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Chapter 7
Managing Stress and Emotions
TRUE/FALSE
3. Eighty percent of all American workers report they feel workplace stress at least
some of the time.
(True)
4. The amygdala section of the brain is responsible for stimulating fear responses.
(True)
5. The human brain responds to outside threats to individual safety with a “fight or
flight” message.
(True)
6. The General Adaptation Syndrome looks at how events on the job cause
different kinds of people to feel different kinds of emotions.
(False)
8. John’s company downsized, and John is now performing his own job plus most
of his former coworker Sidney’s job. John is now experiencing role ambiguity.
(False)
10. Role conflict is the strongest predictor of poor performance on the job.
(False)
13. Overall, work-family conflict is more problematic for men than women.
(False)
14. On the Holmes-Rahe scale, the most stressful life event is the death of a spouse.
(True)
18. Blemishes and other skin problems can be outward manifestations of stress.
(True)
19. The link between stress and heart disease has been proven by the American
Heart Association to be strong.
(False)
20. Persistent stress has the potential to place vulnerable individuals at an increased
risk for depression.
(True)
21. Research shows that excessive stress is related to higher turnover and lower job
performance.
(True)
22. Marissa is generally a few minutes late for class. She feels that “class will be
there, why rush?” Marissa always thinks through how to address problems that
arise for her rather than responding first and thinking later. Marissa has a Type A
personality.
(False)
23. Men rely upon stronger social networks to address stressful situations, so men
are more likely to be depressed than women.
(False)
24. The old adage “Have a good cry” is great advice to deal with stress that has built
up in an individual.
(False)
25. The “Corporate Athlete” approach to dealing with stress is a reactive approach.
26. Flow is the state of consciousness where individuals are totally absorbed in an
activity.
(True)
27. Fish contains dopamine, which can increase a person’s brain functions and thus
produce feelings of alertness.
(True)
28. Physically active work breaks lead to reduced mental concentration levels and
increased mental fatigue.
(False)
29. Most American adults get the appropriate amount of sleep each night.
(False)
30. Individuals with a strong social network are more stressed than individuals who
do not have such networks because of the increased interpersonal demands of
large social networks.
(False)
32. Organizations can help employees reduce stress by offering them greater
autonomy in their jobs, making their job duties clear, and providing employee
assistance programs.
(True)
33. Firms like Apple are interested in how products are perceived emotionally
because strong positive emotions make individuals more likely to use a product
and recommend it to others.
(True)
34. Both positive and negative emotions can be contagious, but the spillover from
positive emotions lasts longer than negative ones.
(False)
35. According to Affective Events Theory, the six emotions of anger, fear, joy, love,
sadness and surprise inspire actions that can benefit or harm others.
(True)
36. The customer service representative at the department store who keeps smiling
as she listens to the customer bitterly complain about her newly purchased
product is engaging in deep acting.
(False)
37. Americans enjoy much greater leisure time than their European counterparts.
39. American Express’ emotional awareness training program probably raised overall
life insurance sales because sales representatives began to view their jobs from
the customer’s viewpoint.
(True)
MULTIPLE CHOICE
41. Stress is
a. a fact of nature.
b. decreasing in the American workplace.
c. a mental barrier, but not a physical one.
d. always negative.
(a) Easy/Comprehension
45. Hans Selye’s work on stress suggests all the following physical diseases could
result from stress EXCEPT:
a. high blood pressure.
b. infertility.
c. depression.
d. ulcers.
(b) Easy/Comprehension
46. In what stress phase does the body release cortisol and begin to adjust to the
demands of the stress?
a. alarm phase
b. exhaustion phase
c. adaptation phase
d. resistance phase
(d) Medium/Knowledge
47. Fight or flight responses include all of the following physical aspects but
a. wide-eye focus.
b. digestion interruption.
c. decreased heart rate.
d. shallow breathing.
(c) Medium/Knowledge
It is finals week at State University and Agnes has five finals in three days. What phase
of the stress process is she experiencing in each of the scenarios below?
48. Agnes just went through the kitchen cupboards and found a chocolate bar loaded
with caramel. She is experiencing the
a. exhaustion phase.
b. alarm phase.
c. resistance phase.
d. adaptation phase.
(a) Medium/Application
49. Agnes glances at the clock and notes it is three hours until her first final of the
week. She still has two chapters to study. She feels a slight pain in the pit of her
stomach. Agnes is experiencing symptoms of what stress phase?
a. exhaustion phase
b. alarm phase
c. resistance phase
d. stressor phase
(b) Medium/Application
57. Mary is a new employee in the handbag department of a major department store.
She is not entirely sure whether she is to simply stay on the sales floor and sell
purses to customers, or if she is to sell the items and then go back into the
stockroom to replenish them. Mary is experiencing
a. information overload.
b. role ambiguity.
c. role overload.
d. role conflict.
(b) Medium/Application
58. Rodney is experiencing a real dilemma. His boss just called him and told him that
he had to attend a dinner meeting Wednesday night with some important out-of-
town clients. Rodney’s daughter just called and told him she will be dancing a
solo at her dance recital on Wednesday evening. Rodney is experiencing
a. role conflict.
b. role overload.
c. information overload.
d. role ambiguity.
(a) Medium/Application
59. Joe was diagnosed with cancer six months ago. He is back at work between
chemotherapy treatments but is unable to work more than four hours per day.
Diego has been covering all Joe’s assignments that extend beyond Joe’s four-
hour day as well as covering the regular tasks of his own eight-hour shift. Diego
is likely experiencing
a. role ambiguity.
b. role overload.
c. role conflict.
d. information overload.
(b) Medium/Application
60. Omar is sitting at his computer writing his organizational behavior term paper
using Internet research while he e-mails his friends and watches the NFL
Thursday night football game. His phone just rang and now he is also talking to
his girlfriend. Omar is likely experiencing
a. role conflict.
b. information overload.
c. role ambiguity.
d. role overload.
(b) Medium/Application
62. All of the following are key stressors for Health magazine’s “Ten Most Stressful
Jobs” EXCEPT
a. knowledge demands.
b. time demands.
c. emotional demands.
d. physical demands.
(a) Medium/Comprehension
63. Which is the most stressful job in America as noted in a 2008 Health magazine?
a. miner
b. inner city high school teacher
c. police officer
d. judge
(b) Medium/Knowledge
67. Research on downsizing indicates all of the following to be true about downsizing
EXCEPT
a. since 1980, the service industry has accounted for the largest average
percentage of firms which downsized five or more percent of their
workforces.
b. downsizing and job insecurity are related to greater alcohol use.
c. downsizing leads to other stressful events such as financial insecurity.
d. creativity in the work environment declines significantly during
downsizing.
(a) Medium/Evaluation
71. Research on stress in the workplace indicates all of the following EXCEPT
a. stress is related to higher turnover.
b. stress is related to decreased job performance.
c. stress is related to lower job commitment.
d. stress is related to higher organizational citizenship behaviors.
(d) Medium/Analysis
72. Marcus is a student at State University. He seems to run to each of his classes
and is very upset with the professor if class does not begin exactly on time. He
73. Anita seems to take life as it comes. When the refrigerator and washing machine
broke down in the same day flooding the kitchen, she laughed it off saying, “It
could always be worse.” She then went and called the appliance repair service.
Anita has a _________________ personality.
a. Type A
b. Type B
c. pessimistic.
d. neurotic
(b) Medium/Application
78. Flow is
a. applying the principles of athletic performance to workplace performance.
b. a state of consciousness where a person is totally absorbed in an activity.
c. the regulation of feelings and expressions for organizational purposes.
d. ongoing negative emotional states resulting from dissatisfaction.
(b) Easy/Knowledge
79. Gordon is not focused on his work but has a great deal of energy. He is most
likely to
a. be disengaged at work.
b. be distracted at work.
c. be a procrastinator.
d. be totally absorbed in work.
(b) Difficult/Synthesis
82. Work that flows includes all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
a. competence.
b. challenge.
c. conformity.
d. choice.
(c) Medium/Comprehension
83. Diet acts as an individual lifestyle choice to impact stress levels. Which of the
following statements about diet is INCORRECT?
a. Eating light meals in the middle of the day may slow down the body
because there is insufficient food energy available to stimulate the brain
to react to stress.
b. Greasy foods make a person feel tired because digestion of the fats in
such foods diverts blood from the brain.
c. The dopamine in fish produces a feeling of alertness.
d. Eating fish for lunch tends to improves reaction times.
84. Research indicates that exercise is an effective strategy for managing stress.
Which of the following statements best describes some of the findings from
studies on exercise and stress?
a. Physically active breaks, like walking, actually increase mental fatigue.
b. Exercise, like light calisthenics, actually absorbs energy.
c. Light exercise tends to erode hand-eye coordination as well as fine motor
control.
d. Regular exercise increases the body’s ability to draw oxygen out of the
air, thus combating stress.
(d) Medium/Evaluation
88. All of the following are steps that firms are taking to assist employees in dealing
with stress in the workplace EXCEPT
a. creating jobs with autonomy and control.
b. replacing employees who are stressed with more resilient employees.
c. ensuring fairness in the workplace.
d. clarifying expectations of employees.
(b) Medium/Comprehension
89. Which of the following is a technique used by firms to reduce the stress
experienced by their employees?
a. Create job descriptions for employees that are less specific and focused.
b. Shift control over critical decisions to higher levels in the organization.
91. All of the following statements regarding telecommuting are correct EXCEPT
a. telecommuting is a universally effective process; regardless of job or
employee, it is effective.
b. increasing numbers of workers, including many government employees
are engaged in telecommuting.
c. research on telecommuting indicates that stress is lower and job
satisfaction and job performance higher when the program is instituted.
d. telecommuting success is dependent on matching the right employee to
the right job in the right environment.
(a) Difficult/Evaluation
98. Which of the following is NOT an emotion that is part of the Affective Events
Theory?
a. jealousy
b. surprise
c. anger
d. fear
(a) Easy/Knowledge
99. Jennifer strongly dislikes her next-door neighbors, yet every time she sees them
she stops to pleasantly chat with them for a few moments. Jennifer is engaging in
a. genuine acting.
b. surface acting.
c. deep acting.
d. cognitive acting.
102. You are a salesperson in a major department store. Though you might not
actually believe it, you follow the policy of “the customer is always right” in your
daily work at the store. However, since you do not agree with that view, you often
experience
a. surface acting.
b. genuine acting.
c. deep acting
d. cognitive dissonance.
(d) Medium/Application
105. When you understand how OTHERS feel you are exhibiting which of the building
blocks of emotional intelligence?
a. self-awareness
b. self-management
c. social awareness
d. relationship management
(c) Easy/Comprehension
107. Research on emotional intelligence suggests that the emotion most helpful to
creating a successful team is
a. joy.
b. empathy.
c. flexibility.
d. self-control.
(b) Easy/Comprehension
108. Research suggests high levels of emotional intelligence lead to which of the
following?
a. higher life satisfaction.
b. cognitive dissonance
c. higher stress levels.
d. greater propensity to perceive situations as threats.
(a) Medium/Comprehension
Section IV: The Role of Emotions and Stress for Ethics and Culture
109. Joshua Greene’s study of how our minds and bodies react to difficult situations
found all of the following EXCEPT
a. Study subjects were able to agree on what was the best of possible evils
in a scenario.
b. Human decisions are mostly rational, not impacted by emotion.
c. Magnetic imaging suggests emotional scenarios require greater use of
our brains than unemotional scenarios.
d. Identification of our emotions can assist us in more appropriately
responding to emotional situations.
(b) Difficult/Synthesis
110. Research on stress and leisure time around the world suggests which of the
following?
a. Compared to Europeans, Americans work longer hours.
b. Japanese work 500 hours less than their counterparts in the USA.
c. Americans are better in time management compared to their European
counterparts.
d. Americans are less likely to be employed than Europeans.
(a) Easy/Knowledge
114. American Express used a technique called _________ _______ to identify its
employees’ feelings about their work.
(emotional resonance)
115. ________ is the body’s reaction to a change that requires a physical, mental or
emotional adjustment or response.
(Stress)
116. The _______________ is the region of the brain responsible for stimulating fear
responses.
(amygdala)
118. “Fight or flight” is the reaction to an outside stressor in the first phase, or
____________ phase of stress.
(alarm)
119. During the resistance phase of stress, the body begins to release _________
and draws on fat and sugar reserves to adjust to the demands of stress.
120. The stressor has significantly weakened the individual during the ___________
phase of stress.
(exhaustion)
122. Maggie’s boss wants her to complete the department project by next week. Her
team leader for the corporate project wants her to travel to New York in the next
few days to work on that item. Maggie is experiencing _____ ____________.
(role conflict)
123. Having insufficient time and resources to complete a job is called ______
_________.
(role overload)
124. You are at the computer working on the Internet gathering information for your
term paper, your cell phone is ringing, you are receiving emails and the television
is on. You are likely experiencing __________ _____________.
(information overload)
127. Nancy is always impatient. She seems to run around the office completing this
task and that. She is always the first one to work and the last to leave. Nancy has
a ________ ___ personality.
(Type A)
129. Two individual lifestyle choices that one can make to try to decrease feelings of
stress include: ____________ and ______________.
(diet, exercise, sleep, time management, social support network)
130. _____________ is working remotely from home or some other locale during a
portion of the workweek.
(Telecommuting)
131. A practice that has been widely used by universities that provides paid time off
from the normal routine of work is called a ______________.
(sabbatical)
135. The _______ _______ Theory explores how events on the job cause different
kinds of people to feel different emotions.
(Affective Events)
136. When a hair cutter smiles even though the young child whose hair she is cutting
is crying and squirming, the hair cutting is exhibiting __________.
(surface acting)
139. The mismatch between emotions, attitudes, beliefs and behavior is ______
____________.
(cognitive dissonance)
SHORT ANSWERS
141. Define stress and briefly discuss its prevalence in the workplace.
Polls indicate that 80% of American workers report experiencing stress in the
workplace at least some of the time. Stress in the workplace is manifested
through such physical effects as neck pain, aching muscles and insomnia.
Phase one is the alarm phase where an outside stressor jolts the individual
insisting that something be done. This is the well- known “fight or flight”
response.
Resistance is the phase where the body begins to release cortisol and draws on
fats and sugars for energy to adjust to the demands of stress. While the body can
draw on its reserves to hold off stress for a while, it cannot continue in this state
forever.
Phase three is the exhaustion phase where the body’s stores of fats and sugars
are depleted and the prolonged release of cortisol has weakened the body
considerably. To cope, many individuals reach for something sweet to restore the
sugars.
Workplace stressors include: role demands (role ambiguity, role overload, role
conflict), and information overload.
Role ambiguity is the vagueness one feels about what responsibilities he holds.
For example, when you begin a new job, you are often unclear what you are
supposed to do.
Role conflict is when you have contradictory demands made on you at work. For
example, your boss wants you to complete your project for next week while your
team supervisor wants his project completed first.
Role overload is when you have insufficient time and resources to complete your
job. For example, if you are doing your job and covering for an individual who is
out on medical leave, you may feel pulled in many directions.
Work-family conflict is experienced when the demands from work and family
negatively impact one another. An example is when you need to attend a work
function and you have sick child at home to care for.
Life changes are events that stress an individual. Life changes can be negative
(the death of a spouse) or positive (getting married). Though each produces
stress, the negative event produces distress and the positive events, eustress.
Because stress causes a suppression of the immune system, there are links
between stress and high blood pressure, ulcers and illness susceptibility.
Type B personalities are calmer than Type A personalities who are more prone to
thinking through situations than their Type A counterparts who tend to respond
emotionally.
The corporate athlete is training so that the employee is healthy in mind and
body and embraces challenges versus avoiding them.
Positive emotions include joy, love and surprise. These emotions result from
events.
Affective Events Theory looks at how events on the job cause different kinds of
people to feel different kinds of emotions.
Surface acting is exhibiting physical signs like smiles to reflect emotions you do
not really feel.
Genuine acting is when individuals are asked to display emotions aligned with
their own.
Many firms operating in multiple countries find their employees face cognitive
dissonance because of the different business practices within those countries.
For example, in China, to secure permission to talk about land purchases, a
major U.S. company’s executives has to make payments directly to village
leaders. Such scenarios created quite a bit of dissonance for those individuals.
157. Name the four building blocks of Emotional Intelligence, and define each.
Social awareness is when you are able to understand how others feel.
Relationship management is when you are able to help others manage their own
emotions and establish supportive relationships with others.
ESSAY
158. You are the new Human Resource manager at Lands Corporation. You have just
completed examining a great deal of company data. Turnover is much higher in
Lands Corporation than at its competitors or the industry average. The data that
you analyzed includes a series of transcripts of exit interviews conducted over
the past eight months. Repeatedly you note that past employees describe being
“burned out” and then leaving the firm. What are some areas you can examine to
develop organizational approaches to address and manage stress?
There are obviously a host of approaches you can take to help employees
handle stress in Lands Corporation. One starting point might be to look at the
jobs past “burned out” employees were performing. Are the jobs clearly defined?
If the employee does not always know what he is supposed to be doing, he is
more likely to feel stressed.
A second step is to examine those same job descriptions for the amount of
autonomy given to each employee. Stress results when employees feel a lack of
control.
Is the work environment fair, or is your work environment toxic? If the company
does not value its employees and continually creates unfair scenarios for its
employees, stress will result.
Can you find any jobs for which employees are able to telecommute? Working
from home at your own pace obviously reduces stress.
Employee assistance programs are not just for those experiencing problems with
drugs and alcohol but for those experiencing stress that negatively impacts our
lives.
Once you have analyzed Lands Corporation for these issues, you can begin to
create action plans to address the burnout issue and ultimately the turnover.
You have just read Jack Groppel’s work on Corporate Athletes. You suggest she
concentrate on her mind and body throughout finals week as well as the weeks
leading up to her exams. Let her know that lower stress levels tend to result
when an individual is concerned about good nutrition, focused training and being
positive in his or her actions.
Help her find an activity in which she can immerse herself. Absorption in an
activity makes the individual feel in control, plus makes her more alert and
strong. Greasy foods make you tired. So, watch the fast foods that students are
prone to eating during finals week (and other times).
Encourage her to sleep. You can’t learn a semester’s worth of material in one
night, so absolutely do not pull an all-nighter. But even more important, don’t
work until the wee hours of the night either. Get rest, and lots of it.
Rely on her social network. Obviously she has you for support, but let her know
that there are others who share her concerns. Use those others for support.
These steps should help her have a calmer finals week this time around.
160. Meredith just brought her elderly mother to live at her house because of her
mother’s current health problems. What are some options her firm might offer her
to help alleviate the work-family conflict she will inevitably experience?
The most obvious and, perhaps, easiest option a firm could offer, would be a
flexible schedule. Flextime usually requires the employee to work some core
hours and then permits that employee to work the remainder either before the
core time or after.
Telecommuting is a second option that the firm could consider. Again most firms
require a set number of days or hours per week when the employee is physically
working from the office. The remainder of days or hours are worked from home
or other remote location.
Though Mom may have told you to “let it all out, have a good cry”, that may not
be the right answer. Research indicates that crying may not be as helpful as the
old adage suggests. There is no evidence to support the hypothesis that crying
improves your mood or health. In fact, one study suggested that venting only
increases negative effects of negative emotions.
Some research suggests that laughter may actually be the best choice. Crying
may intensify negative feelings and suggest to others that the issue really does
bother you. Criers tended to be more depressed, anxious and hostile than those
who did not cry.
163. Describe the Affective Events Theory and illustrate how it operates.
Affective Events Theory looks at how events cause different kinds of people to
feel different kinds of emotions.
164. List the worst job you ever performed. Now describe how you used emotional
labor in that position.
Imagine the worst job listed was customer service representative at a firm like
Target. Complaining customers would make life in that job rather difficult.
Deep acting may be an alternative. In deep acting, you empathize with the
customer. Again, the customer is ranting and raving and you put yourself into his
shoes and actually note that you experienced the same difficulty when you
purchased the same item.
Genuine acting is when individuals are asked to display emotions that are
aligned with their own.
165. An organizational behavior researcher suggests that not only should mental
intelligence be assessed in each individual, but emotional intelligence should
also be determined. Do you agree?
Either from a support or opposition viewpoint, the student can discuss the various
building blocks. Self-awareness, step one is something that all individuals should
complete. What are you well versed in, what are your shortcomings? How can
you improve on the negatives and cultivate the positives?
Self-management is the phase where you can direct your emotions in a particular
manner when needed. Again, it is not a problem knowing how to direct and
control your emotions and the relevant aspects of the audience supporting them.
Social awareness is when you are able to understand how others feel. Empathy
is a difficult concept, and may not be something many students will feel is a
necessity.
Relationship management is when you help others manage their emotions. Since
many individuals have difficulty managing their own, this may not be a very
well-supported aspect of the emotional intelligence question.