we | ! ae . Jeanspock — j. c Se Hy Jsoropost "levee Peotvedln:/ 77 —/ is used delageam peotocolibppy> peotocoje= z ~Flanapodt lagee peoto ule & Connection _ja__undebe theee JS Mo “ne 50_ 5 no © J to efertat fansfe & i ST Gp enablas—proctd= 10> peocrss _Cormmanjcation eet oe_dva) time —_Sedvices like gaming , veice« : + | yicleo Cann unica tio no ee +] these is bo _ecdart che in _vpp a - 7h _saves hand width : - 7p _allowes to leap packets insteacl of packets. paocessing _clelayin g i 7 sf: Ge @-| Explain Upp headee feemat jn detai/ | 3 Bytes [upp Headed [upp data | an Hl | [ Souece Pot Destination poet (16-BiK) (46-bi1S) ! teage a checksux9 T |b (46-bits ) (46-bit) Fig: UDP headee feamat .=tange of poet no Jct See — post pumber o jG 2ede ~ 2Bute fond Jel ce. = Used to eleva Dodt no.of Sou Destination Ppott:- = 2 Bute Jong field. : — Used 40 sUentity Post of cestinecl peicleet. . J Length: tt is aebas Fields . =inc tang Jengih of heades cota. checkGurn:— — 2 Bute dong Field used Jee eros Conko] = Cheelesum colcujathen 16 pot yo > UDP__Ualike Tep. anclaey in >No Beeoe ¢ How conto) 18 Ptowced by ga jon. Tp packe} zi ig__paet of headed of i Gouace AcleesS { Tfeom 1p heaclec ) ot pestination Aderss + | (feom rp headed ) 1 | peotoco! [length [Geom 1p he aclee ) [Cfacr ap heeadee| Figi- Upp pseuclo headec . — gf checksum rot include pseada-herde@ 5 used clalagdam _Yway__cidcive Safe. [= —1p_beaded 16 _coteupiecl,zt_may _cletivesedl — O_o host- pee Sf canna |= peotoc jell ensuaeS thet pocket _helangs to ony [if value of peotoco) diclel changed _cluein cy _ __teangmisaion checksum ott deceived _coy// attieck ik 4 —UDp__ddops_the packet peserved hen to use UNp:- DReduce Cequidement of CGmputéa xesoueces . b) cohen Using rauldicas? oc Broadcast Jo feansfed @ IN multimedia _applicationg . f = eeQ-) UDP. _Secviers -—,the__dump_of upp headed : 035 follows i ss H BC__g2000 Dp 002 B00 tain folowing deom it -— +0) Source part nO. _b) pestinettion part _no- ola) Jength ength of clatd- jn_hezacleci= Sousce Pott humbet 15 fiest jout (Bes2) means i 18 48258 Destination post pumbea B second feud hexad digits (000D %6) , means it )O 33 - Thie foue fexaderima] cligits (002B ) detine 4egth of whole opp packeé as 43 byt length of data 35 fength °F tehole packeL yirus ‘Length of headed - = 43-2235 byt. ODP Seevices :~ GQ Fapiain ohflecen— UDP Seavices , a) | Connection Jes6 deévices :~ —=-each_usec_clatageam iS jndependont,phece —ho_eeldtionship between _clategecms « — —Datogeams ade hot purmbeded —=-Noonntchion establishment J qeominatin — eeee bt jou 4 Fedor contdo/i— = Th means Senclen claes not know if messoqe |_has been Jost o¢ clupticated . as I . — | — when 4eceived cletectS ed#od. then USC2 late 19CaM | t discacclecl » 3 eo : Encapsulation 4 Decapsulation ’- ~~ —toten — process _has_messoge _to sencl_» it passes to — ee. | Upp with socket ccleess 4 Jength o£ deta . = ~ |=then upp_xeceives_jt_f adel_opp headec 4 senclt0tp ae | then 1p_adldl ids owh hendec then seo-cl to ocean! | | Jayeo , Then it adel its Own headec 4 puss to _physicaf aie fe S| | Aoyed [— physical Jayet encooe sits into electerca] | [aendee process | fraessc ge - Say The | d igh. Encapsulation 4 pecapsulcticn . = Daytime Daytime ay wea met el = pen ones oe R aren : wey EE) US aw 1 ge Tt) &Jie _appheaton ond 5 oho! ications ‘~ aor Suppoct a pocket saitching ————— USed fer RIP- - ee ~ Used foe dealtime applications like. Laie j vide O_Commauni cat nao ee ee * = ae online ond 295 Hid [= steed amine Clerk fa ser ee aves _igene—featonl) eee a = = Dive also us een ~ Diep use ik to oh al -adeess: _list Advanteges of upp ovee TeP * a Pelvantege® tL of Yppi- ee see - “upp. j8__jastee hen ‘Tep_because it -clors . establ shing conned) __desponse lime 3) simplicity’ th has Simple @ protoco] clesign than 1p 4) Beead Cast Suppedt '~ i make_it useful fox videeabeamiea dl ontne gant — eS a oF Ss), Smalles Packet siee :- 2D. aS. Smaisec Packet size _- Yedace nico congebtn} tmpere — pecFemeC) | wo flow Coniéol :- ~~ oa 8 Itt con _Oveshelm #ereived With porksis eth thee jo <4 | Gannot handle - 4 d) Vulnecable to atiucks.- | | = cohese , | | oveeheiming perwork ¢ Causing 1 te Gash | vw + @)! limited! use Cases = i | BeHEE © Opphtatitns that ton tolese/ Some I NI mz ] r “Taansmijssion (Contte| _ peotoco) CTcp) :~ hat is Tep? =Zt_i8_ddanspodt Iayes _pactoco) ~ It is process to paocesS _peetoco | =~ Ib_is connection -osiented Péetoco] i a 2Stablish xeliable end to Cnel_pornection ote a Sac a io - ——=-88s flaw mechanism. _ lows ta send date im _haoth clidection. "aaa na Eapla __Tep___ Seevices phe sae pie ly Tep_ade g: ——__tellou. Ce Q)_| peocess~ to - Paoeess Communiceition = e = IKp_paavicles — paocess-; to -peocess— Commun ).ceetion using Patt humbe dS —=—Poat numbed js 1¢biE that__helP to oti | cabich Péacess 16_sending 4 Rectiving clata OM hea) = port pumbeas ike: — 4s i HITp-go fTP=24 conkto) , 20-FIP dada, i F-EchO , 95-smqp- —_ —$ b) | Stteam owientedl seences- Receiving _pdores__Consumas_them ending Receivin Pdowrsd Pdowess fs fa | { at Pe] : | Figt- Stteam — cletivesy., g C) | sending dy Receiving Budleas -— | g “g—B "= sending A peceivin g psocess Inay nel weed ot codite dat same _ speed! Pree ‘ Recewi Sy (__ Paoces ocese : oH a rT i ~~. ™~. ep a Sai pot MBuffec perk byle Yo Beth figi- Sending $ pecaving Butfer . coe peec! one mode step befoze we can senc! chika = Tp layed needs to Send data in packetS hot 6 Stercim of bytes . At teanspodl Jayec, Tep geoup a poof dytas togethed ynto packet Glled _Gegment. Pareigg p ce aman eel -_ _t ae 1 | | io. |al_— Segment —seqmen d np foxtstua Shi | TP | _| ReTHToa op) i at Sal a Re a ee os af A pri . ®) | Pail duplex seavice :~ a J sliocticm Cl Sgare -bime | | Cnnedion odienkd seevies- 7 has 3 proses |e) Connection establish | 2 pata tanae oohmentQ.| Fapleoimn “Tep fectuaes jn clei} = a) Warnbecing — i p_genecates eanciam no beue oto 23-4. is byleno of festhye oo aée Sending. @menk no: — 7 is nexthyte no that ~peceree except to deceive ~ Flow contto/ :~ Z —=_Seneling conteol6 _hoco much data tan be sen. | deceiving contaolg how much eta can bG ani e do this, 4o Prevent deceivec fom being edchelmed with dala =o) i || Fétog fontéo) i= Heo enna ensla segment a unit_of clita fos Cddoe detection. _ ——|= Amount_of data sen indled, onl ._Conteclted by decefyer Vhut also hee eof | by tevel Vag congestion =gy) Faplain I glate Use of © Hag CEB ea oeka soe nes Wind cu Size “peck Sum C46-bIS Slats pth LLL ff T ) [Source pool cideess i- Potl numbee segment sencling host. “pot adeess ‘— peel _numbec_of deceiving pallens ee mer ha dectiyin ae | Sequense ho pyle ‘no-of fissi bye that_is sent. __ 4-bit_ ‘indicates nant G-byte toced “Tep__headled' - : Eo 4 | Reseeved — 6 bibs Resecred dee Aituce use 3) _Wwinclow gi70:- raximum aie of wiodam i9 691535 bytt by | checksum: gece Contka/ int _pointte.- Pott fo data which 5 uegontty dequiced _ af deceives end Peo css © Qetions:— rentain ps See Le Zn hires Ae__ Acknowd ; push the — (Ot ee fot —r- : iW 5; phe_fonpectior— oe ee theo syncheonize Q. Explain fonnection phase in _cleta’) Tep oT paplnin te Rronnertion establishment BEG ——~ ee _mechanism = 3-Wwa OR TT] ipinia Dus ep_eannaction ane Estelited —— using 3 handshakes bot hoppers ———§ ____} establish Connection | _ “Tep__connection fras_9- phoses > ~ ‘q)_connection establishment t 5) Date teansfed = | c)_fonnection Teem ination. a) connection establishment i— “the sway handshake *6_ proceduce used £o estabiahy a Cnnection - : depended ___ by __onajhee Tep 4 y } teGeqears , Ack=t4 + Figi— TP Connection estab) Shment doing 3-woy handshaking u b) Data- dean ofed :- toonstee can be clone - — client 4 «eevee (an send the data d acknowledaeprenl p_hath dizections c) connection “[eem/nation!- Hosta] [Host 8 (client) | Cseevee ) Active. Fin (seg= v7 ) close Prpet Ack Cseg: Yy Acle=p ) ~ pussive close . ei PE (AICS FL 5 L v digi~ cna handshake (onnection eemination i iwa j (2NROVD eam = ei boa. ooo Fee timécut I | ms Receive SPN, ci Send Ack - I [ on 1 fpepin ‘(Buettsted) | l close eat) ~ / ms ? Send Ack | ao cles&) ns ce = 1 [Ack BS ae ST Ack )--15 Tame > | (FIN -NAIT 2 7 Time - WATT el I PrN Tim eae i _Fig'- Tep State Teansition eliageam.=e =) TF State DeSCdiPtion - close cl No Connection exists - WSTEN Passive Open deccved » waiting fe SIN BYN- SENT SYN Sent - coaiting fee Ack. SYN -RWD SYNFACK Sent ,@aiting fe ack. Established Connection established: data Panske gn peogeess PIN-NAITA fiest_frv sent Lcoaiting Fee Ack FIN - WAITS. Ack to fisst fin tetéved 5 couiting foc second fin. ‘close - wait Fiast FIN Received] , Ack sen, coating fot _applicaten to Close . Time-cocit Second FIN Received ACK Send , ee tee “dimeouk. “Last: Ack ea) Receive windows (SHIN! 5) sen i ©) fongestion Cinco (a J eee Tp > = sed in These cae 9 Tp window . a ee coindow (RNIN : ch date 18 2ECCi vee te, ackhoutey, fe, 7 feom_ee received - Ht CWIN'= gb j6 Vaeiable that change dynamite Condition of network cyl ! atceading tb the Bice of @oindoco In Tep = PEN (RNIN) CIN J “eaplain flood (ontéol in TcP - Flow Contéo] ’- _|-=Tip_use3_liding coindocd to handle flow onto). — a : Sh¢inkin Lest saat ary] —— eae mH] Feclosing ae Ginde@ |n TePp- ___ Figi= sliclingindow has 10 qwallS — % lef _ Right 5 ———— Toeindoew 45 opened, closed o¢ Sheunl yn the ccabo) of | Received 7 opening Windocd meanS moving wight wall 0 wight Fdosing ceindow meanS moving Jefe wal to aignt. J toa. : ; i | Ie Sheink pincloce _meang moving eight wa) 20 left ; I JJ i Q: | what is silly window syndeome 2 ; J —t Siti Sulit Wwin doce) Syncleome : = 7 SSS -This problem adises due 20 Pood implementation of [| rep - [~1t degeades Tep pecfemance 4make clata ansmissior |_zmefficient - . |- It _sheinkS Senclee_cvindow size to Siyry valde. Causes ‘- i), Sendet Window feansmitting one byte of clata | eepeaiedly « can be_solved ushhg [vugles @19¢eith m a) es Can be solved dy dae solution—fhdee foolgi~ a a 9) checksum 4) acknovledgement _c) timeout . a) || checkgum:- |= each segment fas checksum _fierd 10 check feet Cuccaptecl segment . ~1f_segment js cucaupted then deriaced by destinatien host ¢ Consicleee) a5 Jost - J ~Icp_tises 46-bit checksum b) | Acknowledgement :— ’ = use_it 10 @nfiem _deceipt of clater seqmens_ |= Conteo) Segments thei cacey po ch ——|___Consume _Sequense _nuwbea! dee algo acknowledged. i c) | Relsansmssion /timecud - ~ |= when segment js Cuccy p ted lost ce delayed Sere ag 3M}| ess J : —— Q. | explain Tep_congesion conte! with Slow “staat ; additive rncéease Y multicative decease phase — ; ~Tep_Uses Congestion comdow £ congeshon Pelity thal. = avoid congestion [Congestion pélicy jp TeP? — Slow) Stadt phase + — | a)| | Slots Slowly f jncceement fo theeshold i | 4 | : ae | Bl [additive Teerase :— [eongtsbon ddance Phasey. = | Allee teaching Theeshold jnceement by t 4, i } 0) | punipneedive decease: —[Corgesbon detection phase] | Sendlee goers back to Slow Sstoct Phase oe | Additive In@ease Phase ; | slow Stoel phase [= sendec_sel_fongeslion cundew s2e=Mazimum stgecn! dee (ns. 5 ) aindow sre — SGP =3 meg Receyyee « [<—prk 3 SOOO L): | Explain diffeeent Tr timed cp_uses 4 kind of timed: — a Reangsmission time b)_peesistance timed ©) keep clive timed d) time-out dimed ~ use “in_TcP_ connect on Teerminati a) | Refeansmission timed :- (—"Jep_uses _defgnismission Timeout (RTo) — times stost_cohen segment sent _4 Stop when cicknowled gement _“éeceived » t joes 4 Segment ios Pas! L éefeangmitted - b) | peesistant timed i— i —To deal With 7eco-window- sie ead/eck situagon | Tep uses peesistant timed . @)) Keep-alive Hmet!- =used do prevent long idle femection fefwoen two [eps —Timecut 3 Qhoues . =r4 client dors pet_heae feom Client in 9 hows ib _gend5 probe Segvene se eee Oe “Tf no vesponse afte 10 peobe assim frat (Kent tArann & Teeminate fonnection .fees Pa —n-connectian between ae TCP upp 4 Scrip: Ns = vpp. NO ae OOTP YWes-oneloone = F 4 if peeved Excel One. lo ar : mie Byte! __batlageam—_hyleateg i e-S{team __Dallageara___hyleabogm, = geoup In Segmenls geouped jp Chunks SS oe yes i) Relay yes aN Eee ‘yj _sequenssing ye. Me Yes. J moagest on yes NO Yes. contta cin dow-basecl wywdew-bosed Li 55 le-ceienteg) Message Plessage i) Teansi)s5)On By Rented eid | vii) He dec 20 byte ~ &hyle d2byte . [vii)_chetksum AGbitS Iebits Brbits . t r | H 1x)_conndction __manademeat Comnecton-cejenteo! Connecti onlesS_(eane clin i ctlente Gd | as lf ¥) Date de tives Sblctly cedeced Onekclece Poetialliy ; oddeerP l i H + i fe pen —= H im a oun deie 6. qut-of- edee dala. is ninec eT MRE aiae data, cluplicate data = Designed fee Intrenet _appyi cation 6 Q Frolain scrp Seevi ces OR Explain Multi -seam facility oR = Etpiam Mult-homing SCIP _- J 7 Seevices provided by Scrp: a) peecess- to — peoress Communtcedb on !~ SCP Uses call wel) known peots Some erha Pak number 5) muttisteeam Pacility te — SCP allows ynultisheard sevice jn each connecto hich ig Called associetion - ~ Tf one staecm 19 blocked , cthee Sleeam can delives thee clata . Sending, Receiving i aisle Teanspeet Asoc agen. [2 == c eed * : \ fiat Sop Mul ami ng .Siegal pes eae | oe E So "ierepeet) : (Netowk (Pa (P 5 Ga he = Tay ae 0) Z j ey NT > 1 wic Lt | C Sar Nt Figi— SCIP. roulti- homing | Dp: 2 ~| RB onneded to A Via tna zp adolersses . 1 paths (onnected theough NIC ~ opty one pale of 1p choosen aS pei I altéencttive path ig tise if primaee lai _)-geqp_does not _allace aac! Shocind) hetawen toulbiple | paths - | d) | full-cluplet_ Communjcetion | dime. 2) | fopnection-oclenteo! seevicegi— __2) fonnection establishment _b) data feonefee _ UY) connection eemination . | Rel Reliab [iyi lS ~_se5_qeknacolealgemend _ to_check_geeival of data _ :> Peatuaas cee ist Beloc. = = aay ee | sequense Aiombee (730) | “Teansrm} 5) 0n ad qasign pumbes 0 -75N_j8 used to N hunks Sig puctie hoaeen 22 ee Sa with O» Ee aes in. = tach deta chunk eed to carey 32 beq_heccled - oe Skeam Sequenge Dumbed (3s) i= : = Sup uses Ss to distinguish between cliffecenp | data thunk belonging fo same Stteam » e Packets :- : T= pata_chunkes £ (enteal chunks cee packed dagetbte Tn—packeb . | Acknowledgement fVambed:- | = Tep_arck_numhees awe byte cérented 4 aefee Jy | 8equense__humbee ce | = Scrip tek humbee Gee chunk ctienteg 4 2efee Te i) | Plow contéo/ a iy Eeeod Centra | congeshi. Contéa)2 explain Sap _ packet fernat jn detai) with feat cllagaam- Nodificativn toq checksum Type [Pag] Length Chemie inf Oermati om think 4 —- Grattiple 32-bit ) Cvaeiable Jength : ~Taenetal Heccledt. (iabyte) * fe [Type [fea [length f = hunk 1nf@ahon. } chank 1 arhirg ) [ Cvaejable n_) Figi- SCIP Packet Formal . 1) Geneea] headed :— pefines end Points of each césocjatien a] NO + : I), Souece-podt adldessi- “odeess of process sending pace . HS Deslination port caclderss i — poeE no -of process ee Parke WW) Yeeification fogi- This jdentified fe assecation y)—_checksum i-fee Pread cletection _- Ad! i> pefin as pe of chunk- hi) ag imi pedal flag that _pasticulae Chunk Ce fue flags "= tc thunk Sent hack Without del. so uf Set, Th incliccrbes — lata. ist bed Aegin'ing drag ment. rocks end > focgment = eed! ChunkSI SCrp _aasociedtion Sep cancion england me eee | [7B client Seeved — H INTT i a I ‘Fousmiaee a t iE =a 2 ake Ack A wdki VC ti ey 4 uns ou way handshake . a Steps '- QD) client sence) fieot packet cwhich hag N21 chunk - 2) || Seevee gen ke hich has corr Ark chunk- a) il client seo cl thitd packet include (ookie echo chunk Q) | scevee send fouath packet, trelud® cookse ack chunk = (ook fe '- Cookie sent mith gseconc|_packet to adee. cee __fivst packet:— a) th Sendee of fivst parket is crtlacked secver never ! f ‘ ___|____doreives thidd packet , the Cookie is lost J pa dasouere I dee _aliocatecl « b) th sendee is honest... client a 40_make_connecho [pata _teansfee ‘- = 29i=- Client ends first packet cazeying wa — ChukS Ts) Ho5d #106. = | = Chent send Second —Ppadieek _cacey ng du) ae If thunkS TSN F107 4 Hoe +hitel —_packe "chunk feom _Secved ith TSN 4124. 2 Seevee Send anothes packet coilh datg | Asgociation Lb | |< Shulcewk ———}_|- Pa S5iNe clas & ! l shurdowrrom plete =I, ] an Tne ime Figs Associaton — “Teemmation « tf _ Received site :~ = Receives has ane buttee | 3 vacldbleg BN _decelve Eaplan flow onto] ‘m_scrp- D_SeqP_, we need! 46 fondle two Units af claka “4 byte 4 chunk _-| e225 +. 5ended cilso_has one huffee 44 ciate - = = Buffee_har as —peocesses —eithee 20% heen Sn os dce_@eady to he sent. —________ : = finsl__voltiahle = dofees Lo nett thunk lobe sing. ——}-—seemel_yusatle = bnilsost_voaue tested Ly 7 t na deceived - a |S Thied Vvaclable = ho-of bytes to Je pansiky = Tam spe, 2 ss ae (eC ftomes [es [esJ[esf— Paciver|_* : 2 | | pep eum TM EF og Q-| Faplam e@coe _(ontéo] in Sc7p. Receives site Receiving queue qa eRe we I = Tas = > Te | =] L 26; 22 2p fink 313g ue | a Jc feceives SE Becce Cone Jo= Jost acknocoledgemenk was cata chunk 2. I — comdow Size 15 4000 bytes . . ‘ee —o4 to 23 deceived in oeded . q — fies out of cedec Chunks 34 26 to 2g | —getond out of cedee chunkS 31 to 3¢ . | BS Aceay holds duplicate Chanks becened’ ended site '- TL pee cls two budbes a) sending queue - b) Retiandrmissicn queue . — piso use @ vadiablas fend, Jeonsid , CucTSN . Pata feel Telfer To si c ey BaP potfat bh oe sen} ea (at _| cum Js 1 2000 [eon 4 anal ~ “pad hen tyme? c Sei eapiees ce Lheee BAY - nc} Sacks age Cecéved . | figi- Sender sie eeece conto)