 39 a e o o e o e o e ( o se o

in t h L t i n e a

Si v ixe r o ,
r r n n pe r e c o , lle s
l n c ip i an r , vi vo s mo ri e ns au t all ig o m u lt o s .

O t i n r i ddl s f t h O ld I a li h p r i d f n is l q u i t a s l s p r l l l s ( s
h r e La t e o e '
s e o rrr r e c o e a a e ee

/l/ L A X V I I I 9 9 ) t
. . 1 3
'

.
4 1 5 nd 39 li d
, N viii o 1- , 1 4
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,

g i v s t he f l l wi ng ( f
e II o V i di lili
o i n t r q tt r f n t s c .
,
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u rr r e ua uo o e

n t it u n ; s i v i v u s f u i t dis r p it m n t e s ; i 1 r t ns f u i t llig v it v i v s Th ‘ f ’
r r
'

u ,
u o s rr o u ,
a a . o . e

L scho r l l t i n f t h n i n t h e n t u r y ( N 1 1 ) p r e s n ts t h a m m t i v s wi t h
c o ec o o e c o . e e s e o e

g r t e r de t a i l ( xi/ d
ea nd t h y p p r l t r in l i r i l M u s M S ll n y
a . a e a ea a e . . . ur e

5 9 ( l v n t h c n t r r y) f l 1 1 b
e e e e r ,
o .

h um ju ve n i s fu i ,
(
p la t t u o r f o n t e s s ic c av i ;

( f uu r a rr te r r r s e r n r i
,
rr r o r r te s e t v alle s ve r sav i;
I '
o st rn o r
'

te m m e a rn , v vo s i h o m i ne s liga v i .

As ri ddl e r
o ur te l ls us (39 the m o t iv cam e e to h im b y w o d r o f mo uth . R dd i l e s

ve ry sim il r t a o th ese Ang l o S a x o n a nd La t i n v r si n s p p r in m n y

e o a e a a m o de r n
co l l c ti ns I e o . n o te pa r ti u l r l y c a t he l\4 e c k le n ln g r i ddl ( W s s idl 76 )
rr e
(
o o

As ik liit t w i e r , l< iin rr ilc '

v e i r dw in ge u
39 3
As ik gr o o t w i er
'

,
k i in u ih h iige l un b a rg iin r w r in ge n | 13 r

As ik do o t w i e r h rr p de t ale l s t h [1 3
'

,
m iis s t ik vo r liir s te n rr n e en u a n 5
[I n r r r it de b r rrr r t ’
r ra n da n xs a a l g a h n
[1 3 0

3 3 ; li c k a r t ( Lo w ( Z e r n ra n ) N o s 5 8 5 5 8 6 ; R e n k ( T y r o l ) Z r
p
f

( f S irn r o c k " ,
. .
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, , .

I A V , 1 1 5 , N o 6 8 ; S r h le ic h e r ( L i t h u a n i a n ) , p p 2 0 5 2 0 7, ‘ A ls ic lr k l e i n wa r
' '

l .
f .
'
. . .
, ,

be h r r s c h t e i c h v i e r e [lr iz L 3 9 3 als ic h e r w a c h s e n , w a r t ic h I ie r g e h in u n d h e r ;
' '

a lsi c h g s t r be n w g i g e o a r, n ic h in die Ki rc h e .
’
To a ll t h s I
e e m ay a dd the I ‘ln g lis h
( f w r i ddl ( N W Ah /y
o
’
e a lee r / fw d, N wc s t l e a e , 1 78 0 , p . 20 )

W h i le I did li v e ,
1 f oo d did g iv e ,

W h ic h m a ny o ne ( lid da ily eat .

N o w be i gd n e a d, y o u se e t h e
y t r e ad
Me u d rf t
n e ee a bo t t he s t u r ee t .
94 R I D D LE S OF TH E EXETER BO O K

A ll a r ti c l e s m a de o f l e a t h e r c am e wi t h in th e p r o v i nce of th e An g l o -Sa xo n
s h o e w r igh t ( z E lfr ic C o /lmp o , \ V VV
’
s
‘
To b ic ge h yda a n d e '
and
ge a r k ie
.
r f ll
h ig m id c r te ft e m i n o n a n d w y r c e o f h im ge s c y m is t lic e s c yn n e s s wyft le r a-s a n d
b r ide llr wa n c ga s a n d g e r ze da , fla xa n
—
le be r h o s a ( c a liga s ) a n d b u t e r ic a s
'

s c éo s ,
'

vel p in n a n ( fi a s c o n e s ) a n d h igdifa t u , s p u r ie be r a ( c a l c a r i a ) a n d h te lft r a , p t i s a n a n d

‘

fi t e ls a s , a n d 11 5 11 é o w e r n e l e o fe r w in t r a n b t r t o n m in o n c r ae ft e T h e p r e p a ra t i o n
’ '

of l e a t h e r in O ld E n g l i h t i m e s s is d is c u s s e d b y I I e yn e F ii f B iic/z w I I I 2 0 7—2 1 2 ; ,
fl
'

, ,

and K l u m p A lt gdix / w ,
ez c pp 2 0 —2 2 6 4 —73 T h e Oxa H /z y a e .
, . r
'

1 71 3 3 1 2 T h o r p e A L p 1 8 8 ; S c h m i d p 3 8 0 ) is
( iced /1 11 1 7 , , . . .
, .

a l l o we d to pas t u r e tw o o x en o r m o r e w i t h h is l o r d s h e r d : E a m ia n m id 8 51 m
’ ‘ ”

g /é/ a h im
’
nrfix a n d
.
ylfu m
s .

1-4 Cf 39 a nd Al dh e lm iii 1 1 3- 7
1 3 .
,

V ive n s na m te rr ae i r p i b n i m is
g le b a s c u m st -
s

Ni u v ir t u t i
s s va lid di mp f
ae c sr u o er a es
-

At v r li q e o n u it d m p ir i t u
u lg id m m b r
s s a a e a,

N e xib u s h o r r e n di h m i s t i g
o p um
ne s c o n s r n ere o ss .

Th e u se o f the h i de fo r b o n ds is , h o we v e r , a mot i v e co m m o n to a ll r i ddl e p o e t r y -

o f the t m e i
1 3 1 f o ld a n s li t e . Fo r o t h e r r e fe r e n c e s to p l o wi ng ,
s ee 1 3 1 4, 22
( P l o w) ,

6, 72 1 2- 1 5 .

1 3 2
“
g r im e w o nga s . So 67 5, Cm . 1 657; cf . fil m . 2 06, w a n ga s g r én e . Cf . a l so
4 1 5 1 , 83 , N S w o n g gr én a .

e s tb e r e n d
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Cf gE
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1 3 3 C f S eri f
. .
9 4 , l io n n e h im lme t fe o r g lo s a o
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.
—f s t o a3 b in d e . B ro o ke (I R E .

p 1 5 1 n o t e ) m a k e s t h e s t r a n g e m i s t a k e f s p p o si n g a r e f e r e n c e t o t h e b i n d
.
, o u
-

in g p o w e r o f t h e l i q u o r in t h e l e a t h e r j u g o r b l a c k j a c k i n s t e a d o f t o t h e b o n ds -
,

m e n t i o n e d in a ll s u c h r i ddl e s
1 3 4 s w e a r t e \ V é a la s
“
F r a di s c u s i o n o f t h e da r k h a i r o f t h e s e r v a n t c l a s s
. o s -
,

s ee n o te to 1 3 8 ( a wn/ T h e m e t e r i n di c a t e c l e a r l y a l o n g v o w e l in
Z u r s

( s e e C m 2 70 6 w éa la n du m ) w h i l e it p e r m i t s ? in 1 3 8 w o n fe a x W a l e ;
.
, , 1 ,

5 3 6 w n fah m e a c p a la s W a l a t r ae d ; 78 0 n d W a l a r i c e s ( c f
'

w
,
o
72 1 1, r s , .

S i ev e r F B I } X 4 8 7 ; H e r z f e l d p p 4 9 5 4 5 S ; M a de r t p
s , .
, T h e re t h u s s eem , .
, , , .

t o b e si de b y s i de a l n g a n d a s h o r t e n e d f o r m o f t h e w o r d — a s a f e r v i e w t h a n
, ,
o ,

t o r e g a r d de p i t e t h e e v i de n c e a ll c a s e as s h o r t wi t h I I e r fe ld o r a s l o n g w i t h
-

,
s ,
s z ,

M a de r t ( s e e S i e v e r s ,

1 3 5— 6 C f t h e m e n t i o n o f b u t e r ic a s ( t t r e s ) fla x a n v e l p in n a n ( fi a s c o n e s ) a n d ‘
. i

h igdifa t u —a ll l e a t h e r d r i n k i n g v e s s e l s —
’
in E lfr ic s C ll q y a nd t h e z
’ ’
o o u

b r i f de s c r i p t i n o f t h e l e a t h e r b o t t l e in R id 2 0
e o Fo r t h e e m p l o y m e n t o f c u ps o f . .

h i de s e e t h e M e c k l e n b u r g r i ddl e a l r e a dy c i t e d I n 8 0 6 t h e dr i n k i ng h o r n b e a rs
,
.
,
-

m e a d in it s li m o /11 .

1 3 6 7 — S y m p h o s iu s ( 56 ) p i c t u r e s th e h a r d se r v i c e o f l eat h e r in s h o es
Se d m m e e xa n im is la ce r t a a, g at a e
li ,
r vu sa
,
l
Ded ta i sum te rr ae , t u- mul o s ed c dit on a no n sum .

Th e l ik e n e s s o f t h e tw o r i ddl e s is in m o t /f , no t in t r e a tm e n t .
9 6 R I D DLE S O F T H E EXETE R BO O K

h in ,
H o we v e r t h at m a y b e , h e is c e r ta i n l y r i g h t r e g r di n g t h e a l l u s i o n
in a

as o bs ce ne . U nlike l
’
r e h n, I fi n d on ly o ne , n o t t wo m o t i v e in t h i s p a s s a g e s .

W8
‘
"
Cf w e ge b m e c o nd
’

w eg el
) 0nd
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1 3 S . 2 2 s, .

B u dde , D ie B e r/5 11 m m p 8 6 r e g a r ds
’
1 3 9 do l d r u n c 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 01 1 . a cr
'
.
,

t h e p h r as e as a m r U m c h r e i b u n g d u r c h T r i nk \ s i n c e a d r u n ke n
‘
e e s

w o m a n a pp e a r s n w h e r e e l s e in An g l o S a x o n l i t e r a t u re o -
. B u dde fi n ds a l i k e p e r i
p h r a s e in 6 1 n ih t u m 8 0 1 95 2 75 . 070 . .

l ( M 17:
-
1 3 10
3
“ ?
u t or
T in w ee n 0. Cf . 2 7 2- 3, wi tte si ll > >an dyfde on wa t r e‘

o r

1 3 i en 1 1
“
‘

r e t 6 fi ) pp o s e s jiZ gw t o d
r e . m C o s ij
n
( P B /9 . XXIII , 1 28 o eo r c u
-

a n d c o m pa r e s / L dil c u lo [ /cc x x i v 1 ( R u s h w o r t h )
’
71
71 1 1 11 11 1 y a lu t t h e r ,
‘
u ,
rt , .

s e n s e o f fi t ly p r o p e r ly is s o c o m m o n l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e a dv e r b ( c f 5 1 S
‘
,
’ ‘
,
’
.
,

5 4 4 ) t h a t o n e c a n h a r dl y a cc e p t C s ij n s s u gg e s t i o n As t h e i l l u s t r a t e d M S S
’
o . .

s h o w ( s e e p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e c a l e n da r p i c t u r e o f M S C o t t Tib B V ) t h e fi r e w a s s . . . .
,

in t h e m i ddl e o f t h e A n g l o S a x o n h a l l -
.

b—
3 F o r a n i n t e r e s t i n g a n a l o g u e t o t h is g l o v e m t/f s e e t h e c o a r s e r i ddl e ‘ ’
13 l i 1 o ,

o f P u t t e n h a m s o ld n u r s e
( A r te Qf E ng / M P oes ie 1 5 8 7 B o o k i i i A r b e r r e p r i n t
’
1 , , , ,

p . N o t i c e t h e i m p o r t a n t p a r t p l a y e d b y t h e g l o v e in t h e n e x t r i ddl e 1 4 , .

S tr u t t D e a n d f l ab/t
, f M e P an/ 16 qf E ng la n d 1 8 4 2 p 4 5 m a k e s t h e m is t a k e o f
r r c . r o 1
, , .
,

de c l a r i n g t h a t t h e r e is n o t t h e f a i n t e s t i n di c a t i o n o f g l o v e s in t h e v a r i o u s d r a w
‘

i n g s t h a t h a v e f a l l e n u n de r m y i n sp e c t i o n B u t a s P l a n c h e ( e di t o r s n o t e ) p o i n t s .
’
,
’

t h e r e i s a n i n s t a n c e in H a r l M S 2 9 0 8 e n g r a v e d in h is H is tm y f B r ti /z ' '

o ut , . .
, o z r

Co t m e p 3 4 fi g b S e e t h e de s c r ip t i o n o f t h e g l v e o f G r e n de l ( b eo w 2 0 8 6
’
s u , .
, . . o .

G lof h a n go de
S id o n d s y llic , sea r o b n du m fze s t ,
e

s io wa lm n c u m e a ll ge gy r we d
r
s or

déo fle s c r a ‘ ft u m o nd d r c
a an fe llu m .

3 1 r i
b —
p 2 1 8 t h u s c o m m e n ts
1 2
“
B a r n o u w, B e m e r k e n s w e r t i s die s t e l l e
.
,
‘
,

1 3
b
r i w o e in s c h w a c h e s a b s o l u t e s a dj o h n e a r t i k e l arw
-
1 2
“
a ydla v o r l i e g t de r .
, i
u ,

k e c k e n h a n d iib e r s G r e i n ) ; w e nn die l e s a r t r i c h t i g is t u n d i c h s e h e k e i n e n g r u n d
,
”
.
,

s ie b e a n s t a n de n b e w e i s t die s t e l le da s da s d r e i z e h n t e r at s e l s e h r a lt is t a u s
'

z u , s ,

e ine r z i t o r de r a b fa s s u n g de r h a u p t m a ss e de s B eo w h e r r iih r e n d B u t a s I m ’ ’
e v . .
,

fe s s o r K i t t r e dg e s a y s t h e o cc a si o n a l r e t e n t i o n o f a n o ld c o n s t r u c t i o n in p o e t r y
,
‘

is n o pr o o f o f a n t i q u i t y
’
.

R DDLE I 14

h i s r i ddl e I h a v e a l r e a dy e x p l a i n e d ( AL L A X V I I I
T Ea r l y sc h o l a r s
'

.
, ,

W r ig h t a n d K l i p s t e i n ( A w la m A
g /a é a xo 2a I I 4 4 3 )
'

B it L il I r . .
, /a r u -
u1 ,

ag r e e u po n th e s o l u tio n B u t t e r fly C o c o o n ; a n d G r e i n ( G m m a X 3 08 ) a n
‘ ’
er / i ,

s we r s R a u p e a u s de r F a m i l i e de S p a n n e r ( P a la e n o d a o de r In r e

f a v o r o f t h e s e i n t e rp r e t a t i o n s t h e r e is n o e v i de n c e D i e t r i c h ( X I 4 6 4 ) s u gg e s t s .
,

‘
Th e 2 2 L e t t e r s o f th e Al p h a b e t a nd p i n t s t o A l dh e l m i v 1 B u t t h e r e a r e at
’
o , .

l e a s t t h r e e s t r o n g o b j e c ti o ns to t h l u t i o n ( I ) O f t h e u n k n o w n c r e a t u r e s a pp e a r is s o :

o nl y t e n in a ll — s ix b r o t h e r
‘
a n d t h e i r si s t e r s w i t h t h e m ; and D iet r ic h by h i s s
’
,
 NOTES
97

r e fe r e n c e t o t h e v o w e l s a n d t h e i r a cc o m p a n y i n g c o n s o n a n t s in s e c r e t s c r ip t do e s ,

n t c o p e s u c c e s s f u l l y w i t h t h e n u m e r i c a l di ffic u l t y
o
( 2 ) T h e i r sk i n s h u n g o n t h e .

wa l l T h a t t h e s k i n is t h e p a r c h m e n t D i e t r i c h t r i e s t o c o n v i n c e u s b y c i t i n g a n
’ ‘ ’
.

A l p h a b e t r i ddl e o f a H e i de l b e r g M S f t h e fi f t e e n t h c e n t u r y ( M o n e Q ellen . o , u 71 .

p I Z s h a t e in t e i l in l e de r ge n is t a nd b
y c h a n g i n g fo r h i s
’
l br c / m g e
'
s u ri , .
'
,

p u r p s e t e i l t f e l l B t t h is s o r t o f c i r c u l a r r e a s o n i n g is s e l do m e ff e c t i v e
o
‘ ’
o
‘
.
’
u .

( 3 ) Be r e ft o f t h e i r r o b e t h e y t e a r w i t h t h e i r m o u t h s t h e g ra y l e a v e s co u ld
‘ ’

h a r dl y b e s a i d o f l e t t e r s I n de e d in m a n y G e r m a n w e a r e dis t i n c t l y
.

t ld ( Wo idl N o S ie ( d h B u c h s t a b e n ) e s s e n n i c h t s s ie t r i n k e n n i c h t s
‘ ’
o ss o , . . .
, .

C f E c k a r t All I d/ el N o s 3 8 7 9 99 ; R e n k ( T y r o l ) Z r 1 V f VA V 1 5 7
.
, . t
’
r , .
, , . ( . . .
»
.
, ,

N o 1 64 . I n a w o r d t h e s o l u t i o n is fa r f e t c h e d
.
,
-
.

T h e k e y t o t h e p r o b l e m i s p r e s e n t e d b y Fl r es N o 2 : V i di fi liu m c u m m a t r e o , .

m m /m n t ” c u j u s p e l l i s p e n de b a t in p a r ie t e w h e r e t h e m o t h e r i s e v i de n t l y ’ ‘ ’
a a el ,

th e pe n t h e so n , t h e h an d a nd th e
‘
sk i n t h e g l o v e S e v e r a l n e a r a n a l o g u e s
’
,
‘ ’
.

t o B e de s r i ddl e h a v e b e e n dis c u ss e d b y m e fl/ o a P / ul I I 5 6 3 I n o t e t wo
'
’ ’
, . .
, .

r i ddl e s o f t h e S t G a l l M S 1 9 6 ( S c h e nk l p . V i di h o m i n e m a m b ul a n t e m .
, .
‘

c u m m a t r e s u a e t p e l l is c i p e n de b a t in p a r ie t e and V i di m u lie r e m fle n t e m e t
’ ‘
,

c u m q u i n q u e fi liis c u r r e n t e m c u j u s s e m i t a e r a t v ia e t p e r ge b a t v a l de p l a n a c a m

p e s t r ia [R id 1 4 ] T h i s s e c o n d ri ddl e p o i n t s t o t h e p e n t h e fi v e fi n g e rs a n d
1 , n .
, ,

t h e l e a v e s o f p a r c h m en t T h e m o t i v e a p p e a r s a g a i n in t h e L o rs c h e n i g m a s o f
.

E n g l is h o ri g i n N O 8 ( B u m m l e r I 2 0 ) , .
,

En vi d o s b le m p r p r ie u o o a cu m m at r e m o r a nte m
M a ndr c u ju pe lli in p a e s s r ie t e p e n de t a dh a e r e n s .

S o , in ri ddl e t h e t e n c r e a t u r e s a r e t h e fi nge r s — t h e si x b r o t h e rs b e i n g t h e
o ur ,

l a r g e r t h e f o u r si s t e r s t h e l i t t l e fi n g e r s a n d t h u m b s S i n c e b o t h t h e L a t i n a n d
, .

A n g l o S a x o n q u e r i e s s u gg e s t s t u ff dr a w n fr o m t h e p e o p l e it is n o t s u rp r i si n g t h a t
-
,

ar e f u l l o f pa r al lel s I n p o p u l a r ri ddl e s t h e fin g e r s a r e a l w a y s b r o w s .

in g a n i m a l s N o t e F ris c h b i e r ( P r u ss i a ) Z s f a P lz X X I I I 2 4 8 N o 73 F if
’
, ,
.
.
, . . .
, .

Z e g e f r e t e v o n e i n e m I I u p e ( F i n g e rs o f sp i nn i n g b a n d) ; S i m r o c k 3 p 6 7 D ee r ’
, .
,

g u n g e n t e i n Ta t e r n U m e i n e n B u s c k m a t e r n ; id p 1 0 3 Z e h n S c h afle in fr e ss e n ’
.
, .
,
‘

a n e m e n H e u h a u fe n
(se e P etsc h p An d t h e g l o v e e v e r h a n g s o n t h e
’
, .

wal l C o m p a r e R e n k Z s a V f Vb V 1 5 8 N o 1 70 ’
.
, . . . . .
, , .

W a s b ang t a n de r W a nd
' '

W ie T o t e n h a nd ?
'

( H a n ds c h u h .
)
And s ee S im r o c k a, p .
70

E s ba n ge t w t t n de r W a n d o a
'

U m le t t o ffe ne D a de m a n n s H a nd
’
u .

O f T r a u tm a n n
’
s so l u tio n X I X 1 77 I c a n o n l y r ep e at
,
‘
Te n C h ic kens ’
,

w h a t I h a v e s a i d ( Al L M X X I I I is a r g u m e n t s s e e m t o m e u n c o n v i n c i n g ‘ -

. . .
,

To c l a i m t h a t t h e
s k i n w h i c h h a n g s o n t h e wa l l
( 3 4 ) is n o t t h e g l o v e o f f o l k
“ ”
-
,

ri ddl e s o f a ll t i m e s ( up r a ) b u t t h e fi lm t h a t c l i n g s t o t h e i nn e r s u r f a c e o f t h e
r ,
“

e gg s h e l l a f t e r t h e h a t c h i n g
- i s t o r e a s o n fa r t o o q u a i n t l y a n d t o t a l l y w i t h o u t t h e
,
98 R I D DLE S O F T H E E XETE R BOO K

wa r r a n t s e b i u s N o 3 8 wh o s a y s n o t h i n g o f w a l l
o fEu a n d t o i n t e rp r e t b a s w e
, .
,
” :

1 12113 ( 1 4
1 as e gg s in a n a dv a n c e d s t a t e o f i n c u b a t i o n
“
i s s u r e l y a c u r io u s co n
c e it . T h e n t o o h is t r e a t m e n t o f t h e n u m b e rs
, ,
si x a n d t e n ( 1 —2 ) s e e m s “ ” “

a rb i t r a r y I n m y o p i n i o n h e h a s f a i l e d t h r o u g h o u t t o p r o v e h is c a s e in t h e l i g h t
.

o f e i t h e r l o g i c o r t r a di t i o n
’
.

14 t u r f t r e da n
1 See a lso 1 4 l o n d t r e da n Th i s i s p a r a l l e l e d b y t h e
. .

L a t i n de s c ri p t i o n o f p e n a n d p a r c h m e n t p e r ge b a t p l a n a c a m p e s t r ia ( S t G a l l
‘ ’
, .

MS I n j u s t i c e t o T r a u t m a n n s s o l u t i o n it m u s t b e n o t e d t h a t s o m e w h a t
’
.
,

s i m i l a r p h ra s e s a r e f o u n d in t h e B i r d e n i g m a s 8 h r irs a n t r e de ; 5 8 5 t r e da S : 1,
'

,
‘

b e a r o n zc s s a s —e a lr a ( F E B X X I I I 1 2 8 ) r e n de rs ri g h t l y im g a n z e n
’
C o s ijn . . .
,
‘
,

a n d a dds die r a ife h a t a l s o 6 4 fiis s e

‘ ’
.

1 4 3 h ae fd o n f e o r g c w i c o C f 1 1 6 h ac fde fe o r h c w ic o ; 74 5 h ze fde f e r i
‘

. .
, ,

c w ic u — F e ll I t i s e a s y t o i de n t i f y g l o v e w i t h sk i n a s in B e de s F lor es N o 2
’
.
.
, , .
,

a n d in t h e L o r r y /1 R aid/e N o 8 C f B e ow 2 0 8 8 glof ge gy r w e d d r a c a n fe llu m , . . . .

, .

1 4 4 s w e o t o l o ri d g e s i n e C f Gm 2 8 0 6 s w e o t o l is 0 n d ge s é n e ;
’

So 4 0 3
'

. . . .
,

11 m 1 2 9 s wu t e lr a 0 n d ge s yn r a ; A n a 5 6 5 s w e o t u lr a o n d ges yn r a I n h is n o t e
’ '

1 .
,
.
, .

t o t h i s l a s t p a ss ag e Ii r a pp p 1 1 1 p o i n t s t o t h e f r e q u e n t a pp e a r a n c e o f t h e p h r a s e
, ,
.
,

in W u lfs t a n s H o 1 p 1 59 l 5 ; p 1 63 ’
—o u s e le s w ie g e C f A n d 71 4 o n
71 .
, .
, . .
, ,
. .
,

s e l e s w ag e ; 1 4 9 3 u n de r s ae lw age C f a l s o 1 5 — h o n gige , 0 11 w ag e . . 1 1 1 z , . . .

1 4 5 f I n t h e s e l i n e s t h e r i ddl e r t e l l s u s t h a t t h e fi n g e r s a r e n o n e t h e w o r s e fo r
.

b e i n g de p r i v e d o f t h e i r s k i n s t he g l o v es w h i c h a r e r e n e w e d do n n e d a g a i n h en , , , ,

t h e w o r k o f t h e h a n ds i s do n e [1 8 b/Ea e ( 9 a ) c e r t a i n l y do e s n o t de s c r i b e e in
’ ‘
. 11 5 71 1

m e h r e w o c h e n l a n g b e b r iit e t e s e i ( T r a u t m a nn B B X I X 1 79 b u t r e f e rs
’
.
, ,

c l e a r l y t o t h e l e a v e s o f t h e m a n u s c r i p t o n w h i c h t h e h a n ds a r e b r o w si n g ( up r a ) . s .

1 4 7 r enf e b e r o f e n e C f H ilde / m 11 17 113 ! 5 7 r a u b a b ir a h a n e n . .

1 1 1 1 , .

1 4 1 1 C f An d 80 1 —8 0 2 , ge w e o t a n
. . m e a r c la n d t r e da n .

RI D D LE 15

( X I 4 6 4 ) g i v e s a n e x c e l l e n t s u m m a r y o f t h is r i ddl e
D iet r ic h , D a s 11 0 1 r e de t : 7 1
-

in n r 1 5 v o n si c h a ls e i n s t i g e m k a m p f e r ( a u f de m h a u p t e de s s t i e r s o de r a u e r
' '

o c h s e n ) da n n b e s c h r e i b t e s s i c h a ls da s k r ie gs h o r n a ls t ri n k h o r n a ls j a g d h o r n
, , , ,

a ls s c h m u c k de s s c h iff e s e n dl i c h a ls lzi r m h o r n w o m i t de r di e b v e r
'

fo l g t wi r d .
’

P e h n p p 2 58 f e g a r ds t h i s p r o b l e m a s t h e fi r s t o f a c y c l e o f H o r n r i ddl e s
'

r , . .
, r

( c f Aid
. a n d s e k s t o t r a c e t h e i n de b t e dn e ss o f t h e s e t o E u s e b i u s
. e
30 D e ,

Ah 5 17
a /11 B ut 1 5 h a s a b o l u t e l y n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n w i t h t h e s e A ng
11 07 1 0 . lo s

S a x o n e n i g m a s ; a n d f r o m t h e n a t u r e o f t h e t h e m e an d t h e e x i g e n c i e s o f t r e a t
m e n t it s fi r s t h a l f l i n e [5 r o w c f em u
p g a m a y w e l l h a v e o ri g i n a t e d i n de p e n de n t l y
-
, s r r
r r
,

o f E u s eb i u s
30 1- 2

Ar m o r u m fu e r a m vi ce m q u e t e eb t i a r m i s
,
e n a n

Fo t r i s , et a r m i g r i ge t b v e r t i ce t u r i
e s a ar a .

M u lle r (C . P .
, pp . 1 8 —1 9 ) w a s t h e fi r s t t o p o i n t o u t t h e l i k e n e ss b e t w e e n t h i s
r i ddl e and 8 0 in r
t e a t m e nt and so l u t i o n
(s e e a l s o H e r z fe l d p Th e , .
I OO R I D D LE S O F TH E E XETE R BOO K

son g ] fus lic f [y r d] le o 8 ( c f 1 5 3 fy r ds c e o r p ; 8 0 fy r dr in c e s g e fa r a ) O u r r i ddl e r

-
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‘

. 1 , 2, .

in 1 1 1 1 5 4 7 e m p h a s i z e s t h e u s e o f t h e w a r h o r n b o t h o n la n d a n d s e a fo r it is
3 -
-
1 .
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c e r t a i n l y n o t t h e 11 01 7 1 175 o f A n dr ea s 2 74 a s D i e t r i c h s u pp o s e d t h a t h e h a s in 1 17 , , ,

m i nd ( l l 6 a I I o r ns we r e f r e q u e n t l y b l o wn a t s e a
. I n o ne o f the p i c t u r es o f .

t h e B a y e u x T a p e s t r y a fi g u r e in t h e s t e r n o f a s h i p s o u n ds u p o n a h o r n ; a n d in ,

t h e I m 1 1 111 1 11 1 Sigw r
'
I I 3 00 K i n g O l a f s i g n a l s w i t h a h o r n t o h is s h i p s Th e
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.

11 7 14 1 ? e n u e 8 0 S a n d t h e s e v e r a l r e f e r e n c e s t o t h e h o r s e o n w h i c h t h e h o r n
’
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0 11 1 , ,

is b o r n e ( 1 5 5 6 4 8 0 s u gg e s t t h a t t h e p o e t is t h i n k i n g n o t o f t h e t r u m p e t e r
-
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b u t o f t h e l e a de r o f t h e t r o o p C f h o w e v er L l 5 3 f
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e r o cl wa t yh te ,
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s on

h léo w o n h o r n b o r a n , lr r éo p a n fr ic ca n ,
m e a r lr m o lda n t r ie d, e tc .

5 1 6 m i n de e d t h e w h o l e p a s s a g e
er eh e ng es t w i t h it s s gge s . The w o d — r , u

t i o n o f fig h t i n g b y l a n d a n d s e a — s u gg e s t s t h e c o m m e n t o f M e r b a c h D a s l/ ee
’
r
f

.
,

e tc p 33
.
,
U n t e r de n U m s c lr r e ib u n ge n die a u s de m D ra n g e n a c h m oglic h s t
. :

p o e t i c h e r B e z e i c h n u n g de s S c h i ff e s h e rv o r g e g a n g e n si n d fa l l e n v o r a l l e m die
s ,

j e n ig e n in s A u g e die k iih n p e r s o n ifi z ie r e n d da s S c h i ff a ls F lu t e n r o s s da r s t e l l e n
, , , .

E s is t di e s w i e de r e in P u n k t w o im G e is t e de r a n ge ls ac h s is c h e n D i c h t u n g K r i e g
'

,
s

u n d S e e l e b e n s i c h b e r iih r e n w ie de r K r i e g e r a u f u n ge s t iim e m S t r e it r o ss e z u m :

K a m pf a u s r e i t e t s o de r S e e f a h r e r a u f u n b a n dige m VVo ge nr o s s e z u m W i l de n
,

S t r e i t m it W i n d u n d W e l l e n M e r b a c h c i t e s a s s y n o n y m s br z m /z enge t ( An d
'
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. s .

( l 8 53, Z g11 e 1 1 ges t ( E l 2 3 6,

’
s 1 m a 11 e 1 1 es t C ( 7 11
5 1 3 13 11 71 4 7
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z r
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s rf /z e z z g e s t
fi tr o d lz e ng es t
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E1 . m e r e/t e fl g es t ( 11/ ea 26
( A 1 1 11 .
f b m ea r lt
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, . .
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( Cu .

1 5 8—
9 h e r e t h is m o t iv e is t r e a t e d I n M S H a r l 6 03
See no te t o k id 8 0 .
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f 5 1 r a m a i d fi l l s a dr i n k i n g h o r n f r o m a p i t c h e r
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-
.

1 5 D i e t r i c h sa ys ( X I 4 64 ) o f t h i s l i ne
1o D u n k e l is t v 1 0 e in g e b r a u c h , :
‘
.

w o n a c h e s 1 07 1 be fi ljb ea is t ; i c h b e t r a c h t e di e s a ls de n o m p a r t v o n
’
1 1 11 111 f
. .

lz leo w d ( s c h u t ) ; v o n b r e t e r n b e s c h iit z t k on n t e da s h r n a u f de m g i b e l l e is s e n
'
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o z o r

88 w e nn lz e f mt/a s lo s v o m h a u p t e s e i n k a n n ; m oglic h a b e r cl a s di e s a z s

ge s t u m p ft b e de u t e t u n d da n n a n e in m it h o l z e i n g e f a ss t e s h o r n e r n e s ge r zit h z u
’

de n k e n is t v i e l l e i c h t a n h ii n e r n e fi g u r e n de s b r e t o de r s c h a c h sp i e l s g am
, n r , e) : o

b de c E x 3 4 5
or , T h r p e C d E a p 5 2 7 de fi n e s I e/1 1 76 1 1 a s de p r i v e d o f
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c o m r a de s G r e i n S/t r I 8 7 a s s o c i a t e s be ll /fib e t
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11 123 p r rc da t o r a nd t r a ns l a te s p r i va r e I n D / t h e ’
’ ’ ’

(Co t s p o lia r e
‘ ‘ ‘
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, . re z .

r e n de r s de s B o r t e n c h m c k e s b e r a u b t B r o o k e t r a n s l a t e s ( p 1 2 7) b e r e f t o f
‘
s u .
’
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c o v e r a n d t h u s c m m e n t s L o r m I do n o t t a k e t o b e o n t h e t a b l e s b u t
s,
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.

,
o

do w n o n t h e d r i n k i n g h o r n a n d w e r e b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e a do r n e d w i t h j e w e l s a n d , ,

g o l d fi g u r e s w r e n c h e d a w a y b y t h e p l u n de r e r s B .T s v r e n de r s de p r i v e d ;
, .
’
-
. . .
‘ ’

a n d s o a l s o S we e t ; B r o u g h a m
( C o o k a n d T i n k e r S el ct T n l t i n p 72 ) s o l i
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, e r a s a o s, .

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wa g e S a r r a z i n s a y s ( lf eow d/ i S t d en p
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b y S c h m i d, p . 6 36, s v . .
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hu e a nd c r f te r the fo x in t h e A m m T ale, B 4 5 8 8 —4 589

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Of b r as t h y b e r o gh t e n he m e s a nd o f b o x,
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o ,
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R DD LE I 10

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has n o t a w h i t e t h r o a t n o r i s h e s w i f t f o o t e d ; a n d s u gg e s t s [g t] P o r c u p ine (cf - ‘

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are t o t a l l y u n l ik e t h o s e o f t h e p o r c u p i n e o r h e dg e h o g a nd v e r l ik e tho se of
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th e b ad e c o m p a r is o n o f t h e t e x t w i t h B e l l s a cc o u n t o f t h e a n i m a l ( inf r a )
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s h o w s A h e dg e h o g do e s n o t w o r k a w a y w i t h h is fe e t t h r o u g h a s t e e p h i l l ( 1 6 8
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n o r do e s h e r e a c h t h r o u g h t h e r o o f o f t h e h i l l k id 1 6 h a s n o t h i n g in
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c o m m o n w i t h t h e sp i r i t e d K e ldu s win ( H e dg e h o g ) ri ddl e o f I sla m /ca r Gdt u r

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t o S y m p h o s iu s 2 1 T at/6a ; n o r s a v e in t h e da r t s ( 2 8 a ) t o S y m 2 9 E r ie/1 1 s
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t r ee ) p o e m o f C l a u di u s C l a u di a n u s ( Ca r /1 1 1 1 L e i p z i g 187
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t h e s e ( inf r a ) do n o t s e e m t o m e s u ffi c i e n t t o s u s t a i n V Va lz s s o l u t i o n ’
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t a xu m t e r r a e p e di b u s ips o r u m e ffo s s a e v e c t o r e m e t o n e r i t a l i e x l o n g a c o u s u e
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t u din e ido n e u m : S u p in a t u r q u i de m e t c r u r ib u s e x t e n si s e t e r e c t is s u p e r v e n t r e m , ,

ip s iu s t e r r a e ffo s s a a c c u m u la t u r O n e r a t u s s a t i s p e r p e de s ab a liis e xp o r t a t u r
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t o c ie n s q u e l a b o r a s s u m p t u s it e r a t u r u s q u e du m c a p a c i t a s do m u s h a b it a t o r ib u s

s u is s u ffi c ia t L a t it a n s i n t e r i m in in s idiis a n i m a l do lo s u m v u lp e m lo q u o r s u s t in e t
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o f t h e w o o ds o r t o t h i c k c o pp i c e s c o v e r i n g t h e si de s o f h i l l s and
[1 6 8 1 , 21 ,

t h e r e w i t h it s l o n g a n d p o w e r f u l c l a w s di g s fo r i t s e l f a de e p a n d w e l l f o r m e d -

do m i c i l e c o n s i s t i n g o f m o r e t h a n o n e a p a r t m e n t [c f 1 6 7—8 ] T h e b a dg e r . 1 1

is e n do w e d w i t h a s t o n i s h i n g s t r e n g t h o f j a w s I t a l s o p o s s e s s e s g r e a t ge n .

e r a l m u s c u l a r p o w e r ; a n d t h e s e m e a n s o f i n fl i c t i n g i n j u r y w i t h t h e de f e n si v e

co at o f m ai l r e n de r h im a f o r m i da b l e e n e m y t o a t t a c k o r c o p e w i t h Th e .

b u r r o w i s u s u a l l y a r o u n d h o r i z o n t a l h o l e o r t u n n e l t h e e n d o f w h i c h is t u r n e d ,

u p w a r ds a b r u p t l y fo r a b o u t a f o o t a n d t h e v e r t i c a l p a r t o f t h e h o l e l e a ds i n t o ,

a r o u n de d e x c a v a t i o n o f j u s t s u ffi c i e n t si z e fo r t h e a n i m a l t o lie c o i l e d u p in
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[1 6 7 L] .

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a n i m a l a c o m m o di o u s r e t r e a t a ff o r d a l s o a n e ffic i e n t m e a n s o f de f e n s e a g a i ns t
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t h e e n t r a n c e o f do g s w h i c h in t h e i r a tt e mp t t o dis l o dg e t h e b a dg e r o f t e n ge t
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fi x e d b e t w e e n t h e s t o n e s a n d p e r is h [1 6 8 ’

B e l l t h u s p i c t u r e s t h e an i m a l (p F e e t v e r y h a i r y p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e h i n de r
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o n e s w i t h fi e t o e s o n e a c h a r m e d w i t h s t r o n g c u r v e d fo s s o r i a l c l aw s H ai r
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Sp r . I, 2 96 .

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. 2 3 9, 1 8, o n b r o c c h o le s w e g — py r e l .

As M a de r t s h o ws p , .
3 6 , by r el i s f o u n d in t h e R iddles w i t h l o n g an d s h o r t y I t is .

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1 6 24 f H o l t h a u s e n c o m p a re s
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C r e b r is p r o p u gn a t j
a c t ib u s u lt r o

E t lo n ge s u a m e m b a t e git t o r t u m q u e pe r r a u r as
E v o la t e xc u ss o n a t iv u m m i ss i l e te rg o,

I nte r du m fu gie ns P a r t h o r u m m o r e se q u e nt e m

V u ln e r a t , e t c .

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1 6 28
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R I D D LE 17

D iet r ich s a n s w er t o t h i s ri ddl e ( X I ;

’
An c h o r is u n q u e s t i o n a b l y c o rr e c t ‘
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.

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S c r t o a q u a s m e di a s ips a s q u o q u e m o r de o te r r as [1 7
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2

A ll h e s e m o t i v e s a r e e x p a n de d in t h e An g l o S a x o n b u t a s D i e t ri c h w e l l s a y s
t -
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de r g e g e n s t a n d de s r at h s e ls is t n i c h t m e h r s a c h e e r is t e in k am pf e r u n d si e g e r ,

w i de r die e l e m e n t e s e i n e f e i n de e r is t r e i n e in h e l d g e w o r de n H e us le r Z ’
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i
, s . .

V f Vk X I 1 2 7 c o m p a r e s w i t h t h e E n g l i s h ri ddl e t h e sp i r i t e d G at a 6 o f H e r
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H ve r r er s a h in n
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er m
orgu r ze tsr ,
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a h alfr r ?

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en vi 8 ‘
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 N OTE S 105

Th e ri ddl e of p o p u l a r fo rm
S ym p h o s iu s is f o u n d in in t h e m e di ae v a l G e r m a n
v e r s i o n o f t h e Ap o l l o n i u s s t o r y ( S c h r ot e r pp l x x v 66 f ) , .
, . and s u gg e s t e d t o S c a l i g e r .

t h e t h e m e o f h i s fi n e L a t i n ri ddl e ( R e u s n e r I ,

M a g na ,
i
b de ns , a prfe r o p a r v a q a t e
ide ns , de n te s u r no s ;
I n ge ns p r o digit i n n u lu in c pi tes a t s a es .

Q u u m t e ne o d m i na m n ih il m in s i lla m o t
o ,
o u ve u r ,

E t q u u rn n o n t e eo m a g na vi a t r a l t
n ,
a s vo a .

1 7 1 —
4 S i ev e r s ( P 13 8 . XII , 4 5 7) r e ga rds the se l i ne s as i n t e r e s t i ng e x am p l e s of
’
the ‘
s c h w e llv e r s .

1 7 2 s ae c c e . Tho rpe , G re i n
r e g a rd t h i s as ( Sp r 3 94 ). II , and Bo s w o r t h -T o l l e r
l s t s g p r e s in d o f s we a r ” and B r o o k e c o n te nd ; G r e i n
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t h e N o r t h e r n f o r m o f I s t s g p r e s in d o f s a ca n ( c f [fl a r e x i v 3 1 wt s a ee ; L i n d . . . .
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fo r 15 s weee , 21 6 .

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c a s t i n g f o r t h t h e n c e O f sp e a r t e rr o r ( 1 8 4 a r e w e l l s u s ta i n e d I l l u st r atio ns
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.

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t h e i r w a r w e a p o n s o f w h i c h o u r r i ddl e s a r e s o f u l l ; a n d t h e l a s t l i n e i s o f c h a r a c
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t e r is t ic g r i m n e ss w h e n a pp l i e d t o a n e n g i n e o f de s t r u c t i o n .

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e r zr a

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ss s . M iss K e l l e r i n f e r s ( p 6 5 ) , . .
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t h a t h u g e h u r l i n g m a c h i n e s w e r e u n k n o w n o n t h e n e g a t i v e e v i de n c e o f a p a s s a g e
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in t h e t r a n s l a t i o n o f O r o si u s ( inf r ) b u t s h o w s t h a t t h e s l i n g o r s t a ff s l i n g ( pp a ,
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p u l t e n u n d B a lis t e n k o m m e n a u c h e i n h e i m is c h e N a m e n vo r (bolt c a t a p u l t a ,
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s e t z e r de s O r o si u s de r B a lis t e n g e de n k t u n d die g a n z de n E i n d r uck m a c h e n a ls

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as 1 1 10 A D . .
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o t h e r s o f it s k i n d c e r t a i n l y do n o t l i m i t u s t o a L e a t h e r B o t t l e ; a n d T r a ut m a n n
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is r i g h t in q u e r y i n g t h e a n s w e r .

19 F o r di s c u s s i o n o f o p e n i n g f o r m u l a s s e e I n t r o d u c t i o n , .

I
R D D L E 20

As I h a v e p o i n t e d o t ( 11 L /V X V I I I R id 2 0 a n d 6 5 s e e m t o b e l i t t l e
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m o r e t h a n f r a g m e n t s o f t h e w o r l d r i ddl e A m an u p o n h o r s e b a c k w i t h a h a wk -
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w h i c h I h a v e t r a c e d t h r o u g h o u t it s h i s t o r y in m y n o t e t o H olm e R id
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N o 28 . I n t h e p o i n t l e s s An g l o S a x o n l o g o g r i p h s t h e s u b j e c t is m e r e l y s t a t e d
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o f th e r u nes li r s lil o b u t o n e o f th e r u n i c g ro u p s has ca u se d m u c h
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di ffi c u l t y t o s c h o l a r s ( inf r a ) .

20 H ic k e t ie r ( A n gli X 5 9 3 ) w o u l d r e a d s o m o d b e f o r e a n d n o t a f t e r ir ea /1
1 a , s

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a nd u n/ d i ea / is a f a u l t y v e r e
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20 N o t i c e t h a t t h e m a s c u l i n e a dj e c t i v e s lly g ew lo n en 11 5 f 0a 1 eo /1 tn e q u a l i f y
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bE( gn ) .

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h a v e r e c e i v e d m u c h t i n k e r i ng f r o m
s c h o l a rs T h e r e a di n g o f T h o r p e E t t m iille r a n d D i e t r i c h r dd NGEW
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l e n t c h a n g e o f t e x t ( t h e c o n f u si o n o f r u n e s A a n d N b e i n g a n a t u ra l e rro r ) a n d ,

t h a t t h e w o r d t h u s de r i v e d o cc u r s e l s e w h e r e ( O r o s i u s v i 3 0 S w e e t 2 8 0 Bu t , , , , ,

it is a l s o o p e n t o t w o s t r o n g o b j e c t i o n s — t h a t it i s u n fi t t e d t o t h e c o n t e x t ( a
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w i t h t h e p r o b l e m s c o u n t e r p a r t ( R id 6 5 ) o r w i t h t h e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e t h e m e in
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n o t fi t t e d t o t h e c o n t e x t fo r it is w e l l k n o w n t h a t h o r s e s w e r e u s e d in An g l o
,

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o s

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g /edn e b u t h is p r o t e s t s a g a i n s t n e g le dn e g d t h e n a i l e d sp e a r ‘ ’
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i l l u m i n a t e d m a n u s c r ip t s ( s e e \ Vr igh t D o m es tic ll/ a n n e r s p 74 ) t h e r i de r a l m o s t , , .

a l w a y s c a r r i e s a sp e a r I t i s n o t e d o f C u t h b e r t in B e de s l if e o f t h a t s a i n t t h a t ’
.

o n e da
y w h e n h e c a m e t o M a ilr o s ( M e l r o s e ) a n d w o u l d e n t e r t h e c h u r c h t o p r a y ,

h a v i n g l e a p e d f r o m h is h o r s e h e g a v e t h e s t ee d a n d h i s t r a v e l i n g sp e a r i n t o t h e ,

c a r e o f a s e r v a n t C o s ijn ( P B /9 X X I I I 1 2 9 ) w o u l d r e a d r dd( R) AG W
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wy n n e [ see c 22 n s r e a di n g fi t s t h e c o n t e x t a n d i s
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s u pp o r t e d n o t o n l y b y t h e R u n i c p a ss a g e c i te d b u t b y s u c h c o m p o u nds a s
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, ,

du lit y in m a n y w a y s : it i s h i g h l y i m p r o b a b l e t h a t in a si n g l e g r o u p o f fi v e r u n e s
t h r e e di ff e r e n t f u n c t i o n s o f t h e m s h o u l d b e f o u n d ; it is e q u a l l y u n l i k e l y t h a t s u c h

a g r o u p w o u l d p r e s e n t n o t o n e t h o u g h t a s e l s e w h e r e b u t t w o s u c h t o t a l l y di ff e r e n t ,

i de a s a s s p e a r a n d j o y o u s h o r s e it i s s t i l l m o r e u n re a s o n ab l e t o a ss u m e t h a t
’ ‘

s u c h a de p a r t u r e in t h o u g h t c o u l d o c cu r w i t h i n o n e h a l f li n e 2 0 6 ; a n d fi n a l l y it i s -
,
3
, ,

q u i t e u n n a t u r a l t o s u p p o s e t h a t t h e ri ddl e r w o u l d a b a n do n h i s m e t h o d o f i n v e r
s i o n ( s e e R id 75 ) t h a t h e h as e m p l o y e d c o n s is t e n t l y in t h e t h r e e o t h e r g r o up s o f
.

t h is r u n i c p r o b l e m ( a n o t h e r m e t h o d i s p u rs u e d w i t h l i k e p e r s is t e n c e in

T r a u t m a n n s v i e w ( Ang lia 8 6 V 4 8 ) t h a t 2 0 5 b r a d r e p r e s e n t s a n o r i g i n a l g ar
’ ‘ ‘

, .
, ,

i s f o u n de d u p o n h is f a t a l l y s i m p l e m e t h o d o f s u b s t i t u t i n g a n y de si r e d w o r d fo r
t h a t in t h e t e x t L i k e w is e in h is r e a di n g o f t h e r u n e s (s up r a ) t h e M S i s h o n o r e d
. .

o n l y in t h e b r e a c h .

N o w le t u s s o l v e t h is p r o b l e m a cc o r di n g t o t h e r u l e s o f t h e g a m e T h e c o n .

dit io n s i m p o e d u p o n u s a r e t w o : ( 1 ) t h e r u n i c l e t t e r s m u s t b e r e a d b a c k wa r d a s
s

e l s e w h e r e in t h e ri ddl e ;
( 2 ) t h u s c o m b i n e d t h e y m u s t f o r m b u t o n e w o r d An d , .

h e r e a r e o u r l e t t e r s r dd( R) AG EW I n v e r t e d t h e y r e a d w eg a r: n o im p o s
: .
, ,

s i b l e f o r m s i n c e w ig dr a n d w eg r a pp e a r i n s t e a d o f w igg dr l a n c e in W W 1 4 3
, a ,
‘
,
’
.
,

1 2— l a n c e a ; w egn r es g ew id a m e n t u m I t i s n e e dl e s s t o p o i n t o u t t h a t ’
w fga
‘
‘

'
13 : z r , r , .

t h i s f u rn is h e s t h e v e r y m e a n i n g de m a n de d b o t h b y t h e c o n t e x t a n d b y o u r r i ddl e s
’

c o u n t e rp a r t R id 6 5 6 I t s a t is fi e s a ll t h e c o n di t i o n s O u r f o r m w eg dr w h i c h m a y
, . . .
, ,

b e e x p l a i n e d e i t h e r b y p h o n e t i c c h a n ge a s in t h e Voc a bu la r ies o r b y a c o n f u si o n , , j

o f r u n e s is o n e o f t h e a pp o si t i v e s o f l ildefi yb e ( 2 0
,
Th e p a s s a g e m a y b e t h u s z r

r e n de r e d H e ( t h e h o rs e ) h a d o n h i s b a c k s t r e n g t h in w a r ( o r w a r t r o o p
:
‘
a
“ -

m a n a n d a n a i l e d w a r sp e a r -
.
 I I O R I D D LE S O F TH E E XE T E R BO O K

20 7 8 H e h n ( 1172 11 H t 1 9 0 2 p p 3 6 8 —3 74 ) dis c u ss e s t h e E z léenjag d o r c h a s

— . . .
, , .

'

in g o f o t h e r b i r ds b y t h e k i t e h a w k a n d f a l c o n H a wk in g is n o t a T e u t o n i c in , , .

v e n t io n b u t w a s l e a r n t b y t h e G e r m a n s f r o m t h e C e l t s
, a n d a t n o v e r y dis t an t ,

p e r i o d e i t h e r [O n t h e o t h e r h a n d J a c o b G r i m m h a s de v o t e d a w h o l e c h a p t e r o f
.
,

h is H is t or y of t lz e Ge r m a n L a ng u ag e t o h a w k i n g s e t t i n g f o r t h t h e r u l i n g p a ssi o n ,

fo r t h is k i n d o f c h a s e in p a ss a g e s fr o m t h e p o e t s a n d o t h e r a u t h o r s o f t h e M i ddl e
Ag e s a n d p l a c i n g t h e o ri g i n o f t h e c u s t o m in t h e e a r l i e s t p r e h is t o r i c t i m e s o f
,

t h e G e r m a n ra c e ] H u n t i n g a s a n a r t i s a n a t i o n a l t r a i t o f t h e C e l t s
. I t is .

'

a no t h e r q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r t h e C e l t i c n a t i o n s t h a t s u r r o u n de d t h e G e r m a n i c
w o r l d o n t h e s o u t h a n d w e s t i n v e n t e d h a w k i n g o r o n l y de v e l o p e d t h e a r t a n d , ,

in t h e l a s t c a s e w h e n c e t h e y o r i g i n a l l y de r i v e d it T r a c e s o f it s o r i g i n a r e n o t e d
’
, .

b y H e h n n o t o n l y in T h r a c e b u t o n t h e v e r y b o r de r l a n d o f I n di a D u r i ng th e
, .

M i ddl e A g e s h a w k i n g flo u r is h e d a ll o v e r f e u da l E u r o p e [s e e a l s o S c h u l t z D a s ,

fi s c lz e L e ben I
li o it sp r e a d f r o m G e r m a n y a n d B y z a n t i u m t o t h e E a s t a n d
'

n a t i o n s o f As i a an d wa s p r a c t i c e d b ,y e l e c t o r s a n d e m p e r o rs e m i r s s h e i k s a n d , , ,

s h a h do w n t o t h e n o m a ds o f t h e s t e p p e a n d t h e B e do u i n s o f t h e de s e r t M a r c o
,
.

P o l o f o u n d h aw k i n g t h e f a s h i o n in t h e c a p i t a l s o f M o n g o l i a n p r i n c e s a s fa r as
C h i na
’
.

W h i t m a n ( jo u r n a l of Ge r m a n ic P li ilo logy I I 1 70) i de n t i fi e s t h e w ea l/z /t af o c o r ,

f o r e i g n h aw k ( c f W W 1 3 2 3 2 5 9 8 ; 4 0 6 2 0 ; 5 1 4 1 2 . . wi th th e pe r eg r in e
, , , , ,

f a l c o n ( s e e S wa e n H er r zgs A r c /t in C X V I I I , F a l c o n r y w a s a sp o r t v e r y ,
‘

p o p u l a r a m o n g o u r An g l o S a x o n f o r e f a t h e r s T h e e x a c t da t e o f t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n
-
.

o f f a l c o n r y i n t o E n g l a n d i s n o t k n o w n b u t a b o u t t h e y e a r 75 0 W i n i f r e d o r B o n ,

ifa c e t h e n A r c h b i s h o p o f M o n s s e n t lE t h e lb a ld K i n g o f K e n t a h a w k a n d t wo
, , , ,

f a l c o n s ; a n d H e dib e r t K i n g o f t h e M e r c i a n s r e q u e s t e d t h e s a m e W i n i f r e d to
, ,

s e n d h im t w o f a l c o n s w h i c h h a d b e e n t r a i n e d t o k i l l c r a n e s ( W a r t o n H is t E ng
, ,
. .

P o et r y 1 8 4 0 I I ,
Fo r t h e h is t o r y o f t h e sp o r t o f h a w k i n g a m o n g t h e An g l o
, ,

S a x o n s s e e S h a r o n T u r n e r V I I c h a p v i i a n d S t r u t t Sp o r ts a n d P a s t im es 1 90 3
, , , .
, , , ,

pp 2 2 f
. .

W h i t m a n l c n o t e s t h e di s c u ssi o n o f h a w k i n g in lE lfr ic s Collo q uy ( W W 9 5

,
. .
,
’
.
,

1 2 f ) a n d c o m p a r e s C r af t 8 1 F ates 8 6 s u m s c e a l w ildn e fu go l w lo n c n e at e m ia n
. .
, , ,

h e a fo c 0 11 h o n da e t c ; fli z ld 7 S e e a l s o R id 2 5 3 6 5 3 5
, . z . . .
, , .

S i e v e r s dis c u ss i o n o f t h e r u n e s HA( O) FO C ( Ang lia X I I I 7) h a s b e e n c o n

’
,

s ide r e d in t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n .

R I D D L E 21

D i e t ri c h sw e r S wo rd ( X I
’
s an w h i c h is a cc e p t e d b y B r o o k e ( p
,
‘ ’
, .

a nd r e j e c te d b
y T r a u t m a n n w h o s u gg e s t s ( A ng lia B o V 4 9 ) H aw k i s u n , ,
.
, ,
’

do u b t e dl y c o r r e c t b e i n g c o n fi r m e d b y e v e r y m o t i v e o f t h e p r o b l e m
, t h e a do r n ,

m e n t s o f t h e w a r ri o r h is de p e n de n c e u p o n h is l o r d h i s g r i m w o r k o f de a t h h is
, , ,

l a c k o f a n a v e ng e r h is c e l i b a c y h i s h a t e f u l n e ss t o wo m e n P r e h n a s u s u a l h a s
, , .
, ,

n o t s u cc e e de d in p r o v i n g
( pp 1 8 4 f ) t h e i n de b t e dn e ss o f t h e An g l o S a x o n t o t h e . .
-

L a t i n r i ddl e s o f l i k e s u b j e c t ( A l dh e l m i v 1 0 ; T a t w in e 3 0 ; E u s e b i u s Th e ,

c h i e f m o t i v e o f A l d h e l m a n d t h e e n t i r e t h e m e o f T a t w in e w h o f o l l o w s h im
, , ,
 “ a
Gd
R I D DLE S O F T H E E X ET E R BOO K

An d E u s e b i u s (3 6 1 -3
) sa ys
Sa n g u i i h u m a n i r e u e t fe r u e n e r vi nde x
n s s s o

Co r p r n n u n c de fe nde r e n u nc c r u c i a r e ic is s im
-
o ,
v

C ur o .

The S w o r d sp e a k s in 71 6 ic y/ ea l ,
1 11 1 1 sc .

2 1 8 f A L e h m a n n p o i n t s o u t U e b e r die \ Va ffe n im Ags B e o wu lflie de

, 10 . s .
,
’

Ge n n i X X X I 4 87 t h e l eo lf is f u l l o f r e f e r e n c e s t o s w o r d h i l t s
’
r / a a. r ro u -

o f c o s t l y m e ta l s e t w i t h p r e c i o u s s t o n e s ( b e 6 73 1 0 2 4 1 6 1 5 1 6 88 1 9 0 1 2 1 9 2
’
oro .
, , , , , ,

E l s e w h e r e in t h e ( 5 6 4 ) t h e g o l d h i l t e d s w o r d is m e n t i o n e d ( s e e 1 -

—
al 1 2 6 G o ld g e m e d o n gu n a n w eo d ) I n t h e “ f ills s e v e r a l c o s t l y “
so , s / s r e .

s w o r ds w i t h h i l t s o f g o l d a n d s i l v e r a p p e a r a s l e g a c i e s M iss Ke l l e r I ng lo S x o n .
, .
« -
a

I I eap o n A m e
'

p 3 7 c i t e T h o r p e s D p l m t r in m 5 0 5 2 8 w h e r e a t e s t a t o r
'

a s, .
,
s
’
i o a a , , ,

m e n t i o n s t h e s w o r d je t E a dm u n d k i n g m é s e l de n h u n dt we lf t ia n m a n c u s a s
‘
rz o

g o l de s a n d f eo w e r p n d s ilv e e s o n 115 11 fe t e ls e ; a n d w h e r e ano t h e r

u r
’

l e a v e s a s wo r d m id oam s ylfr e n a n h yl t e 0 n d Zio n e gylde n a n fe t e ls T h e g r a v e

'
‘ ‘ ‘ ’
.

fi n ds f u r n i s h si m i l a r e v i de n c e o f t h e ri c h b e a u t y o f s wo r d h i l t s ( A k e r m a n P g a n -
, a

S r m do n“ 1 8 5 2
tu / p l x x i v ; Co llecta n ea An t 17 , II B u t a s M iss K e l l e r
. / 11 1 1 , ,

n o t e s t h e l a w s w i l l s m a n u s c r ip t i l l u m i n a t i o n s g r a v e fi n ds a n d e v e n t h e p a ss a g e s
, , ,
-
,
-
,

in t h e p e m s p r o v e c o n c l u si v e l y t h a t t h e s wo r d is t h e w e a p o n o n l y o f w a r ri o r s Of
o ,

w e a l t h a nd r a n k (s e e K e m bl e ll e f e a les 8
3 I n de e d its p o ss e ssi o n c o n ,
or a r , , ,

f e r s di s t i n c t i o n ; c f S c h m i d Ges etz e An h a n g V I I 2 1 0 An d g if h é b e gy t a b
.
, , , , ,
‘ ‘
’

l e t h e li mb b e b y r n e a n d h e l m a n d o f e r gylde n e s w e o r d béa h be h e l a n d n a b b e
ur -
,
>
,

F o r i n t e r e s t i n g a cc o u n t s o f t h e s w o r d s e e H o dge t t s Older E ng
’
’
h e b ib s i 8 c u n d
‘ ‘

.
, ,

l nd p p I f
a ,
\Vr igh t Ce lt R o m a n a n d S a xo n pp 4 70 f ; B r o o k e E E L it
.
, , , . .
, . .
,

p 1 2 1 Bo sw o r t h T o l l e r pp 9 4 9—9 5 0
.
-
, . .

2 1 9— C f D ea m 2 3 m id si n c e ge gy rw e d ; 77 gy r e do n m e g o l de a n d s e o lfr e ;
10 . r , , ,

R id 2 7 3 gie r e de m e c m id g o l de
. 1 , .

2 1 s in c e 0 n d s e o lf r e S o 6 8 8 D a n 6 0
10 .
. 1 , . .

n o w y r n c b w o r d lo fe s T h i s r e c a l l s t h e p r a i s e o f I I r u n t in g ( B eo w
‘ '

2 1 1 1 . .

14 6
5 w h i c h is e x t o l l e d a t a f e a s t l i k e t h e s w o r d o f o u r r i ddl e S o in r e g a r d .

to t h e s w o r d g i v e n b y B e o w u l f t o t h e D a n e w h o h a d g u a r de d h is s h ip w e a r e ,

t o l d o f t h e r e c i pi e n t
’

l rc t h C s y Nha n w a ‘ ‘ '
r
r
s
’

m e o du be n ce m afi m e 1 3 w e o r hr a 7 ‘

0 11 1
,

y r fe lafe .

1
?
1 1 1 11 11 01 fo r m en g o . Cf .
5 5 , m ar n a n f o r e m e n g o in m e o du h e a lle
I l ids
'

. .

d r in c a o N o t e 1 5 1 2 5 6 1 5 7 1 2 , 6 4 3 6 8 7 a n d t h e r i ddl e s
'

11 5 1 m eo du
‘

1 :
2 1 1 2 .
, . , ,

o f dr in k
(2 8 ,

—1 5 L e h m a n n Go n
X X X I 4 9 3 ) n o t e s t h a t in t h e An g l o S a x o n
21 12
( n a /1 111 ,
-

p e r i o d s wo r d h e l m e t a n d b y r n i e w e r e w o r n b y t h e m o s t i l l u s t r i o u s w a r r i o r s
, , ,

e v e n a t a fe a s t O n t h i s a cc o u n t b l o o dy s t r if e o f t e n a r o s e i f m e n e xc i t e d b y b e e r
.
,

t a u n te d e a c h o t h e r C f f te 4 8 f . . a s, .
,

Sumum ni e e s e c gc on m e o du be nce

yr r um c a lo w Os a n c a ldo r
we r e w i n s a du m .
 NOTES 1 1 3

Th e ea r l y k i ngs
p r e v e n t t h i s m a de s t r i n g e n t l a ws a g a i n s t t h e d r a w i n g o f
, to ,

w e a p n in t h e m a d h a l l ; c f l llo t h a r a n d E a dr ic
o s 1
3 S c h m i d Ge e tz e p 1 4
e -
.
, , , s , .

( l if m a n w oe p fi b e gd I i r m az n dr in c e n a n d l ai r m a n n an yfe l n o
o r e s c illin
g
r

I an I e l t (l t fi ge a n d c yn in ge X I I s c ill
r r uc e .
’

C f 6 6 3 h a f a h m e c o n h e a dr e
‘

3 h e a ld e “ 1 1 1 0 0 o n h e a po r e
‘

2 1 1

—
.
,
. .

g e n 1m C f E l 3 2 0 , e o do n o n g e r t un
'

2 1 1 4 o n s c eu c a n
—
. . . .

21 1 —
5 6 1 s e rdt
'

l r ec '
l rc . Cf . G e n 1 5 9 7, f r é c n e s c Odo n
. .

2 1 1
7 w ar aw y r ged . O ur r i ddl e r i s h e r e t h i n k i n g f t h e p a s s a g e in o

Ps . cl xiv , 10 . T h e An g lo - Sa x o n p o e t i c v e r s i o n ( 1 4 3 ) r e a ds ( f / 1 ir g jged n 1 1 i 1 1 11
7

.
c c f
i
'

wr da n w eo r de
'
'
a s .

7 f
2 1 R e de r ( D ie I ain ilie be i de n A ng el a c /z e n 1 8 9 9 p 8 1 ) c o n i de r s t h e
o '
1 . s s , , . s

c o n c e p t i n f t h e lo t o f t h e b a c h e l o r t h a t w e m e e t in t h e s e l i n e s a s e i n e de r b
o o
‘

si n n l i c h e a b e r d u r c h a u s g e s u n de g e r m a n i s c h e A u ffa s s u n g W i t h t h e m o t i v e o f .
’

'

l a c k o f v e n g e a n c e c o m p a r e t h e i n a b i l i t y f t h e s t a g h r n t o w r e a k it s w r o n gs u p o n o -
o

it s b a n e s m a n ( 9 3 ) N o t i c e t h e i n sis t e n c e u p o n b l o o d v e n g e a n c e
11 1 3 39 -
, ,

1 5 4 6 Al /d 2 5 7 f
, a . .

3 ]) e 1 1 1 6 b r i n g a s g o a f C f l eo u 3 0 3 5 be h im h r in ga s ge a f S ee the
’
2 1 2 . . > r.
, .

de s c r i p t i o n O f t h e s w o r d 7 1 8 lz ing m g e/ty r s ted , , r u .

2 1 4 T h e i di o m i s f o u n d 1 6
2
a
85 7 .

2 1 25 g ri p e fr o m m e . S o An d . 1 354 .

2 1 2 8- 2 9 me p ass h y b t p le g a n wyr n eb
‘ '

. Cf B r . nn . 24 —2 5 ,

M y r ce ne w y r ndo n
h e a r de s h a n dp le ga n h mle ba n an um .

Fo r a dis c u ss io n of th e c o nst r u cti o n ,

see S h i ple y , Gen it iv e Ca s e in A ng lo
S a xo n , p . 64 .

2 1 2 0- 3 0 m ec on b e n d e le g d e C f 4 1 3- 1 5
. . .

f T h i s is t h e o n l y p i c t u r e
2 1 33 . o r s c o l d in O ld E n g l i s h p o e t r y o f the s h r e w ,

a l t h o u g h w e a r e to l d C u E x 6
5 w idgo n ge l w if w o r d g e s p r in ge b B u t t h e r e i s
, . .
, .

n o de a r t h o f w o m e n w e e p i n g fo r t h e i r w a r ri o rs de a d c f Fa t e s 4 6
‘
.
, .

R D D L E 22I
h i s P l o w r i ddl e fo r D i e t r i c h s a n s w e r ( X I 4 6 5 —4 6 6 ) h a s b e e n g e n er a l l y
T ‘ ’
-
’
,

a c c p te d — ha
e n o p a r l l e l s a m o ng t h e L a ti n e n i g m as
s f it s da y ; b u t a n a n a
a o

l g u e f r o m t h e p e n f S c a l i g e r ( Re u s n e r I 1 8 0 ) h a s c e r t a i n p o i n t s o f l i k e n e ss
o o ,
:

O re g rgla diu m , m a t r is q ue in
e o p ct r c d e o e on o

U t m o x, q u a n n s n t m o t u c u r u vi c l a, va o as .

D ux m e us a t rg
e d mq tr b
o t l
ca u a ue a e n s r e r a r e n s q ue

Il a s ta n o n m t n b
e u t st li ea r ve r era a a os .

Th e m o de rn G e m an r an d E ng l is h ri ddl s ( W e o ss idlo 24 1
3
; R oy al l1 iddle B o o /c,
’

p . 18 ) ar e o h e r s rt f q u te a no t i o .

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s .

p a s s o v e r t h e s e a is p e c u l i a r l y s u gg e s t i v e R e in m a r s ri ddl e s a y s R o e t h e ( p .
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w h i c h h a s s u r e l y n a u g h t in c o m m o n w i t h S y m p h o s iu s 6 2 P o m , .

23 w ic g u m r i d a n
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de v e l o p in g in t h e S o u t h I n t h e N o r t h w e h a v e t h e s t y l e i n t r o du c e d fr o m I r e l a n d
.

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-

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b y t h e p e o p l e a s t h e c h i e f e l e m e n t in a fa v o r i t e dr i n k R e t u r n s o f b e e h iv e s a r e .
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a s h e w h o s t e a l s go l d o r h o r s e s .

28 6— 7 Th e M e a d s c h a n t o f t r i u m p h o v e r t h o s e w h o c o n t e n d a ga i n s t it s fo r c e
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r e c a l l s R id 1 2 3 f T h e ge n r e s k e t c h o f t h e do w n fa l l o f t h e o ld c h u r l m a y o r
. .

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b a n t e s s t e r n o r u i n a ; b u t t h is m o t i v e a pp e a r s in ge n u i n e fo l k r i ddl e s ( s up r a )
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b a u c h s h o u l d b e c o n t r a s t e d w i t h t h e p r a i s e o f t h e j o y s o f w i n e in t h e n e xt r i ddl e
T h e m e a d h a l l is m e n t i o n e d e l s e w h e r e in t h e I dd/es ( 1 5
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56 1 , 57 1 2, 64
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o f t h e m i n d is c h
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xxv i 1 4 T h o r p e A L p
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as a van is h i n
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1 5 f) . a nd t h e lo t o f t h e dr u n k a r d in t he F ates f
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 1 34 O I" T l l lC BO O K

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p r is h b y t h e s w o r d s t r k e F r
e - o . o a n t h e r p ic t u r e
o o f dr u n k e n n e s s in t h e Kidd/e s ,

see 1 2 5 f . Eb e r t , ( fe s t /1 . ( fer l rif . ar y

’
l . 6 1 ,
3 lll , 2 , r e m a r ks

t hat the p o e t s s o m e t im e s s c e n t t o h o ld u p the dr u n k e n h a r ac t e r o f c s t h e O ld T e s .

ta m e n t as w a r n in g e xa m pl e s to t h e i r An g l o- S a xo n a u die n c e ; c m p a r e o ( fe w . 1
56 : f .
,

'

2 64 0 ( lf e r r e ll . YLH /u m '

e in ( fe m ur /Zr ,

t 8o3 . pp . Se e l .
r
‘

uc h s c Nil/( 7 7 Ir r , Es s en m u/ 18 9 1, pp .
—
7 8 ; a nd

no t ic e the m an y w a r n in gs a
ga in s t dr u n k e n n e s s in t h e H anan /N U .

28 7 s w eo r pe | es ne . T h is e m e n da t io n o f l lo lt h a u s e n . . Wn d X X X V l l .
,

2 0 7. . fo r MS . 7m w 7t r r r e f
f /u
"
fin ds t h re e fo l d j u s t ific a t i o n in the m e te r f 7 b , in t h e
o

a b s e nc e o f c ls mr -
h e ic
‘

in t h e de s ir e d s e ns e o f l l e ve l .
’

l t h r o w a n d tiu a lly
’
,

in it s p e r fe c t :u l; 1 p t a t io u
~
to the c o n te xt (c f . e s u as b i n de ) .

2 8 o 1 11 no t a fe w o f th e r idd e s a l m e e t in g w it h the s ub j e c t l e a ds to so rro w

co m pa r e 7 S , 1 6 : 5 . 1 8 m . 24 ro f
. . , 2 6 -
to
( D i e t r ic h X ll ,

2 8 to Fo r MS . w ”
g
r
e w/M n o r , i l lo lt h a u s e u
'

, X X X V ll , 2 0 7, r e a ds

( no m .
M r s/i ) » and a dds : l l a s w o r t g c h ii r t

to s e r in br im “ m a ma 7cwe l:
' -
r sc h ilf ‘
.
"

G re in
ll su
g ge s t s t h a t
, .

[us e is ide n t ic a l w i t h Aw e ?
( t ) . N . a n d t h e n c o n j e c t u r e s v e r y do u b t

fu l ly ru c u e r i k r iift ig e u b u t t h e r e is n o r e a s n t o de p a r t fr o m o

the MS . , as th e fo r m lw r m '
'

A lu m is fo u nd t h re e t im e s ( An d . 16
57 .

2 8 1: Cf . 1 2 m ,
g if h i uur ‘ a dc s E r ne
g es wic a l s / u l r
. 1 20 ,
5 1o (l
'
l'
5 70 fe r h hc fo r s t o le n
'

b is t o le n t f m t r de b e s t o le n e ; ( fu n
'

8 s ta e n g o
‘

1
'
2 1 3 . . 1 2 t r
, .
,

( dr u n ke n - s t1 '
o 11g o n s pr
''

itw e . T h is r e a din g o f M S a n d e a r l i e r e di t o r s
.

is s u s t a in e d by 9 3 1o , s / r uvr
g an . v u / y
f

v, a nd by s uc h de s c r ip t io n s o f dr u n k e n n e s s
as t h os e c it e d a b o v e
( see 1 4 1 /es , Co m pa re a so l 2 9 1 1 di rn a u
‘
o u
g in n e N
'

l
m e da n m is lic e . Ba r n o u w sa ys ( p . 2:
‘
S /vwng ( w gi b t v ie l b es s e r e n i
s un ;
dc r b e t r u n k e n e h a t i k r a ft '

l is t h in w o r t c n ta r k
‘

—
s e ne ve r o ren ; n ur no c s .

t f 27 i
h
‘

2 8 b ln u r ru u r . . nt r m .

C f 32 d fo lm e fo lm ; 6 8 fGt
’

t fr i t
'

8 t o lm "
n?
‘

2 1 ; I o tar 11e u . .
7. o n ; 4 0 m . uc t ),

f fo lm c j .

28 1 7 b e d re g e s le o lr t e . liu dde . p . 24 . be l ie ves

t h a t t h is p h r a s e r e fe r s t o th e r es u l ts o f t h e e v e n in g p o t a t io n s the m o r n in
g a ft e r ,

a n d c i t s in s u pp f t h is v ew i the l ro ve r bs f ( Kem b le Air /e m u ”

’
e o rt o .
o xv .

an d Ali /u r n,

s c lc p
'

l l is m o r ge
S a l b e n m r rc h il l e s t in ;

le ‘
s wo o n e ve n

Y te le h a t re d y dr o n ke u .

The t h o ug h t is par a l l e l to t h at in t h e r i ddl e '

s m a te .
‘
So s in d w ir W o hl
b e r e c h t ig t c in e n I fin tlu s s dc r ‘
lk s m iis s ig c n l r in k a n s c h a u u n g e n a uf da s Riit s c l
' ‘
'

vo

a ru u n e h m e u li u dde )
( .
1 36 R I D D LE S OF THE E X E T ER BOO K

S te l l e e in ; im N o r de n sc h e i nt ab e r die G e r s t e a ls da s e r tra
gs s ic h e r e K o r n , w ie
fr iih e r a uf de m F e s t l a n d, die R o l l e ge s p i e l t z u h a b e n
e rs te . E s is t b e z e i c h n e n d
da s s die D r e s c h t e n n e im N o r t h u m b r is c h e n u n d Me r c is c h e n be r flo r h e i s s t ( v gl
‘

e .

L i n di s fa r n e un d R us h w o r t h , M a t t h . iii , 1 2, L u k e iii, 1 7, w o es la t a r ea tib e r s e t z t ) ,

w ah r e n d im S ac h s i s c h e n da fii r by r n e/fair O de r a u c h ber m gflo r gi l t I t is t h i s ’
' ‘

t h r e s h in g o f b a r l e y t h a t o u r r i ddl e de s c r i b e s .

A gr a n t O f K i ng O ffa ( B ir c h Ca n z / m iz w z S z xmz z a m z 1 8 8 5 I 3 8 0 ) m e n t i o n s
'
‘ '

,
z r , , ,

t w a t u nn a n f u lle h lt i t r e s a lo S o n d c u m b f u ln e l ibe s a l o b o n d c u m b fu ln e w e lis c e s

‘ ’
‘ ‘ ‘

F r o m t h i s S h a r o n T u r n e r V I I c h a p iv i n fe r s t h a t t h r e e k i n ds o f a le , , .
,

w e r e k n o wn t o t h e A n g l o S a xo n s ( 1 ) c l e a r a le ; ( 2 ) W e l s h a le ; ( 3 ) m i l d a le
-
.

Ac c o r din g t o W e i n h o l d L aban 1 8 5 6 p 1 5 3 n o t e ) [a gs ea lz t ] , , .
, , .

[a gs bi o r ] s i n d g l e i c h b e de u t e n d ; 5 1 is t al t e r u n d de n N o r dge r m a n e n
'
u n d bior
’

,
.

m it de n L it h a u e r n ge m e i n ; Mo r is t e r s t du r c h Z u s a m m e n z i e h u n g a u s de m la t
'
.

in fi n biber e e n t s t a n de n ( G r i m m I VOr ter bz / clz A ls j iin ge r e s u n d f r e m de s

’

.
, ,

VVO r t ga l t e s fiir v o r n e h m e r u n d de s h a l b s a gt da s j u n ge A lz vr r m a l 5 1 h e i ss t
' ’
-

de r T r a n k u n t e r de n M e n s c h e n é o r u n t e r de n G ot t e r n I n t h i s i de n t i fi c a t i o n o f
'
’ ’
, z .

a le a n d b e e r a n d in t h e de r i v a t i o n o f t h e n a m e W e in h o l d is a t o n e w i t h W a c k e r
, ,

n a ge l w h o in a s c h o l a r l y a r t i c l e
, M e t e B i e r W in L it L u t e r t r a n c H a up ts Z s , , , , ,
’
.

V I 2 6 1 ) t r a c e s t h e h is t o r y o f G e r m a n i c l i q u o r s fr o m t h e e a r l y t im e w h e n b e e r
,

a n d m e a d w e r e t h e o n l y dr i n k s O f t h e n o r t h e r n n a t i o n s C o m p a r e VVe i n h o l d -
.
,

D e n n a/ w F u m e /1 1 88 2 I I 6 2 ; S a s s D c u t s c lz es L aban z u r Z e it a e r S ci e/z s ir dz e u
, , , ,
’

Aiz i e r B e r l in 1 8 9 2 p 2 4 ; F r e n c h
y , , C en t u r ies qf D r in k in E ng la n d
, .
, ,

L o n do n 1 8 8 4 p 1 4 L eo
, S 1 1 1 8 4 2 p 2 0 0 b e l i e v e s t h a t m in a n d ééo r w e r e
, . .
, .
, , .
,

di ffe r e n t b e c a u s e h e m e e t s t h e w o r ds M o d a n d Mar s ide b y s i de a s s e p a r a t e

,
”

gr a n t s in a c h a r t e r ( K e m b l e I I a nd su
gge s t s t h a t t h e r e w a s do u b t l e s s t h e ,

s a m e di s t i n c t i o n t h a t w e fi n d in m o de r n E n gl a n d b e t w e e n a le a n d b e e r t h e fi r s t ,

b e in g w i t h h o p s ; b u t L e o n a t u r a l l y fa i l s t o fi n d a n y t r a c e o f h o p fe n b a u a m o n g ‘

A n gl o S a xo n s -
.

W h e n t h e b o y in Ai lfr ic s Co l/o gy ) ( W W 1 0 2 ) is a s k e d w h a t h e dr i n k s h e ’
! .
,

A le if I h a v e it o r w a t e r if I h a v e n o t A n d h e a dds : I a m n o t s o
‘
’
an s w e r s : ‘
, .
‘

r ic h t h at I can b u
y m e w i n e a n d w i n e is n o t t h e dr i n k o f c h i l dr e n o r t h e w e a k ,

m in de d b u t o f t h e e l de r s a n d t h e w i s e As N e w m a n p o i n t s o u t ( T r a ill s S o c ia l ’ ’
, .

l i me/a n d I W i n e t h o ug h m a de w a s l it t l e dr u n k ; w in e p r e s s e s a r e s h o wn
,
‘
,
-

in t h e i l l u m i n a t i o n s [C o t t o n C l a u di u s B I V f b u t t h e c l i m a t e m us t h a v e .
, .

r es t r ic t e d th e
gr o w t h O f t h e g r a p e t o t h e s o u t h e r n p o r t i o n o f t h e i s l a n d A t .

a ll e v e n t s m e a d a n d a le w e r e t h e p o p u l a r b e v e r a ge s E f f //j w ea du ZN / wa d
’
7
, . ( ,

s a y s k id 2 1 T h e b r e we r y
. 1 2 o r m ea /Hu h
. was an
,

i m p o r t a n t a dj u n c t o f e v e r y An gl o S a xo n m e n a ge ( H e y n e D ie [la /[e ll o r o t -
,
e
'

p .

29 T h e O p e n i n g l i n e is a n i n t e gr a l p a r t O f t h e r i ddl e ( w i t h 2 9
1
fl5 g 7 e g q gie r 1,
'
r

w ed c f 2 1, n o t a s in
.
3 2 a n d 3 3 a m e r e e xc r e s c e n c e T h is b e gi n n i n g b e a r s .

a fa r a w a y l i k e n e s s t o t h a t o f
-
71 D i e t r i c h ( X I 4 6 8 ) fi n ds a s u gge s t io n o f t h e s e .
,

l i n e s in A l d h e l m s e n i gm a O f t h e W i n e C u p v ii 2 8 ’ '
-
, ,
-
10

P l e s s u m te r ae glis ce n in s a l t ib s a l t is ro r s u .

M a t ia m c n e is fi n dit e d c l t a gr e s t is er u s u or ,

I in e e t l t a e t o b o r a fe o ’
os v r e ns a s . r rr .
 NO T ES 1 37

29 2- 3 C o m p a r e wit h t h ese su p e r l at i ve s , b ea m /er ia n , s c ea r

p es t a n , g ry m m es z a n ,
‘

th e l in e s o f t he Ba r l e yc o r n b a l lad :

Th e su lt yr s u ns o f S u m me r ca m e ,

And h e gr e w t h ick a n d s t r o ng ;
H is h e a d we e l ar m
’
d w i’ p o in t e d s pe a r s,

T h at n o o ne s h o u l d h im wr o ng .

29 2 Grein gge s t e d [
su b eo r u p c ea r p es ta u fo r t h e s a k e o f a l l i t e r a t io n , w h i c h is
h e rw i s e a b s e n t fr o m t h e l in e ; b u t K l u e h a s s h o w n
o t g ( P 8 8 I X , 4 4 6 ) t h a t t h is .

l a c k o f a l l i t e r a t i o n is c o m p e ns a t e d fo r b y s u ffi x r i m e s a s l a t e r in M i ddl e E n gl i s h -
,
“

\ V i t h o u r l in e h e c o m p a r e s fll al z 2 7 1 27 7 ? 5 711 05 s t z m de ll ? s Ea /a e m m e w z m a e ; c
’
.
,
’
.
’

t h e i n s c r ip t i o n u p o n t h e s h i e l d o f E a dw én ( H ic k e s s T/z es a u r u r ) a r z fz te n li m e
’ ’
’

a w e r ie b e m l u e ( e tf e r z e ; a n d t h e p a s s a ge u p o n W i l l i a m in t h e L a u d M S o f t h e
' ' '

; u
e .

C h r o ni c l e ( Ea r l e p 2 2 2 , .

29 4— 7 S o in t h e B a r l e y c o r n b a l l a d w h i c h I m a y n o t q u o t e a t l e n g t h t h e b a r l e y , ,

is c u t b y t h e k n e e t i e d fa s t c u dge l e d fu l l s o r e h u n g u p t u r ne d o e r an d
‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’
, , , ,

o er
’
h e a v e d in a p it o f w a t e r t o s s e d t o a n d fr o w a s t e d o e r a s c o r c h i ng fi a m e
,
’ ‘
,
’ ‘
,
’ ‘ ’
,
’

c r us h e d b e t w e e n t w o s t o n e s a n d fi n a l l y a l m o s t in t h e wo r ds o f t h e An l o S a xo n
‘ ’

g
-
, , ,

T hey h ae t a
’
en h is v er y h ea r t
’
s b l oo d ,

And dr a n k it ro un d a n d r o u n d ;
And s t il l t h e m o r e a nd m ore t hey dr a n k
T h e ir o y did m o r e a b o u n d
j .

Th e ‘
Ba r l e y c o r n u n de r
go e s t h e sam e sad e x p e r i en c e s a s th e P ipp i n g p o u n de d
i n to C y de r
’
f t h e lV/ wz r t o n e f o r D u ll l/ Vz lr , p 1 ( As h t o n C/z ap -B o o /es , p
'
‘
o .
,
.

h
I nt o t is w o r d l I ca m e h a n ging ;
And, w h e n fr o m t h e sa me I w a s ga u gi ng,
I was c r ue ll y b a tt e r e d a n d s q ue e z e d,

An d m e n w it h m y b l o o d t h e y we r e pl e as e d .

— Th e i m es wh ic h i n t e r e s t i n g p l a c e in o ur gr o u p ( s e e
29 4 8 r , g iv e 29 an

K l ge u , l. c ; . L e fe v r e , A ug /m V I , h a v e t h e i r p a r a l l e l e l s e w h e r e in r i ddl e
p o e t ry . Ve r y s im i lar is t h e ir u s e in t h e M e c k l e n b u r g F l a x p r o b l e m ( W o s s idlo ‘
,

D a n n w a r d ic h ge r u c k e lt u n d ge z u c k e lt u n d ge s c h l a ge n ; da nn b r a c h e n s ie
m ir die k n o c h h OOgt e n m i, t OOg t e n m i ; s e b Oge n m i, s e s c h Ow e n m i ;
'

en ; se se

s e r iip p e ln m i, se k n iipp e ln m i ; s e r u ff e ln m i, se k n u ffe ln m i ; s e r u pp t e n m i,

se sc h u pp t e n m i ; s e r u c k t e n m i s e t u c k t e n m i ; s e z u c k e n n u t u c k e n m i , .
’

2 9 7— D i e t r i c h n o t e s t h e ge n e r a l l i k e n e s s O f t h e p a s s a ge t o A l d h e l m s l i n e
’
10

E n p lu r e s de b r ia n s im p e n do p o c u la B a c c h i L i n e 9 r e c a l l s t h e o ld
’

( v ii 2
‘ ‘
, .

c h url T h e a r éa m du e t o b e e r is s i m i l a r l y de s c r i b e d E wes 77 f
’ ’
28 8 , . , ,

S um s ce a l o n h ea pe h re le iSu m
‘

cw ém a n,

blis s ia n ze t b eo r e b e n c s it te n du m ;

bier b ii? dr in ce ndr a dr ea m s e m ic la

‘

C f B ea ‘ U 4 9 5
.
”

pe gn n y tt e be h éo ld
sé be on h an da b ze r b r o de n e a lo w z fi ge
'

s ce n c t e s e i r we r e d

bie r w ze s h ze le Sa dr ea m
‘

.
 1 38 R I D D LE S 0 1" T H E E XE T ER BOO K

29 S e le n g e b
' '

. T h o r p e s c o nj ec tu r e
Th e w o r d h a s b e e n v a r io u s l y i n t e r p r e te d .
’

g /n
r
d e m y 3 1 2 ; 1 7 6 0 6 ) is b a r r e d b y t h e de m a n ds o f a l l it e r a t io n
‘ -1
. z , , It 1 . .

is e q u a l l y i m p o s s i b l e t o r e ga r d a s s ubs t acc
( D ir /1 A de u J u b e l Bro o ke ‘
. .
, ,

p 1 5 3 j o l l i ty
.
,
‘
T h e fo r m is t h e 3 d p e t s s g in d o f
'

do u b t fu l l y de fi n e d . . .

b y G r e i n ( AW i 1 6 3 ) a s o r n a r e ( c f g / flg a u ) a n d b y 13 T ( p 1 5 8 ) t o e xh ila
-
u , .
r
t
- -
.
-
. .
‘

Th e p r o p e r m e a n i n g is g i v e n h o w e v e r b y B T S u pp l e m e n t 1 28
’ ‘
r a te . to , , .
-
.
, ,

a dh e r e re m ain ,
T h is r e n de r i n g is c o n fi r m e d b y i n s t a n c e s o f t h e w o r d in t h i s
.
’

s e n s e in fo u r t e e n t h c e n t u r y E n g l i s h T h e v e r b is t h u s
.

(cf s v c le
gs )
-
. . . . f/ .

c l o s e l y r e l a te d t o
'

/ gu u r z fl
-
.

29 — D o es 7 710 1 2 A r /r e d r e fe r t o t h e o ld m e n o f 2
f 7
9 ) ( Br o o k e
1 and t h e y
”
1
,

) o r to th e b a r l e y c o r n u n d n ic h t da w ide r s p r ic h t s I pre
’
a b u s e it n o t
‘

fe r t h e fo r m e r a s it e m p h a s i z e s t h e c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n t h e lo t o f t h e s e h a ppy m e n
,

w h o do n o t c o n t r a di c t a n d q u a r r e l a n d t h e fa t e o f t h e fo o l i s h w i g h ts s tro n
g in ,
‘

speec h in t h e p r e c e din g r iddl e T h e t w o fo l l o w i n g l in e s ( 1 1 1 2 ) a r e t h u s r e n

’
-
, .

de r e d b y D r B r ig h t \ n d t h e n a ft e r de a t h ( i e d r u n k e n s l e e p ) t h e y i n du l g e in
. : . . . ,

l a r ge di s c o u r s e a n d t a l k i n c o h e r e n t l y T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e p a s s a ge fa v o r s
.
.
’

t h is r e n de r in g P e r h a p s t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e r i ddl e ( B a r l e y c o r n is t h e s u b j e c t f ‘
. o

t h e c l a us e T h e n ( flew J i m/ c is s u gge s t e d n a t u r a l l y b y it s fa t e in t h e e a r l y l i n e s
. 1

c o p io u s s p e e c h
o f the p o e m
( M M/ m m ix/fe ) b r o u g h t t o t h e
’
a n d it s
(2 9 4
‘
1 e

r iddl e r s t h o u g h t b
y t h e fa m i l i a r p e r s o n i fi c a t i o n is a m o c k e r s t r o n g dr i n k
'

a b ra wl e r
( l r o v e r b s xx
’
,

S e e n o t e t o 2 8 3 s t r a ng e 1 sp r i t e S o w e a r e t o l d ll ua 1 8 f - ’
29 1 1- 1 : 1 , 1 .
, . .

'

lm u ne w i n h we te o
‘

be o r ne s b r eo s t s e fa u b r e a h te m s t ige b,
‘

c ir m or e c w ide s c r a l
‘
o n co t ,

m is s e u i c e l .

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t h e di s a pp e a r a n c e o f t h e m o o n is fo u n d n o t o n l y in L a t i n e n i gm a s ( s up r a ) b u t ,

a t t h e c l o s e o f o u r r i ddl e s m a t e R id 9 5
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D i e t r ic h ( X I 4 6 9 ) o ffe r e d t h e p l a u s i b l e s o l u t i o n
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g b e
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 14 2 R I D D LE S O F TH E E X E T ER BOO K

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l i g h t o f t h e as s o c i a t i o n o f t r e e ‘ ’

h ip n o t o n l y in m a n y fo l k r i ddl e s ( W o s s idlo b u t in t h e K u n z e
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‘ ’

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i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e e n i gm a r a t h e r t h a n D i e t r i c h s ,
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a n d c r ie s s lu illv fr o m its r e a r N o t e t h e l a t e r f lu /e . 1. 11 7 1 1 1

. o f w ic h h th e u pp e r p a r t
o r mo u t h p ie c e res e mb l e d the be a k o f a b i rd .

3 1 5 fe l a r t de N . ne tic o ga n b ut the s ub ec t j o f t h is r iddl e h a s .

in it s p h v s ic a l c h a ra c t l it t l in c m m n w it h t h s u b j e c t s
er s i t ic s . e o o e o f 59
a nd w it h w h ic h l e b u p m pa it
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a n d p ip e
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g t m o ng d b e c a us e t h us Wo u ld b l e o s t t he .
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, as phr s t he a e is
mo re in k e e pi n g w i t h the fo ll o w in g t h an w it h t he pr e ce di n g t h ug h t o T h is . is
p ra c t ic a lly the p u n c t u at i o n o f l‘lt t m iille r .

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1

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( 8 11 t h in k s l) 1 °

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me n in g t h a t s c e nts to m e mply su pp
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a a a c o o

t h e lta llis t a , an d b y 9 3 2 11 the in k w it h i n t h e h o rn . T he b ro t h e rs , as a b o ve

no t e d, a re the b a s s -p ip e s o r dr o ne s . Th e p a s s a ge t h e n b e c o m e s c l e a r : She
( the
ins t r u m e n t ) wh n sh h l ds th t1 e : ( i e is in tla t e d) , w it h o u t c lo t h e s
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ll -T S u ppl e m e n t , p (11) ( ye t ) pro u d o f he r r n gs .i has o n he r ne c k he r b ro t h e rs

—
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h l i n s t r u m n t —: 1 s t h s b j c t f t h d p n d n t c l a s
, . . . , .

th e w o e W i t h t h is I a n e e u e o e e e e u e . . c

n t alth g h l i k h im I b l ie v t h t th p t in t h p r s 11 ilic a t i | 1 7 7 21 e 1
o
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h ad in m i n d t h t r bl n t s U n l ik T h r p I c a nn t vi w / ? g 777 a s a
e e e o e . e o e ,
o e 17 1 7 1‘
77

c o m po nd u .

32 3 F r t h is 9 n c l u din g f r m u l a S 29 3 ( I ntr d
o ti n) co o ,
e e 1 2- 1 o uc o .

I I II 1 I 1 I I 3 m:
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'
1
1 .

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sa ys (
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1

, p . 2 1 0,
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ed it o r m us t c o n fe s s h ims lf e n o t s u llic ie n t l
y s k illn l in w is e w o r ds to de c y p h e r it s
lt a ll i M i l l s to d
'

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o c cu u s o ns . llo u te r we k I, a ns we r s ne an

I l ie t r ie h
( X I , I OU) o tte rs the s o l ut o n i ‘
S h ip ,
’
w ic h h h a s b e e n g e n e r a l ly a c c e p t e d .

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o ne fo o t is the ke e l , the l ib s t h e b e a m s , a nd t he m o n t h th e o pe ni ng o n

de c k t o a dm it w a re s i n to t he h ld o . l '
re h n to the c o nt1a r . .

y , t h is r idd e l b e a rs
 46 R I D D LE S O F THE E XE T ER BOO K

no r e at o n l i to S y m p h o s iu s 13 ; b ut, as D i e tr i c h h as p o in t e d o u t, it s t e n t h l i ne
fi n ds an gu e in t h e
a na o l S h ip ’
r idd e l of M S Be rn 6 1 1 N o . .
, . 1 1 ( A n t /z . Lat I .
,

V i t a m fe r o c u n c t is , q u e c o n fe r o m u l t i s h i ng
’
v ic t u m I t h as in co m
‘
. no t

m o n wi t h th e L a t in i ddl e s r n o r w i t h m o de r n E n o f L o r ic h iu s ( R e u s n e r I ,
g
l i s h a n d G e r m a n p r o b l e m s c i t e d b y M iille n h o ff JV I I I I Y e t C h am b e rs s
’
.
,

S h i p q u e r y N o 1 6 p a r a l l e l s o u r s in it s l a s t l i n e An d n o a fi t ( fo o t ) b u t a n e
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c f P e t sc h pp 4 7 a n d t h e [f/e u z h z r Ga t r o ffe r s m a n y l i k e q u e r i e s
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, . .
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h a s e i g h t fe e t Th e A n g l o S a xo n v e s s e l is l i k e t h e Ab up s lwp o f f G 6 r 5 6 5 1
.
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b e a r i n g fo o d t o m e n Co m par e also I G 1 3 1 6 5 8 5 72 5 1 6 2—
2 93 4 29
5 . 1 1 1 94 . .
, , , , ,

( s e v e nt e e n t h c e n t u r y ) .

T h is r i ddl e r e s e m b l e s t h e p r e c e di n g ( 3 2 ) n o t o n l y in t h e u s e o f t h e o p e n i n g
fo r m u l a b u t in ge n e r a l p l a n o f c o n s t r u c t i o n I t b e l o n gs t o t h e c l a s s o f m o n s t e r ‘ ’
.
,

pr o b l em s .

T h e A n gl o S a xo n s h ip is t h u s de s c r i b e d b y S t r u t t [l o r dm p 4 2 :
-
P l ate 9 fig I , .
, .

( Tib B V ) r e p r e s e n t s t h e fo r m a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a m o r e i m p r o v e d s h ip o f t h e
. .

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-
,

w it h p l a n k s o f w o o d a n d de c k t h e m o v e r Th e s t e r n is r i c h l y o r n a m e n t e d w i t h .

t h e h e a d a n d n e c k o f a h o r s e ; t h e t w o b a r s w h i c h a pp e a r a t t h e s t e r n w e r e fo r

t h e s t e e r in g o f t h e s h ip i n s t e a d o f t h e r u dde r ; o n t h e m i ddl e n e a r t h e m a s t is

e r e c t e d t h e c a b i n ( in t h e fo r m o f a h o u s e ) fo r t h e c o m m o di o u s r e c e p t i o n o f t h e

p a s s e n ge r s ; t h e k e e l r u n s fr o m t h e s t e r n s t i l l gr o w i n g b r o a de r a n d b r o a de r t o
t h e p r o w o r h e a d o f t h e s h ip w h i c h c o m e s gr a du a l l y de c r e a s i n g u p t o a p o in t ,

fo r t h e m o r e r e a dy c u t t i n g o f t h e w a t e r in t h e s h ip s c o u r s e “ h e n the v ess e l
’ T
.

h a d r e c e iv e d h e r fu l l b u r t h e n s h e w a s s u n k a t l e a s t t o t h e t o p o f t h e t h i r d n a i l e d
b o a r d ; s o t h a t t h e p r o w i t s e l f w a s n e a r l y if n o t q u i t e i m m e r ge d in t h e w a t e r , .

O v e r t h e p r o w is a p r o j e c t i o n p e r h a p s e i t h e r fo r t h e c o n v e n i e n t fa s t e n i n g o f
t h e s h ip s r i ggi n g o r t o h o l d t h e a n c h o r S h ip s o f t h e s a m e p a t t e r n a pp e a r in
’ ’
.

H a r l M S 6 0 3 ff 5 1 r a n d N o a h s a r k is n o t o n l y de s c r i b e d F e r r e l l
’
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t o n ic A rz ng t es in M e Ge n es is 1 8 9 3 p p 3 2 —3 3 ) b u t p i c t u r e d a s a s h ip o f t h e
’ ' '

zu z , , .

t i m e ( b o t h in C o t t C l a u diu s B I V ff 1 4 —1 5 a n d in t h e C ae dm o n m a n u s c r ip t
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r
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-
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fo u n d in t h e [Ch it /les h lri d w u du ; 3 S, 1 9 4 , c éo le ; 1 m e r e h e n ge s t ; 5 9 5 ,

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n a c a n ae le db o r d
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in d a u w iif g r éo t e A s D i e t r ic h y h is p h is ‘
s u fiic ie n t i de n t i fy
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j i ddl e C o m p a r e (I n
’

th e o b ec t f the 3 0 9 gr o n d w ib g r éo t e
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33 5 6
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-
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of th e s ub j e c t .

m Cf 86 6 , e a r m a s o n d e a xle ; 83 5, m o n d e a xle
’

33 6 e x le n é e a r as. . b em u . ear .

m uff Dietr ic h (X I 4 70 ) m p a r e s Gen 3 6 4 , m e r e h us e s m uS

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, co . r

T h i s l i n e p r e s en ts di ffi c u l t i e s T h o rpe and
’

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r e n de r i n s e r v i c e ab l e
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’

f é ye to
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no t e x p l ain t h e c o ns t r u ct o n w t i i h ’
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. G r e n no i tes , Sp r I , . 28 2 :
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14 8 R I D D LE S O F T H E E X E T ER BOO K

in H a r l 73 1 6 ( e ig h t e e n t h c e n t u r y ) p 60 f 28 b I u tt e n h am Ar y E ng /{ M
’ ’

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P oes ie , 1 5 8 9, B k I I I Ar b e r s R e p r i n t .
,
’

, p .
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1 .

to e xe m p l i fy ‘
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’
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p . T h e q u e r y a pp e a r s a m o n g m o de r n G e r m a n li d/ n a me l, a s C a r s t e n s ( S c h le s e

3 p
l i Z d I Tf V I d S im k 6 , s h o w A c c o r di n g
w gi I I o s t e n
) r 4 2 2 a n r o c 9
-
-
, , . . .
, . .

t o O h le r t , p 30
‘
D ie V e r w a n dt s c h a ft m it de m gr i e c h i s c h e n R at s e l v o n T a g
.
,

'

d N ac h is t i ht ve rk e nne n : unr ép éu bv T ixr i T lxr oua z

( A n t / ml l l
’
un t n c z u w Ka
'
. a .

At h e n a e u s Th e m o t i f pp e a r s in t h e Smoke iddl e
’
xiv , 4 1 : cf . x, 4 51 a
‘
r o f

S y m p h o s iu s (N o .

As B r o o k e ys (I f sa p . . p o e t p a i n t s w it h a ll t h e v i go r o f t h e
‘
Th e ,

N o rt h , th e ic e Ho e pl u n gi n g a n d
-
r o a r in g t h r o u g h t h e fo a m i n g s e a a n d s h o u t i n g

o u t, l ike a V i k i n g h is c o m i n g t o ,
t h e l a n d s in gi n g a n d l a u g h i n g t e r r i b l y S h ar p
, .

are th e s w o r ds he us es in the b a t t l e ( t h e k n i fe e dge s o f t h e ic e ) g r im is h is h a t e -

, ,

h e is g r e e dy fo r t h e b a t t l e
’
.

I c e is t h u s de s c r ib e d in t h e R a m } P o e m , 29 —3
:

Is
‘

b y o o fe r ce a ld, ge m e t u m s lido r ,
‘

un

glis n a N glte s h lu t t u r gim m u m ge li c u s t ,

‘

fl6 r fo r s te ge w o r u h t , fi ge r a n s y ne
‘
.

Fo r o t h er r e fe r e n c e s t o I c e in t h e R iddles s e e 6 9 , 8 4 3 5 , 3 9 .

34 1 W ih t ow fim li pa n . Cf 5 5 . I , I lys e c w om ga n ga n ; 8 6 1 , \ Vih t c w6 m

go n ga n .

34 2 c ym li o f r o m Cf . A n d 36 1 .
, l> o n c
ym lic o r c éo l ; B eow .
38, c
ym
l ic o r c éo l .

34 5 h e t eg r
‘

im . T h is
i n s t e a d o f M S /1 ete gr im fin ds s u p p o r t fr o m An d r e a d n g, i .
( ,
.

1 5 6 2 ; b ea d q gr /m is a n e p i t h e t o f t h e n o r t h w i n d B eo w 54 8 N o t o nly
'
1 395 , , . .

l e teg r m b u t a n d e ger n / r e c a l l t h e v o c a b u l a r y o f t h e A n dr ea s
f
'

r
z z ,

( 1 54 5 1 5 50 ,
h ild e t 6 s a m e Kla e b e r ( fl/ d P /z /l I I 1 4 5 ) s a y s T h is l o o k s
, . 0 , .
, ,

a t fi r s t s i g h t ge n u i n e ( c f D o o m day 8 8 ; A n d b u t t h e c o n t e xt s e e m s t o de . s .

m a n d e xa c t l y t h e o pp o s i t e o f it H e r z fe l d p 6 8 s u gge s t s z u en ei
gt ( s o
’
s feg e
' ‘
g .
, .
, ,

D ie /r t z u m k a m p fe ge n e i gt
.
‘
w h i c h do e s n o t a pp e a r e l s e w h e r e in A n gl o S a xo n ; -

a n d K la e b e r p r o p o s e s o n a fin e a r gu i n g t h a t a c o n fu s io n o n t h e p a r t o f t h e s c r i b e f
,

b e t w e e n w f u a n d s i n e w o u l d l e a d h im t o c h a n ge o n t o 1 5
i
e
/ : H o l t h a u s e n E ng ]
—
,
. .

S i / d X X X V I I 2 0 8 p r e fe r s to ee e ( N o r t h n ew Y 7i ) “ h y is a n y c h a n ge n e c e s
I
r /z 1
7
.
, , .
, ( r .

s ary ? Br o k e ( F l i p w h o t r a n s l a t e s g r e e dy fo r t h e s l a u g h t e r s a y s
‘
‘ ’
o . . .
,

h o w e v e r in a n o t e l h e p h r a s e m ig h t m e a n s l o w in b e g i n n i n g t h e w a r b u t w h e n
"
‘

: ,

e n ga ge d b i t t e r in b a t t l e w o r k a n d t h e p h r a s e m i
g h t w e l l a pp l y t o a n i c e b e r g
’
-
, , .

T h e s e e m i n g c o n t r a di c t i o n is o f a s o r t de a r t o r i ddl e m a k e r s Fo r s ca ns io n o f -
.

s e e H e r z fe l d p
3
34 5 , 50 , . .

34 6 b i t e r b e a d o w e o r c a S e e 6 b e a do w e o r c a s m d ; [ r / m 4 8 — b or d . 2, J . .

w e a lla s T h is is va r i o u s l y r e n de r e d : T h b u c k l e r s
. D ie /l l S c h il dm a u e r n S/ w .
‘
. .

I 1 3 3 lit o r is a gge r ; B r o o k e p 1 8 1 t h e s i de s o f t h e s h ip s r a n ge d a l o n g w i t h
,
‘ ’
.
,
‘

s h ie l ds th e s h o r e Th e p h r a s e I t h i n k r e fe r s n e i t h e r t o s h o r e
’
; S w e e t D ie t
‘ ’
. .
, ,

n o r t o s h i e l d b u t s i m p l y t o t h e s i de s o f t h e s h ip w h i c h is e l s e w h e r e t h e bar d ,

( 5 9 5 0 E r 1 8 3 C /z r 8 6 1
. 71
C o m p a r e t h e D e l p h ia n O r a c l e s p h r a s e w o o de n
’ ‘
. .
, .
,

w a l l s fo r s h ip s ; a n d r e m e m b e r t h a t a r i ddl e r is w r i t i n g .
 NO TES 1 49

34 7 T h e r e is n o r e a s o n t o s u b s t i t u t e a n ba n d w i t h C o s ij
H et er rm e b o n d
‘

. n

XXIII w h o c o m p a r e s B eo w 5 0 1 o n b a n d b e a du r f me
,
I n th e p r es e n t .
,
.

p a s s a ge t h e i c e b e r g b i n ds l i k e a w i z a r d r u n e s o f s l a u g h t e r ( B r o o k e p
, , ,
’
, .

—3 T h e s e e n i m a t ic l i n e s fi n d a de q u a t e e xp l a n a t i o n in M et 2 8 5 8 6 3 -
34 9 1
g .

h w a w u ndr a 6 bze s
‘

S Se 6 or e s e ft , h wy b t is m arge
‘ ‘ ‘
i
o a

weo r 5 an of w ze t e r e ? w lit e t o r h t s ci ne fi
‘

s u n ne s we gle h at , ge ce r r e 6
s on a
‘

is m e r e i n lic on h is age n ge c y-n d

w e o r Se S t 6 w ze te r e
‘ ‘ ’
.

T h e di r e c t s p e ec h of I c e b e r g s u gge s ts 3 9 6 4 9 5 a n d t h e
th e , , fr e q u e n t ad dr e s s e s
a t the c o se o l f th e r i ddl e s ( J a n s e n p p 94 9 5 H e r z fe l d p , .
, , .

34 9
— 10 1 : 16 do r p ie s d éo r es t a n S ee 4 2
. 2- 4 , 84 4 ( W a te r ) . Th e m o t i v e , so

we ll k n o w n in r i ddl e p o e t r y , is a
ga i n u s e d, 3 8 8 .

aé ld u m C f B eo w 70 6 , y ldu m c uifi
‘

34 1 1 . . .

RID DLE 35

As Di
i h ( X I 4 70 ) o ffe r s R ak e T r a u tm a nn wi t h l e ss
’
an a ns w e r etr c ,
‘
; , fa r
Be e Th e r e s e m b l an c e t o th e S e r r a
i ddl e o f S y m p h o s iu s N o 6 0 is
‘ ’ ’
r ea s o n , . r ,
.
,

s l igh t and m a lie in t h e i n de p e n de n t de m a n ds

o f s i m i l a r s ub j ec ts
( A fa r c l o s e r
y .

a n a l o gu e t o S ym is fo u n d in t h e A n t /1 01 f a l xiv 1 9 c i t e d b y O h le r t p
’
. . .
, , , .

I t is i n t e r e s t i n g t o c o m p a r e t h e R a k e r i ddl e s o f [f le w / a r
’ ’

Ga t m Nos c '

, .

5 78 6 2 8 1 0 5 3 a s w e l l a s t h e S h o v e l p r o b l e m s o f t h a t c o l l e c t i o n ( N o s 1 5 4 3 5 8
’
. , , .
, ,

1 1 02 ,
T h e t e e t h a n d do w n w a r d fa l l o f t h e R a k e r e c a l l p a r t i c u l a r l y 1 G 5 78 . .
,

I I ve r e r s n o t in h a la la u n g, a h au s i e r ge in gu r ,
ge m lu r be r i got u m r a t a
'

e r ir v in n a t il ab a t a ?
g

Aa ea p p ears gl o s s t o r as tr um v e l r a s t e llu m
(W W an d
’
o r r eece a as a .

is m e n t i o n e d amo n
g t h e a gr i c u l t u r a l i m p l e m e n t s in t h e fi z l ist
Ge r e A ng lia IX
w
, ,

2 63 ( An dr e s, Old E ng /1M lll a z z o r , p A c a p i ta l i l l u s t r a t i o n . o f t h e A n gl o

S a xo n r ak e i n de e d of two — is fo u n d in M S C o t t C l a u d B I V f . . . .
, .
79 r T h is .

is no t di s s i m il a r t o t h e ra ke wi t h i
n ne te e t h in t h e T h o r s b j
er
g b o g fi n d ( D u C h a illu ,
-

Viki/ 1g Ag e I , 20 2 , fig .

“ ‘
I t is a h i ng
t ,
”
r i dd e s l C y n ew u l f o f t h e Rak e t h at fe e de t h th e c a tt e l .

\V e l l do e s it p l u n de r and b r i ng h o m e it s p l u n de r a s it w e r e a fo r a ge r T h e r i ddl e .

is du l l , b u t it wi t h the p o e t s p l e a s u r e in t h e m e a do ws th e Rak e l e av e s
’
e n ds

fir m th e go o d p l a n ts
Sti ll t o s t a n d fa s t in t h e i s te a d in t h e fi e l d
r ,

B r ig t h ly l
t o b ic ke r , t o bl o w a nd t o g o w r .
”

( Br o o k e E E Lzt p
’

. .
, . .
,

35 2
b
Th e t e e t h o f th e Plo w ar e m e n t i o n e d, 22 1 4 ; a nd t h ose
t h us des c r i b e d b y S ym p h o s iu s , 6 0 1 —
2 :

D e n t ib u s in n u m e r is su m toto co r p o r e ple na .

Fr o n dico m a m s u b o le m m o r s u de p a s co r a cu to .
 I SO R I D DLES O F THE E X E T ER BO O K

35 Cf 1 1 1, 22 I
( Flo w ) , 3 2 6 ( B a gp ip e )
—
3 . .

35 4 t6 Il r m a ti h b
' '

. T h is is paral l el e d by 4 S
“

. .
-
. 1 09 6 ; Or os iu s iv , 6,
lt d/1 1 t ug o u ; a n d t h e M o d E n g] dr a w n e a r h o m e ( B y r o n , D o n / 11 1m I ,
’
. .

35 7
—3 F o r a n o t h e r r iddl e p ic t u r e o f a n E n gl is h m e a do w , t h e s t a t io no f -
p l a n ts ,
’

s ee
71 3
-
.
—w y 1 t u m °
fa ‘
s te . Cf . B ea m 1 365 , w u du w y r t u m fa ‘
st ; Dan .
4 9 9,
w u du b é a m w y r t u m flI ’
S lI .

35 )
1 b eo r h t e M i r-a S o A n d 78 9 , ( Tl/ r 70 1 , 9 0 4 — b 16 w a u
n . . . . 0nd g r fiw an .

'

b lCi we b o n d gr 6 w e o ; l y 6 4 1 1 , b 16 wa b 0 n d gr 6 w a b
‘ ‘ ‘

Cf
' ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘

. 20 99, i . .

RI D D L E 3 6

fi r s t p o in t e d o u t ( D e Afrw ea w l/i P eta e Aeta te 1 8 5 9 pp 1 6

A s D ie t r ic h ‘
t h is -
o , , .

‘
M a il c o a t r i ddl e is p r e e r e d n o t o n l y in t h e 1 8 e fe [l o k b t in t h e L eid n 3 1 5
- s v
-
. r r o u e ,

J im 0 1 0 6 2 . in t h e N o r t h e r n dia l e c t
, T h i s M S c o n t a i n s t h e e n i g m a s o f S ym . .

a nd A l dh e l m a n d da t e s a s D i e t r i c h p r o v e s o n t h e e v ide n c e o f t h e h a n d
ph o i s us , ,

w r it i n g f r o m s o m e t i m e in t h e n i n t h c e n t r y
,
D ie t r i c h wh o giv e s a fa c s i m il e o f u .
,

t h e p a ge c o n t a i n i n g t h e e n i gm a b e l i e v e s t h a t t h e s c r i b e w h o s e n a m e w e i n fe r t o , ,

b e O tg e r s f r o m a m a r g i n a l e n t r y w a s a n An gl o S a xo n ( E a dge r o r E dga r ) l ivi n g

u ,
-

a n d t h a t h e c o p ie d o u t t h e r i ddl e in L a t i n s c r ip t
o n t h e c o n t in e n t , ( u s i ng c o n ,

t r a r y t o E n gl i h c u s t o m b o t h t h e 6 a n d M ) fr o m a n o l de r m a n u s c r ip t
s ,
"
.

T h e A n g l o S a xo n v e r s i n s o f t h e r i ddl e f l l o w v e r y c l o s e l y t h e L a t i n o f t h e
-
o o

I o r ic a e n i gm a o f A l d h e l m ( iv T w o l i n e s o f t h e An gl o S a xo n c o r r e sp o n d
‘ ’
.
-
,
'

t h r o g h u t t o a s in gl e l i n e o f t h e o r i gi n a l
u o T h e I a t in o r de r o f t r a i t s in t h e . .

de s c r ip t i o n is de p a r t e d fr o m o n c e l i n e s 4 — 5 b e i n g r e p r e s en t e d b y l i n e s 9 1 0 a n d ,
'
-

—
7 8 in t h e E n g l i s h I n t h i s c a s e t h e s e q e nc e o f t h e t r a n l a t i o n is s o fa r p r e fe r
. u s

a b l e t o t h a t o f A l d h e l m s t e xt t h a t D ie t r ic h b e l ie v e t h a t t h e r e n de r i n g w a s m a de
’
s

f r o m a n o l de r a n d b e t t e r v e r s i o n o f t h e L a t in e n i gm a t h a n h a s c o m e do wn t o u s .

H e r e is t h e L o r i c a r i ddl e

R o s c ida m e ge n u it ge ido de v is ce r e t e u s ( A -S l ll . . .
,
1 —2 )
N o n s u m s e t ige r o la n a r u m v e e r e fa c t a , ( 3 —4) ll
L ic ia nu ll a t r a h u n t , ne c ga r r u la fila r es u l t a nt —
( 5 6)
—
,

Nec c r o ce a so r e s t e xu n t lan u gine v e r m es ,

(9 ) 10

Nec r a diis ca r p o r , du r o ne c p ect ine p u ls o r ; ( 7—8 )

E t t a mo n e n v e s t is v u l gi se r m o ne vo ca b o r .
( —1 2)
1 1

S p ic l a u n o n ve r e o r l on
gis e xe m pt a p h a r e t r is .
( L e id . 1 —
3 1 4)

Th e m o s t p e r fi c i a l c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e E n gl i s h t e xt s w i l l s h o w t h a t t h ey a r e
su

m e r e l y s l i g h t l y di ffe r i n g fo r m s o f t h e s a m e v e r s io n T h e o n l y i m p o r t a n t di ffe r .

e n c e b e t w e e n t h e m l ie s a t t h e i r e n d h e r e t h e E xe t e r t e xt o m i ts t o t r a n s l a t e t h e :

l a s t l i n e o f A l d h e l m fe a r i ng s o D i e t r i c h s u gge s t s t o b e t r a y t h e s o l u t i o n b u t a dds
, , , ,

t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l t a g o f a pp e a l t o t h e C u n n i n
g o f t h e r e a de r w h i c h is o m i t t e d in , .

t h e L e i de n t e xt e i t h e r b e c a u s e it w a s n o t in t h e o r i i n a l o r b e c a u s e it is n u e s s e n
, g
t i a l t o t h e b o dy o f t h e r i ddl e o r e l s e b e c a u s e t h e s c r i b e fo u n d h i m s e l f p r e s s e d fo r,

r o o m a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h e p a e a s t h e M S s e e m s t o i n di c a t e
g , . .

L e h m a n n fi th / fi e t r a c e s t h e h is t o r y
’

l /e /m m gs B eow u lf/fede 1 8 8 5 1 f
'

,
r 11 . z a .
, , .
,

of l o r ic a o r m a i l c o a t fr o m t h e e a r l ie s t G e r m a n i c t i m e s t h r o u g h t h e M e r o v i ngi a n
‘ ’
-
 52 R I D D LE S O F TH E EXE TER BOO K

s h o w t h at an
y! is t h e gl o s s o f ‘
c la dic a
’
or p a n u c u lu m
’
and y
t h e s n o n m o f w ef t y
and m a y , t h e w e ft o r wo o f (s e e D i e t r ic h , D e l i j
r n A et . .
, p .

36 6
pr é a t a g e pr ae c u I n Sp i n I I , 5 9 8 , G r e i n r e ga r ds [ wa i t in t h i s
. p a s s a ge as

p e r h aps e in T h eil de s V
\ e b s t u h ls
’
I n D ie/i t h e t r a n s l a t e s du r c h de r
. .
‘

VViit e n .
’
It se e m s to m ean h ere
‘
th e p r ess n i g of m u l ti t u de s - t h at is , ‘
th e fo r c e
f m any
’
o stro kes .

h n i t e n de h r i s il D i e t r ic h ys (D e Aty n Ae t p li f t s/l r ad us, i

‘

36 7 . sa . .
, . est

n o n du m nav s i l i gn u m in c u r v u m c u i fi lu m in
fi s t u la m t e xt o r ia m c o n t in e n s , s e d

t e xe n du m c ir c u m v o lv it u r is la n dic e w in da di c t u m c u j u s e p i t h e t o n e s t lu fi /e n di ,
'

s t r idu l u s I p r e fe r D i e t r i c h s lu v? ’
s t r ide n s q u o d v e t t h e o t e r a t r ii z vn t i
“ “
.
,
. .

t e n di ( s e e S c h l u t t e r in fr a ) t o S w e e t s l/ i fi te n dn m ( L e id 7) fo r t h r e e r e a s o n s it
’ '

, . :

is in a c c o r d w i t h t h e E xe t e r fo r m li r fi te n dm n do e s n o t h a r m o n i z e w i t h ,
-

t h e c o n t e xt fo r it is t h e s h u t t l e,
n o t t h e m a il c o a t
( n ? ) t h a t go e s w h i z z i n g ; - i

a n d fi n a l l y i n ? w o u l d de m a n d n o t l/ r 17t e n dn n b u t lz r fi te n dr e a s it is fe m in i n e
(see / ,

L e /d 3 , m a
i
l’it t
“

3 6 8 Rm ( L vid
-
. 11 a m ) . T h ere seem s l it t l e r eas o n to q u e s t io n t h e o p inio n o f
D i e tr ic h A i/ n
'

.
—
let .
, 1 9) and G r e in ( Af r . I , 28 ) h at t d in , a h a p a x l e go m e n o n -
,

is t h e ‘
p e c te n t e xt o r iu s , s ve i l i gn u m illu d t r a n s v e r s u m q u o fi lu m m o do in t e xt u m
t h e r e e d o r s l a y o f t h e we a v e r s l o o m
’
Bo s w0 1 th r e n de r s it ,
’ ’

p u ls a t u r ,
'
‘
o r, as
'

T h o r p e w it h o u t w a r r a n t c h a n ge s t h e w o r d t o 2m m t h e y a r n b e a m I n t h e ,
‘ -
.
’

l is t t h e w o r d u rn / a pp e a r s a n d is t h u s c o n s i de r e d b y A n dr e w s ( Old E ng /i ll l/ n o r
i
,
‘

t .
f
a ,

p . e can
ge t o n l y a n u n c e r t a in l ig h t u p o n t h is w o r d L i e b e r m a n n h a s
’
-
.

gge s t e d it r e l a t i o n t o d n m e a n i n g a w e a v e r s r o d T h i s w o r d is fo u n d in G y n e
’
su s i , .

w u l f R iddle 3 6 n m a J / mmn n vm / i /m s
’

n o r do t h e w e a v e r s r o ds
" : ' “
, , . d s ( i

a n y w h e r e p r e s s m e do w n T h i s s e e m s t h e m o s t a cc e p t a b l e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n I n ”
. .

a s y n o n y m is w h i c h L e o A n ge /s
'
th e e n u m e r a t io n
( 1X p ih t e n ,
“
, , .

( flo 5 3 0 1 6 r e n de r s
ss .
, de r w e b e r k a m m a u s l a t e i n p e r /e n
,
[s e e ” fi t 494 . .
,

T h is w a s a w e a r e r s c o m b t h e t e e t h o f w h i c h i n s e r t e d b e t w e e n t h e t h r e a ds o f
’

. ,

t h e w a r p b y a do w n w a r d p r e s s u r e o r s t r o k e p a c k e d t h e t h r e a d o f t h e w e b c l o s e r
,

t o ge t h e r I t s e r v e d t h e p u r p s e o f t h e d in o r s l a y r o d I n fa c t in: is t h e S a xo n
. o -
. (

t r a n s l a t i o n ( in t y n e w u lf s r iddl e ) o f t h e f e /e n
( du r o n e c p e c t in e p u ls o r ) in
‘ ’ ”
“
e

Al dh e l m s ve r s io n
’ ’
.

3 6 9 C f 4 1 8 5 w r i t lic e ge w e fe n w u n do r c r a ft e
.
, I c a n n o t a gr e e w i t h B r o o k e ‘
.

( p 1 2 6 ) t h a t t h i s l i n e o f t h e r iddl e t a k e s u s i n t o t h e h e a r t o f a n c i e n t h e a t h e n do m
‘ ’
. .

I t is s i m p l y a fa i r l y a c c u r a t e t r a n s l a t i n o f A l d h e l m s L a t i n a n d c a n n o t b e r e n de r e d
'
o ,

‘
M e t h e S n a k e s w o v e n o t t h r o u g h t h e c r a ft s o f ” fl r / z ( r j/t u m h a s l o s t i
t ( a

it s o ld fo r c e a n d m e a n s n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n du r c h S c h ic k s a ls k r aft e
,
‘

36 I O
g o dw eb b . Cf . . l/le l 8 . 23

nC
‘
he ora w a da ‘
l io n ma
s io lo ce s io w ia n , 11 6 hi s ia r o c r a ft u m
r

go t h ve ) l gir e do n
-

S e e L e /i d . II
gOd g e o lu s e o lu c ; I I I 1 74 2 9 s e o lu c o SNe go dw e b
, Fo r , . .
‘

l o n g di s c u s s io n s o f t h is w o r d a nd it s a n a l o gu e s , s e e H e y n e , F ilnf b iie/i e r I I I , 2 3 5 ; ’

K l u m p , Al/e ng /is e/i e l / an dr twr l n a m e n , p 77 '

. .

36 1 4
“
C f R ena .
-
i
. 6 2 7, wis fae s t w o r du m .
 NO T ES 1 53

L E I I H CN RI D D LE

S i nc e th e i
c a s t ng o f m y t e xt o f t h e I t iddle, D r
’
. O tto B S c h . l u tte r has

ge n e r o u s l y s e n t m e fr o m L e i de n t h e r e s u l t s o f h is c a r e fu l s tud y o f t h e m a n u s c r ip t .

” is de t a i l e d di s c u s s i o n o f e ve r y de b a t a b l e p o i n t in t h e t e xt de s e r ve s l a r ge r t r e a t
m e n t t h a n m y p r e s e n t s p a c e a ffo r ds , b u t I a m fo r t u na t e in b e i ng a b l e t o p r in t
h is v e r s i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m a n d h is L a t i n t r a n s l a t i o n — h o w e v e r di ffe r e n t h is in

t e r p r e t a t io n m a y b e fr o m m y o w n .

Th e fo l l o w i n g, ’ w r i t e s D r S c h l u t t e r , is m y r ea din g o f L e ide n lt idd/e m e t r i c a l l y

‘ ’
.

a r ran
ge d W h a t is b r a c k e t e d is n o
. l o n ge r v i s i b l e Th e l e t t e r s in s m a l l c a pi t a l s
.

ar e v e r y fa i n t a n d h e n c e do u b t fu l

M e c fe u e ta e r Su o n g u u n dr u m fr e o r ig
‘

b h if in n a b m
’

i tt
'

[n da
‘

o zu r c a: .

N 1 nuat ic m e c b iu o r t h m u u lla n fli u s u ,
h e r fi de r b b e h c r a ft '
h fi g ido '

ll l n U Y N
‘

bia o l
'

U u n dn a: m e ni la ui ic p h a fre ,
‘

"
ue , uar
‘

oe r ih b r e a u n g ior a
’ ’

ui br a" m e h lzc m m e dlc

‘ ‘ ‘
‘
c .

N e m e b r u t e n oe h r ifil
ne m ec o ua N a n ( ta a m fe c a l y iffa N
cn .

U yr m a f m e c n i a ue fu n u n dic r c t u m ,
y
go e lu go d u e b ge a t ft f r ac t u a t h .

'
U il [ii i ] m e c h u e t ia fu a de h ida: fa iu
‘ ‘

r eo r
}
o
'
u
r

h a a t a n m i t h h e liou m
’

h yh t lic g iu ae de
‘

Ni a no e gu n ic m e ze r ig fae r z e e g fa n b r o gfi,
’

Zie h oi n i1 F LA N a f
[fr a c a ]dlic a: b c o c r um
“ ‘

\ o

Me h u m ida
.
te ll us m ir e ge ida .
l
e x v is ce r ib u s s u is p r in c i io ge n u it p .

lg no r o me c o o pe r ta m l a n ae ve lle r ib u s ,
v illis
pe r a r t illc iu m ,
lab o re m m e n t is .

Vo l u tae no n mi i h s u nt p a n u c u la e , n o n e go lic iu m h a be o ,
no n
p
e
r to r ti e l o pus l h
fi u m m i i ga r r u la t ( ga r r u la v it ) ,
No n s tr ide n s m i i h r a diu s v ib r a t ( v ib r a v it ) ,

no n me u l la p a r te p e c te n p u ls a b it .

B o m b y ce s m e no n te xue r u n t p lu m a r ia a r tc

l
q u i q u ide m f a v u m s e r ic u m ve s t ib u s fa b r ic a nt .

h
Ve r u m t a m e n o m ine s m e v o c a b u n t a te p e r o r be m l
l
de s ide r a b i e ve s t in i e n t u m a u d h e r o a s p .

No n e xp a ve s co ia c u la t io n is te r r o r e m t im o r o se ,

q u a m v is p r o m a n t s a git t a s h o s t ilit e r ex p h a r e t r is l o ngis .

I le r e are a fe w o S c h l a t t e r s c o m m e n t s u p o n h is r e a di ngs
f Dr . L i n e 1 Th e’
. .

do u b t fu l l e t t e r s a ft e r n et a I n o w fi n d t o b e a d t h e fi r s t l e t t e r b e i n g p l a in l y v i s i b l e ,
.

L i n e 2 W h a t fo l l o ws in t h e M S a ft e r wr i t is do u b t fu l ; w i t h a l it t l e s t r a i n i n g o f
. . s

t h e i m a gi n a t i o n o n e m a
y b e a b l e t s e e e e b u t h o w t h e t r a c e s o f t h e l e t t e r s fo l
o e ,

l o w in g a ft e r c a n y i e l d n d s e e n b y S w e e t p a s s e s m y c o n j e c t u r e L i n e 4 Th e fi r s t
, , . .

l e t t e r o f li e/i e r ef t c e r t a i n l y l o o k s l i k e a c l e a r c a s e o f b w h ic h w a s c o r r e c t e d b y Ii
c
 1 54 RI DD LE S O F THE E XE T ER BO O K

w r it t e n o ve r . To m e t h e r e c o gn iz a ble tr ac e s h er p o in t rat to i i/ n
i t h an to th e ( u ni t

h h l lu gge r s ( L e ide n l i b r a r i a n s t r a n s c r i p t ) do u b t fu l ly h i b i ts and

'

li rg i i lu/i tn
’
w ic
’
ex ;
r
'

n i'n w o u l d s e e m t o b e n o t ill-fi t t in g t h e c o n t e xt a n d a fi ne a ck no wl e d m e n t o f th e
g
ar t o f w e a v i ng . L ine 5
l e t t e r o f w h a t yo u p r i n t li e/2 is p l a i n l y a n a
. Th e se co n d 1
”
.

L in e 6 As t T r a d/ J n g ift i nn n e i t h e r t h e M S n o r t h e s e n s e s e e m s t o w a r r a n t
. o ( u
-
, .

t h e a s s u m p t io n f a t a ft r I r e ad o
pe r pres ura m (i e labo r e m )
e ( I . . s . .

t o r t io n is As t o li lini ni it /i t h e M S e v i de n c e p l a in l y p o i n ts t o
.
”
as
3 d l e t te r t h e
, . u
"

6 th l e t te r m a y b e o r i t h e l e t t e r fo l l o w i n
g p o in t s t o d a n d t r a c e s o f a n e fo l l o w
e , ,

in g ( b t e r a s e d ?) a r e v i s i b l e
u L i n e 8 I t is i m p o s s i b l e t o s a y w h e t h e r t h e r e a di n g . .

is r L i n e 9 T h e r o f m r /i s e e m s t o b e c o r r e c t e d t o n
o L i ne 1 1
.
i e . .

A ft e r ( W I t h i n k t h e c o p y i s t s k ipp e d a n i v m o n o f t h e o r i gi n a l As t o li n /r e
“

. t t ,

the M S h a s a pp a r e n t ly li n e /m
. i e li n e/ li r L i ne 1 4 I t h i n k t h e r e is g r e a t "

, . . a
"
. .

l i k e l i h o d t h a t n im w is r e a l l y s u pp o r t e d b y M S e v i de n c e A l s o M S e v i de n c e
o u . . .

t o p o i n t o u t a s c o r r e c t R i e g e r s c o n j e c t u r e f in it a T h e fi r s t fo u r l e t t e r s a r e
’
seem s s .

d u b t fu l b u t t h e l a s t t w o c a n b e p r e t t y p l a i n l y m a de o u t a s b e i n g R i e ge r s
’
o ,

e ri h I
[f in e
d dliee m a
y b g t A f t er m ak e o u t l n P
( ) w h ic h s e e m s t o p o i n t
. o ,

t o lo ng /( in f
S i nce th e ab o ve we n t t o th e p r i n t e r D r S c h l u t t e r h a s k i n dl y s e n t m e t h e
, . ad

v a nc e d s h e e ts o f h is ar i l
t c e ‘
D a s L e i de n e r R at s e l ( A ng li X X X I I 3 8 4
’
a ,

w h ic h r e c o r ds h is r e ad n i gs .

L e id . 1
3
—4 1 . D i e t r ic h (D e l i ft/ n . A et .
, p . 20 ) c i te s 779 f

Ne hi n t o n dr a ‘
—
I ear f
v d an dCo fi a
‘
Tla s
s tr a
‘

se mg o n co r
‘

ba n
‘

:i ld cy n
‘
a ne s

gr o m r a gar fa r e , g if h ine G . o d s c ilde b ,

e tc .

L e id m D i e t r ic h ( D e Itf p ) gge s t s a de r iv a t io n of
'

1 on g “ n 20 su
.
3 a r . .

MS . u n i t y /i n fr o m un i
g n in n a nd b e l ie v e s t h a t t h e v o w e l e n di n g o f
th e 1s t pe rso n p o s t p o s i t i v e ie B T p 75 0 de r i v e s
h as b e en o m i t t e d b e fo r e t h e . .
- .
, .
,

f r m t h e w o r d u n fied 1 a n d p r o p o s e s h e r e u n ty i n d w h i c h fi n ds a m p l e s u pp o r t in
o i / i / ,

e q u i v a l e n t ea r l/ v e
’

fl n 6 9 7 11 6 o n Egdo n n zi o r le g r a n i b Th e
'

a .
,
j . i

a p p e a r s s ix t i m e s in t h e p o e t r y
( D ie tr ic h ( VI / 2 76 2 f l 4 0 4 E l 4 4 1 1 6 , ,
u .
, .
, ,

An d S l. See i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f l id 6 5 ( inf r a )
a . eg s a u
’
t . .

b r ii g u m . Cf . ( in . 1 2 2, b r oga e
ge s lic .

RID DLE 37

I m us t re pea t the —1 0 3 D i e t r i c h
co ntents o f m y n o te XVI I, pp . 1 02 .

Z s wi t h . XI , t h i s r i ddl e t h e u s e h is u s u a l a c u m e n di s c o ve r s in ,

of s c r ip t
b u t h e s a y s n o t h i ng o f t h e h i s to r y o f t h i s k i n d o f w r i t i ng n o r
‘ ’
sec re t , ,

do e s h e s e e m t o h a v e k n o w n t h a t it w a s o ft e n e m p l o y e d in m e dia v a l e n i gm a s ‘
.

S u e t o n i u s r e c o r ds ( D e I itn ( I z m i r / f i n i 5 6 ) t h a t J u l i u s C a s a r e m p l o y e d in h is
'
‘
,

fa m i l i a r e pi s t l e s a c ip h e r fo r m e d b y a c o n s i s t e n t e xc h a n ge o f t h e l e t t e r s o f t h e
a l p h a b e t ; a n d t h a t Au u s t u s t o o us e d n o t a e o r s e c r e t w r i t i n g ( i i Quo ‘ ‘
g , , ,

t i e n s a u t e m p e r n o t a s s c r ib it 11
p r o A c: p r o 11 a c de in c e p s e a de m r a t io n e s e q u e n t e s ,

lit t e r a s p o n i t I s ido r e B i s h o p o f S e v i l l e ( d
.
’
in h is w i de l y r e a d Or /gin es ( i
, .
r
,
1 56 R I D D LE S O F TH E E X E T ER BOO K

Th e l
c o s e s t a n a o gu e t o l D i e tr i c h
’
s i n te r p r e ta t i o n o f o u r r idd e l is t h a t of Ald
h e lm , v i, 1 0 , D e S er qfa P r a eg n a n te . T h e fi r s t fo u r l i n e s o f t h e L a t in c o r r e s p o nd
e xa c t ly to th e n um b er m o t i ve o f th e -
An gl o S a xo n -

N u nc m i i h s u nt o cu l i b is se n i in cor po r e so o , l
B is t e r n u m q u e ca put ,
s e d c ae t e r a m e m b r a gu be r n at ,
N a m gr a dio r p e dib u s s n ffu lt u s b is du o de n is ,
Se d mo v ie s de n i s u n t e t se x c o r po r is u n u e s
g .

O t h e r L at i n l
a n a o gu e s are S y m p h o s iu s 9 0 and A l dh e l m i , 1 0, wh i c h h av e as

t h e i r t h e m e M u l i e r ge m in o s p a r ie n s
‘ ’
.

T h u s fa r t h e s t r a n ge fo r m s o f t h e m o ns t e r o f t h e r i ddl e h a v e b e e n l e ft u n e x
p l a i n e d T h e r e is a di ffi c u l t y h e r e w h i c h D i e t r i c h l c m e e t s w i t h a n o t v e r y
.
, , . .
,

p l a u s i b l e e xp l a n a t io n : Th e b i r d in t h e s e c o n d p a r t o f t h e r i ddl e m u s t n o w b e
‘

di s c u s s e d : it is o n l y a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e j e s t o f t h e w i n g e a r s a n d is s t i l l t h e -

s o w b e c a u s e t h e p o i n t s o f l ik e n e s s w i t h h o r s e a n d w o m a n w h ic h t h e b i r d is s a i d
,

t o h a v e a r e p r e dic a t e s o f t h e s u b j e c t in t h e fi r s t p a r t As t h e s o w o n a c c o u n t o f .
,

t h e m a n e is a h o r s e s o s h e is o n a c c o u n t o f h e r w o m b a w o m a n a n d b y r e a s o n
, , , , , ,

o f h e r s no u t and b i te l i k e u n t o a do g ’
.
,

T h i s s o l u t i o n do e s n o t s a t i s fy T r a u t m a n n w h o s u gge s t s v e r y do u b t fu l l y ( A ng lia , ,

B l V 4 9 ) t h a t t h e s e c r e t w o r ds a r e m e r e l y L a t i n t r a n s l a t i o n s o f t h e p r e c e din g
) .
,

An gl o S a xo n fo r m s : h o m o
-
m ul i e r e q u us T h i s v i e w is c o n fi r m e d b y H o l t
‘
,
’ ‘
,
’ ‘
.
’

h a u s e n w h o b e l i e v e s ( E ng l S t u d X X X V I I 2 08 ) t h a t w e h a v e t o do w i t h a
,
. .
,
‘

c o r r u p t t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h e s e c r e t s c r ip t a n d t h a t fo r 1 l f wf
’
, . i . . .

7 x r s we s h o ul d r ead li o n/ o , nr r llfi
’
in n /ie r
f e n ns
' ‘

74 1 1 s y
-

. .
, . ( .

H o l t h a u s e n is u n w it t in g ly c l o e t o t h e M S w h ic h D ie t r i c h a n d As s m a n n h a v e m is s .
,

r ead I l e r e a t l a s t is t h e o b v i o u s l y c o r r e c t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e s e c r e t s c r ip t
. .

An d in t h e l i g h t o f t h i s D i e t r i c h s s o l u t i o n l o s e s it s c h i e f s u p p o r t a n d m u s t I
’
, , ,

t h i n k b e a b a n do n e d
, .

I t is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e fo r m u l a o f c l o s i n g in l i n e 8 m a r k s t h e e n d o f o u r r i ddl e ,

a n d t h a t w i t h F i i flfidw eg a s ( l 9 ) a n e w p r o b l e m is b e gu n I f t h i s b e th e c a s e we
'

r . .
,

do n o t l a c k s o l u t i o n s D ie t r i c h l c w o u l d t h e n o ffe r F l e de r m a u s c h a n gi n g
‘ ’
.
, . .
, , ,

w i t h G r e i n jlridw n s t o fi ldt c g u s ; a n d T r a u t m a n n p r o p o s e s D a s S c h i ff B ut
’
i ' f
, e e .

it is n o t n e c e s s a r y t o r e ga r d 3 7 9 4 a s a s e p a r at e r iddl e s i n c e t h e t r a i t s o f t h e o b -
1 ,

j e c t h e r e c o r r e s p o n d w i t h t h o s e o f t h e w i g h t in 3 7 8 W e c a n h a r dl y do b e t t e r 1- .

t h a n t o e xt e n d t o t h e w h o l e p r o b l e m T r a u t m a nn s s o l u t i o n o f t h e l a t t e r p a r t a n d
’

i n t e r p r e t t h e m o ns t e r a s S h i p o r Bo a t .
’

T h is a n s w e r m e e t s t h e c o n di t i o n s o f t h e e n i gm a T h e s h i p h a s fo u r fe e t u n de r .

it s b e l l y t h e fo u r o a r s ( c o m p a r e t h e e i g h t fe e t o f t h e e i g h t o a r e d c r a ft in f G
’ ‘ ’
-
, . .

a n d e i g h t a b o v e o n it s b a c k t h o s e o f t h e m a n w o m a n a n d h o r s e o n it s
‘ ’
, , ,

de c k I t fa r e s t h e fi o o dw a ys a n d m a y w e l l b e c o m p a r e d t o a b i r d ( c f B eo w 2 1 8
.
, . .
,

A n d 4 9 7 f u go le ge lic o s t ) T h e h o r s e m a n do g b i r d a n d w o m a n ( 3 7
.
, . of , , , , 1 1

w h i c h it b e a r s t h e l ik e n e s s ( i e w h i c h it c a r r i e s ) s u pp l y if w e a dd t h e s h i p s fi gu r e
’
.
.
, ,

h e a d t h e t w o w i n gs t we l v e e y e s a nd s ix h e a ds ( 3 7 7
, , Th e p h r a s e t fi fi b r n m a y ,

r e fe r a l s o t o t h e s h ip s s a il s a n d t h u s s t r e s s t h e l i k e n e s s t o a b i r d
’
.
,

374 e h t u w e T h o r
p e s u
gg e s t e d. e lz t nb e t r a n s l a t i n g e i g h t h m a n ; G n 2 e li t a
,
‘ ’
.

el w n w e e nta n S i v h
ea /i t a n 3
we ( i B u t a s , e e r s s o w s G r , , .
 NO TES 1 57

e /z / n w e is m e r e l y t h e N o r t h e r n fo r m f the l e i gh t ( R 2 t l e 11 2 1 ’
n u m e ra
‘
o .
,
c

, ,

ll o lt h a u s e n ( E l /g l . S tu d . X X X V I I 2 0 8 ) p o i n t s o u t t h a t e/i tn w e m u s t
,
i
be c o ns t r u e d wit h n
f on on li r y eg e Th e p h r a s e t h u s p a r a l l e l s f eo w e z e f Et '

u n de r w o m be

5
—
37 6 I de p a r t fr o m As s m a n n
’
s r ead n i g b y g i v i n g w iif t o t h e fi ft h l i n e and

f /i o i s
g x x s t o t h e s i xt h
'

37 9 F 6 r fl6 d w e g a s C f E xod . . . 1 06 , f6 r o n flodwe g e ; S enf .

52, on flodw e ga s
fe o r ge wit a n ; E l 2 1 5 , fer a n flodw e ge ( M S fo ldw e ge )
. . .

3 7 1 3 C f A n d 6 0 3 , M ih t bt t m e ge s e c ga n , bae t ic s ea w i t e ; Cl 4 4 2 , bae t bfi
’

. . ” .

5 6 6 w i te
( e r z fe l d, p
H .

RI D D LE 38

T h i s r iddl e o f the B e l l o ws h i ng common w i t h Al dh e l m i gm a

’ ’
h as no t in s en

o f l i ke to p i c ( i , b u t in it s l l y t o S ym ‘
l i fe a nd de a t h
’
m o t iv e c o n fo r m s c o se

p h o s iu s 73 ( inf r a ) I t is a v a r i a n t o f 8 7 a n d in s o m e m o t i v e s it p r e s e n t s p o i n t s
.
,

o f l ik e n e s s t o R iddles 1 Th e m a n y B e l l o ws p r o b l e m s o f di ffe r e n t
9 and 3 4
’
.

l a ngu a ge s h a v e s m a l l r e s e m b l a n c e t o t h e An g l o S a xo n S ti o s s l) H 1 2 0 9 ; Ap o l -
:
'
. ) .

( S c h r ot e r
'
lo n iu s f fiv
o e 4 , lll itt . o er de n t s e/i . Ges ells e/i . z ur def v a ter l .

Sf r . a nd p x 1 v ) ; R e u s n e r I 1 8 8 2 8 7 ; l G 1 9 5 72 6 86 0 9 2 5
A lt V , . 1 8 72 , .
, ,
. .
, , , ,

1 1
5 2 ; a n d t h e E ng l i s h r i ddl e s ( N o te s a n d Q u er ies D e c 1 6 , .
,

D ie t r i c h ( X I 4 72 ) fi r s t s u gge s t e d W a go n b u t a r r iv e d s o o n ( X I I 2 3 8 n o t e )
’
, , ,

a t t h e a ns we r Be l l o w s w h i c h n o o n e h a s q u e s t io n e d
’
.
,

I n C o t t o n M S C l a u di u s B I V f 1 0 w e fi n d a n i l l u s t r a t i o n o f T u b a l C a i n a t
. .
, .
,
-

w o r k a t t h e fo r ge a s s i s t e d b y a n a t t e n da n t w i t h b e l l o ws ( T u b a l c a i n s é w ee s ae gtie r

ge go l d s m io ge ir e n s m ii f ) a n d in H a r l M S 6 0 3 f 6 v t w o fi g u r e s a t a s m i t h y
’
‘ ‘

. .
, . .
, ,

o ne w i t h h a m m e r a n d t o n gs ( s e e a l s o C e dm o n lll et P a r l xi x ; fl o r da v ii 3 e . .
, ,

xxxn , Ak e r m a n in h is [ e nm in s of P ag a n S a x o n do nz 1 8 5 5 p 6 1 dis c u s s e s t h e t
’
, , .
,

h i g h r e p u t e in w h i c h t h e s m i t h w as h e l d a n d c i t e s t h e w il l o f E a dr e d giv in g l a n ds ,

t o Ai lfs ige h is go l ds m i t h ( Co dex D ip lo m a tie n s I I I 4 3 1

, cf VI C o m par e , .
,

T/z e Cr af ts of lll e n 6 1 — 66 ,

S u m m ze g w wp e n br mge w i ge t o n y t te

m é dc r ze ft ig iS
m o n igo ge fr e m m a n ,
sm i

b o n ne h é ge w y r ce ii t o we r a i de
v

h l
helm o b oe h u p se a x o
‘

b be h e a E
‘

Su b y r na n ,
’
V

s c i r ne m é ce o bbe s c y lde s r o n d,

fars te ge fé ga n w its flyge gar e s .

p a s s a ge o f t h e D e L a m /ion s l ii jgin ita tis ( c i t e d b y S h a r o n T u r n e r VI I

'

In a r
,

c h ap xi) A l d h e l m de s c r i b e s t h e c o n v e n i e n c e o f t h e a n v i l t h e r i gi d h a r dn e s s ‘
.
, ,

o f th e beatin h a n d t h e t e n a c i t y o f t h e g l o w i n g t o n gs
’

g a m m er ,
.

T h e c r a ft o f t h e s m i t h is e xt o l l e d in Ai lfr ic s Co llo q uy W W 9 9 S e s m ib
‘
’ ‘
, . :

l s la n s c e a r o bbe c u l t e r be 11 5 gade h z e fb b i t t o n o f
‘

: h wa n o n
se
c [ a m y r blin ge
] y i

c r ze ft e m i n o n : h w a n o n fi s c e r e a n c ge l ( h a m u s ) o bbe s c é o w y r h t o n 56 1 o bbe s é a m e r e
'

n ae dl n is h it o f m i n o n An d t h e C o n s ilia r iu s a n s w e r s : bit h w ae t ‘
‘

s
yls t its on sm ibba n bi n r e b ut o n is e n n e , fyr s p e a r c a n a n d s w e gin c ga b éa t e n dr a
s le c
gc a a n d b lawe n dr a b yliga ( fla n t iu m Fo r a di s c u s s i o n of th e s ta t us o f
1 58 R I D D LE S O F THE E X E T ER BO O K

th e sm ithpp e a r a n c e o f h is n a m e in An gl o S a xo n l i t e r a t u r e s e e K l u m p
a nd o f the a -
,

A lle ng lis e /i e I la n dw er /sn u in e n p p 3 2 — —

,

3 5 9 7 1 04
‘

, .
, .

An dr e ws s a y s Old l la n o r p 2 76 T h e t o o l s w h i c h t h e y ( t h e An gl o
, .
, . :

S a xo n s ) e m p l y e d w e r e c u m b r o u s a n d r e q u i r e d m u c h t i m e a n d l a b o r t o s a t i s
o

fa c t o r ily u s e t h e m T h i s C y n e w u l f i n di r e c t l y t e l l s u s in h is r iddl e o f t h e b e l l o ws
.
,

fo r w h i l e A l d h e l m f r o m w h o m b e c o p i e d h a d l a id s p e c i a l s t r e s s u p o n t h e m e t a l
, ,

a do r n m e n t t h e a r t is t i c w o r k C y n e w u l f m o r e fa m i l i a r w i t h t h e S a xo n b e l l o w s
, , ,

a s t h e s m it h u s e d t h e m l a y s h is e m p h a s i s u p o n t h e s t r e n gt h w h i c h w a s n e e de d
,

b y t h e m a n w h o a t t e n de d t h e b l o w in g T h i s w o u l d p o i n t t o a r u de r i n s t r u m e n t .

a n d t h e n e e d o f g r e a t e r m u s c u l a r e xe r t io n T h e a r g u m e n t h a s s m a l l fo r c e ’
. .

3 8 —3 C m p a r e t h e o t h e r B e l l o w s r iddl e 8 7
1 o 3 S e e a l s o 1 9 3 w ide w o m b e , 1- .
, ,

89 2 w ih t w o m b e h a fd ‘

38 4 A di ffi c u l t
p a s s age T h o r p e p r o p o s e s in h is G r e i n in t h e n o t e
.
, ,

-
t o h is t e xt / 7lde ; D i e t r i c h ( X I 4 72 ) l fl [H T / li is Ed e G r e in D ie/ L '
I 1
, g , r
.
.
, 1 ,

r e n de r s t h u s : w o s e i n e l iillu n g ( P) flo g du r c h s e i n A u ge B u t D i e t r i c h r e t r a c ts
‘
‘ i
’
.

( X I I 2 3 8 n o t e ) : E i ge n is t de r m it fo lg e n de di e n e r u n d z u gl e i c h s o h n de s b l a s e
‘
, ,

b a l gs e s is t de r du r c h s e i n a u ge e n t s c h liip fe n de w i n d e r fl o h da m a n e s ( v 4 da s
, , .
,

din g) fiillt e d h n ie de r dr iic k t e O n e v e r y s e r i o u s o b j e c t i o n t o D i e tr i c h s s ec o nd

’ ’

, . . .

r e n de r i n g is t h a t n o w h e r e in t h e l iddles is t h e o b j e c t i n di c a t e d b
y th e n e u te r
’
t

p r o n o u n b u t a l wa y s is r e ga r de d a s a p e r s o n — m a n o r w o m a n I l e r e it is m a s c u
, , .

l i n e w h i l e ln t h e c o m p a n io n p r o b l e m ( 8 7) it is fe m i n i n e H it t h e n is e i t h e r a
, .
, ,

c o r r u p t i o n o r r e fe r s t o s o m e t h i n g e l s e t h a n t h e r i ddl e s u b j e c t As t h e r e is n o p o s .

s ib l e a n t e c e de n t I b e l i e v e t h a t a r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e l i n e is de m a n de d D i e t r i c h s '
, .

fi r s t s u gge s t i o n is p r o b a b l y n o t fa r fr o m t h e t r u t h : li is fi lled s ee

b u r / li ls J g e r e fe r s o f c o u r s e t o t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e b e l l o w s t h e w i n d
-
i o
43 .

, , , ,

w h i c h is b l o w n t h r o u g h t h e e y e ( c f l id 8 7 ( s b léo w o n Ga e
g ) Th e m u c h a c
‘ ’ ‘
. v . .

o f t h e l e n i n di c a t e s j u s t s u c h l a b o r a s t h a t in
c o m p lis h m e n t
( n /e e l
g i ,
s

o u r p a s s a ge c o m p a r e t h e l i n e s in T/i e C r a ts
R id 8 7 4 5.
-
.

f VJ/ e n ( c i t e d s p r a ) ( u .

3 8 5
—7 H e r e t h e r i ddl e r c l o s e l y fo l l o w s S ym p h o s iu s 73 1

No n e go c o n t in u o m o r io r , cu m s p i it u r s e xit ;
N am r e dit a s s idu e , q u a m v is e t s a e pe r e ce dit .

38 b l:T~( l b i], C f [feo a n 70 3 M i d is ar m r e d Th e r i ddl e r is o f

1
'

7 .
, .

co urse p l a y i n g u p o n t h e do u b l e m e a n i n g o f l /J d
i
‘
b r eat h a nd
‘
p r o s p e r i ty S o
’ '

, .

S ym p h o s iu s p l a y s u p o n s p i r it u s in h is V i o l e t i gm a ( N o
‘ ’
en .

3 8 8 T h i s m o t i v e is t h a t o f t h e w o r l d r i ddl e
-
o f Ice , dis c u s s e d un de r 3 4 9
—1 1 .

l r e h n p 2 1 1 c o m p a r e s S y m p h o s iu s 7 3 F i t n it s : E t q u i m e ge n u it , i me
’ ‘
, .
, ,
/ s ne no n

n a s c it u r i p s e
’
.

RI DDLE 39

f th i s r i ddl e f th e Y o u ng B u l l h ave i
r e c e v e d s u fii c ie n t dis
’
Th e so u r ces o o
‘

c u s s io n u n de r lv id
’
. 1 3 .

39 1-3 Grein a nd
put no m ark o f p u n c t u a t io n a ft e r ra
/ n edgr'n n e s , b ut
a co l o n a ft e r g r f dig: H o w t h e n is g r i d/lg t o b e c o n s t r u e d ? G r e i n , D ie /i t , m ake s
a dj e c t iv e
th e q u a l i fy t o il/ t b u t gr a m m a r fo r b i ds B r o o k e E E L it .
, . .
, p . 1 4 6,
1 60 R I D D LE S O F THE EXE T ER BOO K

RI D D LE 40

t h is r i ddl e D ie t r ic h ( X I ) ffe r s t h e a ns we r D ay, h ic h p r o v e r b ia l

’
To , 4 72 o
‘
w is
fo r it s p o v e r t y (c o m p a r e l in e and p o in ts to t h e h e m , 74 —76

D ze g b i S dr ih t ne s s o n d, dé o r e m a r-m u m ,
‘

ma ‘
re m e t o de s lt t , m y r g o a n d t 6 h ih t
éa dgu m a nd e a r mum, e a llu m b r y ce
‘

Pre hn p , . 27 s h o ws t h a t t h e w a n de r n gs o f t h e D a y i h ave be en s u gge s t e d in

N M 3 0, . and t h at it s p o v e r t y
ly ga r m e n t o f N i g h t de s c r i b e d is o pp o s e d t o th e c o s t ,

in 12 H e n o t e s t o o t h a t t h e c o n t r a s t s o f t h i s p r o b l e m p u t it in t h e s a m e
. , ,

c l a s s a s t h e o n e o f C r e a t io n ( k id T r a u t m a n n ( A ny / 11 5 6 V 4 9 ) p r o p o s e s t h e . 7 , .
,

s o l ut i o n T im e I a m i n c l in e d t o r e ga r d R M 4 0 n o t a s a q u e r y o f Da y o r
‘ ’ ‘ ’
. .

‘
T i m e b u t a s a M o o n r iddl e l i k e R M 9 5 Th e fi r s t l i n e s c o r r e s p o n d c l o s e l y
,
’
. .

t o t h o s e o f t h e l a t e r p r o b l e m a n d t h e e s p e c ia l p o w e r o f t h e M o o n is e xt o l l e d in ,

bo t h po em s (4 0 3— 4 0 95 7 L i k e t h e M o o n in R M , 0
3 9
— an d
1 , 95
2 1- 22, the . 10

s u b j e c t is a w r e t c h e d e xi l e a n d w a n de r s w i de l y ( 4 0 9 — 6 a nd as i n t h e 1 0, 1 ,

c l o s i n g l in e s o f t h e o t h e r r i ddl e s h is f u t u r e lo t is o b s c u r e ( 4 0 E v e n h is , 22

s il e n c e ( 4 0 ) s ts 9 5 9 — 4 0 7 n u ma /u o ” F f / w 71 71 1 Af r fib r e m i g h t s e e m
'

s u
gg e 1 2 1 0. , ( 7 ,

a t fi r s t s i g h t m o r e a pp l ic a b l e t o t h e S u n b u t w h a t w o r ds c o u l d b e t t e r de s c r i b e ,

t h e c h a n gi n g p o s i t i o n s o f t h e M o o n ? D i e t r ic h b r i n gs n o p r o o f t h a t the D ay
‘ ,

is p r o v e r b i a l l y p o o r ; o n t h e c o n tr a r y L iin in g s h o w s ( D ie Aim/ r 771 7 3 4 1 fli1 m 10 1g

’ - ’

, , . r

’
mm
’
mm [
r
ad i x/ w in [3 75 11 3
Z iir ic h , 1 8 89 , p . t h
p ic D e r T a g m it s e i n e m G l a n z e
at in t he o ld G e r m a n ic e
‘

e r fr e u t die I I e r z e n de r M e n s c h e n u n d b e h e r r s c h t g l e i c h s a m die L e b e w e l t da h e r ,

h e i s s t e r r ic h e ( I I a ge n l/ mn et Inge r i 1 6 3 r ic h e a l s o de r t a c ; i 1 2 7 b i i
’”
, . / , , , , ,

2
3 b de r t a c w il l ge r ic h e n )
,
B ut th e e p i t h e t 4 0 4 e xa c t ly fi t s t h e M o o n . 1 , ,

w h o h a s n o l i g h t s a v e t h a t t a k e n fr o m t h e S u n a n d e v e n t h a t is

o ft e n l o s t .

'

g ew it u s e c g a fb So Cm 1 1 2 1 , 1 6 3 0, 2 5 63 26 1 1 E l 6 74 , [ 71 3 1 3 , 6 5 5
‘

r
40 . .
, , . .

( see a so l G a eb l e r , A u g /7}: I I I , Th e on ly o th er a pp e a l t o s o u r c e s in t h e

R ik/Wm is i m m e dia t e l y a b o v e in 3 9 5 ; b u t in t h a t ca s e th e p o p u l a r o r i gi n o f the

pa ssa
ge w a s e a s il y t r a c e a b l e . Th e r e fe r e n c e h e r e is t o th e m any s c i en ti fi c wo rk s,
s uc h as B e de
‘

s D u A ir /u m It
’
ar z u u , w ic h h m a ke the Moon the c e nte r of t h eir
k n o w l e dge (s e e u n de r

40 2 See 95 2 , o nd r es te o ft r ic u m o nd h ea n u m

4 0 3 s w eo to l 0nd ges f ne
‘
. So 1 4 4 ; see my n o te to h a t p a s s a ge N O p h r a s e
t .

co u ld be b e t te r s u te d i to the Mo on -
. T h is s p e c ia l p o w e r o f t h e
Moo n fa r g r e a t e r t h a n m e n k n o w is t h e i n flu e n c e o v e r t h e t ide s di s c u s s e d b
‘ ’
, ,
y
A l d h e l m in h is ‘ M o o n e n igm a ( i, 6 )

N u nc e go c u m p l a go
e fa t is c o m m u n ib u s in s t o
r ec ip r o c is c o n v o lve n s m e ns t r u a c y c lis .

4 0 5 g e s ec a n s im do r C f 1 37 4 0 7 do r as Ec a S ; 1 0 1 0, s u n do r fi s éc e a n
‘

. . .
, san .

h yre 6 8 —6
’

9 g e w it e o
“
Cf ho n a n ( S u n ) ; H mm
'
’
ge w fi t w es t
‘

0 6
-
4 .
30 - 10 , .
,

fo r fi ni ae
'

re t u n go l fa r a n (Sun) ; S a l 5 0 3 g e w i t e o ] 0 n n e w ép e n de o n w e g fa r a n
.
,
‘
‘

> .

( Per mit / Er an is a co m m o n i di o m ( Sp / z I ,
 NO T ES 1 6 1

4 0 10 f . The c o n t r a s t s s u gge s t 4 1 , a nd t h e n e ga t i ves 33 5 f .

— f6 t ne fo l m . Cf .

fGt a fo lm a ; 3 2 fet o nd fo lm e ; 6 8 fet f [o lm e ] ; B e a r er 74 5 , fet

'

28 15, n t: 7, 9, né .

o nd fo lm a .

4 0 16 —1
7 Th e l c a us e is a dm r a i bl y su i ted to t h e w a n de r n gs o f t h e i Mo o n ( 9 5 3,

fEr e wide ) . C o m pa r e M S Be r n 6 1
. . 1,
59 3 ( L u na )

Q u o tidie c u r r e ns v ia s pe r a m bu o l m u t as l
E t b is it e r a t o c u nct a s r e c ur r o pe r a nnum .

4 0 19 m o n gu m t6 e fr o . T h e S un a sol co m fo r t s m a n y , 7 6 —
7 . Th e co m fo r t
o f the Mo o n p r e s e n c e is t h e t h e m e o f 9 5 7— 9
’
s
'

40 I t c e r t a i n l y s e e m s i n a p t t o s a y o f t h e M o o n t h a t it n e v e r t o u c h e d t h e
20
‘

h e a v e n s b u t n o t e t h a t h e r e ll eof o m m z is n o t u s e d o f t h e fi r m a m e n t b u t is o p ,

p o s e d t o li e/la a n d t h e r e fo r e m e a n s t h e a b o de o f b l i s s M o r e o v e r a s l i ne s 2 1
,
‘
.
’
,

2 2 s h o w t h e r i ddl e r is s p e a k i n g o f t h e M o o n s l o n g l i fe t h r o u g h t h e lo r e o f t h e
’
, ‘

K i n g o f G l o r y T h e l in e is m e r e l y a c h e c k t o t h e s o l u t i o n a n d is w e l l c a lc u
.
‘ ’
,

l a t e d to m i s l e a d th e t o o l i te r a l v i c t i m .

2
4 0 24 W 6 11 w y r d a g e s c e a p u C f S a l 3 3 2 ge w u r de n e . . .
,
(Gn .
ge w u n de n e ) wy r da ;
Ai d .
4 40 , h w i s io W y r d s wa W 6 w e n da n s c e o lde .

4 0 26
3
T h ere is no o cc as o n i h a n ge s p r o p o s e d b y H o l t h a u s e n ( s e e t e xt)
fo r t h e c .

I f we r e a d 70171 13 fo r w il d ( t h e fo r m s a r e u s e d i n t e r c h a n ge a b l y 3 8 3 9 ) we , 1, I ,

h ave fi rs t h a l f l i n ea -
o f e xp a n de d A t yp e x x x L x ) Fo r s tr e ss u p o n
-
. .

fi a a co m pa r e 4 1 hi m he w o r h t e
‘

r ,
.

4 0 7 E xa m p l e s o f B t yp e w i t h a l l it e r a t i o n
2
1
2 -
o n s e c o nd s t r ess o f fi r s t h a l f l i ne -

a r e s o r a r e t h a t I c h a n ge t h e e di t o r s Th e r e c o n s t r uc t e d
'

t o lz w m
’
27m g ( ug .

l i n e p r es e n t s n o m e t r i c a l di ffi c u l t y C f 4 1 6 . . 1
3

R I D D LE 4 1

As D i e t r i c h h as
l y p o i n te d o u t ( X I l
t h i s m o s t e xt e n s iv e o f a ll t h e
c ea r ,

r i ddl e s is a fa i r l y c l o s e r e n de r i n g o f A l d h e l m s e n i gm a D e C r ed / u r n ( C 72 ) H er z
’
.
,

fe l d s h o w s p 2 7 t h a t t h e p o e t s e t s a s i de c l a s s ic a l a l l u s i o n s a n d e xp r e s s io n s a n d
, .
,

r e p l ac e s t h e m b t h o s e c u r r e n t a m o n g h is c o u n t r y m e n t h u s gi v i n g a ft e r G y n e
y , ,

w u l f s m a n n e r n a t i o n a l c o l o r i n g t o h is p r e s e n t a t io n ( E b e r t A llge m e i/ z e C er f /z o er
’
r ’
.
, ,

[ il les Al id a/a lte r s I I I o lfa c t u m a m b r o s ia e is di s c a r de d ; C r 2 1

’
. . ( Cr 1 4 , .
,
‘
.
,

is r e p l a c e d b y t e t r a T a r ta r a b y w o w 70 7 d3
’ ’
‘
T o n a n t is Cr 2 2
‘ '~
‘

.
,

e p h ir i is
’
r cr q
.
/z z , an d Cr .
33 m o r e C yc lo p u m
,
‘
b y ea ldm /z Ar n e ;
’
Cr 35.
,
‘
Z ex

p l a i n e d 4 1 ( 8— 69 , 1 ; a n d C r 6 7, I h o e b i r a dii s c r i e s a h a l t
a l s o c o m m e n ts
’
.
’
. l’ r e b u ,

p 2 1 3 u p o n o u r r i ddl e r s c o n s i s t e n t e ffo r t t o G e r m a n i z e a n d C h r i s t i a n i z e Ald

.
,
’

h e l m s m a t te r '

H e r z fe l d p 2 8 n o t e s t h a t b o t h k id 3 6 a n d N M 4 1 a r e di s t i n gu i s h e d b y t h e
, .
, . .

c i rc u m s tanc e t h a t die m e t r i s c h e G l i e de r u n g m it de r s yn t a c t is c h e n ga n z z u s a m
‘

m e n fallt w ah r e n d s o n s t die R e ge l b e s t e h t da s s b e i de s ic h k r e u z e n ( s e e R i e ge r
' '

, ,

Z s f I I lz V I I F o r t h i s r e a s o n w e fi n d in t h e s e t w o p r o b l e m s v e r y
’ ‘
. . ( . .
,

l i t t l e o f t h a t v a r i a t i o n fr o m s o u r c e s w h i c h fi l l s o u t a v e r s e a n d l e a ds t o n e w
t h o ug h ts
’
.
1 62 R I D D LE S O F TH E EXE T ER BO O K

D 17 C R 1 A r U nA ( Al dh e l m )
“

. _

C o n dit o r , ae t e r n is fu ls it q u i s a e c la c o lu m n is , —
( 2) 1

Re ct o r r e gn o r u m fr e n a n s et l
fu m in a l e ge , ( 3—
4)
l
'
e n du la du m p atu li v e r t u nt u r c u l m ina m u n di, ( 5)
Me v a r ia m fe c it , p r im o da m c o n cle r e t o r hem .
—
( 7)
6
‘
J
V
l
’
e r v igil e xc u b iis n u n q ua m j u v a bit S —
( o) do r m ir e ,

S e d t u m e n e xte m p lo c la u du n t u r l u m in a s o m no ( 1 0 - 1 1 )
N a m D e u s u t p r o p r ia m u n du m dit io ne gu be r n a t ( 1 2 —
.

1 )
3 ,

S ic e go c o m p le c t o r s u b c o e l i ca r dine c u n c t a ( 1 4 —1 5 ) .

S e gn io r e s t n u ll u s q u o n ia m m e la r v u la t e r r e t ( 1 6 —
,
17
) ,

S e t ige r o r u r s u s c o n s t a n s a u da c io r a p r o ( 1 8 1 9) .
-

N u l l u s m e s u pe r a t c u p ie n s ve xill a t r iu m p h i ( 2 0 — 2 1) ,

N i D e u s a e t h r a li s u m m u s q u i r e gn a t in a r ce ( 2 1 — 22
) .

I r o r s u s o do r a t o t h u r e fr a gr a n t io r h a la n s ( 2 3 — 24)
’
,

O lfa c t u m a m b r o s ia e , ne c n o n c r e s c e n t ia g e bae l
( 7 -2
T S
l p p p l
“

L i ia ur u r e is o s s u m c o n ne xa r o s e t is

V in ce r e , s p ir a n t is n a r di du lce dine .
pl e na .
( 29 —3 0)
N u nc o l ida c o e n i s q u a le n t is s o r de p u t r e sco .
(3 1 - 3 2)
O m n ia q u a e q u e o o s u n t s u b t e r p l e t a xe r e gu nt u r .

,
—
p
D u m a t e r a r c ite ne n s c o n c e s s it j (" J 3 5)
, ure gu be r no .

( lr o s s a s et l
gr a c i e s r e r u m c o m p r e ns o tigu r a s .
( 3 3 7)
6-

Alt io r e n c ue o r l im o r ( 33 3 9 ) s ec r e ta T o na n t is -

i t t a m e a in fe r io r t e r r is t e t r a T a r t a r a ce r n o —
(4 4 1 )
0 .

N a m s e n io r m u n do p r ae ce s s i t e m p o r a p r is ca ; ( 4 2 — 4 3)
I i cce t a m e n m a t r is h o r n a ge ne r a b a r a b a l v o —
(4 4 4 5) .

l u lc h r io r a u r a t is du m fu lge t fi b u l a b u l l is ; ( 4 6 — 4 7)
‘

l l o r r idio r r h a m n is e t s p r e t is v ilio r a l gis

‘

,
3 —
( 4 4 9) .

L a t io r e n p a t u lis fe r r a r a m fi n ib u s e xs t o ( 5 0 - 5 1 ) ,

E t t a m e o in m e dia c o n c lu do r p a r te p u gil l i ( 5 2 —5 ) .
3
F r igidio r b r a m is ,
( 5 4—
h e e n o n c a n de n te
55) p r u in a ,

C u m s im \ u l c a n i fi a m m is t o r r e n t ib u s a r de n s ( 5 6 —
'

5 7) .

D u lc io r in p a l a t o q u a m l e n t i ne c t a r is h a u s t u s ( 5 8 —59) ,

D ir io r e t r o r s a s q u a m gl a u c a a b s in t h ia c a m p i ( 6 0 — 6 1) ,

M a n do da pe s m o r da x lu r c o r u m m o r e C y c lo p u m ( 6 2 — 63) ,

C u m p o s s im j u g it e r s in e v ie t a v ive r e fe l ix
,
6 —
( 4 6 5)
'

l lu x pe r n ix a q u ilis , Z e p h ir i ve lo c io r a is
’
l
1
9)
N e c n o n a c c ip it r e p r o pe r a n t io r e t t a m e a , h o r re os l
L u m b r ic u s et l im a x e t t a r da t e s t u do p la u s t r is ( 70
—71 )
At q u e fi m i s u b o le s s o r de n t is ca n t ha r u s a te r ( 72
—
73 )
l\ le dic t o c it iu s v in c u n t c e r t a m ine c u r s u s .
( 70 , 73 )
S ic gr a v io r pl u m bo s c o p l
u o r um p on de r a ve r
go ;
—
( 74 75 )
S u m le v io r pl u m a c e dit c u i t ipp u la lvm p li a e . 6 —
( 7 77)
Nam si l ic i de fu n dit q u ia v is ce r e tl a m m a s
l
ns a s .

D u r io r fe r r o ,
( A 79)
S-

a ut ( t o s t is s e d m o llio r e xt is ) .

.
f
Vo c
'

q iw z lc u / i n L u ff/ 7
u .
( So —S1 )
S e n is e cce p la g is l at us
q u a pe n dit u r o r b is

l8
°
85)
l l ’ f

l
'
I lt e r io r m u t o t e a do r m ir a b i e fa t u .

l u fr a m e s u p r a ve n i h il pe r l
s a e c u a c o ns t a t . ( 8 6 —89 )
Ni r er u m ge n it o r m u n du m se r m o ne c o e r ce n s .
( So—oi)
( i r a n dio r in gla u c is q u a m b a e n a tlu c t ib u s ll a tr a (oz —
94)
E t m in o r e xigu o s u lc a t q u i c o r o r a v e r m e p .
‘
—
( 9 5 9 7)
 .
1 .
“ I" TH E I i BO O K

z-r r t u r e s fr o m h is o r i in a l a r e t h e
e xc e p t io n o f th e . no to r io u s
(4 1 m
) h is d e
p
.
g ,

re s u t l o f in t e n t io n , no t o f ig n o ra nc e w o u l d s u dde n ly b e c o m e g l a r in g ly w e a k a n d .

l y
fa u t ? I c a n no t r e c o nc il e s uc h c h an
ge s as t h e s e w it h the .
pr e s e nc e o f b il l . a

s in g l e t ra ns l a to r in 4 1 .

N o w is it no t m b l e t o b e l ie v e t h a t t h e r ig in a l t ra ns l to ( A) c o se l d
—
o re r e a s o na o a r

h ir d l in y d t e r m in a t io h e r e is t h e
'

h is W o r k a t :lo r t
y t e a ve r go o n, fo r

—
.

e n d o f a l o ng l in e o f co m p a r a t iv e s a nd t h at NM 4 . 1 Six-t n r e p r e s e n t s t h e r e n de r

in g o l oh by a no t h e r w r it e r (l ) a
'
fa r in fe r io r in m e t h o d an d k n o w l e dg e w h o ,

ppl d h is rk by l ly I a u lt y t r a n s l t io n f ( the
‘

me te wo -
‘

ua zz
su e n an e
q a o
5o ,

ne xt lin e s in h is t e xt o f Al d h e l m ?
se e m in g o b j e c t io n to t h is t h e o r y is rea l ly s t r o ng ly in it s fa v o r . I n it s p h ra
sco lo g y to In 4 1
‘
. t : l
c o s e ne s s to the L a t i n is s a c r ific e d in o r de r

to re p ro du c e 4 1 f "
t qr ; 4 1 S4 ,
is ve r
y s im il a r t o 4 1 4 1 o o -o r re ca l ls 4 1 .
'
o

i s e xa c t ly in th e m anne r o l‘ 4 1 a nd
4 1 o
f
, e m p l ys o the idio rn o f41 m m , . l in t
is t h is no t the
“
in de b t e dn e s s o f t he we a k . c o n t in u a to r , w ho fa l l s o f me th o d a nd

k n o w l e dg e b u t who re
pe a ts p h r as es a t the co s t o f tide lit y t o h is I a t in o r ig in a l ?
—t h
.
,

My l in e o f re a s o n ng i is s us t a in e d by a .
ve r y va ln a b lo b it o f e v ide n c e e

e xis t e nc e o f a no t h e r ve rs o n i o f 4 1 S : -t 17 67 . D ie t r ic h (XI I ,
2
3 5) wa s
w ro n
g in r e g a r din g t h is as a no t h e r t r a ns l a ti o n o f ( 32 6 1-6 6 ; l l c t y fc ld
‘ ‘

, pp . ( 1-
7 ,

wa s q u it e as m uc h in e r ro r w h e n b e de e m e d it a gre a t ly c o n de n s e d fo r m f Hill 4 1 o . .

T h is l it t l p e o em o f te n l in e s dis p l a y s no k n o w l e dg e o r use e it h er o f Aldh c h n s '

'

L a t in o r o f A (4 1 mo) . I t is a r e c a s t in g o f s e v e ra l ide a s in t h e p o rt o n i wit h a

fe w o r ig in a l a dd it o n s a n i d in t e r p o la ti o ns : 67 1 is b a s c d u p o n
4 1 67 fi n ds it s
s o u rc e in 4 1 4 1
( th e us e o f s h o ws t h at lv
'
a nd no t ( if . on is b e fo re .

the w r it e r ) ; 6 7 3
" has no e
q u iv a l e n t in t h e ,
L a t in o r An g l o S a xo n ; 5
"
is
p e r h a ps a ve r y co n c re te ~
r r= s h a p in g o f4 1 a nd 67 s
"
7
“
o f4 1 So So ( t h e r e s e m b a nc e l .

to 4 1 3 81 m ay be co in c ide n c e ) ; o f ( 17 7
"
to t h e re is no S u g g e s t io n in L a t in o r

An g l o S a xo n . Th e p ro b l e m s p e a ks s tro ng ly in fa v o h a n ds r o f the v ie w t h a t tw o

th h i m a t r ia l
' '

we r e a t Wo in lr l t l 4
rk . 1 a nd a t th e s c n d I t r ga v
e o Ir r f rm t a c c cc o o s e .

To the c yc l e o f and 6 7 be l th fr g m n t 9 4 w it h it s s r i s f c m pari

4 1 o n
gs e a e . e e o o

s o ns : but , as o n ly v e s t ig e s o f t h is rem a in it is im p s s ib l t , s t a b l is h e xa c t o e o e

re l a t io ns .

I h av e in c l u de d in m y co m m e n ts u p o n t h is r iddl e a fe w o f t h e g l o s s e s dr a w n
fr o m t \\ o m a n u s c r ip ts o f : \ ld h c ln r
'

s e n ig m a s : MS . a m b r idg e U n iv . l . ib r ( ig V . . . ,

'

d MS l XXl II t ( R) T h e I‘in glis h g l

"

'

35 . t . .
| o u
( t i an . Ro ya t .
,
if . to ; . .
‘
o ss e s to

bo t h . tro . p r in t e d b y loo o
.
, pp . to t ms , 10
5 , a nd the

l , -t t in g
. l o sse s o f the s o c o nd b y “ nig h t , J I M /x of l / N ‘

. li l ls
o S e r ie s , 1 8 72 . II ,
5 711
(s o me o f t h e se I h av e d r a w n dir e c t ly fr o m t h e m a n u
s c ri
pt , wh e re o m its o r p r n i ts in a c c u r a t e ly ) '
. The I . a t in g l o s s a to r to R
t h us in t r o d u c e s th e ( Va r / m ar : D iv e r s it a s c r t n t u r a r u rn
-
‘ '
div e r s it a t c lo c u t io n is in
is t a s e n t u n t ia s te m lit u r do p e r s o n is m n ib u s t n a t u r is n rr in s c u j
ns c rca tn rac
o . o e
que .

in t n l
.
'

n r o r t n h-‘ s c t i
u n ve r s a v s i ib ilia c t

Th e r idd l sub
e- j
e ct is no t o f lixe d g e n de r , b u t is . no w n r a s c u lin e
‘

. no w fe m
in in e . T h is is so m e wh a t p r is in g a s
sur , f r ea / 11 r d a nd fl u /m u ng ? a re bo t h fe m .

n o u ns . l in t . as l ha ve a l r a dy n t d t h
e o e , e re is l it t l e in s is t e n c e u po n g r a u m a t ic u l
r-

g e n de r in t h e l t d/m at ; a n d in t h is c a s th e e su bj c t e is b e y o n d b o un ds o f se x .
 '

N o r rcs
'

rug

In a dd i ti o n to v a r io u s e r r o r s in t r a n s l a t io n , c e r t a in l in e s o f o u r ve r s o i n a re m e t
r ic a lly we a k o r im p e r fe c t , a ,
8 4 , 8 6 , 3 7, m t . I n m a ny cas e s t h e ac c e nt fa l l s
o n un imp o r p a r t i u l r ly
t a n t W o r ds , c a o n p e rso na l pr o no u ns : 73 , SH, e tc .

4 1 2 I su pp l y w m / / l n t n ly b r r . o o e c a use mu m/Mr ] . re p ro du c e s ( r
‘

. 1,

I r r ls il b r r t b e c a u s e t h e to b e r m/«W u m / p
’
‘
c o lr r u r n is , r rr r u la a
p e a rs in
in t h i l l h '

s co n t e xt . See .
a so 75 1
1, “ wea t
r
-
d an d lre a lde h ;
.
‘
1, Ir r z r-r lde s t
-
.

a nd we lde s t ; Im/ b I r e a lde r rd u d w e a lde nd

a . . 22 5 ,
o . r r ra
y g o t/ ( fe r n a c c usa .

t iv c II
( Sy n . ,

I t r iglr t pl
'

1 l tr re g a r ds n it m s to
‘

4 as se e ri re 11 0 1 1 1
,
g e . . a . .

in a pp o s it i o n to (
I

t . e e ri e
‘

. on w a lda r a h
'

u se
e r u
'
a . e e a tt a
.

4 1 5
"
S ie ve r s re ga r ds t h is as n e xa m p la o f th e e
‘
srt h w llv e e rs
’

( see 1 7 1 I le h a d pr e v io u s l y c h a ng e d X 54 ) ,
1 1

to M i nt /u °

W/l l' Ad r a .

VI xi v/ J NNa t l ( h in ) irr g fir ke p
'

dr-r
‘

4 1 m . . o
'
i re e s e nm s o te re o

fe l d , p . t o) .

4 1 1
3 t l ‘ u lr w z r r l
'
. T h is W o r d is us e d in o u r r iddl e s e ve n t im e s a s a
p it t lt lilt fg ( GI .

4 1 1 8, b l d il o e s no t a
ppe a r l e se w h e re in t h e co ll e c t io n .

T h e M S I n [u m Mi t / ( P is m e t r ic a l ly e ct io r r a lr le
bj
‘

" l
I in v e r t in t e xt
‘

1 .o so
4 . o , , as

w it h lIe r/
'
I e lr l, p .
SI .

4 1 1 7 g
'

l r r r r r ra T h e W o r d, w h ic h is use d bo t h as s ir r r p le x a nd c o m

d in t h e f mask pp h w it h t h e i
‘ ‘
p o r r rr S e ns e o a e a rs e re . r r r rsz-r n n
g spe c

te r
' ’
.
"
I . a r v rr a l
’
w hi h c t he W o rd t r:
'
r te s ,
-
is t h us d by the -
r

La t in g l o in lx I lr o i ib u s [a e t a s q ui m e r it i m a l i
’ ‘
ssa to x
'

r : .: r r va s e rr r r r

r
'

pr a r u
‘
m e ss e d i it u r t e
c
' ‘

r re re
‘

p a r v rr lo s , e
‘

t in : r rr
‘

m r lis g a r r ir r-z W it h t he

O ld l‘ln g lis h rr r e a n u g s o i fe r / um W e tiu d s t r ik in g pa r a l l e ls in the e o

g rra t r
‘

la r r g rr a p r a
a .

( ir ‘

i ru m , p .
"

10 45 , p o in t s o u t t
. h at . in t) . N . (XVI /7711 . :ir p| u as a .

na me o t r, a n d
a s o r r e r r -s r- t h at ‘
the , a de
p t iu
b y W h it Ir h e m a de h irr rs e ll gni mr lr lr- , a nd h ing t h r gh
' '

:r u rr r e c o f
we n t r us o u .

the a ir , as s pi r it s a lt-
to p i ll o n we se e , t he

h at h
'

n o t io n f a nd t f m e e t in t in the I a r m b a r r l fi f yg
'

'
o ne
'
o s o rr e re ss o
,
us . xar

1 l lib / e rr in Ixo t ir r r e s , li e/ 1m is d
'
st n ra n
"
'

1 1, 1
| r | r rt . e . , us e

as bo t h m a r r an / d ( se e fi z z
i”
/x . I n ( T ‘ la r v u la .
’
is

gl o ss e d by t ) .
7 5 770 1, I 'lu g l p .
( t i r im m
p s" “ l uc k , . °

4 1 18 The ru
/er
g (4 1 w h ic h a l w a
y gl s s
s o s p
a e r
’
in e
‘
t he vo c a b u lar r ir ‘
-
s, is o lf
'

c o u rs e the w d bo il a r, ( 4 1 n t ) is t h e o »
(WW . : 71 ,
32
« 4 4 3, 1,
. o r M a s t s r Ir we ir r ( lo r da n , f .27 pp . :to o

I" o r an : rr c o u n t o l t h e w il d b o ar ia l'Ir r g lza n d b - o rn the e a r li e s t t im e s , a nd

o f h is im p o r ta nc e in t he h u n t, see .
I I a r t in g , Lo n do n ,

1 880, pp .
77 f . T he S e pte m be r il l u s t r a t io n in t h e An g lo S a xo u ( T ib .

I i V ) , w h ie lr
. I I a r t iu g r it e s , do es no t re pr e se n t
, a , bo a r o lr u r r t
‘ '
in t h e t o re s t, b ut the

i T h e li m i t ing t t h e bo is t h de
'

ca re o f ra a s te d s w ne (s e e no te to 4 1 o ar us

ih e d ( W \V I trr r i Iy
"
/I I t r ir li ls l lr ll da s b dr il
‘ '
*
S t r , . ,
‘
li t; o o rrrr e o n i ue

l
'

to ru e a nd i c a r
o '
t o g e a r r e s s t a r u le r u l e lil "
t
‘
lrr r : o ls t ik de o Ir y rr u .
’
Ho ve l

is m e n t i o n e d, ( WW . As W r ig h t o bs e r ve s

m e d /c pp ,
( 11
)
‘
l t wo u ld se e m b y t h is t h a t ho ur h unt n i g wa s no t

in
’
m mo the m xt e n s iv e to r e a t a.
'
u nc o n o re e
 BO O K
'

Hf
‘

R ll ) l ) l lCS . ( l ll li

'

3 3 8 h ids t e a l g ife h
“
b i rls te n l
‘

4 1 i t) . .

4 1 : 1
"
ae n lg o te l
'
'
eo r
| m n
. . So 95 to . ( in .

4 1 .
‘
l se i n n ( Go d
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