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    23 views25 pages

    Solved Problems - Fluid Flow - Kinematics of Fluid Motion

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    Debye101
    Solved Fluid Flow 7

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    CHAPTER 7 Kinematics of Fluid Motion 1 12 13 1A 18 132 ‘A nozzle with base diameter 75-mm and a 35-mm-diameter tip discharges 12 L/s of fluid. Derive an expression for fluid velocity along the nozzle’s axis. Measure distance x along the axis from the plane of the larger diameter. I Let L= length of nozzle and D = diameter of nozzle at any point. D = fp ~ (iia — i)(/L) = 0.075 — 0.040x/L, v = Q/A = 0.012/[2(0.075 — 0.040x/L)*/4] = 1.528/(0.70 — 0.40x/L)*. Note: x and L in millimeters gives vin m/s. What angle « of jet is required to reach the roof of the building in Fig. 7-1 with minimum jet velocity vo at the nozzle? What is the value of vo? 4H dyldP=~-g, dyldt=-gttc,. At asin aw, y = —gf"/2+ tupsina +c. At t= L/(v9cos a). , dy /de = vp sin a. Therefore, ¢; = vo sin a, and dy/dt = —gt + , ¥ = 0. Therefore co=0, and y = ~gt*/2 + tuosin a, L = tv9c0s a, H=—g[L/(vocos «)]'/2 + [L/(vocos @)|(vosin «) @ Let F = gL?/(2v3). Then, from Eq, (1), F = (cos @)(L sin a — H cos a) = L 00s a sin a ~ H cos* a. Find maximum F for minimum vo. AF [dec = L(cos? a — sin? a) + 2H sin «cos @=0 — 2H/L = ~(cos" a — sin? @)/(sin «cos a) = (Q)(28)/24=-2eot2a a= 69.7° Substituting into Eq. (1), 28 = ~(9.807){24/(vo cos 69.7°)P/2 + [24/(v9 608 69.7°)](vo sin 69.7°), Uo = 25.2 m/s. | | 2eot 2a “(224ml Fig. 7-1 Given the velocity field, V(x, y, z, t) = (xy? + i+ (22 +8)j + 18k m/s, with x, y, z in meters and tin seconds. Calculate V(9, -2, 1, 4). What is the magnitude of this velocity? ' V=[(5))(—2Y + Ai + [(2)(1) + 8]j + 18k = 1844+ 10j + 18k m/s IV = Viga+ 10+ 18 = 185 m/s Note: Boldface letters are used herein and hereafter to denote vectors. ‘The velocity components in a flow of fluid are specified as u, = 4xt + yz + 14m/s, v, =2xy?+? +y m/s, and uv, =3-+ 2ty m/s, where x, y, and z are given in meters and ¢ in seconds. What is the velocity vector at (2,4, 3) m at time ¢= 4s? What is the magnitude of this vector at this point and time? i V=[(4(2)4) + (4°) + 141i + [(2)(2)(4)? + 4 + 415 + [3 + (2)(4)(4) I = 941 + 84) + 35K m/s IV] = VOa"+ 84+ 35? = 131 m/s Given the velocity field V = (Sx)i-+ (15y + 11)j + (194)k m/s, determine the path of a particle which is at (4,6,2) mat time 1=3s. 16 1 KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION 2 133 ' Up = de/dt = 5x @ u,=dy/dt= Sy +11 @ v.= dz/dt = 197 @) |, = 4, Hence, In 4 = (5)(3) +c4, ¢ = -13.6. Inx=5t~ 13.6 @ t, In (Sy + 11) = 15t +>. Ate=3, y = 6. Hence, In [(15)(6) + 11] = (15)(3) +e, From (1), de/x=Sdt, Inx =St+e,. Att= From (2), dy/(15y + 11) 40.4. In (ASy + 11) = 15 — 40.4 oy From (3), dz = 194" dt, 2 = 19F/3+ cs. Att =3, z=2, Hence, 2=(19)(3)"/3 + cs, 2=198/3- 169 o ‘Add Eqs. (4) and (5) to get Inx +1n (1Sy + 11) =20¢ - 54.0 ” Solve for tin Eq. (6): t = [(z + 169)(%)]". Substitute this value of t into Eq. (7): In x + In (1Sy + 11) = 20{(z + 169)(%)}"” = 54.0, In [(x)(ASy + 11)} = 10.81(z + 169)" — 54.0. ‘An incompressible ideal fluid flows at 0.5 cfs through a circular pipe into a conically converging nozzle, as shown in Fig. 7-2. Determine the average velocity of flow at sections A and B. I Asa first step, an approximate flow net is sketched to provide a general picture of the flow. Since this is an axially symmetric fiow, the net is not a true two-dimensional flow net. At section A, the streamlines are parallel; hence, the area at right angles to the velocity vectors is a circle, Thus, v4 = Q/A.=0.5/{(a)()"/4] = 1.43 ft/s. At section B, however, the area at right angles to the streamlines is not clearly defined; itis a curved, dish-shaped section. As a rough approximation, it might be assumed to be the portion of the surface of a sphere of radius 2.0 in that is intersected by a circle of diameter 2.82 in. Up = Q/An = Q/(2arh) = 0.5/{(2)(#)(4)(0.59/12)] = 9.71 ft/s. Fig. 7-2 Water flows at 6 gal/min through a small circular hole in the bottom of a large tank. Assuming the water in the tank approaches the hole radially, find the velocity in the tank at 2, 4, and 8 in from the hole. IF The area through which flow occurs is a hemispherical surface, with A = 217°, Q = 6/{(7.48)(60)] = 0.01337 ft'/s, v= Q/A. At Zin from the hole, v = 0.01337/{(2)()(4)') = 0.0766 ft/s. At 4in from the hole, .01337/{(2)(2)(i5)"] = 0.0192 ft/s. At 8 in from the hole, v = 0.01337/{(2)(2)(1)"] = 0.00479 ft/s. 134 0 CHAPTER 7 18 19 7.10 TAL Given the eulerian velocity-vector field V(x, y, z, t) = 3+ x2) + ty%&, find the acceleration of a particle. i = vax wat’ av av Wv. yuk ata #. Git y*k) + BGS) + (2)2E7K) + (O*)GH) = 31+ Gre + try?) + (y? + Dxyzt)ke If Vis valid everywhere as given, this acceleration applies to all positions and times within the flow field. Flow through a converging nozzle can be approximated by a one-dimensional velocity distribution u = u(x). For the nozzle shown in Fig. 7-3, assume the velocity varies linearly from u = vp at the entrance to u = 3vp at the exit: u(x) = vo(1 + 2x/L); du/9x = 2ve/L. (a) Compute the acceleration du/dt as a general function of x, and (6) evaluate du/dt at the entrance and exit if vo = 10 ft/s and L=1ft. ou, au au ~oo[o(s+B)] 2040-2) (b) At the eftrance, where x = 0, du/dt = [(2)(10)°(1)]{1 + (2)(0)/(1)] = 200 f/s*. At the exit, where x = 1 ft, dude = ((2)(10)°(A)]{1 + (2)(1)/(1)] = 600 ft/s". awHa0 unv(it fun y e xeL x20 Fig. 7-3, A two-dimensional velocity field is given by u =2y?, v=3x, w=0. At (x, y, z)=(1, 2, 0), compute the (a) velocity, (6) local acceleration, and (c) convective acceleration. 1@ VaHQV)1 +11 = 443) ev ) a © Fn Get ge tS ZEA 0+ IO) + BH)Y) + (00) = 1247 dv au av av ou Stage TUS, tm Se OF CIR) + (3x) + (00) = 6% 8 = (2)()Q)i+ (Q))= 241+ 245 For the velocity field described in Prob. 7.10, at (1, 2, 0) compute the (a) acceleration component parallel to the velocity vector and (6) component normal to the velocity vector. I From Prob. 7.10, V = 4i + 3j and a= 24% + 244 at (1,2, 0). (a) Tangential acceleration: B= V/V[=Si+ Ya, = am, = (24+ 24))- (S1+ Y) = 19.2 + 14.4 = 33.6 units parallel to V 112 133, 114 KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION 2 135 (&) From Fig. 7-4, the angle 6 between V and a is determined by cos 6 33.6/ (24? + 247)" = 0.98995, 0=8.13°, al sin 6 = (24? + 24*)'2(sin 8.13°) = 4.80 units normal to V. Vv = abe * 4 . yr aff ° a? uu a ig. 7-4 Is the flow with velocity field V = 2txi — Pyj + 3xzk steady or unsteady? Is it two- or three-dimensional? At the point (x, y, 2)= (2, -2, 0), compute the (a) total acceleration vector and (b) unit vector normal to the acceleration. I Flow is unsteady because time f appears explicitly. Flow is three-dimensional because u, v, w #0. Dx + (2txe)(2t) + (—Fy)(0) + (Axz)(0) = 2x + 4r°x 3 Be wee Re wee Dey + (244)(0) + (—Fy)(—F) + (3xz)(0) = —2yy + ty dw _ aw, aw, aw ow - Toate ae tay tM ge OF (NRE) + (-FyO) + xz) (x) = Gere +9872 @ Bye At point (2, -2, 0), du/dt = (2)(2) + (4)(7)(2)=4 + 87, du/de = —(2)(1)(—2) + (0*)(-2) = 4 — 244, dw/de = (2)O + )(2)70) = 0. Hence, a = (4 + 8°)i + (41 ~ 21°)§. (6) The unit vector normal to a must satisfy a-n=0=n,(4+ 81) +1,(4t — 214) +1,(0) plus n? +n} +n? =1. A special case solution is n = +k. For steady flow through a conical nozzle, the axial velocity is approximately u = Us(1- x/L)~?, where Us is the entrance velocity and L is the distance to the geometrical vertex of the cone. Compute (a) a general expression for the axial acceleration du/dt and (6) its values at the entrance and at x = 2m, if Up=4m/s and L=3m. Ho Go endton Ben Bave laff) U-2) cam(-f)fooree(-2) C2) (©) At entrance (x =0): Sea =) 1Q)4)/3}= 10.7 m/s? Atx=2m: #ea- 3 2)4)/3) = 2592 m/s? A two-dimensional velocity field is given by V = (x? ~ 2y? +2x)i— (xy + y)j. Atx =2 and y =2, compute the (@) accelerations a, and a,, (b) velocity component in the direction @ = 32°, and (¢) directions of maximum acceleration and maximum velocity. ou au ou au By ae gy ee wots (t= 2y? 42)+(-3xy -y(—4y) +0 i Huet US tw 5m 04 (4? — 297 + 2e)(Qx + 2) + (—3xy —y)-Ay) 196 0 CHAPTER 7 115 7.16 1A7 Baan Sa uZ a vR ew Z a 04 (IP 42H) + (Bry -y(-3e-) +0 @ 4, = [2 — (2)(2)? + (2)C2VIE2)(2) + 21 + [(—3)(2)(2) ~ 2-42] = 112 2y = [2° = (2)(2)? + 22-32] + [(—3)(2)2) — 21-392) — 1] = 98 ) sq = V+ see V= [2 = 22) + QZI- [B)2)Q) + 2j = Ol 14) May = 0.8481+0.530j Uae = (Oi — 14))(0.848i + 0.530) = —7.42 (©) Direction of a: a = arctan (98/112) = arctan 0.87500 = 41.2°. Direction of V (direction of —}): 6 = —9". ‘The velocity field in the neighborhood of a stagnation point is given by u = Upx/L, v= —Usy/L, w =0. (a) Show that the acceleration vector is purely radial. (6) If L = 3t, what is the magnitude of U, if the total acceleration at (x, y) = (L, L) is 29 ft/s"? L L 1 98 Hy By 4 (42)(4) 4040-8 Gr Gta yt” @ a=ai+aj Oy (L, L U3/L?)(xi + yj) = (U3/L?)(x). (Hence, purely r: (UG/L*) |Lit Li] = Usy2/L. If L =3 ft and | ial.) . 9 ft/s*, 29 = U3V3/3, Uo=7.84 ft/s. A particle moves around the circular path x + y?=9 m? at a uniform speed of 4 m/s. Express the u and v ‘components as functions of time, assuming 6 =0 at t= 0. See Fig. 7-5. t u=u,cos@—u,sin@=—4sin@ m/s v=v,sin@ + v9cosO= +4005 m/s But vp =r6, 4= 30, 0 = 41; hence u = —4sin $r and v = +4 008 $1. uyet ye ° o U,z0 u Fig. 7-5 A perfect fluid flows from the bottom of a large tank through a small hole at the rate Q = 0.9L/s. If the fluid flows radially toward the hole with the same volume flow across every section, compute the convective acceleration at points 100 mm and 200 mm from the hole. I Consider the radial velocity (v,): v, = ~Q/A, = ~Q/ (27?) (A, is the area of a hemisphere). 2 iar Atr=0.100m, a, = ~(0.9 x 10°*/[(2)(2)7(0.100)') ~0.0041/32 = —0.000128 m/s", or —0.128 mm/s". 0.0041 m/s?, or —4.1 mm/s?. At r = 0.200 m, a, = 118 19 120 121 KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION 0 137 Given the velocity field V(x, y, z, t) = 10x%i- 20yxj + 100rk, determine the velocity and acceleration of a Particle at position x = 1m, y=2m,z=5Sm,ands=0.1s, ' V= (10)(1)54— (20)(2)(1)j + (100)(0.1)k = 104 — 40§ + 10% m/s wv wv ave av a(x, y, sna F i (ghee ge) a= 100k + {(10x7)(20xi — 20y§) + (—20yx)(—20x4) + (1001)(0)] = 2004 + (—200x7y + 400yx7)j + 100k At position x = 1m, y =2m, z = 5m, and t=0.1s, a= (200)(1)% + [(—200)(1)°(2) + (400)(2)(1)"]j + 100k = ‘2001 + 400 + 100k m/s?, If the flow in Fig. 7-2 is steady at 0.50 cfs, find the acceleration in the flow at sections A and B. I Since the flow at section A is uniform and also steady, a, = 0. vv, vv av, av, av ae Teta thay we OtU TT +S Onn Hus For point B on the axis of the pipe at section B, v = 0; hence, The effective area through which the flow is occurring in the converging section of the nozzle may be expressed approximately as A = 2athr, where h = r(1 - cos 45°) =0.293r and r is the distance from point C. Thus A= (2)(0.293r’) = 1.847, and the velocity in the converging nozzle (assuming the streamlines flow radially toward C) may be expressed approximately as v = Q/A = 0.50/(1.847). At section B, r = 2in = 0.167 v= 0.50/[(1.84)(0.167)"] = 9.744 fps. nv ae 2] = Om (1.84)(0.167°) A two-dimensional flow field is given by u = 2y, v =x. Sketch the flow field. Derive a general expression for the velocity and acceleration (x and y are in units of length L; u and v are in units of L/T). Find the acceleration in the flow field at point A (x = 3.5, y = 1.2). I The flow field is sketched in Fig. 7-6. Velocity components u and v are plotted to scale, and streamlines are sketched tangentially to the resultant velocity vectors. This gives a general picture of the flow field. ou, ou av, ou PUTO +xarx a aus rud = (47+ 4y)* Gade LOLIT* (a), =2y =2.AL|T? 4 = [Cale + (aa)g]'? = [(7-0)? + (2.4)? = 7.4L /T? To get a rough check on the acceleration imagine a velocity vector at point A. This vector would have a ‘magnitude approximately midway between that of the adjoining vectors, or V,~ 4L/T. The radius of curvature of the sketched streamline at A is roughly 3L. Thus (a,), ~47/3~5.3L/T*. The tangential acceleration of the particle at A may be approximated by noting that the velocity along the streamline increases from about 3.2L/T, where it crosses the x axis, to about 8L/T at B. The distance along the streamline between these two points is roughly 4L. Hence a very approximate value of the tangential acceleration at A is av 8 — 3.2) (evn P4 116.7 fps/ft ap = we (9.744)(116.7) = 1137 ft/2 (u? + v3)! = (dy? +27)! 2y(1) +.x(0) =2y (a2 + a3)" = 48/7? Vector diagrams of these roughly computed normal and tangential acceleration components are plotted (Fig. 7-66) for comparison with the true acceleration as given by the analytic expressions (Fig. 7-6c). ‘The velocity along a streamline coincident with the x axis is u = 9+ x", What is the convective acceleration at x= 3.2? Specify units in terms of L and T. Assuming the fiuid is incompressible, is the flow converging or diverging? ras at ax Yay az 138 0 CHAPTER 7 12 123 Flow field hone r-! Fig. 7-6(a) Fig. 7-6(0) “E> Fig. 7-640) 2a o+2(S) =a Beye 3.2, a, = (3)(3.2)- + (4)G.2)"!? = L61L/T*. For incompressible flow, the flow is converging, A large hemispherical vat has a small taphole centered on its lowest point. Ideal liquid drains through the hole according to Q = 11 —0.5t, where @ is in cubic feet per second and t is in seconds. Find the total acceleration at a point 3 ft from the center of the hole at t= 16s. Assume that liquid approaches the center of the hole radialy. I v=Q/A. The area through which flow occurs is a hemispherical surface, so v = (11 - 0.51)/(2277). S0]-28 Atr=3ftand f= 165, dou = {[11 ~ (0-5)(16))/2)(2) GB) H-[11 ~ (0.5)A6)1/1) GYD) - 0.5/12)(#)3)'1= 0.0107 ft/s*. a ao, (une 9.50) -ai-' Under what conditions does the velocity field V = (a,x + biy + ¢1z)i+ (aax + bay + c2z)§ + (asx + bsy + c52)h, where a,, a2, etc. = constant, represent an incompressible flow which conserves mass? a a a Feet buy Heaz) +S (ask + bay Here) +5 (ane tbsy + es2) 20 KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION J 139 ora, + bz +c=0. At least two of the constants a,, b2, and cs must have opposite signs. Continuity imposes no restrictions whatever on the constants b,, c1, @2, C2, as, and bs, which do not contribute to a mass increase or decrease of a differential element. 124 Anincompressible velocity field is given by u = a(x? — y*), v unknown, w = b, where a and b are constants. ‘What must the form of the velocity component v be? 1 Mag This is integrated partially with respect to y: v(x, y, z, t) = ~2axy +f (xz, £). This is the only possible form for 1 that satisfies the incompressible continuity equation. The function of integration f is entirely arbitrary since it vanishes when v is differentiated with respect to y. 7128 An incompressible flow field has u = xz’ and w = xe"? (dimensional factors omitted). What form does continuity imply for the velocity component v? ' v=—2y + fle, 2) 726 A two-dimensional incompressible velocity field has u = K(1—- e~), for x= L and 0 0 everywhere in the shear layer. (®) Near the wall, w= f(x), 9u/dy = ~3u/9x = — f'(x); therefore, Ey) (parabolic) (©) Aty=5(2), du/dx ~0; therefore 3v/y =0, and v = maximum. Layer thietnes 8¢2) + Fig. 78 ‘The axial velocity field for fully developed laminar flow in a pipe is U, = Upaa(1 — r7/R?) and there is no switl, vp =0. Determine the radial velocity field v,(r, z) from the incompressible relation if uma is constant and v, R. (denotes radial distance from the pipe’s center; R denotes the pipe’s radius.) tZeriZinrBeo 12m toro=0 Zijs0 v,=fes if v,(R) =0 for all 8, z, v, ‘An incompressible flow field has the cylindrical components vp = Cr, v, = K(R?—), v, =0, where C and K are constants and r = R, z= L. Does this flow a continuity? What might it represent physically? ' 22 uy +4 Zu) ae OO) 2H Sas 2 ike A= 0+0+0=0 (satisfies continuity) This flow represents pressure-driven, laminar, steady flow in a rotating tube (fully developed). An incompressible flow in polar coordinates is given by v, = K cos 0(1 — b/r?), ve = ~K sin 0(1 + b/r?). Does this field satisfy a For consistency, what should the dimensions of the constants K and b be? 5 2 12 [pxcosa(i—4)] +22 [-nsino(1+2)] 40-0 ?) Zinn +t Zt 2 2 Kecos (1 +3) -2 Kos oft + 0=0 (satisfies continuity) Dimensions of constants: {K} = {L/T}, {6} = {L?}. ‘The x component of velocity is u =x? + 2* +6, and the y component is v= y+ 2‘ Find the simplest z component of velocity that satisfies continuity. ' ou, u_, aw 2432p Mag Me _aQtayy = 32(2? Rta tan) HAO Ses ty) we az by) 142 0 CHAPTER 7 7.39 Is the continuity equation for steady, incompressible flow satisfied if the following velocity components are involved? " wad may +27 ay ty? w=-2y-yzr+y? i 244 20, oe (ax —y)+(—4x+2y)+(-y)=0 (satisfies continuity) ox ay Oz 7.40 For steady, incompressible flow, are the following values of u and v possible? Gundry +y%, v=Gry +3e (by U2? +y', v= dey 1 eameune’) oe By | Oz (a) 4y +6r+0#0 (Flows not possible.) (6) 4x-4x+0=0 — (Flowis possible.) 7A Determine whether the velocity field V = 314 + xzj + 1y*k is incompressible, irrotational, both, or neither. I The divergence of this velocity field is a a 8 iy? V-V= 5G) +5 02)+5 0) =0 ‘Therefore, this velocity field is incompressible. The curl of this velocity field is ijk a3 a Vxve SS | Tey ait ak ox yy? ‘This is not zero; hence, the flow field is rotational, not irrotational. 7.4% Ifa velocity potential exists for the velocity field u = a(x? y?), v= —2axy, w =0, find it and plot it. I Since w =, the curl of V has only one (2) component, and we must show that itis zero. a 8 ea - (WX). SE ae 2) 5 a= Day + Day =O checks ‘The flow is indeed irrotational. A potential exists. To find p(x, y), set ( ab. va See tary @ Integrate (1) 2 =F - ay 4/0) 6 Differentiate (3) and compare with (2) $t--20y +°0) “ Therefore f’ =0, or f = constant. The velocity potential is @ = ax?/3 ~ axy? + C. Letting C =0, we can plot the ¢ lines as shown in Fig. 7-9. 743 Given the velocity field V = 13x"yi + 18(yz +x)j + 15k, find the angular velocity vector of a fluid particle at (2,3,4) m, ' 093 (% 2%) = 4(0- 1) = -5y a: o, 3 (Se-S) =108- 137) =9- 6.50" w= ~9yi +0) + (9-6.5x7)k At point (2, 3, 4) m, «= (—9)(3)i + [9 (6.5)(2)"]k = -271- 17k rad/s. 14 148 146 ry 148 KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION J 143 Fig. 7-9 Given the velocity field V = 6x?yi — (4x — 42)j + 1227 m/s, compute the angular velocity field a(x, y, 2). 1 Ci (#- -B)ay0-92-2 0, =}(H-B)-10-0-0 a( K-46) =-@+3r) Show that any velocity field V expressible as the gradient of a scalar ¢ must be an irrotational field. FF Show curl (grad ¢) =0 cut (321458438 fy) =0 (5-2 OhE@)--QhleS)-5 ho Since 3° /ay dz = 3/82 dy, etc., we see that we have proven our point provided the partial derivatives of @ are continuous. 2 -21+ 0) - (2+ 3x)k rad/s Is the following flow field irrotational or not? V = 12x°yi + 3x4] + 10k ft/s. ' err-tr=9 2% Mig he Mig az ay ox 8z ‘Therefore, the flow is irrotational. For the velocity vector V = 3ri + xzj + ty"k evaluate the volume flow and the average velocity through the square surface whose vertices are at (0, 1,0), (0, 1,2), (2s 1,2), and (2, 1, 0). See Fig. 7-10. I The surface S is shown in Fig. 7-10 and is such that m= and dA = dx dz everywhere. The velocity field is ‘V=34i + x2] + 97°k. The normal component to Sis V-m=V-j =, the y component, which equals xz. The limits on the integral for are 0 to 2 for both dx and dz. The volume flow is thus =[yaa-[ [ xz dedz = 4.0units ‘The area of the surface is (2)(2)= 4 units. Then the average velocity is Vey= Q/A = 4.0/4.0 1.0unit. At low velocities, the flow through a long circular tube has a paraboloid velocity distribution U= gar(1 — 7/R?), where R is the tube radius and uma is the maximum velocity, which occurs at the tube centerline. (a) Find a general expression for volume flow and average velocity through the tube; (b) compute the volume flow if R = 3cm and ma = 8 m/s; and (¢) compute the mass flow if p = 1000 kg/m’. 144 0 CHAPTER 7 A= dx de (2, 1,0) (0,1, 2) ray A Fig. 7-10 1 (@ The area S is the cross section of the tube, and m= 1. The normal component V- n= V-i=u, Since u varies only with r, the element dA can be taken to be the annular strip dA = 2r dr. The volume flow becomes > [uta ["sen(1— Zara Carrying out the integration over r, we obtain Q = }uim,.2R?. The average velocity is 4, = Q/A = Wasi R?/0R? = Ht. The average velocity is half the maximum, which is an accepted result for low-speed, or laminar, flow through a long tube. (6) For the given numerical values Q = 4(8)2(0.03)* = 0.0113 m*/s. (©) For the given density, assumed constant, ri = pQ = (1000)(0.0113) = 11.3 kg/s. 7.49 For low-speed (laminar) flow through a circular pipe, as shown in Fig. 7-11, the velocity distribution takes the form u = (B/u)(r3 —r*), where jis the fluid viscosity. Determine (a) the maximum velocity in terms of B, 1, and rp and (6) the mass flow rate in terms of B, j, and ry. HE @) tau: occurs when du/dr = 0. du/dr = -2Br/p=0, r =0, ttmax = Bri/ 4. o tam [oveda= ["p 24—Pyearar)=2n02 [5-2] 5 (Felt Gunner on g tL 7.50 If the fluid in Fig. 7-11 is water at 20°C and 1 atm, what is the centerline velocity Uy if the tube radius is 20 mm and the mass flow through the tube is 1.3 kg/s? # From Prob. 7.49, rit = (1 /2)tlmae(ra), 1.3 = (%)(tmas){()(0.020)7], nas ‘unrealistic. At this 1, Nk > 2000, so the flow is probably turbulent.) Uy = 2.07 m/s. (Actually, this is 7.51 A velocity field in arbitrary units is given by V = 3x%1— xyj — 6xzk. Find the volume flow Q passing through the square with corners (x, y, z)=(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), and (1, 0, 1). See Fig. 7-12. © Q=SS Wd), -: dy dz. Since w=i, V- m= u = 3x", Q =f) f3(3) dy dz =3 units. Ce KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION J 145 Fig. 7-12 | 182 For an incompressible fiuid, express the volume flow Q across the upper surface in Fig. 7-13 in terms of the inlet velocity Uy and the height 6 of the fluid region shown in the figure? 4 0- [use [ aim (Zpor- wove uo(2)-m(2)] =Uybd- wo( 2) +1]=Ujb6 - 2unb(2) = Usb (1 ~2/) = 0,363.63 Plate (width b into paper) Rig. 7-13 183 The velocity profile in water flow down a spillway is given approximately by u = (U,)(y/h)"” where y =0 denotes the bottom and the depth is (see Fig, 7-14). If Up= 1.4 m/s, k= 3 m, and the width is 17 m, how long Will it take 10° m’ of water to pass this section of the spillway? Fon fuda= [a (2) "a= yor] eam = nN) 625 ms 1=V/Q = 10°/62.5 = 1603s or 26.7 min Fig. 7-14 146 7.54 155 156 151 0 CHAPTER 7 Find the total derivative, do/dt, at x= 1 and y =3 of the density field p = 3x” ~ 4y? corresponding to the velocity field W = (x?—y? +x)i— Gry +y)j. 0 20 1, 20, yy Bigs (toy? - z t ea ae tay ae 0+ (x? — y? +. x)(9x?) — Gry + y)(—8y) +0 Atx= Landy =3, dp/dt = (7-3 + 1)(@)(] -(@)Q)G) + 31l(-8)G)] = 279 units. A frictionless, incompressible (p = p,) steady flow field is given by V = 3xyi— 2yj in arbitrary units. Neglecting gravity, calculate the pressure gradient and evaluate this gradient at (3, 1, 0). wv wv, av, al evn Fp p(use+ oF + ZZ) = pdGoari + (-273Gx— 499) +0] At (3, 1,0), Vp = pol(6)(3)(1)% + (4)(1)'S] = PoC 18i + 49). “Np Y= puoy't+ 4y'h) A temperature field T = Sxy? is associated with a velocity field given by u = 2y”, v = 3x, w =0. Compute the rate of change dT/dt at the point (x, y) = (3, 4). 1 Ey oo yO w B= yay sy’) + (x)(1Oxy) + 0= 10y*-+ 30%%y dt ae ay ae At (3,4), F_ (10) + 0)3)) = 3640 units ‘Take the velocity field u = a(x*— y*), v = —2axy, w =0 and determine under what conditions it is a solution to the Navier-Stokes momentum equation. Assuming that these conditions are met, determine the resulting pressure distribution when z is “up” (g, = 0, g, = 0, g. = —g). -2 (24+ 24424) du 2, (2+23.%)- de at Mae BF” 4) "Pa PB, ay Hl Bat By?" Bat, Pu 2, (an, 2w, Fw) _— dw Bl Stee rT PB PR. Make a direct substitution of u, v, w. (0) - 2+ w(ea ~ 2a) = 24% p62 +397) a 00) 2+ uO) 2070 +? @) o(-2)- 2+ u(0)=0 @ ‘The viscous terms vanish identically (although pis not zero). Equation (3) can be integrated partially to obtain P=— pez they) @ i.e., the pressure is hydrostatic in the z direction, which follows anyway from the fact that the flow is two- dimensional (w = 0). Now the question is: Do Eqs. (1) and (2) show that the given velocity field is a solution? ‘One way to find out is to form the mixed derivative 3p /(8x dy) from (1) and (2) separately and then compare them. Differentiate Eq. (1) with respect to y &p. 2, aay ‘4a%pxy & Now differentiate Eq. (2) with respect to x ~ Zh Zire +y)=—t0'oy 6 Since these are identical, the given velocity field is an exact solution to the Navier-Stokes equation. 158 19 10 KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION 1 147 To find the pressure distribution, substitute Eq. (4) into Eqs. (1) and (2), which will enable us to find fi(x, y) ft Beary +a) o Ba -mw pty +7) © Integrate Eq. (7) partially with respect to x fant at+27y) +40) ® Differentiate this with respect to y and compare with Eq. (8) af ay —2a*px’y + f(y) (10) ‘Comparing (8) and (10), we see they are equivalent if Fily) = -2a°py® or (11) £0) = leroy" + ey where Cis a constant. Combine Eqs. (4), (9), and (11) to give the complete expression for pressure distribution Pls, 2)=—pge—La?plet+y* +2077) +C (2) This is the desired solution. Do you recognize it? Not unless you go back to the beginning and square the velocity components: ut ut tw? V2 = aa! + y4 + ey?) (13) ‘Comparing with Eq. (12), we can rewrite the pressure distribution as P+ \pV? + pgz=C (14) ‘The sprinkler shown in Fig. 7-15 on p. 148 discharges water upward and outward from the horizontal plane so that it makes an angle of 6° with the ¢ axis when the sprinkler arm is at rest. It has a constant cross-sectional flow area of Ap and discharges q cfs starting with o =0 and t = 0. The resisting torque due to bearings and seals is the constant 7, and the moment of inertia of the rotating empty sprinkler head is J,. Determine the equation for « as a function of time. I The control volume is the cylindrical area enclosing the rotating sprinkler head. The inflow is along the axis, so that it has no moment of momentum; hence, the torque —T, due to friction is equal to the time rate of change of moment of momentum of sprinkler head and fluid within the sprinkler head plus the net efflux of moment of momentum from the control volume. Let V, = q/2Ao- -n=24 2 de _[2qre - 7 26, [spur d+ 1? [4 (V, 208 6 - wn) ‘The total derivative can be used. Simplifying gives 22.0, + ipAard)= pardV, 008 8 ~ on) ~ Te For rotation to start, pqraV, cos @ must be greater than Tj. The equation is easily integrated to find w as a function of . The final value of w is obtained by setting d»/dt = 0 in the equation. A turbine discharging 10 m”/s is to be so designed that a torque of 10000 N - mis to be exerted on an impeller turning at 200 rpm that takes all the moment of momentum out of the fluid. At the outer periphery of the impeller, r= 1 m. What must the tangential component of velocity be at this location? ' T= pQ[(rv,)2— (re,):]__ 10.000 = (1000)(10){(1)(%.)in =O] (&,)in = 1.00 m/s ‘The sprinkler of Fig. 7-16 discharges 0.01 cfs through each nozzle. Neglecting friction, find its speed of rotation. The area of each nozzle opening is 0.001 ft? I The fluid entering the sprinkler has no moment of momentum, and no torque is exerted on the system externally; hence the moment of momentum of fluid leaving must be zero. Let w be the speed of rotation; then 148 0 CHAPTER 7 7.081 Fig. 7-15 the moment of momentum leaving is pQ17,, + PQ2rs¥a in which Uy and vj are absolute velocities. Then n= Ua OF, = Q,/0.001 ~ cor, = 10— «9 and v= va ~ wr, = 10— 4. For the moment of momentum to be 2610, PQ("iVa + Fava) = 0 oF (1)(10— «) + (3)(10 — §@) = O and w = 11.54 rad/s, or 110.2 rpm. ‘The velocity profile for laminar flow between two plates, as in Fig. 7-17, is ja teny(h-y) We If the wall temperature is 7, at both walls, use the incompressible-flow energy equation to solve for the temperature distribution T(y) between the walls for steady flow. vew=0 ' patra tT y(t onntT u(y [A%y — Ahy? + (SY(v + Ci Since dT /dy = 0 at y =h/2, C aT _ (16s ee (=a) — a9" + YF] If =T, aty =Oandy =h, then C= Ty. ran OU-F* Astin ayanyy + 182 KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION 0 149 Consider a viscous, steady flow through a pipe (Fig. 7-182). The velocity profile forms a paraboloid about the pipe centerline, given as V=-C(?-D7/4) mis @ where Cis a constant. (a) What is the flow of mass through the left end of the control surface shown dashed? (6) What is the flow of kinetic energy through the left end of the control surface? Assume that the velocity profile does not change along the pipe. I In Fig. 7-18b, we have shown a cross section of the pipe. For an infinitesimal strip, we can say noting that V and dA are collinear but of opposite sense: pV - dA = p[C(r? — D?/4)]2ar dr. For the whole cross section, we have fJov-aneo[ oe 2 pmanrnel Be = 0 ‘We now tum to the flow of kinetic energy through the left end of the control surface. The kinetic energy for an element of fluid is } dmV*, This corresponds to an infinitesimal amount of an extensive property N. To get 1, the corresponding intensive property, we divide by dm to get n= @ We accordingly wish to compute ff npV-dA = ff (AV?)(pV- dA}. Employing Eq. (1) for V, and noting again that V and dA are collinear but of opposite sense, we get Jfrev-aa= tS fo(r-2 fofo(e- ar ar} kg/s @ =pCx 7 (r- OV rar= CaP Ns @ 2048 Left control surface Fig. 7-18(6) In Prob. 7.62, assume a one-dimensional model with the same mass flow. Compute the kinetic energy flow through a section of the pipe for this model. That is, compute kinetic energy flow with an average constant velocity. What is the ratio of the actual kinetic energy to the kinetic energy flow for the one-dimensional model flow? I We first compute the constant velocity at a section for the one-dimensional model. Hence, using Eq. (2) of Prob. 7.62, ~(¥,)( 222) = pCD‘x Vow @ ‘The kinetic energy flow for the one-dimensional model is then v _ 2 (€D\"/xD»\ __ pC’D'x if aha any= -3(F) 4 40x Nemis ® We now define the kinetic-energy correction factor a as the ratio of the actual flow of kinetic energy through a 150 0 CHAPTER 7 1.64 165 16 1.61 ‘cross section to the flow of kinetic energy for one-dimensional model for the same mass flow. That is, KE flow for section o KE flow for 1-D model For the case at hand, we have from Eq. (2) of this problem and Eq. (4) of Prob. 7.62 pC?D"/2048 pCxD*/4096 ‘The factor a exceeds unity, so there is an underestimation of kinetic energy flow for a one-dimensional model. 4 “The velocity field in a diffuser is u = Use", and the density field is p = poe™*"". Find the rate of change of density at x= L. dp 20, 20. ~auiry (Poe = — Pot, 1 # Sew Pm04 (oe (==) +0+0= - Mt Atx=L, ee at Gas is flowing in a long 4-in-diameter pipe from A to B. At section A the flow is 0.30Ib/s, while at the same instant at section B the flow is 0.33 Ib/s. The distance between A and B is 700 ft. Find the mean value of the time rate of change of the specific weight of the gas between sections A and B at that instant. 3 F nAwi~rAw.= (22) (volume of ection). Since G= yAv, a 0.30-0.33= (2) [(700)(=2)(:8)7/4) (2) = 0.000491 1b/fe/s An incompressible flow field is given by V = x41 — 244 —3xzk with V in meters per second and (x, y, z) in meters. If the fluid viscosity is 0.04 Pa -, evaluate the entire viscous stress tensor at the point Gy 2)=G,20. Tae he Te i THE | Ty Ty Ty Ter Ge Tee ou, av n= (Ser 2) At (x, y, z) = @, 2, 1) for p= 0.04 kg/(m - 8): ‘ 048 0-012 w=] 0 0 008} Pa 0.12 -0.08 -0.72 Given the velocity distribution u=Kx u=-Ky —w=0 o where k is constant, compute and plot the streamlines of flow, including directions, and give some possible interpretations of the pattern. I Since time does not appear explicitly in Eqs. (1), the motion is steady, so that streamlines, path lines, and streaklines will coincide. Since w =0 everywhere, the motion is two-dimensional, in the xy plane. The streamlines can be computed by substituting the expressions for u and v into je y foe we ye * we=C @ uv w VW Ke Ky Integrating, we obtain Inx = —Iny +In C, or 1.48 KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION J 151 This is the general expression for the streamlines, which are hyperbolas. The complete pattern is plotted in Fig. 7-19 by assigning various values to the constant C. The arrowheads can be determined only by returning to Eqs. (1) to ascertain the velocity component directions, assuming K is positive. For example, in the upper right quadrant (x >0, y > 0), w is positive and v is negative; hence the flow moves down and to the right, establishing the arrowheads as shown. Note that the streamline pattern is entirely independent of the constant K. It could represent the impingement of two opposing streams, or the upper half could simulate the flow of a single downward stream against a flat wall. Taken in isolation, the upper right quadrant is similar to the flow in a 90° corner. Finally note the peculiarity that the two streamlines (C =0) have opposite directions and intersect each other. This is possible only at a point where w ), which occurs at the origin in this case. Such a point of zero velocity is called a stagnation point. A velocity field is given by u = V cos 0, expression for the streamlines of this flow. (Note: dz 0 indicates that the streamlines do not vary with z.) dy _Vsin8 ad Vcd are straight and inclined at angle 6, as illustrated in Fig. 7-20. 152 0 CHAPTER 7 7.69 A two-dimensional steady velocity field is given by u = 3x*—2y?, v = —6ry. Derive the streamline pattern and sketch a few streamlines in the upper half-plane. —6xy dr = (31° —2y") dy af = 6xy dx + (Bx? — 2y°) dy F(x, y) =3x’y — 2y°/3 = const. Hence, the streamlines represent inviscid flow in three corners, as illustrated in Fig. 7-21. 7:70 A two-dimensional unsteady velocity field is given by u = x(1 + 3), v =y. Determine the one-parameter (1) family of streamlines through the point (xo, Ja)- ' ae dy dz de _de_ by uv w VV xa+3) y Integrate, holding ¢ constant. miny+C | y= ce i+3 Ify =yp at x = Xo, Yo= cx, y=[ges]eremn-o0(Z)” ‘Some streamlines of the family are sketched in Fig. 7-22. 0.4 -02 Fig. 7-22 1m mm KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION 2 153 Investigate the stream function in polar coordinates Usin 6(r - R*/r) @ where U and R are constants, a velocity and a length, respectively. Plot the streamlines. What does the flow represent? Is it a realistic solution tothe basic equations? I The streamlines are lines of constant ¥, which has units of square meters per second. Note that y/UR is dimensionless. Rewrite Eq, (1) in dimensionless form y/UR =sin 8(n —1/n) =rlR (2) Of particular interest is the special line y = 0. From Eq. (1) or (2) this occurs when (a) 8 = 0° or 180° and (0) r=R. Case (a) is the x axis and case (b) is a circle of radius R, both of which are plotted in Fig. 7-23. For any other nonzero value of wit is easiest to pick a value of r and solve for 6: __v/UR 7IR-Rir ® sin@ In general, there will be two solutions for 6 because of the symmetry about the y axis, For example take /UR=+1.0: Guessr/R | 30 | 25 | 20 | 48 | 47 | 1618 Compute @ | 2 | 28° | ae | 54° | or 0 158° 152 138 16 ue ‘This line is plotted in Fig. 7-23 and passes over the circle r= second curve for y/UR = +1.0 for small r < R below the x axis: You have to watch it, though, because there is a Guessr/R | 0618 | 06 | O05 | 04 | 03 | 02 | 4 Compute 6 | —9" a | 28 | = —12 -6 ator | 13° | masz | tei | 168° | 178° This second curve plots as a closed curve inside the circle r = R. There is a singularity of infinite velocity and indeterminate flow direction at the origin. Figure 7-23 shows the full pattern. The given stream function, Eq. (1), is an exact and classic solution to the momentum equation for frictionless flow. Outside the circle r= R it represents two-dimensional inviscid flow of a uniform stream past a circular cylinder. Inside the circle it represents a rather unrealistic trapped circulating motion of what is called a line doublet. Streamlines converge, high-velocity region v yet +H ox -1 4 4 ari atecrgn Fig. 7-23 ‘In two-dimensional, incompressible steady flow around an airfoil, the streamlines are drawn so that they are 10mm apart at a great distance from the airfoil, where the velocity is 40 m/s. What is the velocity near the airfoil, where the streamlines are 7.5 mm apart? 0.40 = (7.5/1000)(v) v= 53.3m/s 154 0 CHAPTER 7 7.73 A three-dimensional velocity distribution is given by u = —x, v =2y, w= 6 z. Find the equation of the streamline through (1, 2,3). ' eeeey, « Atx=1,y=2, 1V2=-C,, Cy= 1.414; xVy = 1.414, Vy+inc, 2Vy=- -inx 6 In(6—2)+InC, == 7.74 A two-dimensional flow can be described by u = —y/b?, v = x/a*. Verify that this is the flow of an incompressible fluid and that the ellipse x?/a? + y*/b* = 1 is a streamline. t H+ Faor0=0 (Therefore, continuity is satisfied.) a ae dy de _ my dy uovw

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