| ) Reyrolle Protection SOLKOR Rf High-Speed Pilot-Wire Feeder ProtectionAPPLICATION Solkor R is a well established pilot wire feeder protec- tion of the differential circulating-current class suitable for use with privately owned 2-core pilots with a relatively high core resistance. The Solkor RF protection benefits from the following main features -— © High transient stability © High speed operation Low phase and earth fault settings Little oF no variation in settings with pilot length Bleed-off up t0 20% Typical Schome Arrangements © Easy to install, commi yn and maintain © 15kV pilot isolation option in Solkor RF connection @ Easy reconnected as ether SoorRtorSokort CD Experience has shown that the majority of feeders can be satisfactorily protected by equipment with a pilot to-earth level of 5KV or less. Such applications are met by one single-pole relay at each feeder-end containing @ summation transformer, non-linear resistors, ‘padding’ resistors and an attracted armature element. Applications requiring a higher pilot-to-earth insulation, level can be mot by using the relay and 15kV isolating transformers, APPLICATIONS il. oI 15kv y° 3° SOLKOR at SOLKOR RI 1. 18kV pilot isolation and integrated pilot supervision FA] FH Q 0 Oo We ee PS ay SOLKOR AY SOLKOR Rt 2. 15kV pilot isolation FA FH —46 § ‘és 3 3 3 [s 5kv R a3 ; Oo SOLKOR RF SOLKOR AF t 3. 5kV pilot insulation with integrated pilot supervision & 8 § a3 as) 5kv 4, 233 SOLKOR RI SOLKOR Rt 4. SKY pilot insulation FH OO aa | ¢ * 30 SOLKOR Rf t 5. Connected to operate with existing relay SOLKOR RDESCRIPTION ‘The Solkor Rf protective system (excluding current-transformers) is shown in fig. 1a. The alternative basic Solkor R protection circuit is shown in fig. 1b. Oo <2 z Fig. 1a SOLKOR RE BASIC CIRCUIT D1 oxa Fig. 18 SOLKOR R BASIC CIRCUIT Conversion of Solor Rf to Solkor R is arranged by open circuiting the summation transformers at their ‘connections to Ds and Dg, short circuiting the junction fof D5 and D7 to the contre tap of its summation transformer with a similar short circuit from the junc- \\ tion of Dg and Dgand adding an external wire link. Two \\ other changes are made in each relay to correct levels “so that compatible settings are maintained. In addition to the basic components there are at each end three norvlinear resistors, a tapped ‘padding’ resistor and three diodes. The non-linear resistors are used to limit the voltage appearing across the pilots and the operat- ing element. The purpose of the ‘padding’ resistors at OR —OY —OB each end is to bring the total pilot loop resistance up to, a standard value. The protection is therefore always ‘working under constant conditions and its performance is toa large extent independent of the resistance of the pilot cable. The ‘padding’ resistors comprise five series- connected sections, each section having a short circuiting link. The values of the resistance on the sec- tions are 35 ohms, 65 ohms, 130 ohms, 260 ohms. and 500 ohms. For Solkor R the value chosen should be as near as possible to 1/2 (1000-Rp) ohms, where Rp is the pilot resistance.For Solkor Rf without isolating transformers the value chosen should be as near as possible to 1/2 (2000-Rp) ‘ohms. For Solkor Rf with isolating transformers the value chosen should be as near as possible to 1/2 (SV-Rp)/T ‘ohms. Where SV = Standard resistance value for tap on transformers (see section on pilots). Isolating transformer tap. The operating element is of the attracted armature type with two contacts, each pair being brought out to separate terminals. The inherent advantages of such a relay are robustness and simplicity, and since the con- tacts are suitable for direct operation of a circuit breaker trip coil, no repeat relay is necessary. ‘A SRV insulation level is provided between the ‘secondary winding of the summation transformer and its primary winding aod core and the relay coil is, sulated at BkV. Since the only external connections to the relay are those to the current-transformers, the pilots, and the ping and alarm circuits, the installation and com- missioning of the equipment is extremely simple. To check the current in the operating element a test point is provided, The 15KV arrangement is for applications where the voltage across the pilot insulation due to induction or a tise in the station-earth potential are excessive and where, consequently, the normal SkV insulation level is not considered adequate. The complete protective system (excluding current transformers) is as shown in fig. 2. features. Firstly, the current-transformer secondaries are arranged to produce a current circulat- ing around the pilot-loop under external fault condi- ns. Secondly, the protective relay operating-coils are connected in shunt with the pilots across points which have the same potential when current circulates around the pilot loop.. In this particular scheme ‘equipotential relaying points during external fault con- ditions exist at one end during one half-cycle of fault ‘current, and at the other end during the next half-cycle. During ‘the half-cycles when the relay at either end is not at the electrical mid-point of the pilot system the voltage appearing across the relay is in the reverse direction to that required for operation. ‘At each end of the feeder the secondaries of the ‘current-transformers are connected to the primary of a summation-transformer — see secton on theory of summation transformers. For various types of current- distribution in the three current-transformers, a single- phase quantity appears in the summation transformer secondary winding and is applied to the pilot-circuit. By this means a comparison between the currents at each end of a three-phase line is effected over a single pair of pilot-wires on an equivalent single-phase basis. The tappings on the summation-transformer primary have been selected to give an optimum balance between the demands of fault-setting and stability. The pilot is shown as a “lumped resistor Rp. The rest. of the pilot-loop is made up of four resistors Ra and four diodes D1, D2, Ds and Dg. The operating ele- ments, which are made unidirectional by diodes D3, D4, D7 and Dg are connected in shunt with the pilots. R R Y: Y Bo— | & OB N: N Fig, 2. SOLKOR RI WITH PILOT ISOLATING During external-fault conditions, an alternating current ‘TRANSFORMERS. ‘The difference between this circuit and that shown in fig. 1a is that the pilots are connected via interposing transformers which incorporate 15kV_ insulation, barriers between windings to isolate the pilot-circuit. The introduction of an isolating transformer does not modify the basic principle of operation of the protec- tion but allows greater range of pilot coverage by the use of taps on the isolating transformer secondary windings. OPERATION Solkor Rf belongs to the circulating-current class of differential protections which can be recognised by circulates around the pilot-loop. Thus on successive half-cycles one or other of the resistors Rg at the two ends of the pilot is short-circuited by its associated diode Dy oF D2. The total resistance in each leg of the pilot-loop at any instant is therefore substantially con- Stant and equal to Ra + Rp. The effective position of Ra, however, alternates between ends, being dependent upon the direction of the current. This change in the effective position of Ra makes the voltage-distribution, between the pilot-cores different for successive half- cycles of the pilot-current. In other words stability is achieved by current balance using the Solkor R principle of establishing the electrical centre-point geographically within the end which has positive polarity so that the positively polarised measuring elements remain in the negative part of the circuit and are thus biased against opera- tion.a Ra a Rp fe D2 a 0 7 03 D4 a A x Y z x y z w 8 c D A Bi B c rs ° ~ D3 Da 7 Fig. 2 SOLKOR R STABILITY CONDITIONS ZERO PILOTS AND MAXIMUM PADDING RESISTANCE Referring to the basic circuit of Solkor Rf as shown in fig. 12, the circulating current will flow from the sum- mation transformer through the diode or the resistor depending upon the polarity of the summation \ transformer output. Thus the circuit may be redrawn to it the polarities of summation transformer output as 3 represents the operations of Solkor R protection with zero pilots so that the pilot resistance is represented entirely by the 500 ohm resistor in each relay and the 1000 ohm pilot circuit resistance is in one leg of the pilot circuit as shown. loop resistance Rp and this causes the point of zero potential to occur within the resistors Ra, as shown in fig. 3. The voltage across each relaying point (B-X and, C=) throughout a complete cycle is now always negative. This voltage must be overcome before opera~ tion can take place; consequently the effect is to enhance the stability of the protection on through- faults.D3 D4 : O Fig. 4 SOLKORR STABILITY CONDITIONS MAXIMUM PILOT RESISTANCE AND ZERO PADDING RESISTANCE O voltage distribution of this maximum pilot arrangement, gives identical voltages across the relay points B—X andC-Y, At the other limiting condi 1000 ohms loop and the circuit will be as shown in fig. 4 with 500 ohms in each leg of the pilot circuit and zero padding resistors. As shown in fig. 4 the resultant,Fig. 5 SOLKOR Rf STABILITY CONDITIONS MAXIMUM PILOT RESISTANCE AND ZERO PADDING RESISTANCE (seta na gen imum values obtained in the Solkor R arrangement. 1000 ohms in each leg of the pilots as shown in fig. 5, In other words, the balance of the full-wave com- the voltage distribution shows that the bias voltage parison gives the same value of bias for each polarity across the polarising diodes (D3, D4, D7 and Dg) with of half-cycle this arrangement are effectively identical with theA 8 Fig.6 SOLKOR Rf STABILITY CONDITIONS ZERO PILOTS AND MAXIMUM PADDING RESISTANCE O If the condition of zero pilots is then considered for 6, This shows that the same bias voltages are as Solkor Rf {i-2. with 1000 ohms padding in each relay) obtained in fig. 5. the circuit and voltage distribution are as shown in fig,Fig. 7 SOLKOR Rt OPERATE CONDITIONS DOUBLE-END-FED FAULTS ‘The application of pilot wire protection is generally in interconnected power systems so that it is reasonable to consider double-end-fed faults. For simplicity in explaining the basic principles, it may be assumed that, the infeeds at both ends have the same magnitude and -iglative phase angle. The Solkor Rf circuit is then éffectively as shown in fig. 7 because the diodes in series with the pilots on the positive leg of the circuit will be out-of-circuit and the measuring element polarising diodes on this leg will be conducting. The voltage distribution for this arrangement shows how, with the assumed balanced infeeds, no current flows in the pilots and each measuring element is energised via the resistor Ra, ‘The single-end-fed internal fault operates both measuring elements from the one end so that the setting level is twice that of the double-end-fed arrangement. However, both ends operate at this level (which is the normal setting claim) so that intertripping is not required for internal faults even those which may be fed from one end or have low infeed at one end.Fig. 8 SOLKOR Rf OPERATE CONDITIONS SINGLE-END-FED FAULTS. 10The single-end-fed intemal fault conditions configure the circuit in a similar way to the double-end-fed inter- nal fault but only one summation transformer has any ‘output. Thus, the other summation transformer acts only as an equalising transformer, recirculating current through the measuring element as indicated in fig. 8. The voltage distribution shows diagramatically how, in each half-cycle, the measuring elements are energised via Ra at the energised end and the action of the Femote end summation transformer recirculating current via the polarising diodes D4 on one half-cycle and Dg on the other half-cycle. EQUIPMENT: The equipment required per feeder-end is as follows: 5-kV: 3~Current-transformers, 1 — Solkor Rf relay. 15-kV: 3 ~Current-transformers, 1 — Solkor Ff relay, and 1 ~ 15kV Isolating- transformer. OPERATING TIME: From the occurrence of a fault to energisation of the tip-coil, at five-times the setting 5-kV Scheme: 60 milliseconds in Solkor R connection. 45 milliseconds in Solkor Rf connection, 15-kV Scheme: 40 milliseconds, CONTACT ARRANGEMENT: 2 make, self-reset, SETTINGS: The primary fault-settings vary slightly with the current-transformers used and the capacitance of the pilots. With average current-transformers the fault- settings at zero pilot-capacitance are as given in the following table. Values are expressed as percentages of current-transformer rating, ‘The protection summation-tranformers are_normally connected to the current-transformers by way of the ‘N’ tap on the former. Because of the greater sensitivity which is obtained when the ‘N1' tapping is used, care is necessary in the choice of current-transformers. The N1 tap provides more ampere turns for earth faults thus tending to give lower earth fault settings. However the use of the N1 tap also makes the ex. citation current of the healthy phase C.1’s more effective in loading the summation transformers. Thus where C.1's with relatively high excitation currents are used the N1 tap could give little or no advantage. FAULT SEFANGS rye oF Skv SCHEME Tsk SCHEME Faucr NOM. TYPICAL NOM. TYPICAL ™DSTNDL® Ps) |] 9 we [re] 22 v6] 25| 22] or] 2] oe ve [ve [ra] ai] a2] 20[ 29] aol a0 ee [}a7| a af | m2] os] so [ay | aw | we | vss | ava oa | 1012 nO | LT oa s Ce 3 3 7 @ | 10 STABILITY: The stability of the protection under steady-state and transient through-fault conditions is extremely good. There is no need to compensate for pilot capacitance in order to ensure stability as is the case with voltage- balance differential schemes, The protection may be used on networks where the through-fault is as much as 50 times the full-load rating of the equipment, PILoTs: Rejection of Induced Voltages Having regard to the sensitivity of the measuring element, which is connected directly across the pilots, itis necessary to minimise the effects of the voltages induced into the pilot loop. It is therefore recom: ‘mended that the pilot cores are separately grouped and wormed whenever it is practicable. Resistance and Capacitance Limitations Max Loop | MAX. CAPACITANCE RESISTANCE | "BETWEEN CORES ‘Ohms. (sv) uF SokorR 1000 25 “Sokor RF without 2000 08 Wanstormers| ‘Solkor Rf with ‘wansformers 1760 1 ontap t ‘Sotkor Ri with transformers 820 2 ontapos Solker Ri with eansformers| 440 4 ontap 0.26 Insulation SOV between cores RATING: 1A, 8A, INDICATION: Hand-reset flag. CONTACT RATING: ‘The contacts provided on each relay are capable of making and carrying for 0.2 second a burden of 6,600VA with a maximum of 304, SUPERVISION: See separate leaflet RI/Sup. INTERTRIPPING See separate leaflet Ri/Int.V Vedette Drawout. :1V Vedette Drawout and Isolating Transformers. Case Dimenions for lV Vedette Case 5 PROJECTION-MOUNTED SOLKOR Rt : | 32 1 fo | a i ad ! ad i ‘ “ lew O - Fie 4 Holes 130 (All dimensions are in mm) FLUSH-MOUNTED SOLKOR Rf Cut-out dimensions are:- 222mm (Vertical) x 150mm (Horizontal) Tolerances +.0.5 mm SOLKOR Rf Isolating Transformer L. a a FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION DRILLING DRAWING {All dimensions are in mm) 12CONNECTION DIAGRAMS: (2) Solkor Rf with Isolating Transformers. O* a wa els : : 4@* @ @ @/ @@}—}® +® ® @+-- +® ® : O}-------}@ ® +9 |e @0}—{0 o> O O—60—® ©—00—® {b) Solkor Rf without Isolating Transformers. Snr T — Y : @ ¢ ® @ O-56_© © © aatae 0 ® © © o-— Fl _— YR ry Br 8 Solkor R (mode) Solkor 8 (mode ‘@ © ® Ss ® O © @® @Q OF i jINFORMATION REQUIRED WHEN ORDERING: Insulation level. Rating. System frequency. CURRENT-TRANSFORMERS The main requisite is thatthe saturation voltage of the curenttransformers ‘should. preferably not be. less than that glven by the following formula! Minimum current-transtormer = 52 4 IF saturation voltage ' N where Fated current of Solkor-Rf relay, Primary curcent under "maximum steady-state through fault con Current-transformer rato. Secondary resistance of the current transformer, Lead resistance between the current transformers and the Solkor R~ sum- mation-transformer per phase, For the above purpose the saturation voltage, ie. the knee of the magnetising curve, may be taken as that Point on the curve at which a 10% increase in output Voltage requires 50% increase in magnetising current (Ret + 2RL) It is recommended that no other burdens should be included in the current-transformer circuit, but where this cannot be avoided the additional burden should be added to those listed when determining the current-transformer output-voltage required. In addi- tion to the above, the secondary-magnetising currents of the current-transformers at opposite ends of the feeder should normally not differ by more than 1/20 amperes for output-voltages up to 60/I volts where | Rated current of Solkor-Rf relay. If there is any doubt as to the suitability of the curront- transformers, advice can be given on receipt of thi characteristic curves and details of the lead and other burdens. SUMMATION-TRANSFORMER, Primary Secondary I | Oo ‘THEORY OF SUMMATION-TRANSFORMER The main purpose of a summation-transformer is to enable either balanced or unbalanced three-phase currents to be reproduced as a single-phase quantity. This makes it possible in a feeder protection to compare the various fault-currents on a single phase basis over two pilot-cores. As this device is essentially a transformer it can also be used to reduce the burden imposed by the pilot-circuit on the current- transformers by changing the impedance-levels. In addition, it provides isolation between the current- transformers and the pilot-circuit and makes it possible to have the current-transformers earthed and the pilots un-earthed, FAULT EFFECTIVE-PRIMARY RELATIVE BETWEEN ‘AMPERE-TURNS. oureur NR | Hex meine 2y] n+? ney | toxent fine | net N-8 ne = led n i be ht 1 ve be = 1 oR x (2) 2 AY-B fx b«.(J3) va A summation-transformer includes. a secondary winding and a tapped pri 9. The primary is connected to the three line current: transformers so that each phase energises a different umber of turns from line to neutral, This method of connection is necessary in order to ensure a secondary ‘output for the various fault-conditions. The number of tums between the tapping points on the primary winding are usually in the relative proportions indicated in the diagram. The effective ampere-turns and relative outputs of such a summation-transformer for equal values of fault-current are given in the table. VECTORIAL METHOD OF O8TAINING RELATIVE ‘SPHASE OUTPUT Fig. 9 ‘AND VECTORIAL DEMONSTRATION OF ‘SUMMATION-TRANSFORMER. ary winding as shown in fig. / 5 O ‘SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM, TABLE OF CHARACTERISTICS, OO Pamphiot Solkor RF JAN 1986Ne Etta am Tue ad ——