CHAPTER 3: KINEMATICS: MOTION IN A 2

𝑣𝑓 = (2 𝑚/𝑠 )(10 𝑠)
STRAIGHT LINE
𝑣𝑓 = 20 𝑚/𝑠
UNIFORM MOTION
● it is the simplest type of motion. For uniform KINEMATIC EQUATIONS:
motion, the velocity is constant, the 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡
acceleration is zero, and the
instantaneous velocity is equal to the 1 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡
average velocity. 2

● 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑡 2 2
2𝑎𝑑𝑥 = 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑜

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A truck moving at constant speed travels 40 m in 6 SAMPLE PROBLEM #1:
s. (a) What is the speed of the car? (b) How far will A bus has uniformly accelerated from rest to a
the object move in 20 s? speed of 35 m/s after traveling 90 m. What is its
Solution: What are being asked? Velocity and acceleration?
displacement. Solution: What is being asked? Acceleration of
Given values: the bus.
d = 40 m
t=6s What formula we will use? The third formula,
since we don’t have t.
Step 1: Look for the velocity of the car.
2 2
𝑣=
𝑑 2𝑎𝑑𝑥 = 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑜
𝑡
2 2
𝑉𝑓 −𝑉𝑜
40 𝑚 𝑎 = 2𝑑𝑥
𝑣= 6𝑠
2 2
(35 𝑚/𝑠) −(0 𝑚/𝑠)
𝑎 = 2(90 𝑚)
𝑣 = 6. 67 𝑚/𝑠
2 2
1,225 𝑚 /𝑠
Step 2: Look for the displacement of the car. 𝑎 = 180 𝑚

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑡
2
𝑎 = 6. 81 𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑥 = (6. 67 𝑚/𝑠)(20 𝑠)

𝑑𝑥 = 133. 4 𝑚 SAMPLE PROBLEM #2:

UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION
● A more common type of motion would be
that in which velocity is changing at a
constant rate. Since the discussion is limited
to straight-line motion, acceleration here
would mean change in speed rather than
change in direction.
𝑣𝑓− 𝑣𝑜
● 𝑎= 𝑡
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A car that is at rest starts to accelerate 2 m/s2, if it
keeps accelerating for 10 seconds, define the
velocity that the car will reach.
A racer accelerates from rest at a constant rate of
3.5 m/s2. (a) How fast will the racer be going at the
end of 7.0 s? (b) How far has the racer traveled
during this time?
Solution: What are being asked? Final velocity
and displacement of the racer.
What formula we will use? The first formula for
determining the final velocity, and second
formula for the displacement of the racer.
Step 1: Determine the final velocity of the racer.
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑉𝑓 = (0 𝑚/𝑠) + (3. 5 𝑚/𝑠 )(7 𝑠)
2

Solution: What is being asked? Final velocity of

the car. 𝑉𝑓 = 24. 5 𝑚/𝑠
a = 2 m/s2
Vo = 0 m/s; why 0 m/s? It is because the car is at
rest. Step 2: Determine the displacement of the racer.
t = 10 s
𝑣𝑓− 𝑣𝑜 2
1
𝑎= 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜 + 2
𝑎𝑡

𝑣𝑓 2
𝑎= 1 2
𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = (0 𝑚/𝑠) + 2
(3. 5 𝑚/𝑠 )(7 𝑠)

𝑣𝑓 = 𝑎𝑡
 1 2 2 ● Projectile Motion is divided into two
𝑑𝑥 = (3. 5 𝑚/𝑠 )(49 𝑠 )
2 components - horizontal component and
vertical component.
● In the horizontal component, the velocity of
𝑑𝑥 = 85. 75 𝑚
the projectile is constant.
● In the vertical component, the velocity of the
projectile is changing.
FREE FALL
● It is the motion in which air resistance is
neglected and the acceleration is constant.
CASE 1: HORIZONTAL PROJECTION
● The acceleration of a freely falling body is
Points to remember:
called acceleration due to gravity.
ax = 0
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑜 + 𝑔𝑡
ay = g
1 2 Voy = 0
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑉𝑜 + 2
𝑔𝑡 Vox = Vx
2 2
2𝑔𝑑𝑦 = 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑜 Horizontal Displacement: dx = Voxt
Vertical Displacement: dy = ½ gt2
Horizontal Velocity: Vx = Vox
Vertical Velocity: Vy = gt

SIGN CONVENTION: THROWING A BALL SAMPLE PROBLEM:

● DISPLACEMENT OF THE BALL: A baseball is hit with a horizontal speed of 30 m/s.
Distances above the origin are positive, What is its position and velocity after 4 s?
while distances below the origin are
negative. Solution: What is being asked? The horizontal and
● VELOCITIES OF THE BALL: Upward vertical displacement, and horizontal and
velocities are positive, downward velocities vertical velocity of the baseball after 4 s.
are negative.
● ACCELERATION OF THE BALL: g is Given Values:
always negative. 𝑉𝑥 = 30 𝑚/𝑠

TIME SYMMETRY 𝑡 = 4𝑠
● The time required for the object to reach
maximum height equals the time for it to
return from its maximum height to its Step 1: Determine the horizontal and vertical
starting point. displacements.

SPEED SYMMETRY 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜𝑥𝑡

● Shows that at any displacement above the
point of release, the speed of the body 𝑑𝑥 = (30 𝑚/𝑠)(4 𝑠)
during upward trip equals the speed during
the downward trip. 𝑑𝑥 = 120 𝑚

CHAPTER 4: MOTION IN 2D AND 3D 2

1
𝑑𝑦 = 2
𝑔𝑡
RELATIVE MOTION
● The velocity of an object A relative to
1 2 2
another object B is the velocity that object A 𝑑𝑦 = (− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )(4 𝑠)
2
would appear to have to an observer
moving with B. Reference frame is the 𝑑𝑦 =− 78. 4 𝑚
object you will assign where we will pretend
it is not moving.
Why 30 m/s was used as the Vox? It is because Vox
PROJECTILE MOTION = Vx, which is 30 m/s.
● It is the motion of a body thrown horizontally
or at an angle other than 90 degrees. Step 2: Determine the horizontal and vertical
● A projectile is a particle moving near the velocities.
Earth’s surface under the influence of its
weight only (directed downward). 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜𝑥
● The path of a projectile is called its
trajectory. The trajectory of a projectile is a 𝑉𝑥 = 30 𝑚/𝑠
parabola.
● In order for an object to reach its maximum
range, the object must be thrown at an 𝑉𝑦 = 𝑔𝑡
angle of 45o.
2
𝑉𝑦 = (− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )(4 𝑠)
 𝑉𝑦 = 39. 2 𝑚/𝑠
CASE 2: GENERAL PROJECTION
Points to remember:
ax = 0
ay = g
Vox = Vo cos Ɵ
Voy = Vo sin Ɵ
Horizontal Displacement: dx = Voxt
Vertical Displacement: dy = Voyt + ½ gt2
Horizontal Velocity: Vx = Vox
Vertical Velocity: Vy = Voy + gt
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
● It is the motion of an object traveling along a
circular path at a constant speed but with
changing velocity.
● The acceleration is “centripetal” because it
is always directed toward the center of
circular path.
● Tangential velocity is the linear component
of the speed of any object which is moving
along a circular path.
● In order to solve for the centripetal
acceleration, the formula will be:
𝑣
2
𝑎𝑐 = 𝑅 ● It is defined as the force transmitted through
CHAPTER 5: NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
● Inertial frame of reference is one that is
not undergoing acceleration.
● The surface of the Earth is also considered
to be an IFR because its acceleration due to
its rotation is almost negligible.
LAW OF ACCELERATION
● “When a net force acts on a body, it will be
accelerated in the direction of force. The
acceleration is directly proportional to the
force. Furthermore, the acceleration is
inversely proportional to the mass of the
body."
● 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A certain force accelerates a 3.20 kg mass by 2.40
m/s2. What would be the acceleration of 1.60 kg
mass when the same force acts on it?
LAW OF INTERACTION
● For every action force, there must be an
equal and opposite reaction force. Forces
occur in pairs.
FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS
● It shows the size and direction of all forces
acting on an object.
● The up arrow represents the normal force,
the downward arrow represents the
gravitational force, the left arrow represents
the frictional force, and the applied force is
being represented by the right arrow.
● Not all of the forces will appear in the
free-body diagram. For example, you want
to draw the free-body diagram of a
free-falling body, since the object is
free-falling, therefore, we are going to
neglect the air resistance. Thus, the only
force that you are going to trace is the
gravitational force.
APPLICATION OF NEWTON’S LAWS OF
MOTION
INCLINED PLANES
● It is a simple machine consisting of a
sloping surface, used for raising heavy
bodies.
TENSION FORCE
a rope, string or wire when pulled by forces
acting from opposite sides.
● A pulley is a wheel that carries a flexible
rope, cord, cable, chain, or belt on its rim.
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A block of mass m1 = 6.0 kg on a frictionless plane
inclined at angle 32° is connected by a cord over a
massless, frictionless pulley to a second block of
mass m2 = 4.0 kg. (a) What is the magnitude of the
parallel force? (b) What is the acceleration of the
system?
SOLUTION: What are being asked? The magnitude
of the parallel force, and the acceleration of the
whole system.
Step 1: Determine the 𝐹||.
𝐹|| = 𝑚1𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛Ɵ
Why did we choose m1? It is because we are
pertaining to the horizontal component of the first
object, which is also known as the parallel force.
2
𝐹|| = (6 𝑘𝑔)(9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )𝑠𝑖𝑛32°
 𝐹|| = 31. 19 𝑁
𝑚2𝑔− 𝑚1𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
𝑎= 𝑚1+𝑚2

Step 2: Determine the a.

a. Determine the total forces acting on the first
object at the top of the inclined plane.
𝑎=
(4 𝑘𝑔)(9.8
𝑚
2
𝑠 ( )𝑠𝑖𝑛32°
)−(6 𝑘𝑔) 9.8
𝑚
2
𝑠

● There are two forces that are acting on the 6 𝑘𝑔+4 𝑘𝑔

first object; these are the tension force,

which is at the string attached to the first 2
object, and the parallel force. 𝑎 = 0. 804 𝑚/𝑠
● Therefore:
Σ𝐹𝑥 = 𝑇 − 𝐹|| CHAPTER 6: WORK, ENERGY, AND
CONSERVATIVE FORCES
b. Determine the formula of the tension force, in
order to get the acceleration. DOT PRODUCT
● Σ𝐹𝑥 is also known as the total net force, and • The dot product of two vector quantities is
when we are going to use the law of also called scalar product.
acceleration, in order to get the net force, we • The product is a scalar quantity.
are going to use the formula • The dot product is written and defined as
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎. follows:
A • B = |A||B| cos θ
● Therefore:
Σ𝐹𝑥 = 𝑇 − 𝐹||
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Vector A has magnitude 4, vector B has magnitude
𝑚1𝑎 = 𝑇 − 𝑚1𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
7 and the angle between A and B is 50°. What is
𝑚1𝑎 + 𝑚1𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = 𝑇 the value of A•B?

SOLUTION:
c. Determine the total forces acting on the second A • B = |A||B| cos θ
object at the top of the inclined plane. A • B = |4||7| cos 50°
● There are two forces that are acting on the A • B = 18
second object; these are the tension force,
which is at the string attached to the first
object, and the weight force.
● Therefore:
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 𝑇 − 𝑊

d. Determine the formula of the tension force, in

order to get the acceleration.
● Σ𝐹𝑦 is also known as the total net force,
and when we are going to use the law of
acceleration, in order to get the net
force, we are going to use the formula
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎.
● Therefore:
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 𝑇 − 𝑊

− 𝑚2𝑎 = 𝑇 − 𝑚2𝑔

𝑚2𝑔− 𝑚2𝑎 = 𝑇

● The net force is negative, because the

direction of the force in the second
object is downwards.

e. Equate the formulas for tension force, in order

to determine the acceleration of the system.
● Since T is equal throughout the system,
so we can assume that:
𝑚1𝑎 + 𝑚1𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = 𝑚2𝑔− 𝑚2𝑎

𝑚1𝑎 + 𝑚2𝑎 = 𝑚2𝑔 − 𝑚1𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛θ

𝑎(𝑚1 + 𝑚2) = 𝑚2𝑔 − 𝑚1𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛θ