Introduction to Eurocode

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Izni Syahrizal bin Ibrahim

Forensic Engineering Centre (FEC)
School of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Email: iznisyahrizal@utm.my
Personal Webpage: http://people.utm.my/iznisyahrizal

http://civil.utm.my
 Introduction

• The structural Eurocodes are European suite of

codes for structural design, developed over twenty-
five years (Started since 1975)

• By 2010 they will have effectively replaced the

current British Standard as the primary basis for
designing buildings and Civil Engineering structures
in the UK
 Introduction

• Claimed to be the most technically advanced

structural design codes in the world.

• Eurocodes have been developed to improve the

competitiveness of the European construction
industry both within and outside the European
Union
 Introduction
• Eurocodes have been developed to improve the
competitiveness of the European construction
industry both within and outside the European
Union
• Eurocode is actually a performance code which has
more advantages over British Standard, which is a
descriptive code.
• The utilisation of the Eurocode will be beneficial in
the long term. It is a state-of-the art code and
contains many improvements which one cannot
fine in the British Standard.
 Introduction
Countries outside EC expected to
adopt Eurocode Showing keen interest:
China, India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka,
Japan, South Korea

Australia

South Africa &

Gulf countries
Have decided:
Vietnam and Singapore
 The Eurocode Family
THE EUROCODE FAMILY (58 ALL TOGETHER)
EN 1990 Eurocode Basis of structural design
EN 1991 Eurocode 1 Actions on structures
EN 1992 Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures
EN 1994 Eurocode 4 Design of composite steel and concrete structures
EN 1995 Eurocode 5 Design of timber structures
EN 1996 Eurocode 6 Design of masonry structures
EN 1997 Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design
EN 1998 Eurocode 8 Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN 1999 Eurocode 9 Design of aluminium alloy structures
The Eurocode Family – Eurocode 1
EUROCODE 1 : ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES
EN 1991-1-1 Densities, self weight and imposed loads
EN 1991-1-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire
EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads
EN 1991-1-4 Wind loads
EN 1991-1-5 Thermal loads
EN 1991-1-6 Actions during execution
EN 1991-1-7 Accidental actions
EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges
EN 1991-3 Actions induced by cranes and machinery
EN 1991-4 Silos and tanks
The Eurocode Family – Eurocode 2

EUROCODE 2 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

EN 1992-1-1 General rules and rules for buildings

EN 1992-1-2 General rules – Structural fire design

EN 1992-2 Concrete bridges – design and detailing rules

EN 1992-3 Liquid retaining and containment structures

The Eurocode Family – Eurocode 2

MAIN CODE NATIONAL

ANNEX
 Eurocode vs. British Standard

Eurocodes Title Superseded Standards

EN 1990 Basis of structural design BS 8110: Part 1- Section 2
EN 1991-1-1 Densities, self-weight and BS 6399: Part1 and BS 648
imposed loads

EN 1991-1-2 Action on structures exposed to -

fire

EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads BS 6399: Part 2

EN 1991-1-4 Wind loads BS 6399: Part 3
EN 1991-1-5 Thermal actions -
EN 1991-1-6 Actions during execution -
EN 1991-1-7 Accidental actions -
 Eurocode vs. British Standard
Eurocodes Title Superseded Standards
EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges BD 37/88

EN 1991-3 Actions induced by crane and -

machinery
EN 1991-4 Silos and tanks -
EN 1992-1-1 General rules for buildings BS 8110: Parts 1, 2 and 3
EN 1992-1-2 Fire resistance of concrete BS 8110: Part 1 Table 3.2
structures BS 8110: Part 2 Sect. 4

EN 1992-2 Bridges BS 5400: Part 4

EN 1992-3 Liquid-retaining and containment BS 8007
structures
 Eurocode vs. British Standard

• The family of Eurocodes is based on principles

rather than methods
• Format of all codes is: principles, materials,
ultimate, service, detailing
• All materials are subjected to the same limit state
regime
Eurocode vs. British Standard -
Terminology
Eurocode British Standard
Action Force or imposed displacement
Verification Check
Resistance Capacity
Execution Construction
Permanent action Dead load
Variable action Live load or imposed load
Isostatic Primary
 Eurocode Subscripts

• Eurocodes used subscripts extensively:

“Ed” = Design internal effect

e.g. NEd = Design axial force

“Rd” = Design resistance

e.g. NRd = Design resistance to axial force
 EN 1990: Eurocode
Basis of Structural Design

www.civil.utm.my
EN 1990
Contents
Section 1 General
Section 2 Requirements
Section 3 Principles of Limit State Design
Section 4 Basic Variables
Structural Analysis and Design Assisted by
Section 5
Testing

Section 6 Verification by the Partial Factor Method

Annex A1 Application for Buildings

Annex A2 Application for Bridges
Management of Structural Reliability for
Annex B
Construction Works
Basis for Partial Factor Design and Reliability
Annex C
Analysis
Annex D Design Assisted by Testing
 EN 1990
Section 2: Requirements

2.1 Basic Requirements

(1)P A structure shall be designed and executed in such a way that it will,
during its intended life, with appropriate degrees of reliability and in an
economical way:
• sustain all actions and influences likely to occur during execution and
use, and
• remain fit for use for which it is required.

(2)P A structure shall be designed to have adequate:

• structural resistance
• serviceability, and
• durability

2.3 Design Working Life
Design working Indicative design
life category working life
(years)
1 10
2 10 to 25
3 15 to 30
4 50
5 100
EN 1990
Examples
Temporary structures
Replaceable structural parts, e.g. gantry
girders, bearing
Agricultural and similar structures
Buildings structures and other common
structures
Monumental building structures, bridges,
and other civil engineering structures

2.3 Design Working Life
Design working Indicative design
life category working life
(years)
1 10
2 10 to 25
3 15 to 30
4 50
5 100
EN 1990
Examples
Temporary structures
Replaceable structural parts, e.g. gantry
girders, bearing
Agricultural and similar structures
Buildings structures and other common
structures
Monumental building structures, bridges,
and other civil engineering structures

Influences durability, e.g. cover to bars

for certain exposure 30 >> 40 mm
 EN 1990

Section 3: Principle of Limit State Design

3.2 Design Situations

Persistent: - Design situation during a period of the same order as

the design working life of the structure.
- Represents normal use

Transient: - Design situation during a period much shorter than

the design working life of the structure.
- e.g. during execution or repair
 EN 1990

Accidental: - Design situation involving exceptional conditions for

structure
- e.g. Fire, explosion, impact etc.

Seismic: - Design situation involving exceptional conditions for

structure during seismic event.
 EN 1990
3.3 Ultimate Limit States

(1)P The limit states that concern:

• the safety of people, and/or
• the safety of the structure.

Loss of equilibrium (EQU)

Internal failure or excessive structural deformation (STR)
Failure or excessive deformation of ground (GEO)
Failure caused by time dependent effects such as fatigue (FAT)
 EN 1990
3.4 Serviceability Limit States

(1)P The limit states that concern:

• the functioning of the structure or structural members
under normal use;
• the comfort of people
• the appearance of the construction works.
 EN 1990
Section 4 : Basic Variables

4.1 Actions and Environmental Influences

4.1.1 Classification of Actions

(1)P Actions shall be classified by their variations in time as

follows:

Permanent Action (G)

e.g. Self-weight of structures, fixed equipment and road surfacing,
and indirect actions caused by shrinkage and uneven settlements;
 EN 1990
Variable Action (Q)
e.g. Imposed loads on building floors, beams and roofs, wind actions
or snow loads;

Accidental Action (A)

e.g. Explosion, or impact from vehicles.
 EN 1990
For each variable actions there are four representative
values:

1. Characteristic Value (Qk) – an upper value with an

intended probability of not being exceeded or a lower
value with an intended probability of being achieved,
during some specific reference period

2. Combination Value (oQk) – value intended to take

account of a reduced probability of the simultaneous
occurrence of two or more variable actions.
 EN 1990
3. Frequent Value (1Qk) – value such that it should be
exceeded only for a short period of time and is used
primarily for the serviceability limit states and also
accidental limit state.

4. Quasi-permanent Value (2Qk) – value may be

exceeded for a considerable period of time; alternatively
it may be considered as an average loading over time. It
is used for a long term affects at the SLS and also
accidental and seismic ULS.
 EN 1990
Recommended values of  factors for buildings

Action 0 1 2

Imposed loads in buildings (see EN 1991-1-1)

Category A: domestic, residential areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category B: office areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category C: congregation areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category D: shopping areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category E: storage areas 1.0 0.9 0.8
Category F: traffic area, vehicle weight < 30 kN 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category G: traffic area, 30 kN < vehicle weight < 160 kN 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category H: roof (see EN 1991-1-1: Cl. 3.3.2) 0.7 0 0
Wind loads on buildings (see EN 1991-1-4) 0.5 0.7 0.7
Temperature (non-fire) in buildings (see EN 1991-1-5) 0.6 0.7 0.7
 EN 1990
Combination of Actions

• “Combination of action” is specifically used for the definition of the

magnitude of actions to be used when a limit state is under the influence of
different actions.

• “Load cases” is concerned with the arrangement of the variable actions to

give the most unfavourable conditions.

• Where there is only one variable actions (e.g. Imposed load) in a

combination, the magnitude of the actions can be obtained by multiplying
them by the appropriate factors.

• Where there is more than one variable actions in combination, it is

necessary to identify the leading action(Qk,1) and other accompanying
actions (Qk,i). The accompanying actions is always taken as the combination
value.
 EN 1990
6.4 Ultimate Limit State

The ultimate limit states are divided into the following categories;

EQU Loss of equilibrium of the structure

STR Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or
structural member
GEO Failure due to excessive deformation of the ground
FAT Fatigue failure of the structure or structural member
 EN 1990

For persistent and transient design situation under the STR limit state, the
Eurocode defines three possible combination as follows;
 EN 1990
Table A1.2(B): Design values of actions - Ultimate limit states for persistent
and transient design situation

Accompanying Variable
Permanent Action Leading
Combination Actions
Variable
Expression Main (if
Unfavourable Favourable Action Others
any)
Exp. (6.10) Gj,sup Gkj,sup Gj,inf Gk,j,inf Q,1Qk,1 Q,i 0,i Qk,i
Exp. (6.10a) Gj,sup Gkj,sup Gj,inf Gk,j,inf Q,1 0,1 Qk,1 Q,i 0,i Qk,i
Exp. (6.10b) Gj,sup Gkj,sup Gj,inf Gk,j,inf Q,1Qk,1 Q,i 0,i Qk,i

Notes:
1. The choice between 6.10, or 6.10a and 6.10b will be in the National Annex.
2. The  and  values may be set by the National Annex. The following values for  and  are
recommended when using 6.10, 6.10a and 6.10b.
Gj,sup = 1.35, Gj,inf = 1. 0 , Q,1 = 1.50 where unfavourable (0 where favourable)
Q,i = 1.50 where unfavourable (0 where favourable),  = 0.85
 EN 1990
Design values of actions, ultimate limit state - Persistent and transient design
situations

Permanent Action Leading Accompanying Variable Action

Combination
Variable
Expression
Action
Main (if
Unfavourable Favourable Others
any)
Exp. (6.10) 1.35Gk 1.0Gk 1.5Qk 1.50,iQk,i
Exp. (6.10a) 1.35Gk 1.0Gk 1.50,1Qk 1.50,iQk,i
Exp. (6.10b) 0.925x1.35Gk 1.0Gk 1.5Qk 1.50,iQk,i

Notes:
1. Design for either Exp.(6.10) or the less favourable of Exp. (6.10a) and (6.10b)
2. The terms favorable and unfavorable refer to the effect of the action on the design situation under consideration.
For example, if a beam, continuous over several spans, is to be designed for largest sagging bending moment it
will have to sustain any action that has the effect of increasing the bending moment will be considered
unfavorable whilst any action that reduces the bending moment will be considered to be favourable.
 EN 1990
Table A1.4 : Design values of actions - Serviceability limit states

Permanent Action, Gd Variable Action, Qd

Combination

Unfavourable Favourable Leading Others

Characteristic Gkj,sup Gk,j,inf Qk,1 0,i Qk,i

Frequent Gkj,sup Gk,j,inf 1,1 Qk,1 2,i Qk,i

Quasi-
Gkj,sup Gk,j,inf 2,1 Qk,1 2,i Qk,i
permanent
 EN 1990
Design values of actions, serviceability limit states

Permanent Action Variable Action

Combination Example of Use
Unfavourable Favourable Leading Others

Characteristic 1.0Gk 1.0Gk Qk,1 0,iQk,i

Cracking –
Frequent 1.0Gk 1.0Gk 1,1Qk,1 2,1Qk,i prestressed
concrete
Quasi-
1.0Gk 1.0Gk 2,1Qk,1 2,1Qk,i Deflection
permanent
 EN 1991: Actions on
Structures (Eurocode 1)

www.civil.utm.my
 EN 1991
EUROCODE 1 : ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES
EN 1991-1-1 Densities, self weight and imposed loads
EN 1991-1-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire
EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads
EN 1991-1-4 Wind loads
EN 1991-1-5 Thermal loads
EN 1991-1-6 Actions during execution
EN 1991-1-7 Accidental actions
EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges
EN 1991-3 Actions induced by cranes and machinery
EN 1991-4 Silos and tanks
EN 1991-1-1

CONTENTS
Section 1 General
Section 2 Classification of actions
Section 3 Design situations
Densities of construction and stored
Section 4
materials
Section 5 Self-weight of construction works
Section 6 Imposed load on buildings
Tables for nominal density of construction
Annex A materials, and nominal density and angle of
repose of stored materials
Annex B Vehicle barriers and parapets for car parks
Density of Construction Materials
Table A.1: Construction materials – concrete and mortar
Materials Density,  (kN/m3) Materials Density,  (kN/m3)
Concrete (see EN 206) Mortar
Lightweight
Density Class LC 1,0 9,0 to 10,0 1)2) Cement Mortar 19,0 to 23,0
Density Class LC 1,2 10,0 to 12,0 1)2) Gypsum Mortar 12,0 to 18,0
Density Class LC 1,4 12,0 to 14,0 1)2) Lime-cement Mortar 18,0 to 20,0
Density Class LC 1,6 14,0 to 16,0 1)2) Lime Mortar 12,0 to 18,0
Density Class LC 1,8 16,0 to 10,0 1)2)
Density Class LC 2,0 18,0 to 20,0 1)2)
Normal Weight 24,0 1)2)
Heavy Weight  1)2)
1) Increase by 1 kN/m3 for normal percentage of reinforced and prestressing steel
2) Increase by 1 kN/m3 for unhardened concrete

NOTE See Section 4

Density of Construction Materials
Table A.4: Construction materials – metals

Materials Density,  (kN/m3)

Metals
Aluminium 27,0
Brass 83,0 to 85,0
Bronze 83,0 to 85,0
Copper 87,0 to 89,0
Iron, cast 71,0 to 72,5
Iron, wrought 76,0
Lead 112,0 to 114,0
Steel 77,0 to 78,5
Zinc 71,0 to 72,0
Density of Construction Materials
Table A.7: Stored materials – building and construction
Materials Density,  (kN/m3) Angle of Repose ,  ()
Aggregates (see prEN 206)
Lightweight 9,0 to 20,0 1) 30
Normal 20,0 to 30,0 30
Heavyweight  30,0 30
Gravel and Sand, bulked 15,0 to 20,0 35
Sand 14,0 to 19,0 30
Blast Furnace Slag
Lumps 17,0 40
Granule 12,0 30
Crushed foamed 9,0 35
Brick Sand, crushed brick, broken bricks 15,0 35
Vermiculite
Exfoliate, aggregate for concrete 1,0 -
Crude 6,0 to 9,0 -
 Imposed Load
Table 6.2: Imposed load on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings
Categories for Load Areas qk (kN/m2) Qk (kN)
Category A
Floors 1,5 to 2,0 2,0 to 3,0
Stairs 2,0 to 4,0 2,0 to 4,0
Balconies 2,5 to 4,0 2,0 to 3,0
Category B 2,0 to 3,0 1,5 to 4,5
Category C
C1 2,0 to 3,0 3,0 to 4,0
C2 3,0 to 4,0 2,5 to 7,0 (4,0)
C3 3,0 to 5,0 4,0 to 7,0
C4 4,5 to 5,0 3,5 to 7,0
C5 5,0 to 7,5 3,5 to 4,5
Category D
D1 4,0 to 5,0 3,5 to 7,0 (4,0)
D2 4,0 to 5,0 3,5 to 7,0
 Imposed Load

Category of Loaded Area

A1: All usages within self-contained dwelling
A
units
Area for domestic and residential
A2: Bedrooms and dormitories
activities
A3 : Bedrooms in hotels, hospital
B B1: General use
Office area B2: At or below ground floor level
C C11: Areas with tables – dining rooms
Areas where people may C13: Areas with tables – Classrooms
congregate C22: Area with fixed seat – Assembly areas
D
D1: Areas in general retail shops
Shopping areas
EN 1992: Design of Concrete
Structures (Eurocode 2)

www.civil.utm.my
 EN 1992 (Eurocode 2)

EUROCODE 2 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

EN 1992-1-1 General rules and rules for buildings

EN 1992-1-2 General rules – Structural fire design

EN 1992-2 Concrete bridges – design and detailing rules

EN 1992-3 Liquid retaining and containment structures

EN 1992 (Eurocode 2)
Contents
Section 1 General
Section 2 Basis of Design
Section 3 Materials
Section 4 Durability and Cover to Reinforcement
Section 5 Structural Analysis
Section 6 Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
Section 7 Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
Detailing of Reinforcement & Prestressing
Section 8
Tendons – General
Section 9 Detailing of Members and Particular Rules
Section 10 Additional Rules for Precast Structures
Section 11 Lightweight Aggregated Concrete Structures
Plain and Lightly Reinforced Concrete
Section 12
Structures
 EN 1992 (Eurocode 2)

• EC2 is generally laid out to give advice on the basis

of phenomena (e.g. bending, shear etc.) rather
than by member type as in BS 8110 (e.g. beams,
slabs, columns etc.).
• Design is based on characteristic cylinder strength
not cube strength.
• EC2 does not provide derived formulae (e.g. for
bending only the details of the stress block are
expressed)
 EN 1992 (Eurocode 2)

• EC2 is generally laid out to give advice on the basis

of phenomena (e.g. bending, shear etc.) rather
than by member type as in BS 8110 (e.g. beams,
slabs, columns etc.).
• Design is based on characteristic cylinder strength
not cube strength.
• EC2 does not provide derived formulae (e.g. for
bending only the details of the stress block are
expressed)
EN 1992 (Eurocode 2)
EN 1992 (Eurocode 2)
 EN 1992 (Eurocode 2)
Table 1.4: Concrete strength classes and Modulus of Elasticity
Concrete Strength Characteristic Characteristic Cube Modulus of
Class Cylinder Strength, fck Strength, fck, cube Elasticity, Ecm
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (kN/mm2)
C20/25 20 25 30
C25/30 25 30 31
C30/37 30 37 33
C35/45 35 45 34
C40/50 40 50 35
C45/55 45 55 36
C50/55 50 55 37
C55/67 55 67 38
C60/75 60 75 39
EN 1992 (Eurocode 2)
 EN 1992 (Eurocode 2)

• Units for stress are MegaPascals, MPa

(1 MPa = 1 N/mm2)
• EC2 uses comma for a decimal point.
• One thousandth is represent by %.
• The partial safety factor for steel reinforcement is 1.15.
The characteristic yield strength is 500 MPa.
• There is no guidance on plain steel bar or mild steel
reinforcement.
 EN 1992 (Eurocode 2)

• The effects of geometric imperfection are considered

in addition to lateral loads.
• Minimum concrete cover is related to bond strength,
durability and fire resistance. There is allowance for
deviations due to variations in execution.
• Higher strengths of concrete are covered by EC 2, up to
class C90/105.
 EN 1992 (Eurocode 2)
• The “variable strut inclination” method is used for the
assessment of the shear capacity of a section.
 EN 1992 (Eurocode 2)

• Serviceability checks can still carried out using ‘deemed

to satisfy’ span-to-effective depth rules similar to BS
8110.
• The rules for determining the anchorage and lap length
are more complex than the simple tables in BS 8110.