Materials Today: Proceedings 63 (2022) S400–S405

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Silicified coal adsorbents for adsorption of Cu(II) from the aqueous

Solution: Non-Linear kinetic and isotherm studies
Abrar Muslim a, Abubakar a, Pocut Nurul Alam a,b, Husni Usman b, Gusti Randa b, Agus Haris Widayat c,
Andy Yahya Al Hakim c, Tony Hadibarata d
a
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23114, Indonesia
b
Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23114, Indonesia
c
Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40116, Indonesia
d
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250 Miri, Malaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Silicified coal which can reduce the quantity and quality of coal production, is an uneconomic impure-
Available online 22 April 2022 coal. This study aims to develop adsorbents from silicified coal by washing and activating it using aqua-
des and NaOH, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy revealed active sites of Si-O bending and Si-O stretching
Keywords: for adsorption of Cu(II) onto silicified coal adsorbents (SCA). The characterization of silicified coal using
Adsorption XRD, XRF and INAA FUS-ICP confirmed that the amorphous SCA consisted of 67.11–78.80 wt% of SiO2,
Silicified coal 0.33–0.60 wt% of CaO, 0.30–0.40 wt% of Fe2O3, and 20.09–32.25 wt% of LOI. SEM images confirmed differ-
Non-linear
ent shape and size of pores on the adsorbents. The effect of contact time, initial Cu(II) concentration in the
Kinetics
Isotherm
aqueous solution, and activator NaOH concentration on adsorption capacity were investigated by con-
ducting batch mode experiments at room temperature, atmospheric pressure and pH 5. The non-linear
pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models were used for the adsorption kinetics, and the
non-linear models of Langmuir, Freundlich, and BET were taken for the adsorption isotherm.
Levenberg-Marquardt method was taken to minimize the sum of squared error (SSE) between the exper-
imental and model results. The results showed that Cu(II) adsorption on the SCA fitted very well by non-
linear pseudo-second order model (average SSE = 2.222 and R2 = 0.9825 on average) with a maximum
equilibrium adsorption capacity of 13.165 mg/g and adsorption rate of 0.025 g/mg.min. In addition, it
was favorable adsorption by non-linear model of Langmuir (average SSE = 1.049 and R2 = 0.995) with a
maximum mono-layer adsorption capacity of 14.358 mg/g.
Ó 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd Interna-
tional Conference on Chemical Engineering and Applied Sciences.

1. Introduction
Heavy metal can pollute the land and water bodies and even
groundwater [1], and the sources are mostly from domestic waste,
laboratories and agriculture. In general, industrial activity dis-
charges contribute to the biggest source of heavy metal waste.
The pollutant of heavy metal ions can contaminate the environ-
ment leading to negative impacts on the environment and public
health. Heavy metals can be accumulated in organisms because
these pollutants are non-biodegradable compounds causing vari-
ous illness on humans such as stomach irritations, high blood pres-
sure, liver disease and pancreas damage, poisoning.
Among other heavy metal ions, the copper ions can come from
industrial waste containing Cu(II) ions such as agro-industrial and
chemical waste, petroleum and electrical mining, and mining oper-
ation [4]. This heavy metal are wide used, and the capacity of mine
plants is much higher than other non-iron or steel plants [5].
Cu(II) ions is the most harmless heavy metal ion because of its
redox activities and ions mobilization. It can cause some diseases
including cancer damaging the human tissues and organ [6,7,8].
Cu(II) ions in drinking water should meet the limit to less than
1.3 mg/L regulated by United State Environmental Protection
Agency [9]. Concentration of Cu(II) ions in liquid waste especially
industrial effluent must be reduced to eliminate the Cu(II) ions

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.556
2214-7853/Ó 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the
scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Chemical Engineering and Applied Sciences.
A. Muslim, Abubakar, P. Nurul Alam et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 63 (2022) S400–S405

hazardous properties. To handle wastewater containing heavy (Activation Laboratory Ltd., Canada) and XRF (Minipal 4,
metal ions, several techniques have been proposed such as mem- PANalytical, Almelo-Netherlands), were used to find the minerals
brane filtration, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, coagulation, and chemical composition of adsorbent. To capture the surface
flocculation and flotation [10], and adsorption is the more simpler morphology of the adsorbent, SEM (TM3000, HITACHI, Japan) anal-
and effective technique [11]. ysis was conducted.
Various natural materials have been proposed for adsorbent of
heavy metal ions including Cu(II) ions such as bentonite, diatomite,
2.2. Adsorbent batch mode test
glauconite, wollastonite, pyrite fines, ball clay, vermiculite, natural
zeolite[12], natural clay [13], smectite-rich clay [14] and silicate
All the adsorbent batch mode test were conducted experiments
tailings [15] which were silica-based adsorbents. Among these nat-
at room temperature, atmospheric pressure and pH 5 with the
ural materials-adsorbents, zeolites which have hydrated alumi-
same adsorption procedure taken place in previous study [23]. A
nosilicate minerals, are the best adsorbents for heavy metal ions
batch mode test of the SCA 0 M NaOH and Cu(II) aqueous solution
[13]. Other natural materials that contain silica is silicified coal
was conducted in a 100-mL beaker glass with 1 g of the SCA 0 M
[16]. Coal bearing sediment containing silicified coal which a bar-
NaOH at 100-rpm stirring speed at the room temperature. Cu(II)
rier to coal seams and has no economic value [17], has silica 47.47%
adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was determined over time
kaolinite (silicate clay), 21.27% illite (mica-type clay) and 23.73%
by varying the contact time (0–60 min), and predetermined initial
smectite (phyllosilicate mineral) [18]. However, this silica rich sili-
Cu(II) concentration in the aqueous solution 5.021 mg/L. By using
cified coal has been not proposed as adsorbent for the removal of
an adjustable macropipette, the 1-mL samples of Cu(II) aqueous
Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution.
solution was taken at the contact time of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
Therefore, the novel of present study is to utilize adsorbent
and 60 min. Each sample was diluted with 11-mL distilled water
from silicified coal for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous
in a vial of 20-mL to reduce Cu(II) left a syringe filters when filter-
solution by washing and activating it using aquades and NaOH,
ing. The real concentration of Cu(II) filtrate was quantified using
respectively. NaOH is well-known as dehydrating agent [19,20]
the AAS with dilution factor of 12. The procedure of batch mode
which can break the H-bond of the functional groups of volatile
test was repeated separately for different adsorbent of SCA 0.1 M
matter in adsorbent [21]. The characterization of silicified coal
NaOH and SCA 0.2 M NaOH. All the data was collected and used
and the adsorbent was using FTIR, XRD, INAA FUS-ICP, XRF and
to investigate the effect of contact time and concentration of acti-
SEM. The effect of contact time, initial concentration of Cu(II) in
vator on adsorption capacity, and to obtain the parameters value of
aqueous solution and activator NaOH concentration on the adsorp-
adsorption kinetics. Meanwhile, the effect of initial Cu(II) concen-
tion capacity were investigated, the parameters value of adsorp-
tration on adsorption capacity was investigated by running batch
tion kinetics and isotherms were obtained the by using non-
mode tests at an equilibrium contact time obtained in the previous
linear models, and a maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity
test with predetermined initial Cu(II) concentration in the range of
was highlighted.
5.021–200.997 mg/L. All the collected data of adsorption capacity
on equilibrium contact time was used to obtain the parameters
value of adsorption isotherms.
2. Materials and method

2.1. Adsorbent preparation and characterization 3. Results and discussion

Silicified coal (SC) was collected from PT Mifa Bersaudara at 3.1. The characterization of adsorbents using FTIR, XRD, INAA FUS-ICP,
Peunaga Cut Ujong of West Aceh. The SC lumps were firstly washed XRF and SEM
using tap water and distillated water, and dried under the sun for
10 h at 29 °C (±1 °C) with an average relative humidity of 78%. The FTIR analysis at the spectra of 400–4000 cm
1 was carried out
SC lumps were crushed using a hammer to the size of pebbles, and to obtain the silica-based functional groups in the SCA 0 M NaOH,
then it was milled into powder using a ball mill. The SC powder SCA 0.1 M NaOH and SCA 0.2 M NaOH. Fig. 1 shows only the FTIR
was then sieved into 150–200 mesh. Following that, 100 g of SC spectra of adsorbents in the range of 400–1400 cm
1 because
powder was dried at 120 °C (±1 °C) in an oven (NN-ST342 Mem- silica-based functional groups are generally found in this range
mert, Western Germany) for 5 h. Chemical activation of dried SC
powder was taken place by stirring 25 mg of dried SC powder in
200 mL of NaOH solution at the concentration 0.2 M in a beaker
glass for 5 h [20,22]. After chemical activation, it was washed with
distilled water, decanted and filtered using vacuum filter many
times until the pH of used washing distilled water becoming neu-
tral. Finally, the activated SC was dried at 120 °C (±1 °C) for 5 h in
the oven drier to remove the excess water. The product was stored
in a sealed vial and labelled as silicified coal adsorbent of 0.2 M
NaOH (SCA 0.2 M NaOH). The procedure of producing the activated
SC was repeated for other 25 mg dried SC powder using 0.1 M of
NaOH, and the product was labelled as SCA 0.1 M NaOH). The rest
50 g of dried SC powder was also stored in a sealed vial and
labelled as silicified coal adsorbent without chemical activation
(SCA 0 M NaOH).
The functional groups of the SCA 0 M NaOH, SCA 0.1 M NaOH
and SCA 0.2 M NaOH were characterized using FTIR (Shimadzu
Prestige 21, Japan) based on KBr Pellet method. To determine
silica-based mineral and crystal types of adsorbent, XRD (Shi-
madzu 7000, CuK Radiation, Japan) was conducted. INAA FUS-ICP Fig. 1. The FTIR spectra of SCA 0 M NaOH, SCA 0.1 M NaOH and SCA 0.2 M NaOH.

S401
A. Muslim, Abubakar, P. Nurul Alam et al.
[24,25,26]. As shown in Fig. 1, a wide band at 1024–1151 cm
1
with the 2 peaks at 1097 and 1056 cm
1 was attributed to the
Si–O stretching vibration, and the Si–O bending vibration occurred
at a strong band at 756–821 cm
1 with the 2 peaks at 783 and
800 cm
1. A week band at 680–705 cm
1 with the peak at
694 cm
1 was assigned to the Si–H stretching vibration. Mean-
while, other 2 weak bands at 542–586 cm
1 and 457–480 cm
1
with the peak at 549 and 468 cm
1, respectively represented other
Si–O stretching and Si–O rocking.
Interesting to note that the transmittance of Si–O stretching for
the first and second peak decreased from 32 to 29 % and 28 to 26 %,
respectively due to increase the activator concentration of NaOH
from 0 to 0.1 M, respectively. This result indicated the absorbency
of SCA 0.1 M NaOH was higher than the absorbency of SCA 0.1 M
NaOH. The same trend also occurred for the Si–O bending whereas
it reduced from 30 to 26 % and 31 to 28 % for the first and second
peak, respectively. In contrast, inclining the activator concentra-
tion of NaOH from 0.1 to 0.2 M increased the transmittance of
Si–O stretching to be in between 0 and 0.1 M. Meanwhile, it was
almost the same for Si–H stretching and Si–O rocking. Overall, all
the adsorbents had silica-based active sites for adsorption of Cu
(II), and adsorption capacity of SCA 0.1 M NaOH should be higher
than adsorption capacity of SCA 0 M NaOH and SCA 0.2 M NaOH.
Because the SCA 0.1 M NaOH was expected as the best adsor-
bents, characterization of the adsorbent by XRD was conducted
to determine silica-based mineral and crystal types. The XRD data
was scanned continuously with the Theta (h)-2Theta (2h) range of
10.00–80.00, and the diffraction pattern of SCA 0.1 M NaOH pro-
duced was shown in Fig. 2. As clearly shown by the diffraction pat-
tern in Fig. 2, it consisted of albite, anorthite (2h = 23.94°), illite
(2h = 26.51°) and quartz (2h = 26.72°) which was in line with the
XRD result of clastic sedimentary rock and pulverized silicified coal
from East Kalimantan in the previous study [27]. In addition, crys-
talline regions of SiO2 were not exist in the diffraction pattern
inferring amorphous type of SiO2 [28].
INAA FUS-ICP (Activation Laboratory Ltd., Canada) and XRF
(Minipal 4, PANalytical, Almelo-Netherlands), were used to find
Fig. 2. The XRD pattern of SCA 0.1 M NaOH.
S402
Materials Today: Proceedings 63 (2022) S400–S405
the minerals and chemical composition of adsorbent. As the results
shown in Table 1, only four dominant minerals such SiO2, Fe2O3,
MnO and CaO were quantified in the SCA 0 M NaOH (named as
raw material) and SCA 0.1 M NaOH based on INAA FUS-ICP and
XRF analyses, respectively, and other material were suspected as
Lost of ignition (LOI) which was 20.09 and 32.25 wt% of LOI based
on XRF and INAA FUS-ICP analyses, respectively. The dominant
minerals and chemical composition of adsorbent were almost the
same as the ones in the previous study on silicified coal from East
Kalimantan [27]. Overall, XRD, INAA FUS-ICP and XRF results of
SCA 0.1 M NaOH indicated that the amorphous SiO2 of adsorbents
can be used for adsorption of Cu(II).
SEM analysis was carried out at 50/60 Hz with accelerating
voltage 500VA of 1 phase. Fig. 3 showed the surface morphology
of SEM of the SCA 0 M NaOH, SCA 0.1 M NaOH and SCA 0.2 M
NaOH. As can be seen in Fig. 2, all the adsorbents showed pores
on the adsorbents’ surface indicating amorphous mineral of adsor-
bent as addressed in the XRD result. As expected in the FTIR result,
more volatile matter could be cleaned as the result of activating
the adsorbent using NaOH leading to the more pores were be
formed [21,22]. This result was also in line with the XFR whereas
the adsorbent LOI decreased from 32.25 to 20.09 wt% after activat-
ing it using 0.1 M of NaOH. Overall, XRD, INAA FUS-ICP, XRF and
SEM results of adsorbent indicated that all amorphous SiO2-
based adsorbent has active sites and pores for adsorption of Cu(II).
3.2. Effect of contact time and initial Cu(II) concentration
Mass of metals ions on adsorbent which is well known as
adsorption capacity can be varied over contact time, and the rela-
tionship can be exponential, linear, or fluctuated dynamic
[22,29,30]. Fig. 4 showed Cu(II) adsorption capacity of SCA 0.1 M
NaOH calculated using the adsorption capacity equation in the pre-
vious studies [31,32] over contact time for predetermined initial
Cu(II) concentration in the range of 5.021–200.997 mg/L. As can
be seen in Fig. 4, it increased sharply over contact time in the first
10-min contact time. More initial Cu(II) concentration in solution
A. Muslim, Abubakar, P. Nurul Alam et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 63 (2022) S400–S405

Table 1
Minerals and chemical composition of adsorbent.

Method Analyte Symbol

(Adsorbent)
SiO2 Fe2O3 MnO CaO Others Total
wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.%
FUS-ICP (Raw Material) 67.11 0.3 0.01 0.33 32.25 100
XRF (SCA 0.1 M NaOH) 78.8 0.479 0.033 0.602 20.086 100

Fig. 3. SEM of the SCA 0 M NaOH, SCA 0.1 M NaOH and SCA 0.2 M NaOH.

Fig. 5. Mass of Cu(II) on the SCA 0.1 M NaOH over concentration of activator.

Fig. 4. Mass of Cu(II) on the SCA 0.1 M NaOH over contact time. driving force for the lower initial Cu(III) concentration for diffusion
of adsorbate even if there was more the Si–O active sites on the
SCA 0.1 M NaOH compared SCA 0 M NaOH and SCA 0.2 M NaOH
resulted in faster increase of Cu(II) adsorption capacity. This trend
to according to FTIR analysis. This view should be supported by a
was reasonable because the adsorption driving force of adsorption
BET analysis to predict the equilibrium Cu(II) adsorption capacity
is controlled by diffusion where the more gap between concentra-
trend based on the total pores volume and surface area [33]. Unfor-
tion of metal ions in solution phase and solid phase, the faster Cu
tunely, a BET analysis was not done in the present preliminary
(II) adsorption capacity occurs [33]. Therefore, it reached equilib-
study, but by the non-linear model BET was taken into account
rium state faster for the less initial Cu(II) concentration in solution,
to cover this view.
and an equilibrium time of 60 min was chosen fairly in this stage
with Cu(II) adsorption capacity being 0.501, 2.503, 4.759, 8.028
3.4. Cu(II) adsorption kinetics
and 11.792 mg/g for the increasing initial Cu(II) concentration
showed in Fig. 4, respectively.
Cu(II) adsorption kinetics study of adsorbents was investigated
using the non-linear of pseudo first-order kinetics model (LN-
3.3. Effect of activator concentration
PFOK) by Lagergren [34] and the non-linear of pseudo second-
order kinetics (LN-PSOK) by Ho [35] given as Eq. (1) and Eq. (2),
The effect of activator concentration on equilibrium Cu(II)
respectively:
adsorption capacity was clearly shown for the highest initial Cu
(III) concentration of 200.997 mg/L, as can be seen in Fig. 5 where qt ¼ qe ½ð1
expð
k1 t Þ ð1Þ
the equilibrium Cu(II) adsorption capacity were 9.198, 12.689 and
11.792 mg/g for activator NaOH concentration at 0, 0.1 and 0.2 M, q2e k2 t
respectively. Meanwhile, the equilibrium Cu(II) adsorption capac- qt ¼ ð2Þ
1 þ qe k2 t
ity over the activator concentration did not change for the lower
initial Cu(III) concentration of 5.021–101.511 mg/L. It could where qt (mg/g) is Cu(II) adsorption capacity of adsorbent at a cer-
because the Si–O active sites of all the adsorbent had the same tain time of t (min), qe (mg/g) denotes as the adsorption capacity at
S403
A. Muslim, Abubakar, P. Nurul Alam et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 63 (2022) S400–S405

Fig. 6. Adsorption kinetics plots based on (a) the LN-PFOK and (a) the LN-PSOK.

Fig. 7. Adsorption isotherms plots based on (a) LN-LM, (b) NL-FR and (c) BET.

an equilibrium time, k1 (/min) and kH (g/mg.min) represents the equilibrium adsorption capacity of 13.165 mg/g and adsorption rate
adsorption rate constant for LN-PFOK and LN-PSOK, respectively. of 0.025 g/mg.min.
An optimization method of Levenberg-Marquardt [36,37] was
applied to minimize the sum of the squared (SSE) between the 3.5. Cu(II) adsorption isotherm
experimental data and model. As the result, the plots of LN-PFOK
and LN-PSOK were shown in Fig. 6(a) and 6(b), respectively. The Three non-linear Langmuir, Freundlich and BET models [38]
average SSE Cu(II) adsorption on the adsorbents for LN-PFOK and were used for Cu(II) adsorption isotherm study, which can be
LN-PSOK was obtained to be 3.359 and 2.222, respectively with expressed as Eq. (3), (4) and (5), respectively:
the average R2 determined was 0.976 and 0.9825, respectively.
qm K L C e
Therefore, the LN-PSOK model were best fitted to the experimental qe ¼ ð3Þ
1 þ K LCe
data of Cu(II) adsorption on the adsorbents to with a maximum

S404
A. Muslim, Abubakar, P. Nurul Alam et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 63 (2022) S400–S405

Table 2
Adsorption isotherms based on LN-LM, NL-FR and BET.

Activator NaOH (M)

0 0.1 0.2 Avrg.
LN-LM SSE 1.777 0.634 0.739 1.050
R2 0.990 0.996 0.998 0.995
KL 0.259 0.094 0.133
Qm 9.477 14.358 12.720
NL-FR SSE 3.038 1.776 2.416 2.410
R2 0.972 0.991 0.986 0.983
KF 3.006 2.598 3.006
n 3.150 2.666 3.150
BET SSE 8.274 3.343 4.126 5.248
R2 0.929 10.493 0.975 4.132
qs 4.820 6.497 8.078
CBET 59.544 6.497 12.695

qe ¼ K F C 1=n
e ð4Þ References

qs C BET C e
qe ¼ h
i ð5Þ
ðC s
C e Þ 1 þ ðC BET
1Þ Ce
Cs
where Cs and Ce (mg/L) represents the Cu(II) concentration at satu-
ration and equilibrium time, respectively, qm and qs (mg/g) is the
adsorption capacity based non-linear Langmuir model (LN-LM)
mono-layer and non-linear BET (NL-BET), KL (L/mg) is the LN-LM
constant, KF (L/mg) denotes as the non-linear Freundlich model
(NL-FR) constant, 1/n is the adsorption intensity, CBET is the BET
total pores volume (L/mg). An optimization method of Levenberg-
Marquardt [36,37] was also taken into account to minimize the
sum of the squared (SSE) between the experimental data and
model. The non-linear plots and parameters were shown in Fig. 7
and Table 2.
The results showed in Table 2 confirmed that Cu(II) adsorption
was favorable by non-linear model of Langmuir with the average
SSE being 1.049 and R2 being 0.995. The maximum mono-layer
adsorption capacity of was obtained of 14.358 mg/g with the LN-
LM constant of 0.094 L/mg, which referred to the SCA 0.1 M NaOH.
It also indicated that chemisorption took place dominantly on the
adsorbent [38,39].
4. Conclusions
This study proposed silicified coal adsorbents without and with
activation using NaOH. XRD, INAA FUS-ICP, XRF and SEM results of
adsorbent indicated that adsorbent has amorphous SiO2 of mineral
type with SiO2 composition of 67.11–78.80 wt%. The effect of con-
tact time, initial Cu(II) concentration in the aqueous solution, and
activator NaOH concentration were clearly shown to obtained
the optimum condition of adsorption. Activation silicified coal
adsorbents using 0.1 M NaOH was selected as the best adsorbent
with the maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity of
13.165 mg/g and adsorption rate of 0.025 g/mg.min based on
non-linear model of Langmuir. The LN-PSOK model were best fitted
to the experimental data of Cu(II) adsorption on the adsorbents to
with a maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity of 13.165 mg/g
and adsorption rate of 0.025 g/mg.min.
[1] M. Iqbal, N. Iqbal, A.B. Ijaz, N. Ahmad, M. Zahid, Ecol. Eng. 88 (2016) 265–275.
[4] B.S. Biswajit, and S.K. Das, S.K., Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 107 (2013) 97–
106.
[5] S. Milićević, M. Vlahović, M. Kragović, S. Martinović, V. Milošević, J. Jovanović,
M. Stojmenović, Minerals 10 (2020) 753–765.
[6] T. Theophanides, J. Anastassopoulou, Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 42 (2002) 57–
64.
[7] L.K. Carl, J.M. Harry, M.W. Elizabeth, A Review: The Impact of Copper on
Human Health, International Copper Association Ltd,New York, 2003.
[8] J.M. Tobin, J.C. Roux, Water Res. 32 (1998) 1407–1416.
[9] USEPA, Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems:
Lead and Copper Rule, 2008. https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/lead-and-
copper-rule.
[10] F. Fu, Q. Wang, J. Environ. Manage. 92 (2011) 407–418.
[11] L. Dimple, Int. J. Environ. Res. Develop. 4 (2014) 41–48.
[12] T.A.G. Kurniawan, Y.S. Chan, W. Lo, S. Babel, Sci. Total Environ. 366 (2006) 409–
426.
[13] L.M. Zacaroni, Z.M. Magriotis, M. das Graças Cardoso, W.D. Santiago, J.G.
Mendonça, S.S Vieira, D.L Nelson, Food Control, 47 (2015) 536–544.
[14] I. Chaari, E. Fakhfakh, S. Chakroun, J. Bouzid, N. Boujelben, M. Feki, F. Rocha, F.
Jamoussi, J. Hazard. Mater. 156 (2008) 545–551.
[15] D. Ouyang, Y. Zhuo, L. Hu, Q. Zeng, Y. Hu, Z. He, Minerals. 9 (2019) 291–298.
[16] H.J. Choi, S.W. Yu, K.H. Kim, J. Taiwan Inst. Che. Eng. 63 (2016) 482–489.
[17] J.J. Stevenson, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 52 (Jan. -
Apr., 1913) 31–162.
[18] B. Rahmad, G. Prasetya, Sugeng, Ediyanto, M.O.B. Nugroho, I.P. Hatty, Hariyadi,
GEP. 9 (2021) 192–208.
[19] T.H. Liou, P.Y. Wang, Y.H. Liou, BioRes. 11 (2016) 6110–6124.
[20] A. Muslim, J. Eng. Sci. Technol. 12 (2017) 280–295.
[21] A. Muslim, Ellysa, S.D. Said, JESTEC, 49 (2017) 472–490.
[22] S.D. Said, A. Muslim, J. Korean Chem. Soc. 62 (2018) 79–86.
[23] A. Muslim, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 36 (2017) 115–127.
[24] D.E. Vázquez-Valerdi, J.A. Luna-López, J. Carrillo-López, G. García-Salgado, A.
Benítez-Lara, N.D. Espinosa-Torres, Nanoscale Res Lett. 9 (2014) 1–8.
[25] M. Visa, N. Popa, J. Membra. Sci. Technol. 5 (2015) 1–8.
[26] R. Al-Oweini, H. El-Rassy, J. Mol. Struct. 919 (2009) 140–145.
[27] A. Widayat, K, Anggayana, T. Indriati, A. Al Hakim, M. Dwiantoro, M. Furqany,
M. Rifaldi, Indones. J. Geosci. 9 (2022) 27–43.
[28] D.R. Eddy, F.N. Puri, A.R. Noviyanti, Procedia Chem. 17 (2015) 55–58.
[29] K.K. Wong, C.K. Lee, K.S. Low, M.J. Haron, Chemosphere. 50 (2003) 23–28.
[30] A.A. Mengistie, R.T. Siva, R.A.V. Prasada, M. Singanan, Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop.
22 (2008) 349–360.
[31] S. Sarah, Adisalamun, Darmadi, S. Kamaruzzaman, A. Muslim, Saiful, AIJST, 10
(2021) 27–37.
[32] D. Ramadhan, A. Mahidin, S. Muslim, N.A. Aprilia, M.M. Saiful, J. Adv. Res. Fluid
Mech Therm. Sci. 71 (2020) 28–38.
[33] M. Hubbe, S. Azizian, S. Douven, BioResources 14 (2019) 7582–7626.
[34] S. Lagergren, Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 24 (1989) 1–39.
[35] Y.S. Ho, D.A.J. Wase, C.F. Forster, Environ. Technol. 17 (1996) 71–77.
[36] A. Muslim, Int. J. Simul. Model. 35 (2015) 1–6.
[37] A. Muslim, IREMOS 156 (2016) 200–207.
[38] K.Y. Foo, B.H. Hameed, Chem. Eng. J. 156 (2010) 2–10.
[39] N. Rajamohan, M. Rajasimman, R. Rajeshkannan, B. Sivaprakash, J. Eng. Sci.
Tech. 8 (2013) 778–792.

Declaration of Competing Interest

Further reading
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
[2] F. Sardella, M. Gimenez, C. Navas, C. Morandi, C. Deiana, K. Sapag, J. Environ.
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared Chem. Eng. 3 (2015) (2015) 253–260.
to influence the work reported in this paper. [3] H. Dieter, J. Aquat. Chem. Biol. 3 (2011) 377–415.

S405