Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (2015) 873e882

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Cleaner Production

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro

Educational initiatives

Bridging universities and industry through cleaner production

activities. Experiences from the Cleaner Production Center at the
University of Cienfuegos, Cuba

rrez a, *, Dunia García Lorenzo a,
Juan J. Cabello Eras a, d, Alexis Sagastume Gutie
Juan B. Cogollos Martínez , Luc Hens , Carlo Vandecasteele c
a b

a
Universidad de Cienfuegos, Carretera a Rodas kilo
metro 4, Cuatro caminos, Cienfuegos, Cuba
b
Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
c
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven, de Croylaan 46, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
d
Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 # 55 e 66, Barranquilla, Atla
ntico, Colombia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The involvement of universities is crucial to identify how Cleaner Production strategies are formed in
Received 10 June 2014 practice so that companies integrate sustainability into their strategies. This paper discusses the expe-
Received in revised form rience of establishing and operating the Cleaner Production Center at the University of Cienfuegos. From
23 November 2014
2008 to 2011, the University of Cienfuegos, the Free University of Brussels (Belgium) and the University of
Accepted 23 November 2014
Available online 2 December 2014
Leuven (Belgium) implemented a project, financially supported by the Flemish Interuniversity Council
(Belgium) allowing establishing a Cleaner Production Center at the University of Cienfuegos. This first
project was followed by a second University of Cienfuegos e University of Leuven one. So far, the
Keywords:
Universities
collaboration allowed to establish a master program on Cleaner Production that constitutes a bridge
International collaboration between the university and the production and service sector, allowing to promote and implement
Aid for development cleaner production strategies. 34 master students graduated during two graduations and a third one is
Cleaner production ongoing. Among the most important results of the master thesis were the yearly reduction of the
emission of 60 000 t/a of carbon dioxide equivalent and of the electricity consumption by 400 MWh/a at
a cement plant. Research activities on Cleaner Production were upgraded through the collaboration
resulting in several publications in peer-reviewed journals with impact factor. This type of NortheSouth
cooperation aided establishing and developing the center, by transferring expertise and experience and
by providing part of the necessary funding which is difficult to raise by developing economies. This case
study offers an interesting practice example about developing academic (training, research) values on
Cleaner Production.
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Aiming at handling long term environmental problems, the

Anthropogenic environmental impacts raised the public envi-
ronmental awareness during the last decades. Several efforts
addressed these environmental issues at the global, regional or
local scale (Dodds et al., 2012). However, turning the measures
mitigating the environmental impacts into political actions proved
difficult; among others, because stakeholders and the public in
general have only an intuitive perception and a superficial under-
standing of the environmental issues (Raivio, 2011).
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ53 43516590.

rrez).
E-mail address: asagastume@ucf.edu.cu (A. Sagastume Gutie
concept of sustainable development (SD) came at the surface of
wide attention (WCED, 1987). Sustainability necessitates the pro-
cess of SD principles in government policies. In this integration,
higher education institutions (HEIs) play a major role, as they
contributes to the education of decision-makers, entrepreneurs,
and academics (Almeida et al., 2013; Lozano, 2010; Lozano et al.,
2013; Hesselbarth and Schaltegger, 2014). Moreover, the research
and innovation of these institutions, to the extent they are devel-
oped in partnership with regional stakeholders, contribute to sus-
tainability and yield mutual benefits (Karatzoglou, 2013; Mader
et al., 2013). Some authors (Chatterton and Goddard, 2000;
Gunasekara, 2006; Peer and Stoeglehner, 2013) consider a 3rd
mission for universities, which focuses on wider and more adaptive

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.063
0959-6526/© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
874 J.J. Cabello Eras et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (2015) 873e882
Nomenclature
CPC Cleaner Production Center
CEEMA Center for Energy and Environmental Studies
CP cleaner production
EE energy efficiency
EMS environmental management system
HEI higher education institution
IUC Institutional University Cooperation
MERCOSUR southern common market (is a sub-regional market
comprising Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
and Venezuela)
NCPC National Centers for Cleaner Production
role for HEIs, and their contribution to social, cultural and envi-
ronmental development based on regional needs. This 3rd mission
requires interaction between universities and regions, contributing
to sustainable development through their technical expertise, cul-
tural mission and their leading role in the implementation of
regional sustainability plans (Arbo and Bennworth, 2007).
Cleaner production (CP) or resource efficient and cleaner pro-
duction (RECP), contributes to sustainability (Kjaerheim, 2005;
Glavic and Lukman, 2007; Bonilla et al., 2010); the concept
emerged in industrialized countries during the 1990s, as a com-
plement to end-of-pipe techniques. RECP, which builds upon CP, is
the application of preventive environmental strategies to pro-
cesses, products and services to increase efficiency and reduce risks
to humans and the environment (UNEP, 2014). RECP addresses the
three sustainability dimensions (production efficiency, environ-
mental management and human development) individually and
synergistically (UNEP, 2014). This concept is closely related to the
Circular Economy (CE), which is a sustainable development strat-
egy aiming to improve the efficiency of materials and energy use
(Su et al., 2013). CE can be implemented at the macro provincial
level while applying CP at the micro company level (Geng et al.,
2010). In general, improving resource use contributes to competi-
tiveness, profit, and to the environmental performance of a com-
pany (Strazza et al., 2011; Taylor, 2006).
In the United States HEIs pioneered the development of a na-
tional network of state pollution prevention programs and tech-
nical assistance centers, similarly in European countries HEIs
facilitate the implementation of CP in industry, particularly in small
and medium sized enterprises in the manufacturing and service
sectors (Van Berkel, 1999; Nilsson et al., 2007). The research on HEIs
in Master and PhD programs supports the implementation of CP
strategies in different sectors (Hesselbarth and Schaltegger, 2014).
Consequently, the introduction of CP strategies in the production
and service sector (PSS) can be aided by HEIs (Ashton et al., 2002;
Nilsson et al., 2007).
To achieve sufficient CP concepts and principles in industry and
in society, countries established cleaner production centers (CPCs).
UNIDOeUNEP (2004) points out that because countries face
different stages of socio-economic development, with different in-
dustry structures, socio-economic profiles, cultures and challenges
there is no universal approach to establish a CPC. What may work in
one country will not necessarily work in another one. The different
approaches to establish, operate and maintain a CP program were
described e.g. by Petek and Glavic (2000). They presented an
approach which suits transition economies in which the basic ca-
pacity level for further popularization and dissemination of CP
strategies is achieved by establishing and operating a CPC and/or a
PSS production and service sector
RECP resource efficient and cleaner production
SD sustainable development
SI South Initiatives
UCf University of Cienfuegos
UNEP United Nations Environmental Program
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UOS University Development Cooperation
VLIR Flemish Interuniversity Council
WCED World Commission on Environment and Development
WEM waste effluent management
WU water use
VEWA Association of Educative and Scientific Authors
spin-off company. The CPC operates primarily in a promotional and
research environment, while the spin-off is more typical for the
business and development environment. Whether both exist de-
pends on market conditions, the level of environmental regulation
and the general environmental awareness. The approach consists of
three phases: the initiation, the basic capacity level and the sus-
tainability phase (Petek and Glavic, 2000). This approach was used
in the collaboration between Graz University of Technology
(Austria) and the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering in
University of Maribor (Slovenia). In this case the cooperation
resulted in the transfer of CP expertise from the Technical University
of Graz to the University of Maribor and later on to industry; the
collaboration equally resulted in establishing a spin-off company.
The technical cooperation project “Competitiveness and envi-
ronment” between MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market) and
Germany, allowed a comparative assessment between CPCs in 6
countries (Zandueta, 2014). All the evaluated centers operate as
independent entities obtaining their funding from international
cooperation organizations, governmental programs, independent
donors and mainly from the income from the commercialization of
capacity building, consultancy, research and development activ-
ities. The study, in agreement with other assessments, concluded
that in Latin American countries HEIs playan important role in
the introduction and implementation of CP (Zandueta, 2014;
Guhl et al., 1999; Van Hoof and Herrera, 2007).
Realizing CP strategies in developing countries is facing several
barriers. On the one hand, educational problems including illiteracy
and lack of basic economic knowledge, preclude an environmental
culture among important sections of the population. Also, the lack
of trained personnel and of laboratory equipment to face the
environmental problems is a challenge towards sustainability. To
overcome these barriers, trained personnel is required to provide
the necessary expertise; the international cooperation between
developing and industrialized economies contributes to this end.
Addressing the problems that threaten the environment nowadays
requires national efforts and international collaboration (Dodds
et al., 2012; Ashton et al., 2002).
To introduce CP in developing and transition economies, the
United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) in association with
the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
established a program on National Centers for Cleaner Production
(NCPC). The program aims at adopting and developing CP at a na-
tional level (UNIDOeUNEP, 2004). Until 2007 the program included
over 100 Centers for Cleaner Production in 37 countries established
through bilateral, governmental or other forms of assistance. In this
way the program reached and international dissemination of CP
(UNIDOeUNEP, 2004).
 J.J. Cabello Eras et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (2015) 873e882
In 2007, an external evaluation of the UNIDOeUNEP Cleaner
Production program assessed NCPC in 18 countries (Ashton et al.,
2002). Six evaluation criteria were used: relevance, effectiveness,
efficiency, sustainability, capacity development and ownership. The
best results were obtained for sustainability, effectiveness, effi-
ciency and relevance criteria: for each of these criteria excellent or
good scores were obtained for 39e56% of the NCPC assessed. For
capacity development only 16% of the assessed NCPC showed
excellent or good results, for ownership only 28%. Furthermore, the
experience of the NCPC points to the need for more local actions to
expand the geographic influence (Ashton et al., 2002).
In Cuba, the UNIDOeUNEP program allowed implementing a
National Network of Cleaner Production (UNIDOeUNEP, 2004). As a
result, several ministries included CP strategies in their policies
(Gonza
lez, 2005). However, although it is widely acknowledged
that the first step in the implementation of CP is capacity building, a
training program on CP was not foreseen in Cuba (Cabello et al.,
2011).
The Cleaner Production Center (CPC) at the University of Cien-
fuegos, was established (following the methodology outlined by
the UNIDOeUNEP program for CPC) in the framework of a VLIR
(Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad, Belgium) own initiative project
(now TEAM project), in collaboration with the Free University of
Brussels (VUB) and the University of Leuven (KU/Leuven). The
program framed at the Belgian scale in training and research on
human ecology (at the VUB) and programs for civil engineers (at
the KU/Leuven). The initial project was further supported by a
South Initiative project from VLIR in collaboration with KU/Leuven.
This construction is an example of how to promote and implement
CP strategies at a local scale in a developing economy, supported by
international cooperation and using a HEI as a bridge towards local
companies.
2. Flemish Interuniversity Council e University Development
Cooperation (VLIR-UOS)
VLIR-UOS (University Development Cooperation e Flemish
Interuniversity Council) is a Flemish organization supporting
development cooperation partnerships between universities in
Flanders and in developing countries. VLIR-UOS, has a yearly
budget of about 35 MEUR and is the main funder of development
cooperation projects in collaboration with Flemish HEIs. The main
activities developed in these projects are capacity building and
scientific research. In general, VLIR-UOS launches three types of
projects:
e Institutional University Cooperation (IUC) which facilitates a 12-
year partnership between a HEI in a developing country and
Flemish universities.
e TEAM projects which last 4e5 years, and focus on education,
research and social service between departments at a Flemish
HEI and a department or HEI at one of the VLIR-UOS partner
countries.
e South Initiatives (SI) which are small scale 2 year projects with a
limited budget. They are developed by Flemish academics and
researchers in collaboration with colleagues from HEI or
research institutions in one of the VLIR-UOS partner countries.
Since 2003 Cuba is a partner country of VLIR-UOS.
3. University of Cienfuegos (UCf)
The University of Cienfuegos, founded in 1979, is located in
Cienfuegos city, in the province of Cienfuegos (Cuba). It has
approximately 4100 students and 457 professors with 8 campuses
875
in all the municipalities of the province. The university houses the
faculties of engineering, agrarian sciences, economic and enterprise
sciences, and social sciences and humanities. Research at the UCf
targets solutions for local problems, mainly focusing on engineer-
ing and management. The university runs the Center for Energy and
Environmental Studies (CEEMA, http://ceema.ucf.edu.cu/), which
specializes in the development and implementation of energy ef-
ficiency and environmental strategies. CEEMA is experienced in
developing international projects, with strong contributions from
universities abroad.
3.1. Cienfuegos city
UCf is located in Cienfuegos city, in the southern central part of
Cuba. The city totalizes over 150 000 inhabitants. Cienfuegos is a
seaport city and the bay constitutes one of its major ecosystems and
assets. Pollutant emissions are mainly from households and in-
dustry (petrochemistry and chemistry, food production including a
fish processing company, a thermoelectric power plant, etc.). The
port turnover increases fast (today Cienfuegos is the second seaport
of Cuba). Moreover, the city has an intense agriculture and an
important tourism sector.
The bay of Cienfuegos is one of the most polluted marine areas
in Cuba (Maal-Bared, 2006). Heavy metal contamination is docu-
mented near the thermoelectric power plant, the oil refinery, the
outlet of the urban sewage system and in the river mouths
(Alonso-Hern
andez et al., 2004; Tolosa et al., 2009). Other pol-
lutants including hydrocarbons have been also documented
(Tolosa et al., 2010). In general, organic and inorganic pollution is
widely spread (Helguera et al., 2011) and the bay has a relatively
high pollution level resulting from petrogenic, pyrogenic, and
biogenic sources. Closer to the city of Cienfuegos the concentra-
tions increase (Tolosa et al., 2009).The main uses of the bay's
coastline include: conservation (70%), shipping and port activities
(7%), fishing (6%), industries (4%), urban settlements (4%), agri-
culture (2%) (Moreira et al., 2007).
4. Cleaner production in Cuba
Article 27 of the Cuban constitution entails the fundamental
principle of the protection of the environment and the natural re-
sources towards sustainability, ensuring human survival and the
well-being and safety of current and future generations (Cuba.
Leyes, 1997).
The “environmental law” of 1997, acknowledges the re-
sponsibility of both the Cuban government and the citizens
regarding the use of natural resources in a rational way, preventing
negative impacts on the environment. This law provides the legal
basis for the implementation of CP in Cuba.
During the early 1990s, the Ministry of Environment, Science
and Technology (CITMA) initiated CP in the environmental man-
agement (Terry, 2005). A National Cleaner Production Network
(NCPN) was established in May 2001, funded by the UNIDOeUNEP
program, aiming at the introduction of CP strategies in the pro-
duction and service sector. The NCPN operated until 2007, when
the UNIDOeUNEP project was concluded (ONUDI and RNPML,
2007).
The national Cuban environmental strategy mentions the
limited environmental knowledge of decision makers and technical
staff (CITMA, 2011). Also the potential benefits of CP practices and
the need of capacity building are acknowledged (Díaz, 2005).
However, in spite of all these efforts to implement CP, the national
environmental strategy had limited results. This is mainly because
the lack of stimulation mechanisms to implement CP. The strategy
focusses on energy efficiency and more recently on the rational use
876 J.J. Cabello Eras et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (2015) 873e882
of water rather than using a CP holistic approach (Terry, 2005). The
main barriers for CP in Cuba are the lack of information and
expertise on the economic and environmental benefits of CP; the
failure of existing regulatory approaches promoting end-of-pipe
techniques; financial obstacles; difficulties in accessing cleaner
technologies and middle management inertia (Calzado and Mora,
2014).
4.1. Cleaner production in Cienfuegos
In 2007 the University of Cienfuegos studied the implementation
of CP in the city. The survey addressed managers and technical staff
of the twenty-six companies that contribute over 70% of the
pollutant emissions of the city. The survey characterized four as-
pects of the environmental performance of the companies to define
the CP implementation: the presence of an environmental man-
agement system (EMS), energy efficiency (EE), rational use of water
(WU) and waste and effluent management (WEM). The aspects were
assessed by the invited participants, who provided each aspect a
four level rating: high (3e4), medium (2e3), low (1e2) and very low
(0e1). Table 1 shows the criteria used assessing each aspect.
The results of the study are shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 shows 2.6 as an average medium score for the imple-
mentation of an EMS. This is mainly the result of the imple-
mentation of business strategies in the larger companies (several
big companies have a certified EMS), driven by economic incentives
during the last decade. However, the state-owned small and me-
dium companies are lagging behind and as a rule don't even
consider to implement an EMS. The EE shows with a 2.9 value the
highest score, as a result of the energy efficiency policies imple-
mented by the government through the National Program for the
Rational Use of Energy (PAEC). This program implemented EE
strategies in most companies all over the country. As a key aspect
the policy imposed consumption limits to all companies, forcing
them towards more efficiency (Sua
rez et al., 2012). Water use
shows a low score. Water savings are not a priority for most com-
panies as they pay a fix rate for their water consumption. Finally,
the WEM shows with a 0.5 average value the lowest score. Most
companies use indeed only end of pipe techniques, and for small
companies it is not uncommon discharging waste (often liquid ef-
fluents) untreated in the environment. Few companies implement
recycling strategies.
The survey allows concluding that, despite the inclusion of CP in
the national environmental policy, most companies in Cienfuegos
did not include CP strategies. The positive results in energy effi-
ciency demonstrate that it is possible to implement CP strategies
when companies are properly motivated. Furthermore, the pre-
dominance of end-of-pipe techniques identified in the survey,
constitutes an opportunity to implement CP strategies.
Table 1
Evaluation criteria for the implementation of CP at Cienfuegos city.
Level Aspects
EMS EE
High An EMS is implemented and An energy management system
certified according to ISO 14001 is implemented
Medium An EMS is implemented An energy management system
but not certified is partially implemented
Low An EMS is under preparation EE strategies are implemented
Very low No EMS is foreseen No EE actions are considered
5. Cleaner Production Center at UCf
Since 1992, the Cuban government appointed the University
of Cienfuegos as a promoter of sustainability and environmen-
tally sound strategies for the production and service sector. In
this context the university established in 2007 a Cleaner Pro-
duction Center (CPC). This decision was supported by a VLIR-UOS
own initiative project in collaboration with the Free University of
Brussels (VUB) and the University of Leuven (KU/Leuven). The
project “A Center for Cleaner Production to contribute to the
socio-environmental development of the province of Cienfuegos,
Cuba” aimed at establishing a CPC at the UCf, strengthening the
capacity building and developing research and awareness raising
activities.
The project had two pillar aims:
Academic: strengthening the ability for building capacity on CP
in the province of Cienfuegos, and implementing a Master de-
gree in CP to train technical people responsible for EM in the
companies. In addition, infrastructure and laboratory equip-
ment were provided, and CP was introduced in the engineering
curricula of the UCf. Research and development activities were
initiated.
Development: improving the environmental performance and
the efficiency of the companies through the introduction of CP
and the dissemination of information on CP, and raising envi-
ronmental awareness among the stakeholders and the popula-
tion at large.
5.1. Methodology to establish a CPC
The UNIDOeUNEP joint cleaner production program, which
resulted in establishing National Centers for Cleaner Production,
was used also in the case CPC at the UCf. The program uses a
strategy based on four milestones (UNIDOeUNEP, 2004):
e Formulating the conceptual plan: the institution formulates the
concept that will govern the genesis and operation of the center.
e Developing the basic design: the stakeholders of the center need
to formulate its mission, objectives and strategy, along with its
organizational set-up; they also identify the basic resource re-
quirements making the center operational.
e Meeting the financial needs of the center: once the basic
resource requirements of the center have been defined, securing
the funds to meet those requirements is mandatory.
e Establishing the center: formally registering the center, estab-
lishing its oversight bodies, recruiting the staff, and preparing its
physical facilities.
WU WEM
A water management system CP strategies to reduce waste
is implemented and effluents at the source are
implemented
A water management system CP strategies to recycle waste
is partially implemented and effluents (internally or externally)
are implemented
Strategies to reduce water Waste and effluents are treated
consumption are implemented using end of pipe techniques
before final disposal.
No actions to reduce water Waste and effluents are directly disposed
consumption are considered or discharged in the environment
 J.J. Cabello Eras et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (2015) 873e882
Fig. 1. Level of CP implementation at Cienfuegos (2007).
The program considers two phases to develop a CPC: the
foundation phase, where basic services (awareness raising,
training, cleaner production assessment and demonstration pro-
jects) are provided; and the extension phase, where the CPC in-
cludes strategic services (networking, match making, knowledge
management, interfacing with financial institutions and providing
policy advice). Fig. 2 shows the progression between the founda-
tion and extension phases of a center.
A critical phase in the development of all CPCs is becoming self-
sustainable. An estimated five years of continued funding is needed
making a center financially sustainable. UNIDOeUNEP (2004)
highlight that there are few donors funding a center for more
than three years and seldom any will fund it for over five. CPCs have
a “window of opportunity” of three (possibly five) years during
which a sufficient market in cleaner production should be realized
and become financially sustainable after the initial funding ends.
5.2. Establishment and development of a CPC at the UCf
Establishing the CPC was governed by two particular conditions.
In first place, Cuban companies of the production and service sector
(PSS) are government property with limited and strongly regulated
participation in the market. This makes it very difficult for the CPC
to reach economic self-sustainability. In fact this was the main
reason why the UNIDOeUNEP program did not establish an NCPC
in Cuba (UNIDOeUNEP, 2004; ONUDIeRNPMLeAMA, 2007). Sec-
ond, UCf is completely funded by the government and is not
allowed performing commercial activities. Its mission is to fulfill
the demand of qualified professionals and of the research and
development activities demanded by the PSS of the Cienfuegos
province.
The center was located in the Faculty of Engineering with the
university funding its personal and operational costs. It adopted the
concept of “Educating the educators” (Huisingh and Mebratu,
2000) in order to provide faculty members with the necessary
expertise on CP and supporting tools and materials to further
capacitate professionals of the PSS in Cienfuegos. The center func-
tions using professors of the Faculty of Engineering. Research is
developed supporting the master program on CP. This contributes
to the 3rd missions of HEIs (Arbo and Bennworth, 2007). Fig. 3
shows the functioning of the center.
The students of the master program are selected from com-
panies of the PSS of Cienfuegos. They develop research which is
relevant to improve the economic and environmental performance
of the company. The working groups are guided by professors of the
center (acting as promoters of the master students); the field work
is developed by the master student aided by undergraduate stu-
dents. The working group is complemented by field experts in
different areas of the company.
877
Fig. 2. Progression between the foundation and extension phases of a CPC.
Source: UNIDOeUNEP, 2004.
Bridges between the UCf and the local PSS built the master
program as a two lanes road. In one lane, the PSS receives capacity
building, CP strategies, environmental awareness, economics and
environmental benefits, competitiveness improvements, corpora-
tive image improvements, etc. On the other lane, the UCf collects
real case research topics, publishable results (books, peer reviewed
journals, congresses), undergraduate students training in industry
and local recognition (see Fig. 4). In this way CP is promoted and
implemented from inside the company by the master student as
part of the company staff. In a context different from the Cuban
organization the CPC could also offer some of its services on a
commercial basis.
CP allows bridging university activities and local needs from
industry.
To facilitate the “Educate the educators” activities and raising
part of the necessary funding required the establishment and
development of the CPC was foreseen considering the different
types of VLIR projects. Table 2 shows the scheduled progression of
the CPC.
The initial project which facilitated the establishment of the CPC
was drafted in 2007, in close collaboration between the Belgian and
Cuban partners. The project was granted for a period of 3 years from
August 2008 to August 2011.
During the first year capacity was build up among the Cuban
staff of the project and the required infrastructure of the center was
organized. Research lines were initiated as part of the capacity
building component. Research focused on the CP assessment in 4
companies of the city.
Intensive courses by Belgian professors during short-term visits
(around 7e10 d each) contributed to capacity building on:
e Industry and sustainable development. This course discussed
the concept of sustainable development (SD) and its implica-
tions, the environmental impact of industry (the case of the
chemical industry in Flanders), possible contributions of in-
dustry to SD, CP processes, cleaner products, environmental
indicators and sustainability reports.
e Selected topics on environmental management for cleaner
production. This course discussed the Cleaner Production e
Human Ecology interface, the anthropogenic influence on eco-
systems, integrated product policy, life cycle analysis (LCA), eco-
design and eco-labeling in developing countries.
e Waste water treatment. This course discussed pollution,
polluting substances and parameters, sources of water pollu-
tion, surface water and wastewater in the environment, do-
mestic and industrial wastewater treatment.
878 J.J. Cabello Eras et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (2015) 873e882

Fig. 3. Working framework of the CPC.

Fig. 4. CP allows bridging the UCf and the PSS.

The courses were organized starting from basic CP related
knowledge (SD, CP processes, etc.) and gradually moved to more
detailed tools for CP assessments (LCA, eco-design, eco-labeling)
and finally to specific topics including wastewater treatment (of
special interest considering that the bay is the main ecosystem
of Cienfuegos and it is mainly polluted by liquid effluents). As
part of the capacity building a Cuban member of the CP team
stayed both at the KU/Leuven and at the VUB as part of his
training in CP. During years two and three, four other courses
were lectured:
e Cleaner production and health effects: this course discussed not
only the health benefits of CP but also its relation with traffic
mobility and industrial pollution.
e Environmental economics: this course addressed the relation
between economic development and environmental perfor-
mance, discussing alternatives to realigning this relation.
e Calculating environmental impacts and eco-efficiency of pro-
cesses, production sites and regions. A practical guide: this
course discussed the most important methods to assess the
environmental impact using Life Cycle Assessment and how to
define Eco-efficiency indicators from the impact assessment.
e Human Ecology and Cleaner Production: this course addressed
the relation between Human Ecology and Cleaner Production,
discussing different approaches to sustainability such as Eco-
design and Ecolabeling in developing countries.
During year two of the project the CPC was established. The
permanent staff of the center entails a director and six researchers/
professors. The master program on CP was established. It could
benefit from the lectures by the Belgian experts. As recommended
by the UNIDOeUNEP program, a demonstration project was initi-
ated in the provincial hospital “Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima” as a
basic service of the center. Two members, directly involved in the
 J.J. Cabello Eras et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (2015) 873e882
Table 2
Scheduled progression of the CPC.
Stage Project
Establishment of a CPC A Center for Cleaner Production to contribute to the
(2008e2012) socio-environmental development of the province
of Cienfuegos, Cuba
Strengthening of the CPC Cleaner production in the city of Cienfuegos, Cuba
(2013e2015) and sustainability of the city
Consolidation of the CPC Cleaner production network in Cuban HEIs and doctoral
(2016e2019) program in CP at UCf
demonstration project, stayed at the KU/Leuven and the VUB as
part of their training in CP.
The curriculum of the master program and the demonstration
project were concluded during the third project year. The master
students presented their thesis work results to the Belgian partners.
Overall the project succeeded in establishing the CPC and
training its staff. The center was provided with basic references and
laboratory equipment, which is essential in developing CP assess-
ments at the PSS. The research activity of the center resulted in
three publications in international peer reviewed journals with an
impact factor (Ochoa et al., 2010a,b; Sagastume and Vandecasteele,
2011), a book contribution (Cabello et al., 2011) and several con-
ference participations.
In 2012, after the VLIR support came to an intermediate end, the
university supported the center without direct external funding. The
collaboration with the Belgian partners continued and the second
project was drafted during this period. A member of the center was
granted with a one year scholarship (from VEWA, Belgium) to realize
part of his PhD research at the KU/Leuven. In this way, the capacity
building of the Cuban staff continued. The first graduation of the
master program took place. The center continued its operations
using the material acquired during the first project. All of this shows
the viability and the self-sustainability of the center. Moreover, in
this period several international papers were published (Cabello
et al., 2012a,b; Sagastume et al., 2012, 2013; Cabello et al., 2013).
Project two aims mainly at strengthening the CPC by supporting
scientific research and consulting in the field of ‘cleaner production
(CP)’ for the industry. Whereas in the previous project research and
consulting was put in place mainly to contribute to capacity
building (throughout the master program), in this project research,
consulting, and its benefits for industry and environment is the
main focus. Research subjects will be selected in a more systematic
way, and will address preferably the industries, production pro-
cesses with the highest environmental impact. Moreover, research
with higher complexity will be possible. Evidently this project will
also strengthen the Cleaner Production Center and the university
by further building capacity, promoting CP, and supporting the
master program on CP.
879
Aims
Training of trainers (capacity building
of the Cuban staff). Acquisition of the
necessary infrastructure. Establishment
of a CPC. Establishment of a master
program in CP. Initiate the research
and development activities.
Strengthening the capacities of the CPC
to perform CP assessment. Achieving
recognition, at the local and regional level,
as an actor in the study of the environmental
problems in the PSS. Certification of the
master program according to Cuban quality
requirements. Completion of the laboratory
equipment. More systematic research activities
going on.
Expand the activities of the center at the national
level. Develop a project to establish CPCs in other
HEIs in Cuba (University of Holguín, Superior
Mining and Metallurgic Institute of Moa and
University of Matanzas) based upon the experience
of the CPC at the University of Cienfuegos. Initiate the
CP networking among Cuban HEIs. Start a master
program in CP at other Cuban HEIs. Initiate a doctoral
program on CP at UCf.
5.3. Master program
The “Master Program on Cleaner Production” targets pro-
fessionals of the PSS who define and implement CP strategies in
a company. The program is structured in four modules totalizing
12 courses (10 of which are compulsory and two optional). The
compulsory courses provide the general background on CP. The
optional courses are elected according to the personal interest of
the student. Modules one to three entail the curricular part of
the program and module four allows concluding the master
thesis.
In agreement with the requirements of moving beyond disci-
plinary boundaries to deal with sustainability problems (Muhar
et al., 2013), the master program is interdisciplinary including so-
cial, economic and technical aspects of CP. The master degree
consists of 70 credits and requires the completion of a thesis. It
entails a curricular program, accounting for 35 credits which are
completed over the course of three continuous modules. The
master program also entails a research program, accounting for the
remaining 35 credits. The research program aims at defining,
designing and initiating the research (in modules I to III), and
performing and concluding the research with the master thesis (in
module IV). This allows the student to graduate within a period of 2
years. The aim of the thesis is establishing a CP assessment at the
company where the student works, proposing and implementing
CP strategies to improve the economic and environmental perfor-
mance of the company. The thesis is promoted by an expert of the
CPC who assesses its progress.
After graduation, the master will be capable of being part of a
multidisciplinary CP team facing CP assessments; proposing and
leading CP projects and defining and evaluating the potential to
implement CP strategies in a company.
During the first two graduations of the program, 45 students
attended, 34 masters graduated, several of whom work in the most
environmentally impacting companies in Cienfuegos. The imple-
mentation of the strategies described in their thesis directly ben-
efits the performance of their companies. Table 3 shows the most
relevant results.
880 J.J. Cabello Eras et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (2015) 873e882

6. Assessment of the performance of the center

Five years of activities of the CPC (2008e2013) were assessed by

a review of external reviewers from other Cuban universities. The
review included surveys and interviews with stakeholders, local
authorities, university staff, students and the staff of the center. The
assessment methodology developed by UNIDO for assessing the
national centers (UNIDOeUNEP, 2004) was used. The methodology
includes 4 primary and 2 secondary criteria, which were adapted
for the assessment of the CPC:

e Relevance. Results from a combination of applicability (evidence

or at least a reasonable expectation that the intended benefi-
ciaries have the financial, human, technical, managerial and
Fig. 5. Scores of the assessment criteria of the CPC at the UCf after the first five years.
other resources that are required to implement CP) and value
(evidence or at least a reasonable expectation that the intended
beneficiaries can gain a net benefit (financial, health and safety,
scores for these criteria which point to the local impact of the
environment, reputation, etc.)).
center.
e Effectiveness. Addresses whether networking, management and
Considering the baseline established at the beginning of project
technical equipment, enables the center executing CP practices,
1 (Fig. 1), the same survey was repeated in 2013, before the start of
technologies and policies of the intended beneficiaries.
project 2, aiming at evaluating the progress in the graduation and
e Efficiency. Pertains to maximizing the results (outputs, out-
the implementation of CP strategies at the PSS. The same 26 com-
comes and impacts) within the limits of the financial, human,
panies that participated in the first evaluation were addressed.
technical and organizational/institutional resources.
Fig. 6 shows the results of the survey.
e Sustainability. Addresses the probability that the benefits ach-
Comparing Fig. 6 with Fig. 1 the results improved for all 4
ieved by the center will continue in the future: at the same level
criteria. For EMS and EE the improvement was limited and was
of achievements (‘continuing’), or at higher (‘expanding’) or
mainly result of continuing government policies promoting both CP
more limited (‘declining’) performance as compared with the
aspects. WU and WEM, however, showed considerable improve-
start.
ment, mainly as a result of the activities of the CPC promoting and
e Capacity development. Refers to the extent the program de-
implementing CP at the PSS (master program, demonstration
velops essential capacities for local stakeholders for improving
project, CP assessments in several companies and stakeholder
their current and future wellbeing.
meetings).
e Ownership. Reflects on the commitment of the local stake-
holders to maintain the CP program in Cienfuegos. This aspect
7. Lessons learned
might address (co-)funding of the center, expert inputs, policies
facilitating the implementation of CP and other signs of recog-
The main lesson learned from this experience is the protagonist
nition and endorsement.
role of the CPC to promote CP in the PSS. On the one hand by
introducing CP from inside the company. On the other hand,
The criteria are graded as: excellent, good, satisfactory, poor and
because of its global view of the environmental issues and of the
absent. The results are shown in Fig. 5.
PSS of the city, by providing a broader assessment with the sur-
The center shows scores which are satisfactory to good for all
roundings and an organizational analysis.
criteria. The lowest results are obtained for effectiveness and effi-
Other important lesson is the synergic role of the master pro-
ciency. This shows that the center should upgrade further its
gram putting CP on the agenda of several of the most polluting
network and its laboratory equipment. The external evaluation of
companies of Cienfuegos; also resulting in benefits for the CPC and
UNIDOeUNEP to NCPC in 18 countries showed poor results for
the university. The research developed in the master program
capacity development and ownership, pointing to the need to in-
succeeded implementing, in particular, low and intermediate cost
crease local actions (Ashton et al., 2002). The CPC in contrast shows
technology options in different companies of the PSS and resulted
in several publications in peer-reviewed journals.
Table 3
Selected CP results of the master thesis works.

Thesis Consumption/waste Reduction

Reducing the CO2 emissions of the CO2-eq 60 kt/a

production at Cementos
Cienfuegos S.A. in the framework
of clean development
mechanism.
Cleaner production strategies reducing Water 1$106 m3/a
the water consumption at Cementos Electricity 398 MWh/a
Cienfuegos S.A.
Improving the environmental Diesela 455 l/km2
performance of an earthwork CO2-eqa 1720 t/km2
project using cleaner production SO2-eqa 16 t/km2
strategies.
Cleaner production assessment at the Water 158$103 m3/a
sand treatment plant El Canal. Electricity 49 MWh/a
a
Results are in km2 of finished earthwork. Fig. 6. Level of CP performance in 26 main companies in Cienfuegos (2013).
 J.J. Cabello Eras et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (2015) 873e882
More substantive contributions to improve resource efficiency
and environmental performance in the PSS in Cienfuegos are
possible. Moreover, there is the potential for cooperation and
networking with other HEIs to mainstream CP applications.
8. Conclusions
This paper showed that HEIs are natural bridges between
knowledge and the PSS. Indeed the CPC established at UCf was
instrumental for introducing CP in several companies, many of
which have a high environmental impact. A master program aiming
at training professionals from PSS was established and, so far 2
graduations (34 students in total) took place. The main contribution
of this approach of establishing a CPC is to build bridges between
HEIs and the PSS, using a master program, based on a two way
synergic road and promoting and implementing CP from inside a
company through the master student (selected in companies of the
PSS) facilitating the success and directly contributing to the envi-
ronmental performance of the PSS. Research on CP was also initi-
ated in the center. The activities of the center (mainly thesis)
facilitate significant reductions of the environmental impact of
several companies. Comparison of the results of a survey about the
environmental performance of 26 companies in Cienfuegos, before
the CPC was established and after it, shown for all the criteria under
assessment the performance improved.
It was also shown that NortheSouth cooperation aided estab-
lishing and developing the CPC, by transferring the expertise and
experience and by providing part of the necessary funding to
establish the center (funding that would be difficult to raise by
developing economies). The activity at the UCf also greatly profited
from the NortheSouth collaboration: so far 8 publications in peer-
reviewed international journals resulted from joint research and 1
doctorate.
Moreover, the CPC of the UCf enhanced the collaboration be-
tween academia and the PSS. The curriculum of the engineers
introduced not only the environmental concern but also roads to-
wards economically viable solutions through CP strategies.
This experience can be used by other universities and in-
stitutions as a way towards the successful establishment and
operation of a CPC.
References
Almeida, C.C., Santos, A.P., Bonilla, S.H., Giannetti, B.F., Huisingh, D., 2013. The roles,
perspectives and limitations of environmental accounting in higher educational
institutions: an energy synthesis study of the engineering programme at the
Paulista University in Brazil. J. Clean. Prod. 52, 380e391.
Alonso-Hernandez, C., Perez-Santana, S., Munoz-Caravaca, A., Dias-Asencio, M.,
Brunori, C., Morabito, R., 2004. Historical trend in heavy metal pollution in the
sediments of Cienfuegos Bay (Cuba), defined by 210Pb and 137Cs geochro-
nology. In: International Conference on Isotopes in Environmental Studies e
Aquatic Forum 2004. Book of Extended Synopses.
Arbo, P., Bennworth, P., 2007. Understanding the Regional Contribution of Higher
Education Institutions: a Literature Review. OECD. Education working paper no. 9.
Ashton, W., Luque, A., Ehrenfeld, J., 2002. Best Practices in Cleaner Production
Promotion and Implementation for Smaller Enterprises. School of Forestry and
Environmental Studies, Yale University. Available from: http://www.uneptie.
org/shared/publications/other/webx0072xpa/manual_cdrom/cplinks/pdfs/yale.
pdf (03.04.14.).
Bonilla, S.H., Almeida, C.M., Giannetti, B.F., Huisingh, D., 2010. The roles of cleaner
production in the sustainable development of modern societies: an introduc-
tion to this special issue. J. Clean. Prod. 18, 1e5.
Cabello, J.J., Cogollos, J.B., Garcia, D., Sagastume, A., Sendon, A., Santos, M., Hens, L.,
Vandecasteele, C., 2011. A center for cleaner production to contribute to the
socio-environmental development of the province of Cienfuegos. In:
Giannetti, Biagio F., Almeida, Cecilia M.V.B., Bonilla, Silvia H. (Eds.), Advances in
Cleaner Production, vol. 1. Nova Publishers, United States, pp. 15e41.
Cabello, J.J., Sagastume, A., Herna
ndez, D., Hens, L., Vandecasteele, C., 2012a.
Improving the environmental performance of an earthwork project using
cleaner production strategies. J. Clean. Prod. 47, 368e376.
881
Cabello, J.J., García, D., Sagastume, A., Priego, R., Hens, L., Vandecasteele, C., 2012b.
An approach to sustainable development: the case of Cuba. Environ. Dev. Sus-
tain. 14, 573e591.
Cabello, J.J., Covas, D., Hern
andez, G.D., Sagastume, A., García, D., Vandecasteele, C.,
Hens, L., 2013. Comparative study of the urban quality of life in Cuban first-level
cities from an objective dimension. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 15, 1e21.
Calzado, G., Mora, G., 2014. Estudio para la introduccio
n de pr

n
acticas de Produccio
Ma
s Limpia en las plantas de Hormigo
n. In: Proceedings of XII Encuentro
Iberoamericano de Mujeres Ingenieras, Arquitectas y Agrimensoras. Ciudad
Panama
, Panama
.
Chatterton, P., Goddard, J., 2000. The response of higher education institutions to
regional needs. Eur. J. Educ. 35, 475e496.
CITMA, 2011. Estrategia Ambiental Nacional. Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología y
Medio Ambiente. Available from: http://www.netzwerk-cuba.de/ (03.04.14.).
Díaz, J., 2005. La política ambiental cubana hacia el desarrollo sostenible. V Con-
vencio
n de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, La Habana, Cuba. Available from:
http://www.ecoportal.net/Temas_Especiales/Desarrollo_Sustentable/La_PA_
Cubana_Hacia_el_Desarrollo_Sostenible (03.04.14.).
Dodds, F., Strauss, M., Strong, M., 2012. Only One Earth. The Long Road via Rio to
Sustainable Development. Routledge, London.
Geng, Y., Xinbei, W., Qinghua, Z., Hengxin, Z., 2010. Regional initiatives on pro-
moting cleaner production in China: a case of Liaoning. J. Clean. Prod. 18,
1502e1508.
Glavic, P., Lukman, R., 2007. Review of sustainability terms and their definitions.
J. Clean. Prod. 18, 1875e1885.
Gonza
lez, C., 2005. La introduccio
n de conceptos de produccio
n ma
s limpia en la
actividad regulatoria en Cuba. Medio Ambiente Desarro. 9, 18e21. Available
from: http://ama.redciencia.cu/articulos/9.02.pdf (03.04.14.).
Guhl, E., Salaza, R.M., Boada, A., 1999. Diagnostic Study on Cleaner Technology.
Capacities and Needs in Colombia and Commercialization Opportunities in
Latin America and the Caribbean. Retrieved. Final report. Available from: http://
sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1595NCTSLatinamerica.
pdfhttp://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/
1595NCTSLatinamerica.pdf (25.07.14.).
Gunasekara, C., 2006. Academia and industry. The generative and development
roles of universities in regional innovation systems. Sci. Public Policy 33,
137e150.
Helguera, L., Diaz, L., Fernandez, R., Gomez, M., Guillen, A., Diaz, M., Armenteros, M.,
2011. Distribution patterns of macro faunal polychaete assemblages in a polluted
semi-enclosed bay: Cienfuegos, Caribbean Sea. Mar. Biol. Res. 7, 757e768.
Hesselbarth, C., Schaltegger, S., 2014. Educating change agents for sustainability e
learnings from the first sustainability management master of business admin-
istration. J. Clean. Prod. 62, 24e36.
Huisingh, D., Mebratu, D., 2000. “Educating the educators” as a strategy for
enhancing education on cleaner production. J. Clean. Prod. 8, 439e442.
Karatzoglou, B.R., 2013. An in-depth literature review of the evolving roles and
contributions of universities to education for sustainable development. J. Clean.
Prod. 49, 44e53.
Kjaerheim, G., 2005. Cleaner production and sustainability. J. Clean. Prod. 13,
329e339.
Cuba. Leyes, 1997. Constitucio
n de la República de Cuba (reformada). Editora
Política, La Habana. Available from: http://www.cuba.cu/gobierno/cuba.htm
(03.04.14.).
Lozano, R., 2010. Diffusion of sustainable development in universities' curricula: an
empirical example from Cardiff University. J. Clean. Prod. 18, 637e644.
Lozano, R., Lozano, F.J., Mulder, K., Huisingh, D., Waas, T., 2013. Higher education for
sustainable development: international insights and critical reflections. J. Clean.
Prod. 48, 3e9.
Maal-Bared, R., 2006. Comparing environmental issues in Cuba before and after the
special period: balancing sustainable development and survival. Environ. Int.
32, 349e358.
Mader, M., Mader, C., Zimmermann, F., Go €rsdorf-Lechevin, E., Diethart, M., 2013.
Monitoring networking between higher education institutions and regional
actors. J. Clean. Prod. 49, 105e113.
Moreira, A., Seisdedo, M., Leal, S., Comas, A., Delgado, G., Regadera, R., Alonso, C.,
Mun ~ oz, A., Abatte, M., 2007. Composicio
n y abundancia del fitoplancton de la
bahía de Cienfuegos, Cuba. Rev. Invest. Mar. 28, 97e109.
Muhar, A., Visser, J., Van Breda, J., 2013. Experiences from establishing structured
inter- and transdisciplinary doctoral programs in sustainability: a comparison
of two cases in South Africa and Austria. J. Clean. Prod. 61, 122e129.
Nilsson, L., OlofPersson, P., Darozhka, S., Zaliauskiene, A., 2007. Cleaner Production
Technologies and Tools for Resource Efficient Production. The Baltic University
Press, Uppsala, Sweden.
Ochoa, P.A., Cabello, J.J., Sagastume, A., Hens, L., Vandecasteele, C., 2010a. Residue
from sugarcane juice filtration (filter cake): energy use at the sugar factory.
Waste Biomass Valoriz. 1, 407e413.
Ochoa, P.A., Sagastume, A., Cogollos, J.B., Vandecasteele, C., 2010b. Cleaner pro-
duction in a small lime factory by means of process control. J. Clean. Prod. 18,
1171e1176.
ONUDI, RNPML, 2007. Seis an ~ os de colaboracio
n con la ONUDI para la
implementacio
n de la PML en la política ambiental cubana. Red Nacional de
Produccio
n M
as Limpia de Cuba. Available from: http://biblioteca.idict.
villaclara.cu/UserFiles/File/CI%20Produccion%20mas%20limpia/13Otros%
20temas/3.pdf (03.04.14.).
882 J.J. Cabello Eras et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (2015) 873e882
Organizacio
n de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial (ONUDI), Red
Nacional de Produccio
n M

as Limpia de Cuba (RNPML), Agencia de Medio
Ambiente (AMA), 2007. Seis an ~ os de cooperacio
n con la ONUDI para la
implementacio
n de la produccio

n ma
s limpia en otros sectores y en la política
ambiental cubana (2001-2007). Available from: http://www.redpml.cu/
biblioteca%20virtual/tema10/informe%20ama.pdf (03.04.14.).
Peer, V., Stoeglehner, G., 2013. Universities as change agents for sustainability e
framing the role of knowledge transfer and generation in regional development
processes. J. Clean. Prod. 44, 85e95.
Petek, J., Glavic, P., 2000. Improving the sustainability of regional cleaner produc-
tion programs. Resour. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 29, 19e31.
Raivio, K., 2011. Sustainability as an educational agenda. J. Clean. Prod. 19,
1906e1907.
Sagastume, A., Vandecasteele, C., 2011. Exergy-based indicators to evaluate the
possibilities to reduce fuel consumption in lime production. Energy 36,
2820e2827.
Sagastume, A., Van Caneghem, J., Cogollos, J.B., Vandecasteele, C., 2012. Evaluation
of the environmental performance of lime production in Cuba. J. Clean. Prod. 31,
126e136.
Sagastume, A., Cogollos, C., Vandecasteele, C., 2013. Energy and exergy assessments
of a lime shaft kiln. Appl. Therm. Eng. 51, 273e280.
Strazza, C., Del Borghi, A., Gallo, M., Del Borghi, M., 2011. Resource productivity
enhancement as means for promoting cleaner production: analysis of co-
incineration in cement plants through a life cycle approach. J. Clean. Prod. 19,
1615e1621.
Su, B., Heshmati, A., Geng, Y., Yu, X., 2013. A review of the circular economy in
China: moving from rhetoric to implementation. J. Clean. Prod. 42, 215e227.
Su

arez, J., Beato
n, P., Faxas, R., Pe

rez, O., 2012. Energy, environment and develop-
ment in Cuba. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16, 2724e2731.
Taylor, B., 2006. Encouraging industry to assess and implement cleaner production
measures. J. Clean. Prod. 14, 601e609.
Terry, C., 2005. Enfoque actual de las iniciativas en produccio
n ma
s limpia y sus
proyecciones en el a
mbito nacional. Medio Ambiente Desarro. 9, 10e17. Avail-
able from: http://ama.redciencia.cu/articulos/9.01.pdf (03.04.14.).
Tolosa, I., Mesa, M., Alonso, C., 2009. Inputs and sources of hydrocarbons in sedi-
ments from Cienfuegos bay, Cuba. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 58, 1624e1634.
Tolosa, I., Mesa, M., Alonso, C., 2010. Organochlorine contamination (PCBs, DDTs, HCB,
HCHs) in sediments from Cienfuegos bay, Cuba. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 60, 1619e1624.
UNEP. Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production. Available from: http://www.unep.
fr/scp/cp/ (27.10.14.).
UNIDO/UNEP, 2004. Guidance Manual on How to Establish and Operate Cleaner
Production Centres. UNEP, Vienna.
Van Berkel, R., March 1999. Building a Cleaner World: Cleaner Production, Its Role
in Australia, Lessons from Overseas, and Its Future Applications. Think Tank
Meeting. Available from: http://www.infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/13/12032.pdf
(25.07.14.).
Van Hoof, B., Herrera, C.M., 2007. La evolucio
n y el futuro de la produccio
n ma

s
limpia en Colombia. Rev. Ing. Univ. Andes 26, 101e120.
World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987. Our Common Future.
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Zandueta, M., 2014. Modelo de Centro Nacional de Produccio
n M
as Limpia
para Argentina. Available from: http://www.medioambiente.gov.ar/ciplycs/
documentos/archivos/Archivo_452.pdf. February 2004 (25.07.14.).